Computer Science (A Level)

H046/01, Computing principles, June 2017

Mr O'Connor and Mr Digby
Please note that you may see slight differences between
this paper and the original.
Duration: 75 mins
Candidates answer on the Question paper.

OCR supplied materials:

Additional resources may be supplied with this paper.

Other materials required:

• Pencil
• Ruler (cm/mm)

Candidate Candidate

forename surname

Centre number Candidate number

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
• Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes above. Please write clearly and in capital letters.
• Use black ink. HB pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only.
• Answer all the questions, unless your teacher tells you otherwise.
• Read each question carefully. Make sure you know what you have to do before starting your answer.
• Where space is provided below the question, please write your answer there.
• You may use additional paper, or a specific Answer sheet if one is provided, but you must clearly show your candidate
number, centre number and question number(s).

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

• The quality of written communication is assessed in questions marked with either a pencil or an asterisk. In History and
Geography a Quality of extended response question is marked with an asterisk, while a pencil is used for questions in
which Spelling, punctuation and grammar and the use of specialist terminology is assessed.
• The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
• The total number of marks for this paper is 70.
• The total number of marks may take into account some 'either/or' question choices.

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 1(a). Processors following the Von Neumann Architecture use registers.

(i) Describe what is meant by the term ‘register’.

[2]

(ii) Give one other feature of the Von Neumann Architecture.

[1]

(b). An example of a register is the Accumulator (ACC).

Give a Little Man Computer instruction that will copy the contents of the accumulator into memory when
executed.

[1]

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 (c). Another register is the Program Counter (PC).

(i) State what the Program Counter holds.

[1]

(ii) Give the name of two Little Man Computer instructions that may change the contents of the Program Counter
when executed.

[1]

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 2.
A student, Dan, on a limited budget finds his computer is running slowly. He uses his computer for
university work and internet browsing.

Discuss what measures can be taken to improve Dan’s computer’s performance. You should explain what these
measures are, why they improve the performance and justify whether you would recommend them.

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 [9]

3(a). The following JavaScript has been found to crash certain web browsers.

j.toString() converts j to a string. It is the JavaScript equivalent to str(j).

Complete the table below.

Line Effect of Code

1 [2]

2 [1]

4 [1]

5 Pushes total onto a stack that holds the browser’s history.

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 (b). Line 5 pushes total onto a stack. Define the term stack, stating why it is suited to holding a web browser’s
history.

[2]

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 4(a). A delivery company sends parcels across the UK.

The company charges on the following basis:

Parcels that have a volume of less than 0.3 m3 and weigh less than 4 kg cost £5 to send.
All other parcels cost £20 per m3 or £2 per kg, whichever is greater.

Examples

Parcel A weighs 2.5 kg, has a volume of 0.1 m3 and costs £5 to send.
Parcel B weighs 6 kg, has a volume of 0.2 m3 and costs £12 to send.
Parcel C weighs 6 kg, has a volume of 0.8 m3 and costs £16 to send.

The function getCost takes in the volume and weight of a parcel and returns the cost.

getCost(2.5,0.1) returns 5
getCost(6,0.2) returns 12
getCost(6,0.8) returns 16

Complete the pseudo-code below so that the function getCost returns the correct cost.

function getCost(weight, volume)

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 endfunction
[4]

(b). Details of customers sending parcels are stored in a database. The database contains a table called parcel
and a table called customer.

Draw an entity relationship diagram showing the parcel and customer tables.

[2]

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 (c). To prove parcels have not been damaged in transit, the delivery drivers use a digital camera to take a
photograph of them when they arrive at their destination. The digital camera uses flash memory.

(i) Describe one advantage of the digital camera using flash storage rather than magnetic.

[2]

(ii) Explain whether lossless or lossy compression would be most appropriate to store the photographs. Justify
your response.

[3]

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 5(a).
Convert the binary number 01101111 to a hexadecimal number.

