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 J

Major His Highness Raj Rajeshwar 5 ram ad

Rajai Hind Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir
Umaid Singhji Sahib Bahadur,
G.C.I.E., K. C.S.I., K.CV.O.,
Maharaja of Jodhpur.
HISTORY OF^THE
RASHTRAKUTAS
(RATHODAS)
(From the beginning to the migration
of Rao Siha ioicards Maricar.)
 HISTORY OF
THE RASHTRAKUTAS.
(RATHODAS)
From th bcfinninff to the migration of Rao Stha towardi Marwar,

BY

PANDIT BISHESHWAR NATH REU,

Superintendent,
AHCH^OLOGICAL DEPARTMENT & SUMER PUBLIC LIBKAKV,

JODHPUR.

JODHPUR:

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAU DEPARTMENT.

1933.
 Published

orders of the Jodhpur Darbar.

FIRST EDITION
Price Rs. :2'i-

Jodhjr.tr:
Printed at the Marwar State Press
 PREFACE.

This volume contains the history of the early

RSshtrakutas (Rathotfas) and their well-known branch,
the Gahatfavalas of Kanauj up to the third-quarter
of the 13th century of Vikrama era, that is, up to the
migration of Rao Slha towards Marwar.
In the absence of any written account of the rulers
of this dynasty, the history is based on its copper
plates, inscriptions and coins hitherto discovered.
Sanskrit, Arabic and English works, which throw
1

some light on the history of this dynasty, however

meagre, have also been
referred to. Though the
material thus gathered is not much, yet what is known
is sufficient to prove that some of the kings of this

dynasty were most powerful rulers of their time.

Further, some of them, besides being the patrons of
art and literature, were themselves good scholars.
The artistic and literary works of their time are held
in high esteem even to this day.

The extent of their power vouchsafed

is sufficiently
by the writings of the early Arab travellers and the
levying of "Turushkadanda" a tax like "Jaeia" on
the Mohammedans, by Govindachandra.

Nor was their generosity less defined. Out of

numerous copper grants recovered, no less than 42
I Specially Sir R. G. Bhandarkar's article im the Bombay Gazetteer.
trace their source of munificence to a single donor,
Govindachandra. Another magnificent example of
their generosity is brought to light by a couplet from
the copper grant of Dantivarman (Dantidurga) II,
1

dated Shaka Samvat 675 (V.S. 810=A.D. 753). The

couplet runs a- follows:---

His (Dantivarman's) mother by granting lands

i.e.,

in charity in almost all the 400,000 villages of his

kingdom proved his reverence for her.

Many historians hesitate to believe the Gahadavalas

of Kanauj to be a branch of Rashtrakutas. But in
view of the reasons given to meet the various objec-
tions regarding this theory, which has been discussed
in the first few chapters of this volume, it is evident
that in fact the Gahadavalas belonged to a branch of
the Rashtrakutas and came to be so called because of
their conquest of Gadhipur (Kanauj).
The history of the Rashtrakutas was first published
in Hindi in my book named "Bharata-ke-Prachma-
Raja Vamsha," Vol. IIP, A synopsis of the first few
chapters of this book, under the heading of "The
Rashtrakutas and the Gahadavalas" as well as its last
chapter named "The Gahadavalas of Kanauj" appear-
ed in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great
Britain and Ireland, January 1930 and January 1932
respectively. The matter given in the appendix of this
book was published in The "Indian
1 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XI, page 111.
2 Published in A. I). 1025.
 in

January 1930. Hence, this volume is an attempt

to bring out the history of the Rashtrakutas (RSthodas)
in a revised and enlarged form.

It will not be out of place here to express the grati-

tude to all those scholars whose efforts have been
helpful in the preparation of this volume.

As the special letters "m",and "n", were not

available, simple "m", and "n" have been used in
their places and "sh" has been used for both ?r and <?,
In some places simple "r" is used instead of "r'\

Archaeological Department, BISHESSHWAR NATH KEU,

Jodhpur*
 CONTENTS.

