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BOILER SYSTEM FAILURES

Analysis & Diagnostics Manual

EXAMPLES OF ISSUES IN SPECIFIC

BOILER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Metallurgy
Volume 2.0  Boiler Systems

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 Table of Contents

I. Economizers Pages 2-7

II. Deaerators Pages 8-11
p. 8 Deaerator trays
p. 8 Deaerator spray zone corrosion
p. 9 Deaerator inlet header spray pipe failure
p. 10 Deaerator venting - Steam flow
p. 11 Deaerator spray valve failures
III. Firetube Boilers Pages 12-14
IV. Watertube Boilers Pages 15-30
p. 15 Feedwater line deposits
p. 16 Boiler lower crossover header deposits
p. 17 Boiler lower drum roof deposits
p. 18-21 Boiler tube scale, deposits, blisters/bulges
p. 22-30 Boiler Tube Failures
p. 22 Long term creep from overheating
p. 22 Thick lip failure
p. 23 Thin lip failures
p. 24 Catastrophic failure
p. 25 Stress cracking
p. 25 High pressure boiler tube corrosion
p. 26 Weld overlay repair of tube leak
p. 27 Hydrogen damage
p. 28-30 Flame Impingement
V. Steam Line Deposits Page 31
VI. Mud Drum and Steam Drum Deposits Page 32
VII. Boiler Drums and Tubes Pages 33-34
VIII. Boiler Water Sight Glass Failure Page 35
IX. Superheater Tubes Failures Pages 36-38
X. Condensate Lines Corrosion Pages 39-41
Contact Us Page 42

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 Section I. Economizers

Economizer Tubes

Return bends outside the flue gas envelope.

Return bends outside of gas passage.

External surfaces prone to corrosion if not protected from moisture

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 Top view of finned economizer tubes

Section of fouled, finned economizer tubes

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 External deposits containing sulfur compounds—
from burning high sulfur oil

Bare economizer tube sections before cleaning

Close-up after cleaning, showing external surface metal loss

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 Economizer tube cross section after
cleaning, showing surface metal loss
due to burning high sulfur #6 oil.
Sulfuric acid forms on the tube surface
when operating below the H2SO4 dew
point, ~ 267 °F.

Finned economizer tube failure

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 Tube removed and split longitudinally, before cleaning

After cleaning with inhibited HCL

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 Tube section, cleaned in dilute inhibited hydrochloric acid
Oxygen pitting evident after cleaning

FAC in an economizer tube

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 Section II. Deaerators

Deaerator Trays & Spray Zone

Distorted and collapsed deaerator trays

Deaerator spray zone corrosion on SS shell due to high chlorides

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 Deaerator Inlet Header Spray Pipe

Deaerator inlet header spray pipe failure

Deaerator inlet header spray pipe failure

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 Deaerator Venting: Steam Flow

Extreme, excessive deaerator

venting: Standard vent line
and 4” bypass line flowing at
very high rates. Root cause
was the deaerator steam
supply PRV stuck open, over
pressurizing the system and
lifting the multiport bypass
relief valve. Result: 24,000
lbs. per hour of steam being
wasted to atmosphere

Normal venting: 4 inch

bypass valve off and
more normal vent line
flow after replacing the
pressure reducing valve

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 Deaerator Spray Valve Failures

Deaerator spray valve spring failure

Normal deaerator spray valve bell Mechanically damaged deaerator spray valve

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 Section III. Firetube Boilers

Tubes showing surface iron deposits and flash rusting

Tubes viewed from man-way, white deposits from evaporation to dryness

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 Oxygen pitting, before cleaning

Oxygen pitting, after cleaning

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 Oxygen pitting before cleaning – resulting from oxygen intrusion during offline storage

Oxygen pitting after cleaning

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 Section IV. Watertube Boilers

Feedwater Line

Feedwater line deposits – multiple hardness upsets in 100 year old system

Feedwater line deposits due to years of repetitive hardness intrusion

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 Boiler Lower Crossover Header

Overhead deposits due to external protective refractory loss allowed furnace gases to
penetrate to top of the header and cause steam blanketing and concentration of boiler
water, localized corrosion and evaporation to dryness on internal header surface.

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 Boiler Lower Drum

Deposits formed in the top of the drum due to refractory brick deterioration on the
furnace floor above allowing hot combustion gases to penetrate through to top of the
mud drum and cause steam blanketing and concentration of boiler water, localized
corrosion and evaporation to dryness on internal drum surface. Deposits sloughed form
tubes have accumulated at the bottom of the drum, partially blocking the inverted
blowdown channel ports.

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 Boiler Tube Scale, Deposits & Blisters/Bulges

Boiler tube with iron and silica scale

1.5” diameter wall tube from watertube boiler. Layered phosphate

and iron deposits from years of multiple feedwater hardness and
internal water treatment chemistry upsets.

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 Inclined overhead boiler tube – deposits on the inside (bottom) surface facing the furnace

Tube mineral scale removed for deposit weight density determination. Scrape and weigh
method vs. glass bead blasting

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 Tube scale layering due to multiple feedwater hardness excursions

Internal surface scale restricted thru-wall heat transfer causing the tube metal to overheat,
bulge, and ultimately fail.