[1]

(b). Convert the denary number −19 to an 8-bit number using:

(i) Two’s complement representation.

[1]

(ii) Sign and Magnitude representation.

[1]

(c). The two values below are stored using unsigned binary. Calculate the subtraction of 01110010 from 11000011.
Show your working.

[2]

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 (d). Convert the denary number 15/8 (i.e. 1.625) to a normalised floating point binary number using 5 bits for the
mantissa and 3 bits for the exponent. Show your working.

[3]

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 6(a).
Draw an XOR gate.

[1]
(b). Explain the difference in the function of OR and XOR gates.

[2]
(c). A circuit contains the logic gates shown below.

(i) Complete the logic table below.

A B C D Output

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 0

1 1 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 0 1 1

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 1 0 1 0

1 0 0 1

1 0 0 0

0 1 1 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0

0 0 1 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0

[4]

(ii) Complete the Boolean expression below to represent the circuit.

≡ Output

[2]

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 7(a). A company releases an Internet connected fridge. Users can email messages to the fridge and it puts them on
its display.

The fridge uses the TCP/IP stack.

Explain what is meant by the term ‘TCP/IP stack’.

[3]

(b). The fridge uses the ASCII character set. Give one disadvantage of the fridge using ASCII rather than Unicode.

[1]

When the fridge receives a message it takes the string and stores it in a queue called words.

For example REMEMBER TO TAKE CHARLIE TO THE DENTIST THIS AFTERNOON becomes a queue:

words=["REMEMBER","TO","TAKE","CHARLIE","TO","THE","DENTIST", "THIS","AFTERNOON"]

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 words.remove() then returns the next item in the queue
for example temp=words.remove() assigns temp the value "REMEMBER" and leaves words as
["TO","TAKE","CHARLIE","TO","THE","DENTIST","THIS","AFTERNOON"]

The display has four lines; each can show a maximum of 20 characters including spaces.

If a word can’t fit on a line a new line is started.

Examples

The contents of the display are stored in a 2D array of characters called display.

The procedure updateDisplay receives the queue words which holds the message and writes the message
to the display.

(c). Write the procedure updateDisplay. Credit will be given for the readability of your code.

You can assume:

Messages contain no punctuation.

All messages will fit on the display.
The previous message is removed before the procedure is run.

global array display [20,4]

…
…
…
procedure updateDisplay(words)

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 endprocedure
[7]

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 8.
Many websites try to ensure they are accessible to all visitors regardless of disability, language spoken
or the device being used to access it. Discuss the technical and design measures that can be taken to ensure a
website is accessible.

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 [9]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

1 a i -Small piece of memory / used for storing 2 Accept ‘location’ for MP1
data (1)
-Within the processor (1)
AO1.1
Examiner’s Comment
Most candidates described a register as
‘a memory location’ with many going on to
add ‘in the processor’ therefore achieving
full marks.

ii -Single control unit (1) 1 Do not accept use registers – in the

-Single ALU (1) question
-Follows fetch, decode, execute cycle (1) AO1.1
-Data and Instructions stored in the same
memory / format(1)

(Max 1)
Examiner’s Comment
A number of different correct responses
were offered here. Most candidates
achieved the mark.

b -STA 1 Accept STO

AO1.1
Examiner’s Comment
Well answered in the main, demonstrating
an improvement in candidate
understanding of LMC instruction set.

c i -The location of the next instruction (to be 1 Do not accept ‘Line number’
fetched).

AO1.2
Examiner’s Comment
Some candidates are omitting to state that
the PC holds the ‘memory location
address’ of the ‘next’ location to be
accessed; both were needed to achieve
the mark.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

ii - BRZ 2 Accept ‘Branch if Zero’ or ‘Branch if

Positive’ or ‘Branch Always’
- BRP AO1.2

- BRA

(1 per -, max 2)
Examiner’s Comment
Candidates tended to achieve either both
or none of the marks in this question.
Either the mnemonic or the full name of the
instruction gained credit.

