Asian J. of Adv. Basic Sci.

: 2(1), 77-98
ISSN (Online): 2347 - 4114
www.ajabs.org

Diversity, Distribution and Indigenous uses of medicinal plants in

Parbati Valley of Kullu district in Himachal Pradesh, Northwestern
Himalaya
Pankaj Sharma* and S.S. Samant**
*
State Centre on Climate Change, State Council for Science, Technology & Environment, B-34, SDA Complex,
Kasumpti, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, INDIA-171 009
Email ID: [email protected]
**
G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Himachal Unit, Mohal-Kullu, Himachal Pradesh
INDIA - 175 126

(Received 16 Dec, 2013, Accepted 01 Feb, 2014)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT: In the remote areas of the Indian Himalayan Region, the inhabitants largely depend on
medicinal plants for curing diseases and income generation. But, proper documentation of the
medicinal plants has been poorly attempted. The value of medicinal plants in traditional healthcare
practices provides clues to latest areas of research in biodiversity conservation. Keeping this in
view, the present study has been conducted to study the diversity, distribution and indigenous uses
of medicinal plants of Parbati valley in Kullu district of the Himachal Pradesh. A total of 402
species of medicinal plants belonging to 98 families and 266 genera were recorded and used by the
inhabitants of the area for curing various ailments. These medicinal plants comprise of 34 trees, 301
herbs, 61 shrubs, and climbers and ferns, 03 species, each. Maximum medicinal plants were
reported in the altitudinal zone, 1100-1800m and decreased with increasing altitudes in the study
area. Of the total medicinal plants, 207 were natives, 04 endemic and 44 near endemic. The
continued over-exploitation, habitat degradation and changing environmental conditions may lead
to the extinction of these species within a few years. Therefore, regular monitoring of population
and habitats using standard ecological methods, development of conventional and in-vitro
propagation protocols, establishment of species in in-situ and ex-situ conditions have been
suggested.
Keywords: Parbati Valley, diversity, indigenous uses, native, endemic and utilization patterns.
______________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION
In worldwide, millions of people rely on medicinal plants for primary health care, income generation and
livelihood options. The medicinal properties of plants cover a marvelous involvement in the origin and
advancement of many conventional herbal therapies. The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) comprises of
five biogeographic provinces, covers approximately an area of 591 thousand kilometer square27 and
extends from Jammu & Kashmir in the North-West to the Arunachal Pradesh in the East. The IHR one of
the mega hot spot of biological diversity21 is a source of great diversity of food, fuel, fodder, timber, dye
and medicinal plants. It comprises about 18% of India and is more than 2,800 km long and 220 to 300 km
wide, with altitudinal range from 200–8000 m1. The IHR alone supports about 8,000 species of
angiosperms, 44 species of gymnosperms, 600 species of pteridophytes, 1,737 species of bryophytes,
1,159 species of lichens and 6,900 species of fungi39, 34. There are over 816 tree species, 675 edibles31 and
1,748 species of medicinal value with various traditional and modern therapeutic uses34, 118 species of
medicinal plants yielding essential oils28, 279 species of fodder34, 155 sacred plants30 and 121 rare-
endangered plants33 found in the IHR. The over exploitation and habitat degradation have adversely
affected the very existence of a number of plants of high commercial value14, 33. Further, with the

77
increasing world demand and renewed global interest in traditional ethnopharmacy coupled with the
increasing preference for natural substances in the health care system, the natural stock of medicinal plants
of the IHR is under tremendous pressure34, 38, 26.
A large number of studies have been carried out on medicinal plants of the IHR 15, 16, 29, 34. However, in
Himachal Pradesh studies on medicinal plants are fragmentary and mainly focused on
inventory4,5,6,7,8,17,18,35,41,42,36,37. A few studies have addressed on diversity, distribution patterns and
conservation prioritization of medicinal plants32, 33. The Kullu district of the State is rich in medicinal plant
diversity. There is plenty scope for the promotion of medicinal plant cultivation and conservation and as
such an integrated study on diverse parameters of the medicinal plants has not been carried out so far.
Medicinal plants are worn in the Ayurvedic, Unani and other traditional systems of medicine and in plant
based pharmaceutical industries. The Tibetan system of medicine also depends on Himalayan species34.
Estimates indicate that at least 90% of medicinal plant species are extracted from the wild2; and that 69%
of the material is collected through destructive harvesting, which suggests that medicinal plants are
significantly threatened13. Huge anthropogenic pressures have been identified as the main causes of
decline in the population and accessibility of the medicinal plants in the Himalayan region34. With the
increasing demand and renewed global interest in the healthcare system, the natural stock of medicinal
plants of Himachal Pradesh is under tremendous pressure34. Therefore, the present study has been
conducted on diversity, distribution and indigenous uses of medicinal plants of Parbati Valley in Kullu
district of Himachal Pradesh, North western Himalaya.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study Area: The Parbati Valley (31058’41'' N- 320 05' 51"N Latitude and 770 14' 23" E -77027' 08''E
Longitude, 1,100-4,800m altitude) is exceptionally beautiful and just a little sinister. It is a very narrow
valley with the mountains rising steeply on both sides, allowing a couple less hours of light than in
erstwhile areas. The Parbati River is a main drainage of the watershed and supported by its tributaries
such as Malana nallah, Tosh nallah, Garahan nallah, etc. The village Malana nestled between Jari and
Khiksa thatches is the oldest democracy in the world. The area receives heavy snowfall during winter and
rainfall in summer. The inhabitants of the area are largely relying on biodiversity for their subsistence.
The soil of the Parbati valley comprises of mainly five types i.e., lateritic, red, sandy, loamy and alluvial
soils, depends upon the underlying rocks and effect of various agencies from time to time. The vegetation
generally comprises of temperate, sub-alpine and alpine types. Temperate and sub-alpine forests are
generally dominant by broad leaved and coniferous species, and alpine meadows are conquered by alpine
scrubs and herbs.
Surveys, data collection and analysis: The twelve villages namely Malana, Kasol, Rasol, Kasol, Jari,
Manikaran, Barsaini, Shila, Pulga, Tulga, Kalga, Tosh and surroundings areas of the Parbati valley
(1,100-4,800m) were surveyed in different seasons, i.e. winter, summer and rainy for three years (2007-
2010) to assess the medicinal plant diversity and generate information on utilization of medicinal plants
by the inhabitants of the area. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) followed for information generation
on medicinal plants. Also, local knowledgeable persons including Vaidhyas were interviewed and
information generated on the indigenous uses and commercial values. Among the knowledgeable persons,
one person was hired to collect medicinal plants from the natural habitat(s). The specimens of each
species were collected and identified with the help of floras, and research papers3, 9, 10, 11, 19, 20, 23, 24, 40.
Nativity and endemism has been identified12, 34. Information on locality, altitudinal range, life form,
habitat and other morphological characters was collected for each species. The data were compiled and
analyzed for diversity and distribution pattern of the species34.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Diversity and distribution patterns: In total, 402 species of medicinal plants belonging to 266 genera
and 98 families were recorded. The taxonomic description of medicinal plants is presented in Figure 1.
The families, Asteraceae (47 spp.), Lamiaceae (23 spp.), Ranunculaceae (19 spp.), Rosaceae and