Pages.
1. The Rashtrakutas . ..1
2. Emigration of the Rash trakutas from
the north to the south . . . . 6
3. The origin of the Rashtrakutas . . 10
4. The Rashtrakutas & the Gahadavalas . . 15

5. Other Objections . . . .
26
6. The Religion of the Rashtrakutas . . 34
7. Science arid Arts in the time of the
Rashtrakutas . . 37
8. The Glory of the Rashtrakutas . . 39
9. Conclusion . . . . 45
10. Miscellaneous inscriptions of the Rash-
Lrakutas . . . . 47

11. The Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta

(Deccan) . . .. ..5!
12. The Rashtrakutas of Lata (Gujrfit) . . 93
13. The Rattas (Rashtrakutas) of Saunclatti. 100

14. The Early Rashtrakutas of Rajasthana

(Rajputana) . . . . i 10

15. The Gahadavalas of Kanauj . . JI3

16. Appendix . . . . 134

(False statements about King Jayach-

chandra and Rao Sih;D.
17. Index .. .. . . ..145
18. Errata . . . . .. . . 153
 THE RASHTRAKuTAS.
In 269 B. C. ( i c 212 years before the Vikrama Era)
,

there flourished a very powerful and religious king

in India named Aslioka. He got his edicts inscribed
on pillars set up in various provinces of his kingdom.
In those found at Mansera, SluVnbazgarhi (North-West
Frontier Province) Girnar (Saura^hatra) and Dhavali
,

(Kalinga) the words "Rathika," "Ristika" (Rashtrika)

or "Lathika" appear just after the mention of the
Kambdjas and the Gandharas.
Dr. D.
Bhandarkar, reading both the words
R.
"Rashtika" (or Ristika) and "Petenika" thus occurring
as one, takes it to have been used to denote the here-
ditary governing families of Maharashtra
1

But, as .

the edict of Shahbazgarhi contains "-WT ^ranr ^w ?%$*

fqftff^r it appears that the words "Rathika" and
"Pitinika" are used to denote two different tribes. 2

Mr C V. Vaidya holds the word Rashtrika to denote

J

the Rashtrakdtas Oi the Maharfishtra' province, whom

he considers to k>3 the Muharacca Kshatriyas different 4
,

from the Rashtrakutas of the north. But in the ancient

books "Dipavamsha" and "Mahavamsha'-' of the Pali
language the word MaharaUa and not Rashtrika, 5
,

stands for the inhabitants of Maharashtra province.

1 Asoka by Bhandarkar, p.ij;e 33. L\ In the "Anguttarnikaya" the words

s-oparately statod.

3 ir'etoi'y of INIediaoval Hindu India, part II, page 3^3,

4 History of Mediaeval Hindu Ind'a, part II, p.igos 152-153.

5 Fromthe cave inscriptions of Bhaja, BSJsa. Karli and NanaghJt o^ the Cnd
century of the Christian Er^ it appears that this MaharaUa tribe was very geLerous.
 2 HISTORY OF

holds the words "Rathika" or "Ra-

Dr. Hultzsch
trika" (Rashtrika) as pertaining to Arattas of the
Punjab. But if, in regard to the derivation of the
word Aratta, we were 1

to apply the 'Bahuvrihi Samasa/

(
*n w?^ ^riRf w zjfrw fr UK?-. ) then the difference of
opinion would be squared up to some extent. In the
inscriptions of the Rashtrakutas a second name of
their tribe is also found as "Ratta". There should
be no hesitation, therefore, in supposing that the
Rashtrakutas were formerly the settlers of the Punjab,
whence they migrated to the south and in the course of
time carved out a kingdom in the Deccan.
A 2
copper grant of Rashtrakuta king Abhimanyu
has been found from the Undikavatika. As it bears no
date, supposed to be of the beginning of the 7th cen-
it is

tury of V. S. It contains the wordsr-'^^feiw^priiorawqwf

s

*'*5f(?) aHI (^) frre*ft iw* ^ *w *H?' i. e., king Mananka,

the greatest of the Rashtrakuta race, was adorned
with virtue and fame.