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 Tube with as-received (top) and as-cleaned (bottom) sections

Rare example of a furnace wall tube section showing the effect of differential
deposition from furnace zone radiant heat input (top side) vs. convection zone
return gas passage (bottom side).

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 Tube Failures: Long Term Creep & Thick Lip Failure

Generating tube elongated due to slow metal creep from long term overheating

Thick lip failure due to metal creep from long term overheating
Lines of stretch marks visible beside tube failure

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 Tube Failures: Thin Lip Failures

Thin lip failure due to rapid overheating

Thin lip failure due to rapid overheating

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 Tube Failures: Catastrophic Failure

Crossover tube from

upper header failed
due to internal
corrosion caused by
oxygen pitting during
layup. Several tubes
sagged over time and
were not corrected,
resulting in incomplete
draining of boiler
water when off-line.
Oxygen pitting at the
internal stagnant
waterline ultimately
resulted in sudden
tube failure.

Top back plenum

section of the 650 psig
field erected boiler –
severe damage caused
by a single tube failure.
The rapid steam
release from the failed
tube suddenly
enveloped the plenum,
momentarily raised
the roof of the boiler
and blew out the back
wall.

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 Tube Failures: Stress Cracking

Stress crack opposite

membrane weld,
coincident with internal
deposits which restricted
heat transfer

Rifled, high pressure boiler generating tube, after cleaning. Damage from condenser leak
introduced chlorides from the cooling water, lowered the pH and deposited copper in the
valleys of the tube. Copper since removed by cleaning with inhibited HCL.

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 Tube Failures: Weld Overlay Leak Repair

Heavy weld overlay to repair a tube leak

Internal tube surface cracks developed under coincident external surface weld overlay to
repair a tube leak.

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 Tube Failures: Hydrogen Damage

Hydrogen damage to high pressure boiler tube

Hydrogen damage to high pressure boiler tube

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 Tube Failures: Flame Impingement

Flame impingement – rear wall

Flame impingement – back corner of furnace

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 Tube surface metal exfoliation due to flame impingement, overheating

Tube metal creep and failure due to overheating from flame impingement

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 Tube surface damage resulting from flame impingement

Weld overlay to repair furnace tube bulges resulting from flame impingement

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 Section V. Steam Line Deposits

Deposits in 3 inch steam line, result of

repeated instances of boiler water carryover

Deposits in 6 inch diameter steam line due to

long term intermittent boiler water carryover

Steam line deposits

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 Section VI. Mud Drum & Steam Drum Conditions

Mud drum, interior overhead view: Heavy iron, calcium and silica
deposits caused by years of poor feedwater quality resulting in
deposition throughout the boiler

Steam drum: Extreme, excessive quantity of scale and surface

deposits

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 Section VII. Boiler Drums & Tubes

Clean mud drum and tubes

Clean steam drum downcomer tubes, deposit fouled steam diffuser

screen and boiler drum sidewalls

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 Steam drum surface deposition below waterline

Steam drum surface after two years on an internal cleanup program

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 Section VIII. Boiler Water Sight Glass Failure

Boiler sight glass deterioration due to high alkalinity boiler water. Failure due to crack in
protective mica shield, allowing boiler water with high hydroxide alkalinity to have direct
contact with and dissolve the borosilicate glass.

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 Section IX. Superheater Tube Failures

Crack initiation at radial weld Spiral crack development

Back side of tube Additional surface crack formation

Superheater tube showing crack initiation at surface weld, progressive spiral tube crack due
to operational stress. Rear of tube shows additional crack formation in the tube metal due to
stress – away from the field weld.

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 Finned superheater
tube removed from a
HSRG

Internal surface of
finned SH tube showing
deposits from boiler
water carryover

Heavy magnetite
formation in a
superheater tube

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 Superheater tube bulges

Superheater tube internal deposits

Superheater tube failure promoted by internal surface deposits

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 Section X. Condensate Lines Corrosion

Corrosion due to low pH

(from carbonic acid) at the
bottom of a condensate
return line

Corrosion and failure on the lower surface of a horizontal line etched due to low pH when
steam condensed

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 ↑
Loss of metal from the horizontal pipe
surface where low pH condensate flowed →

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 Horizontal finned tube from wood drying kiln. Insufficient amine to raise the low condensate
pH resulted in corrosion on the internal pipe surface. Beginning in the top of the tube as
steam condensed, CO2 dissolved in the condensate as it formed and the acidic condensate
flowed down the sides of the tube in rivulets, dissolving the steel pipe surface in the process,
thinning the wall and sending iron back to the boiler. A rare example of the actual point at
which steam condenses and low pH corrosion occurs.

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 TREATMENT RECOMENDATIONS
This manual illustrates a number of issues and failures that can adversely affect operational
efficiency within boiler systems. ChemTreat provides the necessary solutions and services to
take corrective and preventative action against these and other types of failures.

Contact ChemTreat today and get in touch with one of our Treatment Engineers or Technical
Specialists for a chemical treatment program designed specifically for the needs of your
equipment and boiler systems.

Contact Information
Online Form  www.chemtreat.com/contact-us
Toll-free, Corporate Services  1-800-648-4579
Telephone (Local)  804-935-2200

Headquarters Address
ChemTreat, Inc.
5640 Cox Road
Glen Allen, Virginia 23060

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