Total 7

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

2 Mark Band 3 – High Level 9 AO1: Knowledge and Understanding

(7–9 marks)
The candidate demonstrates a thorough AO1.1 The following is indicative of possible
knowledge and understanding of a wide factors/evidence that candidates may refer
range of ways a computer’s performance to but is not prescriptive or exhaustive:
can be improved and justifies how these (2)
measures improve performance; the Methods of improving performance
material is generally accurate and detailed. AO1.2
The candidate is able to apply their - Replace CPU with faster CPU
knowledge and understanding directly and (2)
consistently to the context provided. - Add more/Faster RAM
Evidence / examples will be explicitly AO2.1
relevant to the explanation. The candidate - Add a graphics card
provides a thorough discussion which is (2)
well-balanced. Evaluative comments are - Upgrade to faster secondary storage
consistently relevant and well-considered. AO3.3
There is a well-developed line of reasoning - Update OS
which is clear and logically structured. (3)
The information presented is relevant and - Install a lighter weight OS
substantiated.
- Defragment the hard disk
Mark Band 2 – Mid Level
(4–6 marks) - Check for viruses and spyware.
The candidate demonstrates reasonable
knowledge and understanding of a range
of methods of improving a computer’s AO2.1: Application
performance and justifies how many of
these improve performance; the material is The selected knowledge/examples should
generally accurate but at times be directly related to the specific question.
underdeveloped. The candidate is able to The example below is not prescriptive or
apply their knowledge and understanding exhaustive:
directly to the context provided although
one or two opportunities are missed. - A newer CPU may have a faster clock
Evidence / examples are for the most part speed and so execute more
implicitly relevant to the explanation. instructions per second. It may have
The candidate provides a reasonable multiple cores and so be able to
discussion, the majority of which is execute several programs
focused. Evaluative comments are for the simultaneously (or one in parallel).
most part appropriate, although one or two It may have more cache meaning
opportunities for development are missed. comparatively slower RAM can be
There is a line of reasoning presented with accessed less frequently.
some structure. The information presented
is in the most part relevant and supported - More RAM means more programs can
by some evidence. be open simultaneously without the
need to use much slower virtual
memory.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

- Adding a graphics card will speed up

Mark Band 1 – Low Level the rendering of 3D graphics as GPU
(1–3 marks) has specialist instructions and can
The candidate demonstrates a basic apply the same instruction to multiple
knowledge of how a computer’s pieces of data simultaneously.
performance can be improved. Limited
understanding is shown of how these - The slower the secondary storage the
measures improve performance; longer it takes to load
the material is basic and contains some files/program/data. A faster secondary
inaccuracies. The candidate makes storage device can improve this. May
a limited attempt to apply acquired choose to use flash memory (i.e. SSD)
knowledge and understanding to the
context provided. The candidate provides a - OS makers often release updates and
limited discussion which is narrow in focus. some of these will improve
Judgments if made are weak and performance.
unsubstantiated.
The information is basic and - Some lighter weight operating systems
communicated in an unstructured way. use fewer system resources allowing
The information is supported by limited the system to devote more to running
evidence and the relationship to the the user’s applications.
evidence may not be clear.
0 marks - A fragmented HDD runs slowly as time
No attempt to answer the question or is spent finding parts of the files. This is
response is not worthy of credit. reduced by defragmenting and storing
the parts of the file contiguously.

- Malware can slow down a computer.

Removing it will improve performance.

AO3.3: Evaluation

The following is indicative of possible

evaluation points that candidates may refer
to but is not prescriptive or exhaustive:

Hardware improvements (i.e. CPU, RAM,

secondary storage and GPU) have costs
attached but likely to have most impact.

The higher performance the hardware,

the more cost incurred.

(NB candidates aren't expected to know

relative costs of components.)

GPU unlikely to benefit student in this

scenario (unless their course requires
graphics processing).