1 Corpus Inscriptionurn Indicarum, Vol. 1, page 56. In the "Mahabharata"

tlie "Aratta" province is thus described:

Karna Parva, Adhyaya-4,

i. e., the province irrigated by the watt-rp ot tho Putlej/f he Bios, the Ravi, the ChenSb,

the Jhelum, and the Indus and lying outside the mountains is called Aratta. At the
time of the Mahabharata th s province was under the sway of king Shalya.
In the Dharma and Shrauta Sutras of Baudhayana, this province is stated as a
non- Aryan province (vide first prashna,first chapter and 18 1213 respectively.)

In 326 B C. (269 years before Vikrama Era) the Arattas had opposed Alexander
near Baluchistan as appears from the works of the contemporary writers.

?. Journal of the Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol.XVI, page 90,

3. Some people read ^^jqj in place of but it is incorrect.

tyS^sffif
 THE

The stone of Raja Dantidurga, fixed

inscription
1

in the Dashavatara temple of the Ellora caves, contains

the line:- %fri ^rg *: %<ft sraw^f?rM' i. e.,who is not
'*r

aware of the world-famous Rashtrakuta race.

In a copper grant of this very king dated Shaka
2

Samvat675 (V. S. 810 = A. D. 753) and also in that 3 of

Nandaraja of Shaka S. 63 (V. S. 766 = A. D. 709) found at
1

the village of Multai in the Central Provinces, the

name of the dynasty is given as "Rashtrakuta". A
similar name is found in inscriptions and grants of
various other kings. But there are also some old writ-
4"
ings, in which this clan is named as "Ratta such as
the inscription of Amoghavarsha I found at Sirur, in
which he is spoken of as" ifwt^
5

In a copper grant 6 of Indra III dated Shaka S. 836

(V. S. 971 -A. D. 914) found at Nausari Amoghavarsha
is described as the promoter of prosperity of the
"Ratta" race.
In the copper grant of Deoli it is stated that "Ratta" 7

was the originator of this dynasty and "Rashtrakuta"

was his son from whom the dynasty took its name 8 .

In an inscription of Ghosundi in Mewar the dynasty

is namedas "Rashtravarya" and in a copper grant of
9
Nadol as "Rashtrauda."
1 Cave temples inscriptions, page 92. arid Arch. Survey, Western India, Vol. V,
page 87.
2 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XT, page 111.

3 Indian Antiquary, Vol.

XVIJI,page 234.
4 As "Mata", "Vaddiga''and ''Chapa'' are the corrupt forms of "Alanyakheta"
Yadava Vishnu Vardhna and "Chapotkata" respectively, similarly "Ratta" might
also be a corrupt form of "Rashtrakuta".
5 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XTI,
page 21S.
6 Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XVIII, page 257.

7 Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XVIII, pages 249-251.
And Epigraphia Indica, Vol. V, page 192.

8 The birth of Rashtrakuta in the family of Ratta is only a poetic conjecture,

9 Copper grant of *
Chauhana Kirtipala of V. S. 1218,
4 HISTORY OF

In word "Rashtrakuta" "Rashtra" means

the
"kingdom" and "Kiita" denotes collection, "lofty"
or "excellent". Thus, the word "Rashtrakuta"
means" a great or excellent kingdom". The country
ruled over by this dynasty might have been named
"Maharashtra ", which word is similarly formed by
1

prefixing the syllable "Maha" to the word "Rashtra".

In modern times, owing to the divergence of dialects,
we come across many corrupt forms of the word
"Rashtrakuta", such as, "Rathavara, Rathavada,
Rathaura, Rathauda ,Rathada Rathada and Rathoda".
2 3 4
,

Dr. Burnely finding the word "Ratta" used in the

later writings of the Rashtrakutas connects them with
s

the Telugu-speaking 'Reddi* tribe. But the latter was a

primitive tribe, while the Rashtrakutas migrated to
the south from the north. (This fact will be dealt
with hereafter in a separate chapter). Therefore this
theory is untenable.
In the court of Raja Narayana Shaha of Mayuragiri
there flourished a poet named Rudra. By the order of
the said king he compiled a poem named "Rashtraudha
Vamsha Mahakavya" in Shaka Sp.mvat 1518 (V. S. 1653
= A. D. 1596), the first chapter of which contains the
1 Just as the country ruled over by the "Malava" race was named Malwa, and
that ruled over by the Gurjaras, Gujrat, similarly the country ruled over by the
Rashtrakutas in Southern Kathiawar was named Saurashtra (Sora\h) and the
country between Narbada and Ma h! named Rat and "Lat mkrht be a corrupt form
ofit. \The country including the states of Aliraipiir, .Jhabua etc, is probably called
Rath.) In the inscription of Skanda^upta on the Girnar hill, ther* is a mention
1