78
Apiaceae (17 spp., each), Polygonaceae (15 spp.), Fabaceae (12 spp.), Gentianaceae (11 spp.),
Scophulariaceae (10 spp.), Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae and Orchidaceae (8 spp., each), Ericaceae and
Poaceae (7 spp., each), Caryophyllaceae, Campanulaceae, Liliaceae (6 spp., each) and Amaranthaceae,
Berberidaceae, Oleaceae, Plantginaceae and Urticaceae (5 spp., each), were rich in medicinal plants.
Among the genera, Swertia (6 spp.); Berberis, Nepeta, Plantago and Polygonum (5 spp., each);
Anaphalis, Chenopodium, Erigeron, Impatiens, Rhododendron and Thalictrum (4 spp., each) and Allium,
Amaranthus, Anemone, Artemisia, Arisaema, Astragalus, Bupleurum, Corydalis, Codonopsis,
Delphinium, Euphorbia, Geranium, Hypericum, Juniperus, Rheum, Rhamnus, Rumex, Potentilla, Galium,
Pedicularis, Scrophularia, Polygonatum, Pleurospermum, Senecio, Saussurea, Trifolium, Viola, Urtica
(3 spp., each) were dominant. A total of 38 families were monotypic, represented by one species only.

500
402
400
No. of species

300 266 301

200
100 98
34 61
0
3 3

Life form
Figure 1: Taxonomic description of medicinal plants in Parbati Valley

Highest richness of medicinal plants (187 spp.) as reported in the altitudinal zone, 1100-1800m. The
diversity of medicinal plants decreased with increasing altitude in the area (Figure 2). Of the total
medicinal plants, 207 were natives, 04 endemic and 44 near endemic.
Altitudinal Zones (m)

>2800

1801-2800

1100-1800

0
50
100
150
No. of Species 200

Figure 2: Altitudinal distribution of medicinal plants in Parbati Valley

Utilization pattern: Various parts namely, roots, rhizomes, tubers, leaves, flowers, whole plants, stems,
fruits, seeds, aerial parts, oil, fronds, inflorescences and ashes of twigs were used for the treatments of
diseases/ailments such as skin, bones, bronchitis, ears, eyes, headache, kidney, intestine, liver, lungs,

79
muscles, teeth, throat, etc. Maximum species were used for cold & cough (60 spp.), followed by
stomachache (56 spp.), skin disease (48 spp.), piles (19 spp.), rheumatism (35 spp.), headache (31 spp.),
diarrhoea (30 spp.), blood purifier (27 spp.) and asthma (19 spp.).
Among the parts used of medicinal plants, roots (107 spp.), leaves (148 spp.), flowers (38 spp.), seeds (38
spp.), stems (34 spp.), whole plants (99 spp.), bark (27 spp.), fruits (44 spp.), aerial parts (78 spp.) were
mostly used by the inhabitants of Parbati valley for their own use or trade (Figure 3).

160 148
140
120 107 107
100
No. of Species

78
80
60 38 38 44
34 27
40
20 12 10 11 8
4 2 3 1
0

Plant parts

Figure 3: Use frequency (No. of species) of different parts of medicinal plants in Parbati Valley

Abbreviations used: Rt=Root; Lf= Leaf; Fl= Flower; Sd= Seed; St= Stem; Wp= Whole Plant, Wd= Wood; Bb=
Bulb; Bk= Bark; Fr= Fruit; Rh= Rhizome; Ap=Aerial part; Inf=Inflorescence; Tu=Tuber;
Frd=Frond; Ashes=Ashes of twig.
Indigenous Uses: Traditional/Indigenous practices of the plant resources for medicine and various other
purposes are very well known among the inhabitants of the area. For example, roots of Aconitum
heterophyllum were used in diarrhoea, digestive complaints, dysentery, fever and gastric; Arnebia
benthamii in boils, ulcer, heart ailments, fever, headache and tonic for hair; Podophyllum hexandrum in
cancer, cough, ulcer, hepatic diseases, fever and diarrhoea; Angelica glauca in dysentery, gastric,
amenorrhoea, stomachache and vomiting; whole plant of Origanum vulgare in bronchitis, colic,
diarrhoea, fever, hysteria and as tonic; Malva verticillata in cough, emollient pectoral complaints, piles,
ulcer, and urine complaints and roots and leaves of Saussurea heteromala in leucoderma, fever, wounds
and colic; Rheum australe in abdominal pain, asthma, bronchitis, eye disease, sprain and dysentery; tubers
of Dactylorhiza hatagirea used as astringent, expectorant, tonic and in bone fracture; rhizome of Acorus
calamus in abdominal pain, bodyache, asthma, skin diseases, cold and cough; rhizome of Hedychium
spicatum in asthma, blood purification, bronchitis, nausea; fruits and seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum in
cough, cholera, fever, eczema, itching, leucoderma, piles, rheumatism, tonic, tooth complaints; leaves and
flower petals of Rhododendron arboreum in headache, fever, Dysentery, wounds and nose bleeding and
leaves of Rhododendron anthopogon used in bronchitis, cold and cough. The remaining species are used
for the treatment of various diseases/ailments (Appendix).

CONCLUSION
The IHR is well known for its diversity of Medicinal plants 15, 22, 26, 33, 34, 35, 38. However, studies on
medicinal plants at catchment, watershed and valley specific are not available. Therefore, the present
study provides comprehensive baseline information on diversity, distribution pattern, nativity, endemism,
indigenous uses and part/s used of medicinal plants in Parbati valley of Himachal Pradesh, North western
Himalaya.

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The occurrence of 402 species of medicinal plants in the area indicates the presence of diverse habitats
and large altitudinal range and favourable environmental conditions. The altitudinal range, 1100-1800m
identified the richest zone for the medicinal plants. This zone is inhabited by a large number of villages
and villagers utilize them for curing various diseases/ailments. Habitat degradation and over exploitation
of these species may lead to their early extinction in the area. The over exploitation of medicinal plants
parts such as roots, rhizomes, tubers, inflorescences, fruits, oils, seeds, etc. may lead to poor regeneration
and extinction of these species in near future.
An area specific threat categorization of species is most important for short or long term management
planning. Cultivation of threatened medicinal plants in the surrounding villages and other private lands
may reduce the pressure on wild population. Identification of active ingredients would help identifying
the potential species for marketing. Regular populations and habitats monitoring of native, endemic and
threatened medicinal plants using ecological methods and notification of key areas as medicinal plants
conservation areas (MPCAs) for in situ conservation, with the involvement of the State Forest
Department and inhabitants of the area have been suggested. Besides these, mass reproduction using
multiplication methods, establishment and maintenance of herbal gardens and medicinal plant nurseries
for ex situ conservation and ensuring the availability of quality planting material for cultivation, together
with education and awareness programmes for the conservation and sustainable utilization of medicinal
plants are suggested.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to the Director, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development,
Kosi-Katarmal, Almora for the facilities and encouragement. Authors are highly thankful to the
inhabitants of the area for providing valuable information during the field surveys.