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

Defragmenting HDD is free and so should

be performed.

Running anti-malware programs is free/low

cost and should be done as a precaution
against losing data anyway.

Moving to lighter weight software can

potentially be free if the user considers
open source software.

Examiner’s Comment
Candidates were assessed on the quality
of their extended response in this question.
Most candidates could cite some methods
for improving performance but not all
managed to then appropriately apply these
to the question. Many candidates did
recommend one or more measures
although some cases needed to include
justification. This resulted in some very
good responses and marks awarded
spanning the range of marks available.

Total 9

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

3 a 1. Creates / declares / defines a variable 4 For point 1 accept ‘blank value’ for empty
(called total) (1) and assigns it an empty / string
blank (string). (1)
AO3.3 For point 4 accept add instead of
2. A loop that iterates 200,000 times. (1) concatenates only if it is clear it is building
a string and not adding a numeric value.
3. - Accept ‘append’.

4. Concatenates (the string version of) j to

total. (1) Examiner’s Comment
In general, candidates did not use
technical terminology when describing the
effect of the code e.g. declaring a variable,
assigning an empty string, concatenating
strings. Centres should encourage
candidates to use these and similar terms
in response to questions where they are
required to describe code.

b -A (data structure) that operates on a first 2 Accept ‘LIFO’ or ‘FILO’

in last out basis (1)

-When going back a page you want to go AO1.2

back to the last page visited/when
displaying the history we want to start with
the most recent first (1) Examiner’s Comment
Most candidates could correctly describe
a stack. Only some candidates could
appropriately apply the use of the structure
to the scenario.

Total 6

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

4 a - Where weight is less than 4 and volume 4 Example

is less than 0.3m3 returns 5… (1)
AO3.2
- …And only when both weight<4 and
volume is<0.3 (1)

- Where weight is >= 4 and volume >= 0.3

it returns the larger of weight * 2 if that is
larger (than volume*20)… (1)

- …and volume * 20 if that is larger

(than weight * 2). (1)

Examiner’s Comment
Candidates were asked to complete a
function in this question. Although many
students demonstrated reasonable logic in
solving this problem, some functions
designed resulted in output, rather than
returned values from the function and
therefore did not gain full marks.

b - Customer and parcel are both entities (1) 2

- 1: M relationship from customer to AO1.2

parcel (1)
(1)

AO2.2

(1)

Examiner’s Comment
Most candidates gained both available
marks on this question.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

c i - Has no moving parts… (1) 2

… less likely to be damaged / AO1.2

data loss (1)
- Consumes less power… (1) (1)

…meaning battery needs recharging less

often (1)
- Unaffected by magnetic fields.. (1) AO2.1

- …which could lead to data loss. (1) (1)

- Faster access speed… (1)

- …so photographs can quickly be written

to it / browsed. (1)

(Mark in pairs)

Examiner’s Comment
Many candidates gave a reason for the
advantage without stating the actual
advantage e.g. ‘flash storage has no
moving parts’ without going on to say,
therefore the advantage is ‘less likely to be
damaged / lose data’.

ii - Lossy compression (1) 3 Do not accept ‘smaller’ on its own, must be

‘smaller than lossless’.

Any 2 of the following, must be in AO1.2 Do not accept lossless compression as

context: most appropriate. In this case give zero
- Some loss of detail is acceptable (1) (1) marks for the justification also.

- Unlikely to be noticeable (1) AO2.1

- Will make the file size smaller than (2)

lossless(1)
Examiner’s Comment
Candidates would be best advised to fully
consider how they would justify their choice
appropriately for the given scenario before
committing to ‘lossy or lossless’. Those
who correctly chose ‘lossy’ went on to
achieve at least one of the other two
available marks.