ofthe "Sorath" province. Thus, the names Rashtra (Rath), Saurashtra (Sorth)
and Maharashtra as applied to tracts bear testimony to tho greatness of the
Rashtrakutas.
2 This form is found in the inscription dated V. S. 120S, of Jasadhavala, found at
Koyalvava (Godwar).
3 This form is mentioned in the inscription of Rathora Salkhii, dated V. 8. 1213,
found at 'Vrihaepati Tank', 8 miles north-west of Jodhpur.
4 This form is found 'n the irscription of Rao SIha of V. S. 1330, found at Bithu

5 In the inscription of Rathoda Hammira of V. S. 1573, found at Phalodi, the

word Rashtrakuta is ysed,
 THK

lines:- woi^^ir cmsfa^r WH *\K& ^ $

uswi^g efo^g: i

* Goddess
( ) tiTR[ eif^ sRftci: u
i.e., (the '-A n Latna) thus
addressed (Raja-Narayana) through the heavens, "He
will be thy son and as he has maintained thy kingdom
and family, his name will be "Rashtroclha",
 EMIGRATION OF THE RASHTRAKuTAS
FROM THE NORTH TO THE SOUTH.
has already been stated that Dr. Hultzsch holds
It 1

the Rashtrikas, mentioned in the edicts of

Ashoka, and
the Arattas, residing in the at the time of
Punjab
the Mahabharata, to be of one and the same tribe.
The Arattas existed in the Punjab up to the time of
Alexander's invasion. Similarly, in the edicts of
Ashoka of Mansera, Shahbazgarhi (N.W.F. Province),
Girnar (Junagadh) and Dhavali (Kalinga), mention
of the Rashtrika occurs just after the
Kambojas and
the Gandharas. All these facts to show clearly that
go
the Rashtrakutas at first resided in the north-western 2
part of India and from there afterwards migrated
they
to the south. Dr. Fleet also holds the same opinion.
1. Corpus Inscriptionum rndicarum. Vol. I, page ">(i.

2. Though in some inscriptinis of th* Rashtrakutn*. they are stated to be

'Chandra Vamshls', yet, in they are 'Surva V.unshTs'. (This subject will be
fact,
treated later in a separate chapter). Thn
present uilers ol Marwar consider them-
selves to be the descendants of
Kn.sha, sm, of Ramachandra of the Solar race In
the 'Viehnu Purarm', fil kinj>s are named from n
sin akfi (a descendant of Surya),
down to Shri Ramachandra, and r,() names are enumerated from Shri Kama to the
last r
(Surya^amshi) king Snmitra. J'hns, from Ikshvaku down to Snmitra there
are 121 names of kinpp n all (and l'j">
i

perhaps in the'ttha^avnta'). Beyond this, there

is no trace of the Solar
kin^s in the Puranas. (According to the Pimlnas the time
of Sumitra comes to about 3000
(?) ycar before thin day.)
In the 'Uttai Kanda' of he 'Valmikiva brother of Shri
t
Ramayana,' Kharat,
Earr.acharidra, stated to have conqf/ered the Gandharxas (the
is
people of Kaitrlhar).
It also inforn-s us that Hharata had two
sons, Taksha and Pushkhla. Taksha founded
the city of Takshashila after hi
name, and Pushkala founded Pushkalavata.
Takshashila the inodiMii Taxila.
i
This citv was situated in a circuit of 12 miles
to the south-oast of Ilasanabdal and north \\est of
Rawalpindi. Pushkalavata was in
the north-west rear Peshawar. It isat
present known asCharsada. Kusha, theson of
Shri Ramachandra, leaving Ayodhya, had founded the Kusha vat!
nearcity, modern
Mirzapur, on the bank of the Ganges. It is probable that owing to some mishap the
 EMIGRATION OF THE RASHTRAKUTAS FROM 7
THE NORTH TO THE SOUTH.