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 Appendix. Notable medicinal plants species of Parbati valley in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh, Northwestern
Himalaya
Family/Taxa Local Name Altitudinal Life Nativity Part/s used Chemical composition Indigenous uses
range (m) Form
Araceae
Acorus calamus L. Boj 1100-2000 H Reg Bor Temp Rt, Rh Calamus oil, β -asarone, Abdominal pain, asthma, bodyache, bronchitis,
choline, calamenone, cold & cough, constipation, cuts, dysentery,
aroradin 2,4,5-tir Meo- epilepsy, headache, hysteria, indigestion,
benzaldehyde, 2,5-di inflation, malaria, pain in neck, skin disease,
Meo benzoquinone, snake bite, stomachache, tonic, insecticidal
galangin, sitosterol
Araliaceae
Aralia cachemiriana Dcne. Bailchora 2000-3300 H Reg Himal Lf, Rh Sitosterol Stomach disorders
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus viridis L. Sariyara 1200-2300 H Reg Trop AP Calcium, Phosphorus, Digestion, snake bite
Vitamin C, saponin,
Carbohydrates, Protien
fibre
A. spinosus L. - 1200-1800 H Reg Trop WP α-Spinaterol, Abortifacient, antiemetic, blood purifier, cold,
hentriacontane cough, colic, eczema, gonorrhoea, heat in
body, laxative, piles, purgative, scorpion sting,
snake bite
Apiaceae
Angelica glauca Edgew. Chora 2200-3800 H Reg Himal Rt,Sd Lactones, d-α Dysentery, gastric complaints, menorrhea,
phellandrene, Selinene, stomach disorder, vomiting, bronchitis
d-α-cadinene, terpinene,
nerolidol, bisabolene,
germacrene
Heracleum candicans Wall. Padiyala 1800-3300 H Reg Himal Ind AP, St,Rt - Eczema, ring worm infection, leucoderma,
Or As Trop menstrual disorder, piles
Selinum tenuifolium Wall. ex DC. Bhutkesi 3000-4000 H Reg Himal WP - Incense, insecticidal, nervine, sedative
S. vaginatum (Edgew.) Cl. Matoila 2700-3700 H Reg Himal Rh, AP - Nervine sedative, hysteria, dysmenorrheal,
liquor preparation, skin disease
Asteraceae
Achillea millefolium L. Chabu, 3000-3600 H Europe As Am Fl,WP Matricarin, Carminative, tonic, stimulant, toothache,
Shugumentog diacetylmatricarin, cough & cold, insect repellent, aromatic,
lactones diaphoretic
Artemisia absinthium L. Jaue 2000-3500 H Europe Lf Cadinene, Phellandrene, Dandruff, wounds, vermifuge
pinene, Methyl
chavicol, glycosides,

84
 quercetin, kalmpterol,
scopoletin
Jurinella macrocephala (Royle) Dhoop 3000-4500 H Reg Himal Rt - Antiseptic, colic, during child birth, laxative,
Aswal ex Goel. skin eruption
Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew. Kawal 3600-4500 H Reg Himal WP - Bruises, cuts
S. heteromalla (D.Don) Hand.Maz. Kooth 1500-3000 H Reg Himal Lf, Rt - Leucoderma, wounds, colic
Senecio graciliflorus (L.) DC. Zerjum 3200-4000 H Reg Himal WP - Antidote against insect bite, ring worm
disease, pussed ear, poisonous to cattle
S. chrysanthemoides DC. - 2000-3600 H Reg Himal WP Seneciphylline Inflammation of mouth, sore throat
Solidago virga-aurea L. - 2500-3500 H Reg Bor Temp Lf Rutin, quercititrin, Antiseptic, diuretic
vastragalin, sterols,
carotnoides
Sonchus oleraceus L. - 1500-2000 H Cosmop Fl, AP, Lf, Taraxasterol, vitamin-C Febrifuge, jaundice, galactagogue, liver
Latex complaints, tonic
Anacardiaceae -
Pistacia integerrima Stew. ex Kakar singhi 1100-1800 T Reg Himal Fr, Wd α- pinene, camphene, d- Cough, cold, antiscorpion, snake bite
Brandis Aegypt Persia llimonene, α- terpinol,
lactonics, caprylic acid,
pistacin
Rhus javanica L. - 1200-2000 T Reg Himal Fr, Wd tannin, gallic acid, Cholera, gastric complaints, indigestion,
China Ins potassium, pistacin, purgative, skin disease, stomachache
Sandvic tartaric acid, malic acid,
citric acid
Asparagaceae
Asparagus racemosus Willd. - 1100-1600 Sh Ind Or Rt Diosgenin, quercetin-3- Anodyne, aphrodisiac, infertility, decreased
glucuronide, quercetin, libido, miscarriage, menopause, leucorrhea,
hyperoside, glycosides, sexual debility, impotence, spermatorrhea,
rutin, cynidin-3- inflammation of sexual organs, hyperacidity,
galactoside stomach ulcers, dysentery, and bronchial
infections, uterine tonic, galactogogue, general
health tonic
A. filicinus Buch.-Ham ex Roxb. - 2000-3200 Sh Reg Himal Fr, Rt Aldobiouronic acid, Antihelminthic, aphrodisiac, rheumatism,
Burma polysaccharide, bleeding from nose, blood in urine, cough,
fructose, mannose diarrhoea, dysentery, febrifuge, gonorrhoea,
headache, menstrual, gastric
Balsaminaceae

Impatiens glandulifera Royle Mewa 2500-3600 H Reg Himal Fl, Sd Oleic acid, linoleic acid, Cooling, tonic, dye
stearic acid, palmitic
acid
Berberidaceae

85
Berberis aristata DC. Kashmal 2000-2800 Sh Ind or Rt, Fr, Wd Berbamine, berberine, Snake bite, boils, eye complaints
palmative and
jatrorrhizine
B. asiatica Roxb. Kashmal 1200-2000 Sh Ind or WP Berbamine, palmatine Antidote to snake bite complaints, malaria,
piles
B. chitria Lindl. Kashamal 2000-3000 Sh Reg Himal Rt, Fr, Wd Berberine Snake bite, boils, eye complaints
B. jaeschkeana L. Kaymali 3000-3800 Sh Reg Himal Rt,Fr Berberine Eye trouble, ever, stomach disorders, skin
diseases, blood purifier, astringent, diuretic,
jaundice, menorrhea
B. lyceum Royle - 1100-2600 Sh Reg Himal Rt, Fr, Lf, Wd Berberine Dysentery, eye complaints, malaria, stomach
diseases
Betulaceae
Betula utilis D. Don Bhoj patra 3000-4000 T Reg Himal Br, Wd, Lf Betulin, lupeol, Antiseptic, burns, cuts, contraceptive, ear
Oleanolic acid, complaints, hysteria, jaundice, wounds,
acetyloleanoic acid, veterinary ailments
betulic acid, sitosterol,
lupeanone
B. alnoides Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don Shoed 1500-2500 T Reg Himal Br,Lf - Snake antidote
Japan
Boraginaceae
Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex - 3300-4300 H Himal. occ Rt - Cardiac, febrifuge, diseases of the tongue and
G.Don.)Johnst. throat

Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium botrys L. Sokana 1500-2500 H Reg Bor Lf, Fl Chyrosoriol, qurcetin, Gastric disorder, headache due to gall bladder,
flavinoids, hispidiulim, liver disease, anthelmintic, diuretic, laxative
salvisgenin
C. album L. Bathua 1100-2500 H Reg Temp et Lf, Br Protein, fats, fibre, Indigestion, Constipation
Trop Carbohydrates,
Calcium, Vitamin C,
Niacin, Choline
C. ambrosioides L. Bithu 1100-1800 H Ind Or Lf Tetradecaene, caplroic, Anthelmintic, influenza, pneumonia, typhoid,
Caprylic acid vermifuge
Cannabaceae
Cannabis sativa L. Bhang 1100-2500 H As Centr Himal Sd, Br, St Cannabidiol, Anthelmintic, appetite, bowel complaints,
Bor Occ tetrahydrocannabional, bronchitis, cuts, dyspepsia, ear, eye
cannabinoids complaints, gonorrhoea, narcotic, piles, skin
disorder, cold, cough, convulsions, cramps,
epilepsy, laxative, nervine stimulant, paralysis
of tongue, sleeping pills, tetanus
Crassulaceae

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Kalanchoe spathulata DC. - 1400-2200 H As Trop WP - Cholera, wounds
Rosularia rosulata (Edgew.) H. - 1400-2500 H Reg Himal WP - For milk Production, skin disease
Ohba
Cuccurbitaceae
Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Bankakri 1200-2000 H As Trop Rt, Lf, Fr - Antifertility, cuts, diabetes, stomachache
Cong.
Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. 1500-2200 Cl Ind China, As Rt, Fr - Constipation, migraine, carbuncle, otitis,
Trop rhinitis, inflammations, asthma, epilepsy and
skin diseases
Cuscutaceae
Cuscuta reflexa L. Akash bel 1100-2500 H Ind Or WP - Bodyache, burns, cuts, nervine weekness,
swell of legs, body parts, veterinary, kills lice
swellings of testicles, headache, wart
Cyperaceae
Carex obscura Nees - 2000-3200 H Reg Himal AP Proteins, carbohydrates, Insect bite
minerals, calcium
C. nubigena D. Don Krash 3000-3700 H Ind Or AP, Rt - Insect bite
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Shingli mingli 1100-2600 Cl Ind Or Tu Diosgenin, sapogenin oral contraceptive pills
Ericaceae
Cassiope fastigiata (Wall.) D.Don Salu 3300-4000 Sh Reg Himal WP - Itching
Rhododendron lepidotum Wall. - 2800-3800 Sh Reg Himal Lf - Bronchitis, cold, cough
R. campanulatum D.Don Shargal 3000-4000 Sh Reg Himal Rt, Lf, Fl - Boils, cold, cough, headache, rheumatism,
sciatica, skin disease, syphilis, tonic,
R. arboreum Sm. Brass 1500-2700 T Ind Or Reg Fl, Lf Ericolin, ucrosolic acid, Dysentery, headache, rheumatism, wounds
Himal Zeylan friedelin
R. anthopogon D.Don. Tarjhipaan 3000-4000 Sh As Bor Reg Lf - Aromatic, bronchitis, cold, cough, gonorrhea,
Himal stomach ailment, tea preparation, reduce birth
pains, delivery
Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. - 1500-2800 Sh Japon Fr, AP, Lf, Sd - Cough, bronchitis, febrifuge, expectorant
Hippophae salicifolia D.Don - 2200-3500 T Nepal Fr, Br - Cuts, ulcer, wounds, cough, dandruff of hairs
and skin disease
Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia hirta Lam. Dudhi 1100-2200 H Amphig Trop WP - Abscess, antidote in snake bite, bronchitis
infection, burns, colic, cough, cuts, diarrhoea,
dysentery, eczema, excess lactation, eye

87
 complains, pain, ring worm, scabies, scorpion
bite, toothache, vomiting
Ricinus communis L. Arandi 1200-1800 H Europe As Bor Sd Protein, globulin, Asthma, blood purifier, cough, chronic
phosphatidyl ethanol bronchitis, headache, hepatic disease,
amine, uric acid, ricin, pneumonia , rheumatism, snuff
albumin, oleic acid,
ricinoleic acid
Fabaceae
Astragalus chlorostachys Royle ex - 2000-3500 H Reg Himal AP - Tonic, febrifuge, tuberculosis
Benth.
Cicer microphyllum Benth. - 3300-3800 H Soongar Reg Fr,Lf,Sd,AP - Sore & mouth disease treatment in cattle,
Himal Bor Occ tongue infection, jaundice
Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex - 2000-2800 Sh Reg Himal Lf,St,Br - Diarrhoea, dysentery, cough, wound
Brand.
Lotus corniculatus L. - 2000-3700 H Europe AP α- carotene, β- carotene, Anti-inflammatory
xanthophylls,
violaxanthin, protein,
carbohydrates, fat, fibre
Trifolium repens L. - 1100-3000 H Europe As AP Daidzein, daphnoretin, Cough, bronchitis, venereal disease
Temp formonoretin, genistein,
quercetin
T. pratense L. - 2000-3500 H Geront Bor AP Trifolin, trifolihizin, Astringent, bronchitis, cough
Temp coumaric acid, myricyl
alcohol
Fagaceae
Quercus leucotrichophora Ban 1400-2200 T Reg Himal Sd, Fr - Astringent and diuretic, gonorrhoea,
A.Camus indigestion, diarrhoea and asthma,
haemorrhages, chronic diarrhoea, dysentery

Fumariaceae
Corydalis meifolia Wall. Tongzil 3500-4000 H Reg Himal WP - Headache, liver and rheumatoid problems,
leprosy, stomach pain
C. govaniana Wall. Bhutkeshi 3300-4000 H Reg Himal WP Protoine, choline, Antipyretic, diuretic, eye disease, gastric
corlumine, biculline, & disease, liver, muscle pain, skin disease,
isocorydine syphilis, tonic, leprosy, rheumatism
Gentianaceae
Gentiana argentea (D.Don) Griseb. Pungen karpo 3000-3800 H Reg Himal Lf,Fl - Sore throat
China

Gentianella moorcroftiana - 3400-3700 H Reg Himal AP - Febrifuge, blood purifier, cough, rheumatism,
(Wall.ex G.Don) Airy Shaw gastric