Total 11

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

5 a 6F 1

AO2.1
Examiner’s Comment
Very well answered by the majority of
candidates.

b i 11101101 1

AO2.1

ii 10010011 1

AO2.1
Examiner’s Comment
Very well answered by the majority of
candidates.

c 2 NB some candidates represent carries with

10 as binary 2 rather than 2
AO2.1 Accept answer with missing leading zero.

1 Mark for answer

1 Mark for showing working using

appropriate binary method.
Examiner’s Comment
Well answered although candidates were
required to show their binary working.

d 15/8 is 1.101 in fixed point (1 Mark) 3

binary point needs moving one place giving AO2.1

01101 001

One mark for Mantissa 01101

One mark for exponent 001 Examiner’s Comment

Again, this question was generally well
answered with most candidates showing
clear and logical workings.

Total 8

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

6 a 1 Accept diagram of gate only without input /

output
AO1.1
Examiner’s Comment
There were very few candidates who could
not correctly draw an XOR gate.

b OR gate outputs true if at least one of its 2 Accept appropriate, correctly labelled, truth
inputs is true (1) tables. One mark for each truth table.

XOR gate output true if and only if one of AO1.2

its inputs is true. (1)
Examiner’s Comment
A lack of clarity of expression led to
candidates not gaining credit in this
question. Some candidates who achieved
full marks supported their descriptions with
correct two-input truth tables which clearly
demonstrated the difference.

c i 4

AO2.2

Examiner’s Comment
This question was well received by
candidates with most achieving full marks.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

ii (A ∨ B) ∨ (C ∨ D) ≡ Output 2 Accept answer without brackets.

AO2.2 Accept alternative notation i.e. OR, +

A ∨ B (1 Mark)

∨ (C ∨ D) (1 Mark)
Examiner’s Comment
Boolean expressions were in the main
correct. All standard notations was credited
provided it was used consistently.

Total 9

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

7 a - Stands for “Transmission Control Protocol 1 Accept layers in any order.

/ Internet Protocol”… (1)

- Protocol(s)/set of rules… (1) AO1.1 Accept Data Link instead of Link.

- …for communicating across a network / 2 Ignore any mention of Physical layer.

the internet. (1)
A01.2 Do not accept Network for Internet layer.
- Each protocol belongs to a different
layer. (1) MP3 is dependent on either MP1 or MP2
being awarded.
- The layers are: Application, Transport,
Internet, Link (1)

- (Starting at the Application layer) data is

further encapsulated as it as it is passed to
the next layer. (1)

Examiner’s Comment
Most candidates achieve zero to two marks
on this question. Explanations generally
contained errors or omissions.
A fundamental explanation would suffice
for full marks e.g. ‘Transmission Control
Protocol / Internet Protocol is a set of rules
used for communicating across the
internet’.

b - Fewer characters can be represented (1) 1 Accept: Special symbols, such as

emoticons, can’t be represented.
- Characters from different languages can’t AO1.2
be represented. (1)
Examiner’s Comment
Most candidates correctly stated that
‘fewer characters can be represented’

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

c - Program iterates through the queue 7

words (1)

- First word is added to display (1) AO3.2

- Subsequent words added on the same (5)

line (1)

- Unless a word won’t fit, in which case it is AO3.1

moved to the next line (1)
(2)
- Words have spaces between them. (1)

- Use of sensible variable names (allow

single letter variables for for loop
counters. (1)

- Use of indentation (1)

Accept ‘row major’ array in pseudocode

provided it is consistent throughout.

Examiner’s Comment
Candidates found this question challenging
although there were many excellent
solutions. Not all candidates noted in the
question that ‘Credit will be given for the
readability of your code’. In many cases
where candidates had attempted a solution
which contained errors they were still able
to gain marks for appropriate indentation
and the use of sensible variable names.