Mr. Vaidya holds the Rashtrakutas of the

C. V.
Deccan to be the Aryans of the south. But he presumes
that they had settled there, having come from the north
long before their establishing the kingdom in the
Deccan for the second time. But, at the same time, he
says that these Rashtrakutas were present in the
Maharashtra even at the time of the edicts of Ashoka.
1

The above conclusion of Mr. Vaidya is merely based

on the situation of the edicts of Ashoka, which
mention this clan. It has no sound basis, as two of
such edicts were found in the North-West, one in
Saurashtra and the other in Kalinga.
Dr. D. R. Bhan^arkar, connecting the Rashtrakutas
with the western provinces, holds them to be the resi-
dents of Maharashtra. But in the fifth edict of Ashoka,
2

found at Shahbazgarhi it is thus stated :

"Therefore it would be incorrect to connect the words

fofcrftw with itafo UTO.' The residents of the
western provinces, mentioned here, might be some
people different from the Rashtrakutas.
The family title of these Rashtrakutas "
Lata- was
lurapuradhishvara." Mr. Rajvade and others hold this
Latalurapura to be the modern Ratnapur in Bilaspur
District (C.P.). If this supposition be correct, then
the migration of the Rathoras from the north to the
south is proved.
descendants of Kusha might have gone up to their cousins, the descendants of Bharata,
and in the course of time having acquired the name "Rahstrika or Arafta" on their
return had gone some to the north and others to the south cia Girnar. But this is
only imaginary.
We learn from the 'Eambhamanjari Natika' of NayachandraSuri that
Jayachchandra was borr in theIkshvaku family (refer page 7.)

1. History of Mediaeval Hindu India, Part II, page 323.

2. Ashoka by D. R. Bhantfarkar, page 33,
*
3. Corpu Inscriptionum Jndicarum, VoL I, page 55,
 8 HISTORY OF RASHTRAKUTAS.

From
the copper grant, da ted ShakaS. 972 (V.S. 1107=
A.D. 1051), of the SolankI king Trilochanapala of Lata
we learn that Chalukya, the prime ancestor of the
Solankls had married the daughter of the Rashtrakuta
king of Kanauj. From this it is quite evident that the
1

Rashtrakutas had also ruled over Kanauj in the early

2

period and about the sixth century of the Vikrama era

they took possession of the kingdom of the Solankls
of the Deccan.
This fact is further proved by the copper grant of
SolankI Rajaraja of the Deccan, issued in his 32nd regnal
year (Shaka S. 975 = V. S. 10- A.D. 1053), found at1 1

Yevur, which informs that after king Udayana, 59 kings

3

of his dynasty ruled over Ayodhya. The last of these

was Vijayaditya who founded the SoUnki kingdom in
the south. His 16 descendants ruled in the Deccan

(Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 201 )

2. Mr. J. W. Watson, Superintendent, Palanpur, writes that on

Political

Thursday Mangasira Sudi 5, Samvta 936 king Shrlpata Rathora of Kanauj, on

accession to the Gaddi, had raadr a grant of 16 villages in the north of Gujrat to
Chibadia Brabinanas, out of which village Eta is still in the possession of their
descendants.
Further, he wr'tes that the ancient Arab Geographers have stated the boundary
of Kanauj as be.ng adjacent to Smdli. Airuasudi liaa mentioned Sindh to be under
the government ot tlie king of Kanauj and the Mohiuedan h siorians of Gujrat have
also stated the king of Kanau] to be the master of Gujrat.
(Indian Antiquary, Vol. Ill, page 41.)
In quoting the writing of Mr. Watson here, we mean only to say that the
Rashtrakutas were even formerly the k ngs of Kanauj and their kingdom extended
;

far and wide. As regards Shrlpata we can only *ay that he perhaps being a member
of the Kanauj royal family was e.tlleU Kanaujeshvara. When king Dhruvaraja of

Lata had defeated the Puitihaia king Bh5jaleva of Kanauj he might have arranged
for the grant of some districts of Kanauj to Shripata'e father, who was a
Rashtrakuta by caste. And afterwards Shrlpata on ascending the throne (on his
father's death), might have made the aforesaid grant. The village Eta is aAeo
described as having been granted by the Rathoras of Kanauj in the Bombay
Gazetteer, Vol. V, page 329.