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Jaeschkea oligosperma (Griseb.) - 3500-4000 H Reg Himal WP,AP - Febrifuge, blood purifier
Knobl.
Hippocastanaceae
Aesculus indica Colebr. Khanor 1600-2800 T Reg Himal Lf, St - Anthelmintic, dislocated joints, diuretic,
leucorrhoea, skin fissures, cracks, veterinary
medicine, wounds
Hypericaceae
Hypericum uralum Buch. Tumbhul 1100-2000 Sh Reg Himal Rt, Lf - Pimples, ringworm, urine complaints, sores
H. perforatum L. Basant 1100-2200 H Europe Pratis WP Tanins, hypericin, Cuts, imunity, malarial, antidepressant,
reciting, alkaloids antitumourous, anticancerous, antiviral
H. oblongifolium Choisy Peol 1400-3000 Sh Reg Himal Rt, Fr - Boils, wounds
Iridaceae
Iris kumaonensis D.Don Lathum 2500-4000 H Reg Himal Rt, Lf - Pimples, ringworm, , urine complaints sores
Juglandaceae
Juglans regia L. Akhrot 1100-2500 T As Occ Reg Br, Lf, Fr Palmtic acids, Frost bite, rheumatism, sores of toes,
Himal potassium, calcium, toothache
phosphorus, chlorine,
oleic acid
Lamiaceae
Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. Neelkanthi 1100-2800 H Afr Trop Ind Or Lf,WP Ceryl alcohol, palmtic Malarial, tonic, astringent, febrifuge
As Or acid
A. parviflora Benth. Nilkanthi 1200-2600 H Reg Himal Lf, Sd - Ascariasis, blood purifier
Elsholtzia flava Benth. - 2000-2800 Sh Reg Himal Fl - Skin disease, diarrhoea, stomachache
E. fruticosa D. Don - 2000-2800 Sh China Lf, Fr, Sd - Relieve sciatica
Origanum vulgare L. Ban tulsi 1200-3600 H Europe As et Lf,AP - Antiseptic, bronchitis, colic, diarrhoea, bath to
Afr Bor ladies after child birth
Mentha longifolia L. Jangli Pudina 1100-3500 H Reg Bor Temp WP Piperitenone oxide, Antiseptic, carminative, digestive, on wound
diosphenol, to kill maggots
piperitenone
M. piperata L. Podina 1100-1600 H Ind Or WP Acetic acid, isovaleric Reduce excessive bile secretion, antiseptic,
acid, acetaldehyde, carminative, digestive
lactone, pipertione,
isomenthone, methone
Nepeta eriostachya Benth. - 3000-3900 H Reg Himal WP Eyes, diuretic
N. discolor Royle ex Benth. - 2700-3800 H Reg Himal WP Eyes injury & infection, cold, cough
Roylea cinerea D.Don Kadu 1100-1800 Sh Reg Himal Lf - Blood purifier, pimples, snuff in tonsils
Prunella vulgaris L. Syangave 1500-3500 H Reg Temp WP - Breathing problem, cerebral complaints, cold,
gastric complaints, headache, liver complaints

89
Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. - 1500-2700 H Reg Himal Rt - Astringent, emetic, poultice
S. lanata Roxb. Thooth 1500-2500 H Reg Himal Rt, Lf, Fl - Adulterant, colic, diarrhoea, cold, cough
Stachys melissaefolia Benth. - 2000-3200 H Reg Himal Fl - Bee forage
Thymus linearis Benth. Ban jawain 1800-3600 Sh Pakistan WP - Antifungal, antibacterial, pain reliever during
childbirth to mother, whooping cough,
epilepsy, skin eruption, reduce excessive bile
secretion, juice, alopecia or hair loss, spices
phlegm counter spasmodic pains, stomach
complaint, cold, toothache, kill hookworms,
liver compliant, heating effect
Liliaceae
Nomocharis oxypetalum (Royle) E. Sheerkakoli 3000-3400 H Reg Himal Bb - Asthma, antirheumatic, febrifuge,
H. Wils. galactogogue, tuberculosis, haemostatic,
ophthalmic, oxytocic
Polygonatum verticillatum L. Salam misari 1500-3500 H Europe As Bor Rh, Tu - Appetite, nervine tonic, kidney trouble,
wounds
P. multiflorum L. - 3200-3800 H Europe As Bor Tu, AP Glucoside, cholidonic Tonic, urino-genital disorders
Afghan acid
P. cirrhifolium Wall. Salaam misari 1500-3500 H Reg Himal As Tu, Rt,Lf - Aphrodisiac, appetite, blood purifier, nervine
Bor tonic, tonic
Paris polyphylla Sm. Satwa, Kakoli 1700-2600 H Reg Himal Tu - Diarrhoea, Febrifuge, analgesic, antiphlogistic,
China antispasmodic, antitussive, depurative,
narcotic, snake bite, ulcer, antibacterial
Linaceae
Reinwardtia indica Dum. Piyan 1200-1600 H Ind Or AP Pristimerin, alkloids Tongue cleaning
Malvaceae
Malva verticillata L. Chiroti 1800-2800 H Europ As et Afr WP Malvalic acid Cough, emollient pectoral complaints, piles,
Bor ulcer, urine complaints
Sida cordata Burm. Pharendbuti 1100-1400 Sh Amer Trop WP - Asthma, boils, urine complaints, piles, bone
fracture, cuts, wounds, debility, tonic,
gonorrhea, dysentery
Meliaceae
Toona ciliata Roem. Daral 1100-1300 T Malaya Austr Br, Fr, Lf - Antiseptic, dysentery, bronchitis, gastric
trouble
T. serrata (Royle) M. Roem. Daral 1100-2600 T St, Br - Antiseptic, dysentery, bronchitis, gastric
trouble
Moraceae
Ficus palmata Forssk. Fegra 1100-1800 T Afr Trop Arab Fr, Lf - Dysentery, indigestion, laxative
Ind Or
Orchidaceae

90
Calanthe tricarinata Lindl. - 2000-3300 H Reg Himal Lf, Bb - Sores, eczema, aphrodisiac
Dactylorhiza hatagirea D.Don Panja 3000-4000 H Europe Afr Bor Tu - Antibiotic, wound healing, bone fracture,
Oriens Reg cough, cold, cuts, sexual disability,
Himal rheumatism, blood purifier, tonic, many
ayurvedic and unani medicine preparation,
expectorant
Epipactis heleborine (L.) Crantz - 3200-3600 H Reg Himal Lf, Rh - Blood purification, aphrodisiac
Habenaria edgeworthii Hk.f. ex - 2200-3300 H Ind Tu - Blood purifier, rejuvenator
Collett
Herminium lanceum Thunb. ex Sw. - 1800-3200 H Java AP - Urinary problems
Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Ktze. - 3200-3800 H Europe Rt - General tonic
Satyrium nepalense D.Don - 1400-2500 H Ind Or Rh - Energy Tonic
Oleaceae
Fraxinus micrantha L. Angu 1500-2500 T N Mexic St,Lf,Br - Dysentery
Jasminum humile L.. Sungli 1500-3000 Sh As Trop Br,Rt,Fl - Sinus, skin disorder, blood, heart disease
J. officinale L. Juhi 1800-2500 Sh Ind Bor Occ Fl, Lf, Rt Benzyle aldehyde, Ringworm
China cresol, nerol, benzoic
acid,
Olea ferruginea Royle Kahu 1100-1500 T Ind Or Rt - Diarrhoea, aphrodisiac
Syringa emodii Wall. ex Royle - 3600-4000 Sh Reg Himal Sd, Fl, Lf - Stomach disorder
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis corniculata L. Malori 1100-2800 H Amphig Temp WP - Appetite, cooling, diarrhoea, digestive,
et Trop dysentery, scurvy, skin disease, stomachache,
swelling, wart
Podophyllaceae
Podophyllum haxandrum Royle Ban kakri 2500-4200 H Ind Or As Trop WP Podophyllin, Cough, purgative, chronic, constipation,
podophyllotoxin and tuberculosis, hepatic, stimulant, vermifuge, kill
podophyllol resin, worms, gynecological disorder, skin disease as
salicylic acid, jasmine warts, tumors, cancer, childbirth, cuts,
wounds, diarrhea, gastric ulcer, hepatic disease
Poaceae