Total 11

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

8 Mark Band 3 – High Level 9 AO1: Knowledge and Understanding

(7–9 marks)
The candidate demonstrates a thorough AO1.1 The following is indicative of possible
knowledge and understanding of a wide factors / evidence that candidates may
range of technical and design measures refer to but is not prescriptive or
that make a website accessible; (2) exhaustive:
the material is generally accurate and
detailed. The candidate is able to apply Methods of improving accessibility:
their knowledge and understanding directly AO1.2
and consistently to the context provided. Using text alternatives for images
Evidence/examples will be explicitly (2)
relevant to the explanation. The candidate Changing styles using CSS
provides a thorough discussion which is AO2.1
well-balanced. Evaluative comments are Avoiding combining colours that may be
consistently relevant and well-considered. (2) indistinguishable by those with colour
There is a well-developed line of reasoning blindness.
which is clear and logically structured.
The information presented is relevant and AO3.3 Using character sets and fonts that support
substantiated. different alphabets.

Mark Band 2 – Mid Level (3) Using server side processing to amend the
(4–6 marks) content shown.
The candidate demonstrates reasonable
knowledge and understanding of a range Writing web pages to facilitate screen
of technical and design measures that readers (such as giving hyperlinks
make a website accessible; the material is meaningful names and not just "click
generally accurate but at times here").
underdeveloped. The candidate is able to
apply their knowledge and understanding Using tables for tabular data (as they are
directly to the context provided although intended) and not layout (again to aid
one or two opportunities are missed. screen readers).
Evidence/ examples are for the most part
implicitly relevant to the explanation. Ensuring that all content can be accessed
The candidate provides a reasonable with the keyboard alone in a logical way.
discussion, the majority of which is
focused. Evaluative comments are for the Avoiding CAPTCHA.
most part appropriate, although one or two
opportunities for development are missed. AO2.1: Application
There is a line of reasoning presented with
some structure. The information presented The selected knowledge / examples should
is in the most part relevant and supported be directly related to the specific question.
by some evidence. The example below is not prescriptive or
exhaustive:

-Using the alt attribute with the img tag

allows descriptive text to be shown where
the image cannot be loaded or the user
has disabled images (e.g. a screen
reader).

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

Mark Band 1 – Low Level -By having multiple external style sheets
(1–3 marks) the look of the page can be switched.
The candidate demonstrates a basic This might include changing the layout for
knowledge of how a website can be made smaller devices or increasing font size and
accessible. Limited understanding shown contrast of colours for people who are
of how these design or technical issues visually impaired.
behind it; the material is basic and contains
some inaccuracies. The candidate makes -JavaScript may be used to allow users to
a limited attempt to apply acquired switch style sheets without having to reload
knowledge and understanding to the the page
context provided. The candidate provides a
limited discussion which is narrow in focus. -Choosing colours is important as to
Judgments if made are weak and people with colour blindness might for
unsubstantiated. example not be able to see green text on
The information is basic and a red background.
communicated in an unstructured way.
The information is supported by limited -Designers also need to have an
evidence and the relationship to the awareness of the cultural meanings of
evidence may not be clear. colours.

0 marks -Use of Unicode supports all character

No attempt to answer the question or sets.
response is not worthy of credit.
-If the website is processed Server side the
content itself can be changed according to
the user. The language used may be
determined by the user’s IP address.
Cookies may be used to save the user’s
preferences.

AO3.3: Evaluation

The following is indicative of possible

evaluation points that candidates may refer
to but is not prescriptive or exhaustive:

Simple design considerations can have a

positive effect on accessibility. Colours and
fonts affect readability. A good design can
be accessible to a wide audience.
Standards exist to help maximum
accessibility for those with disabilities.

Use of web technologies can then

personalise the output to help ensure the
site is specifically accessible to the
individual.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

Examiner’s Comment
Candidates were assessed on the quality
of their extended response in this question.
Most candidates could cite some design
measures which could be applied to aid
accessibility. Few candidates described
neither technical measures nor the
technicality of implementing the design
features.
Fewer candidates effectively evaluated the
effect of their suggested measures. This
resulted in few candidates achieving in the
high mark band on this question.

Total 9

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