3. In this grant Udayana is mentioned as 47th in descent from Brahma,

 EMIGRATION OF THK RASIITRAKUTA^ FROM 9
TIIK NORTH TO THK SOUTH.

after which their

kingdom passed on to another dynasty.
Here another dynasty means the Rashtrakuta dynasty,
because stated in the copper grants of the Solankis
it is

of Shaka S. 946 of Miraj and that of Shaka S. 999 of

Yevur that Jayasimha, having defeated Rashtrakuta
Indraraja, again obtained the kingdom of theChalukya
1

dynasty.
Kirtivaraman, the great grandson of this Jayasimha,
ascended the throne in V. S. 624. So his great grand-
father Jayasimha may have lived about the second-
half of the 6th century of the Vikrama era. Thus, it
proves that the Rashtrakutas ruled here in the 6th
century. Besides, it is also presumed that the marriage
of the ancestor of the Solankis with the daughter
of the king of Kanauj might have taken place, when
the former ruled at Ayodhya.

(Indian Antiquary, Vol. V1I1, rage 1?.)

10

THE ORIGIN OF THE RASHTRAKuTAS.

About and copper grants of the time
75 inscriptions
of the Rashtrakuta kings of the Deccan and Gujarat
have up to this time been found, in only 8 of which 1

the RSshtrakutas are mentioned as belonging to the

Yadava line.
The earliest of these containing the lineage of the
Rashtrakutas, is of Shaka S. 782 (V. S. 9I7 = A:D. 860),
while all the other inscriptions and copper plates of the
earlier dates are silent on the point as to whether they
are Surya Vamshls or Chandra Vamshls. Out of the
1 The 8 inscriptions and copper plates are as follows:
The first of Shaka S. 7S2 (V. S. 917=A.D.86U) of king Amoghavarsha I,

contains:

(Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VI, page 21).)

The second of Shaka S. 836 (V. S. 1)71 A. D. 914) of Incharaja III, contains:

(Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. XVIII, page 201.)

The third of S. 852 ( V. S. 987= A. D 930) and the fourth of Shaka S. 855
Shaka
(V. 8.990 A. D. 933) of Govinduraja IV, mention the lineage of the king an under:

(Epigraphia Tndica, Vol. VII, page HfJ and

Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII. page 2ii).)
The fifth of Shaka S. 862 (V. S. 997A.D. 940) and th" ixth of Sluika s. S80
(V. S. 1015=:A.D. 058) of Krishnaraja III, state:

(Epigraphia Indica. Vol. V, page 192 and Vol. IV, page 281.)
The seventh of Shaka S. 894 (V. S. 1029=:A.D. 972) is of Karkaraja II, which too
contains :

(Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 264.)

The eighth of Shaka S. 930 (V. S. 1065zr A.D. 1008) is of Kakkala, which also bears: -
TOt aijf SrfcRRft 5[?K?i^TOf"
J'^S^ffcftj
(Epigraphia Indica, Vol. Ill, page 300.)
 THE ORIGIN OF THE RASHTRAKUTAS. 11

above 8, the copper grant of Shaka S. 836 goes a step

further as follows:

i.e., Rashtrakuta Dantidurga was born in the line

of Yadava Satyaki. 1

But some time ago about 1800 silver coins of

Rashtrakuta king Krishnaraja I, were found at Dhamori
(Amraoti). On the obverse of these, the head of the
king is represented, while on the reverse there is a
phrase as stated below:

This Krishnaraja was ruling in V. S. 829 (A.D. 772)

and it bears testimony to the fact that at that time the
Rashtrakutas were considered to be of the Solar
origin,and the followers of the 'Shaiva' religion.
A copper grant of Rashtrakuta Govindaraja III, dated
Shaka S. 730 (V. S. 865- A. D. 808) found at Radhanpur
contains:

by the birth of this virtuous king, the Rashtrakuta

i.e.,

dynasty became as invincible as the Yadava dynasty

by the birth of Shrl Krishna.