Avena fatua L. Kasam, Gwajung 3500-4000 H Europe Oriens AP Glycofavones, apigenin, Wounds
As Bor apigenin
Polygonaceae
Polygonum amplexicaule D. Don - 1500-3500 H Reg Himal Rt,Lf Tanins, non-tanins Cough, dysentery, haemostasis, tonic, excess
dose cause abortion,wounds, heart buring
sensation

91
P. hydropiper L. - 1200-2200 H Reg Temp Bor Lf Quercitin, quercitrin, Tongue infection in cattle
et Austr rutin, hyperoside,
persicarin
P. plebium R.Br. - 1200-2600 H Geront Trop et AP, Rt Oxymethylanthraquinon Baldness, lung disease, diarrhoea, dysentery
Temp e
P. polystachyum Wall. ex Meissn. - 3000-3500 H Ind Or (Indian AP Rhamnacin, quercetin, Acidity, indigestion
Subcontinent, isoquercitrin
As Trop)
P. recumbens Royle ex Bab. - 1800-2800 H Reg Himal AP Skin disease, blood purifier, carbuncle, healing
Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Malora, 2000-3600 H As Occ Ind Or Lf, Rt, Tw Nepodin, chrysophanic Boils, colic, cooling, diuretic, dymenorrhoea,
Malaya Afr acid purgative, scurvey, swelling of muscle,
Austr stomachache
R. hastatus D.Don Bilmora 1100-2000 H Reg Himal Lf Tanin Cuts, wounds, anti nettle sting
R. acetosa L. Chukil 3000-3600 H Europe As Bor Lf, AP,Fr Rutin, hyperin, tannins, Appetizer, laxative, stomach disease
hyperin, quercitin
Rheum australe Don. Dolu ,chuche 2500-3800 H Austr St, Lf, AP Rutin, Abdominal pain, appetite, asthma, bronchitis,
heterodianthrones, cuts, dysentery, laxative, eye disorder, sprain,
sennidinc, rich in swelling, ulcer, wounds
Vitamine B and C
R. webbianum Royle Pambahac 3200-4200 H Reg Himal Rt,Lf - Abdominal disorder, boils, astringent,
purgative, wounds
Plantaginaceae
Plantago depressa Willd. Thram 2800-3300 H Sibir WP - Cure dysentery, wounds, piles, infant health
P. ovata Forsk Jangli isbagol 1100-2000 H Reg Himal Sd, Lf Xylose, rhamnose, Diuretic, antiinflamation, dysentery, diahroea,
galactose, galacturonic constipation
acid, uronic acid, tanins
Papaveraceae -
Meconopsis aculeata Royle Blue popy 3000-3600 H Reg Himal WP - Backache, colic, renal pain tonic
Primulaceae
Androsace rotundifolia Hardw. Zigsolo marpo 2700-3400 H Reg Himal AP - Stomachache
China
Primula denticulata Sm. - 3000-3800 H Reg Himal AP, Fl, Rt - Diabetes, headache, appetizer, liver problem,
giddiness, pulmonary disease, urinary
ailments, kill lice
Punicaceae
Punica granatum L. Anaar 1100-1800 T Europ Austr Rt, St, Fr, Lf - Antihelminthic, checks bleeding of child birth
Maurit and miscarriage, cholera, cooling, dysentery,
eye problems, pimples, stomachache
Phytolacaceae
Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. Jharka 2200-3000 H Reg Himal Lf,Rt - Stomach cramps, dysentery, wounds, cattle
China pneumonia, local beverages

92
Rosaceae
Agrimonia pilosa Ledlb. Kuri 1500-2800 H Reg Bor Temp Ap, Rt - Cough, diarrhoea, urinary problems
Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex - 2000-3200 Sh Reg Himal Fr,Lf,Rt - Astringent, diarrhoea, cuts, wounds
Lindl.
Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Bumbra 2000-4000 H Europe Fr - Earache
Lacaita California

Prinsepia utilis Royle Bhekal 1500-2500 Sh Reg Himal Sd Myristic acid, palmtic Burns, cuts, rheumatic
acid, stearic acid,
lignoceric acid, oleic
acid
Potentilla argyrophylla Wall. ex - 3200-4000 H Reg Himal Rt,Fl - Angina pectoris, toothache, gingivitis, wound
Lehm. as analgesic
P. atrosaguinea Lodd. - 2800-3600 H Reg Himal Lf - Wounds as analgesic
P. fruticosa Lim. Bhumbal 3300-4000 Sh Reg Himal AP - Astringent
Geum elatum Wall. - 3000-4000 H Reg Himal Rt - Astringent, dysentery, diarrhea
Rubus ellipticus Sm. Aakh 1100-2000 Sh Ind. Or Fr, Rt - Dysentery, malaria, stomachache, worms
R. niveus Thunb. Anchha 1200-3200 Sh Reg Himal Fr, Rt, Lf Geaniol, acetaldehyde, Stomachache
acrolcin, propanol
Prunus armeniaca L. Khoomani 1100-2500 T Reg Caucas Sd, Fr, Wd - Massage oil
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. D.Don - 1100-2000 T Reg Himal Lf,Fr - Eye disorder, digestive disorders

Rosa moschata Lindl. Kuja 1100-2800 Sh Oriens Lf,Fl,AP - Wounds, opthalmia, diarrhea
R. webbiana Wall. ex Royle Chawag 3200-4000 Sh Reg Himal Fl, Fr, AP - Hepatitis, jaundice, stomachache
Sorbus aucuparia L. - 3000-3500 Sh Europe As Bor Fr - Cough, cold
S. ursina (Wenzing.) Decne - 3200-3600 Sh Reg Himal Br - Wound healing
Spiraea canescens D.Don Kati ,Sagal 1800-2800 Sh Reg Himal Br, St - Sores, wounds
Ranunculaceae
Anemone obtusiloba D. Don - 2800-3800 H Reg Himal Rt,Sd - Menorrhoea, rheumatism, purgative, cooling
A. rivularis Buch.-Ham. Chutrak 2600-3500 H Ind Or WP Saponin, Betulinic acid, Ear complaints, appetizer, gastric, headache,
rivularinin wounds, sores, vetinary medicine
A. rupicola Camb. Mangaltukshi 3500-3800 H Reg Himal AP Diuretic
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Patish 3200-4200 H Reg Himal Rt Heteratisine, Anthelmintic, cold, cough, diarrhoea,
Royle heterophyllisin, dyspepsia, gall bladder, abdominal pain,
heterophylline, gastric, piles, vomits, worms, stomachache
heterophyllidine,
atisine, atidine, F-

93
 dihydroatisine, hetidine,
hetisine
A. violaceum Jacq. Jhimber 3500-4000 H Reg Himal Rt Indaconite and Cough, gastrointestinal complaints, renal pain,
Bikhaconitine rheumatism, stomachache
Caltha palustris L. Shomalap 2800-3500 H Reg Bor Temp Rt,Lf Triterpene, caltholide, Gonorrhea, cattle wound, hand clean
et Arct palustrolide,
triterpenoid, saponin
Clematis barbellata Edgew. - 2800-3500 Sh Reg Himal Rt,Lf - Itching, skin disorder
C. buchananiana DC. Veraphul 1200-1800 Cl Reg Himal Rt, Lf - Skin diseases, sores, tumors
Delphinium vestitum Wall. - 3500-4200 H Reg Himal WP - Antidote to snake bite, cuts, wounds, diarrhea
D. cashmirianum Royle - 3500-4800 H Reg Himal WP, Fl, Lf - Ascites, abdominal pain, cough, cold, dropsy,
dyspepsia, house hold uses, headache, renal
pain, swell, stomachic, cuts, wounds
D. denudatum Wall. Laskar, Nirbishi 1500-2800 H Reg Himal Rt Denudatine Abdominal pain, anthelmintic, respiratory
complaint, toothache, ulcer, vetlice, ticks
Ranunculus diffusus DC. - 1500-2000 H Ind Or Malaya WP - Boils
R. hirtellus Royle Goodi 1800-3200 H Reg Himal AP - Counter irritant, anthelmintic, vermicidal,
cooling, emoll, wounds
Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Mamiri 2000-3500 H Europe Rt Berberine, thalictrine Abdominal pain, blood purification, boils,
earache, eczema, eye disease, luecoderma,
piles, rheumatism, gout, tonic, toothache
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus triqueter Wall. Gonta 1500-2000 Sh Reg Himal Br, Fr - Blood purifier, boils, scabies, skin diseases,
tonic
R. purpureus Edgew. Chaunsha 1500-2700 Sh Reg Himal St, Fr, Lf, Wd - Digestive disorders
R. virgatus Roxb. 1200-2600 H Ind Or As Bor St,Fr,Br Hydroxymethylanthraq Emetic, purgative, eczema, ringworm,
uinone affection of spleen
Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. Ber 1100-1400 T Ind Or Malaya St, Br, Fr, Lf - Blood purifier, cholera, digestive problem,
dysentery, hair fall of headache, oedema,
ulcer, whooping cough, stomachache
Rubiaceae
Galium aparine L. - 2000-3500 H Reg Bor Temp Lf,WP Glycoside, asperaloside, Astringent, skin disease
et Magell citric acid
G. asperifolium Wall. - 2500-3700 H Europe As WP - Skin disease, diuretic, urinary problem
Temp
G. rotundifolium L. - 2700-3500 H Europ As Temp WP - Colic, dyspepsia, jaundice
Rubia cordifolia L. Jamithi 1200-2600 H As Trop et St, Rt, Lf Glocoside, munjistin Antidote to scorpion bite, snake bite,
Temp Afr Trop astringent, chest complaints, leucoderma,
inflammation, jaundice, liver complaints,
paralysis, menorrhoea, urine complaints, ulcer,
stomachache

94
Rutaceae
Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hk.f.) Pissumar 1500-2800 H Reg Himal Rt Rutacridone, rutin, Antiseptic, cuts and wounds, vomiting,
Reichb. ex Meissn. Japan cadinene, cadalene, dysentery
caryophyllene oxide
Skimmia laureola (DC.) Zucc. Neir 1600-2700 Sh Reg Himal Lf Skimnianine, bergapten Antiseptic, boils, gastric pain, rheumatism,
& skimmiol scabies, small pox
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Tirmira 1100-1600 Sh Reg Himal Br, St, Lf, Sd Berberine Anthelmintic, carminative, cough, cholera,
China eczema, itching, leucoderma, piles,
rheumatism, small pox, snake bite,
stomachache, indigestion, tonic, tooth
complaints
Salicaceae
Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle Pak butra 2000-3500 T Reg Himal St, Br, Inf,Lf - Bone fracture, tonic, stimulant, blood purifier
Saxifragaceae
Bergenia stracheyi Hook. Pashanbhed 2800-4000 H Baja California Rt, Lf - Kidney stone, poultice, stiff joint, diuretic,
Sur (Mexico, antiscorbutic, astringent, opthalmia, tonic,
Northern cuts, wounds
America)
B. ligulata (Wall.) Engl. Pashanbhed 1500-2800 H Reg Himal Rt,Lf Bergenin, (+) Asthma, boils, cuts, wounds, burns, , liver
afzelachin, C- complaints, ophthalmia, piles, thirst, kidney
glycoside, and β– stones, urine complaints, diarrhea of cattle
sitosterol
Scrophulariaceae
Euphrasia himalayica Wettst. - 3200-3800 H Reg Himal Lf - Eye disorder
Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Karu 3400-4200 H Reg Himal Rt, Rh, Lf, St - Anemia, arthritis, asthma, bitter tonic,
Benth. cardiotonic, cold, dyspepsia, diarrhoea,
influenz, diuretic, hepato protective,
indigenous system of medicine, jaundice, liver
trouble, stomach, laxative, pure circulation
blood
Scrophularia calycina Benth. & - 2600-3200 H Reg Himal AP,Lf - Stimulate appetite
Scroph.
S. dentata Royle ex Benth. - 3300-3700 H Reg Himal Lf - Appetizer
S. himalensis Royle ex Benth. - 3400-3800 H Reg Himal Lf - Insecticide
Verbascum thapsus L. Kolomasta,Jangli 1200-3600 H Reg Himal et Lf, AP Rotenone, coumarin, Asthma, cough, diarrhoea, dyesentry of sheep,
tamaku Caucas Sibir stearic acid, palmtic poultice, skin disease, narcotic, fish poisoning,
acid, β-sitosterol, ear infection,
linoleic acid
Sapindaceae
Sapindus mukorosii Gaern. Doda 1100-2500 T As Trop Fr, Sd Saponins, epoxy acid, Skin diseases, insecticidal
triene, diene acid,

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 rhamnose
Smilacaceae
Smilax aspera L. Kukardara 1100-1600 Sh Europe Oriens Rt Β- sitosterol, saponoin, Diuretic, diaphoretic, rheumatic-arthritis
Ind Or asperagenin
Solanaceae
Datura stramonium L. Datura 1100-1600 H Trapazia Lf, Sd, Fr - Dislocation of joints, jaundice, rheumatism,
stomachache, toothache, veterinary lactation
Solanum nigrum L. Makoy 1100-2000 H Ampliga WP Solanine, Saponine Antidote to opium toxic, boils, cough,
diarrhoea, dysentery, ear and eye problems,
goiter, testicles, kidney, bladder, piles,
rheumatism, sprain, stomachache, swell, throat
trouble, ulcer in mouth
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Ganda 1100-1500 Sh Reg Mediter Rt - Asthma, boils, bronchitis, cough ,dropsy,
Oriens eye complains, wounds, skin diseases,
swelling of hands, feets
Symplocaceae
Symplocos chinensis (Lour.)Drace Lash 1500-2500 T Reg Himal Br - Astringent, diarrhea
Burma china
Japan
Thymeleaceae
Daphne papyacea Wall. ex Steud. Jangli mirch 1800-2600 Sh China Rt, Lf - Intestinal complaints