1 Halayudha in his 'Kavirahasya' has also mentioned the Raehtrakutas ae

being the descendants of Yadava Satyaki. Further, in the copper grant of Krishna III,

dated Shaka S. 862 therj is a similar description (*3$^ ^fa HT^ftVWI^X

2 In the copper grant of Govindachandra tf V. S 1174, the Gahatfavala kings
are also mentioned as 'Paramamaheshvara* or staunch Shaivites.

3 The word '^'3^3 is generally preceded by the name of the father of

the person mentioned after it. Here the *^ '^

alludes to the king's solar lineage,
?

because in the documents hitherto discovered 'Mahaditya' appears neither as a title

nor aa a name of Krishrjara ja's father. Thus, it doubtlessly refers to his prims

ancestor, the Bun,

12 HISTORY OF RASIITRAKUTAS.

From this it is quite evident that upto V.S. 865

(A.D. 8C8) the Rashtrakuta dynasty was considered

as quite distinct from the Yadava family But later 1
.

on, in the copper grant of Amoghavarsha I, dated

Shaka Rashtrakutas are mentioned as the
S. 872, the
Yadavas. This is due to mistaking for identity the
similitude of the Yadavas with the Rashtrakutas in the
foregoing grant; and the authors of the subsequent 7
documents, without thinking over the matter, followed
suit.

be objected why the .Rashtrakutas did not

It may
care to rectify the mistake if, in fact, they did not
belong to the Lunar stock. But instances of adherence
to a mistaken theory adopted by the ancestors are not
rare. The Slsodiya family of the Maharanas of Mewar
is considered, beyond any doubt, to be of the Solar

origin, yet Rana Kumbha, one of the most talented

rulers of this dynasty, following the opinions of his
predecessors, describes in the 'Rasikapriya/ a rendering
by him on the 'Gitagovinda' his prime ancestor Bapa
Ravala, as the son of a Brahmana:

In the 'Rashtraudha Vamsha Mahakavya' of V. S.

1 In the inscription of V. S. 1442 of the Yadava king Bliima, found at

PrabhasarCtan, it is thus stated:

i.e just as the two dynasties known as the Solar and the Lunar are famous, in the
,

like manner, the third dynasty known as the Ra^hora is also famous. King Dbarma
of this dynasty mairied Yamuna, the daughter of kiua; lihiina.

('Sahitya', Vol. I, part J, pages 27V-28L ;

and
Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. I, part II, pages 208-209.)
 THE ORIGIN OF THE RASIJTRAKUTAS. 13

1653 (already mentioned), it is stated 1

that Goddess
Latana brought the son, born of the Chandra (Moon),
and handed him over to the Surya Vamshl king
Narayana of Kanauj, who had been observing penance
for the birth of a son. And, as the child took upon
himself the burden of the kingdom and the protection
of the dynasty of the said Surya Vamshl king, he was
named Rashtrodha. This shows that the Rathoras, even
at that time too, were considered to ba Surya Vamshls.

Similarly, in the inscriptions of the Gahadavala

kings of Kanauj they have been mentioned as Surya
Vamshis :

on the expiry of a line of kings, 'Surya Vamshl'

i.e.,

Yashovigraha, as powerful as the Sun himself, came

to the throne.

These Gahadvala Rathoras were also Rashtrakutas,

(this fact will be proved in the next chapter) therefore,

1
g<r

u^ \\\
n
R firg ZRI% i
14 HISTORY OF

the fact of the Rashtrakutas being 'Surya Vamshis' is

1

unquestionable.

1 Though the earliest-known copper grant of the Rashtrakuta Abhimanyu

contains no date, yet from its character it appears to be of about the beginning of
the seventh century of the Vikrama era. The seal on it contains an image of a
lion, the vehicle of Goddess Ambika. Similarly, in the coins of Krishnaraja I, he
is described as Tarama Maheshvara' or a staunch Shaivite. But in the subsequent

grants of the Rashtrakutas a 'Garuda' has been substituted for the Hon. This
shows that in the later period they might have been influenced by Vaishnavism.
(In view of the seals of these copper grants Bhagwan Lai Indraji has also formed
a similar opinion Journal of Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. XVI, page 9.)