Wikstroemia canescens Bhojishel 1800-3000 Sh Reg Himal Lf, Br - Pisticicidal

Meissn. Zeylan China
Trillidiaceae
Trillium govanianum Wall. Satwa 2500-3800 H Reg Himal Tu - Dysentery
Ulmaceae
Celtis australis DC. Kharik 1100-1800 T Europe As WP Betulin, gallic acid Bone fracture, pimples contusions, sprains and
Temp Ind Or joint pain
Urticaceae
Boehmeria platyphylla Jacq. - 1200-1500 Sh As et Afr Trop Lf, St, Br - Dysentery, eczema
Ins Pacific
Girardinia diversifolia Link. Jarahan 1400-2800 H Ind Or Malaya Br, Lf - Gonorrhoea, Bone fracture, muscle cramp
Urtica dioica L. Kungsh, aahan 1800-2800 H Reg Bor Temp Lf Lecithin, linoleic acid, Blood purifier, jaundice, skin eruption,
oleic acid, linolenic astringent, dog bite wounds, kidney disease,
acid, acetylcholine acid, postnatal tonic, throat pain, tonic
histamine
U. parviflora Roxb. Aahan 1100-2000 Sh Reg Himal Sd, Lf ,Inf, Rt Oleic acid, linolenic
acid, acetylcholine acid,
histamine

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U. hyperborea D. Don - 3000-4500 Sh Reg Himal WP - Rheumatism, stomachache
Violaceae
Viola biflora L. Bunufsha 2800-3600 H Reg Bor Temp Lf, Fl, Sd - Antiseptic, antispasmodic, cold, cough,
diaphoretic, laxative, leucoderma, skin disease
V. serpens J.E Sm. Bunufsha 1500-2600 H Ind Or Malaya Lf, Fl, Sd - Bronchitis, cold, cough, eye disorder, laxative,
leucoderma
V. canescens Wall. Banfsa 1500-3000 H Ind Or Malaya Lf, Fl, Rt Violine, violaquercitrin, Asthma, bronchitis, cold, cough, eye disorder,
China saponin malarial, emetic, demulcent, cuts, wound
Vitaceae
Cissus repanda Vahl. - 1400-1800 Sh Ind Or Lf - Bone fracture, sores
Velerianaceae
Nardostachys grandiflora DC. Jatamansi 3500-4500 H Reg Himal Rt - Blood purifier, cooling, cough, diuretic, tonic,
ulcer, snake bite
Valeriana hardwickii Wall. Mushakbala 2500-3300 H Reg Himal Rt Maaliol, β- Sitosterol, Antidote to poisonous stings of insects,
Malaya valeranone, stearic acid scorpion, epilepsy, hysteria, neurosis, skin
disease, insecticides, mental disorder
V. jatamansi Jones Nihani 1500-3400 H Reg Himal Rt - Aphrodisiac, mental disorder, local beverage,
aromatic, insecticide
Zingiberaceae
Hedychium spicatum J.E.Sm. Ban haldi 1500-2500 H Reg Himal Rh Methylpara, Asthma, blood purification, bronchitis, nausea
cumarinacetate,
cinnamic ethyl acetate,
ethyl-P-
methoxycinnomate
Roscoea procera J.E.Sm. - 2000-4000 H Reg Himal Rt - Veterinary
Burma
R. alpina Royle Musli 3000-4000 H Reg Himal WP - Tonic, veterinary wounds, cuts
Gymnospems
Cupressaceae
Juniperus indica L. Bitaru 3000-3800 Sh Soongar Reg WP, AP Ascorbic acid, Cough and cold, tonsillitis, headache,
Himal juniperin, pectins, malarial, neck pain, blood pressure
organic acid, potassium
salts
J. communis L. Petada, Shukpa, 2800-4000 Sh Reg Bor Temp WP, St, Fr Myrcene, sabinene, Kidney disorder, malfunctioning of kidney,
Dhup et Arct pinene, limonene, liver, bladder, heart disease, nervous disorder,
cineole condensed oil from barriers inhaled as vapors, or taken in
tannins, flavonoids. the form of pills, dropsy mucous discharge,
antibiotic for animal, repel flies
J. recurva Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Shurr 3000-4200 Sh Reg Himal Rt, WP, Br Isocedrolic acid, 4- keto Kidney trouble
cedrol, biflavons,

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 cupessuflavone and its
derivates
Pinaceae
Abies pindrow Royle Tosh 2500-3800 T Reg Himal AP, St, WP α- pinene, carene, Asthma, bronchitis
dipentene,
bornylacetate, tanin,
lignin, carbohydrates
Cedrus deodara Roxb Deodar 1600-3000 T Ind Or WP, St, Br p-methyl-d-3- Skin disease, anthelmintic, rheumatism, ulcer,
tetrahydroacetophenone diarrhea, dysentery, ulcers
, p-methyl
acetophenone,
cis- and trans-
atlantones, a-and b-
himalchenes, ar-
dihydroturmerone,
himachalol,
allohimachalol
Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks Kail 1800-3200 T Reg Himal WP, St, Sd,Lf Resins, cymene, p- Abscess, dislocation of joints, rheumatic pain,
cymene, propanoic acid ulcer, unconsciousness
P. roxburghii Sarg. Chil 1100-2200 T Reg Himal Oil, Wd, Lf α-pinene, β-pinene, Abcesses, dislocation of joints, ulcer,
carene, longicylene unconciuosness
Taxaceae
Taxus baccata subsp. wallichiana Rakhal 2500-3300 T Reg Bor Temp St, Br, AP Taxol, Alpaline, taxine, Anticancerous, blood purifier, swelling,
(Zucc.) pilger taxanine asthma, contraceptive
Abbreviations used: T= tree; Sh= shrub; H=Herb; F= Fern; Reg Himal= Himalayan Region; As= Asia; Afr= Africa; Austr= Australia; Amer= America; Trop= Tropical; Bor=
Borealis; Occ= Occidentalis; Argent= Argentina; Temp= Temperate; Cosmop= Cosmopolitan; N. Calid= North Calidonia; Mediter= Mediterranean; Calif=California;
Subtropical; Geront= Gerontia; cult= Cultivated; Amphig= Amphigaea; Min= Minnor; Centr= Central; Arct= Arctic; Alp= Alpine; Philipp= Philippin; Afghan= Afghanistan;
Turkist= Turkistan; et= And; Polynes= Polynesia; Madag= Madagascar; pacif= Pacific; Lf= Leaf; Br= Bark; Wp= Whole Plant; Fl= Flower; Fr= Fruit; Sd= Seed; Wd= Wood;
Inf= Inflorescene; St= Stem; Frd= Frond; AP=Aerial part; and Rh= Rhizome.

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