Therefore, like the Gobi] a rulers ofkings also were

Bhaonagar, these
considered to be 'Chandra Vamshis' instead of 'Siirya Vamshle'. Formerly,
when Gohilae ruled over Kher ( Alarwar ), they were considered 'Surya Vamshis.
But after their migration to Kathiawar they came to be considered as 'Chandra
Vamshis' due to their being influenced by Vaishnavism, as is evinced by the
following stanza:

trig

If V$
In the fifth edict of Ashoka, inscribed on the Girnar hill, there is a mention of the
Raebtrakfttas, & n d i fc shows that the latter had also some connection with that
province.
 15

THE RASHTRAKUTAS
AND
THE GAHADAVALAS.
As stated in a previous chapter, the Rashtra-
kutas originally migrated from the north to the south.
From the aforesaid copper grant, dated Shaka S.
972, of Solanki Trilochanapala, we learn that Chalukya,
the prime ancestor of the Solankis, had married the
daughter of the Rashtrakuta king of Kanauj. Similarly,
from the 4
Rashtrauclha Vamsha Mahakavya' it is
evident that the Rashtrakutas ruled at Kanauj at an
earlier period.
An inscription of Rashtrakuta king Lakhanapala,
1

who flourished about' V. S. 1258 (A.D. 1201), found

2

at Badaun, contains the following:

i.e., which is protected by the

the city of Badaun,
famous Rashtrakuta kings, is an ornament to the
kingdom of Kanauj. Having overpowered the enemies
with his strength, Chandra became its first king.
1 Epigraphia Tnclica, Vol. I, page 64.
2 Mr. Sanyal considers this inscription to be of a date prior to V. S. 1259 (A.I).
1202). This will he considered later on.
3 In the copper plate, dated V. S. 1150, of Chandradeva found at Badaun the
same Word 'Panchala' ia uaed for Kanauj:

(Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XIV, plige 193.)

16 HISTORY OF

A copper grant
1

, dated V. S. 1148 (A.D. 1091), of

Gahadavala Chandradeva found at Chandravati
(Benares District) contains:

Chandradeva, the son of Yashovigraha, became

i.e.,

a very powerful king in this dynasty. Having defeated

his enemies by force of arms, he took the kingdom
of Kanauj.
The dynasty of Chandracleva is not mentioned in
this copper plate.
from both these documents that Chand-
It is evident
radeva at first conquered Badaun and afterwards
took possession of Kanauj. The first of these docu-
ments belongs to those who designated themselves as
'Rashtrakutas/ and the second to those who later on
assumed the title of 'Gahadavala.' But by taking into
consideration the period of Chandradeva of the ins-
cription and of the copper plate, it is found that
Chandradeva, who had established his kingdom at
Kanauj and Chandradeva, from whom the Badaun
line took its origin, was one and the same person.
His eldest son Madanapala became king of Kanauj,
and the younger son Vigrahapala got Badaun as 2

'Jagir/ The members of the Badaun family continued

to be called 'Rashtrakutas'but those of the Kanauj
family, in the course oftime, came to be known as
Gahadavalas after Gadhipura (Kanauj). This changed
3

Epigraphia Imlica, Vol. IX, pa^e.s 302-305.

1

Perhaps Chanda Bardal, the author of the'Raso,' lias also mentioned Lakhanapala,
2
the descendant of this Vigrahapfila 01 Badftun, as a nephew of Jayachandra.
3 The Word "Gahada" in the "pin^ala" language means "firmness" and

"power." Therefore, when the kings of thi^ dynasty became powerful and strong,
it is probable that, they mi^ht have assumed this title, or just as the Rashtrakutas

of the village Kainka (in II. P.) have come to be called Rainkvals ; in the
like manner the Rashtrakutas of this branch, being the residents or rulers
of Gadhipura (Kanauj\ weifc styled as Gahadavalas. For in the corrupt "Prakrita"
 TMK RASHTKAKUTAS AND THK UAHADAVALAS. 17

name of the dynasty appears in only the copper grants

of V. S. 1161,1162 and 1166 of the prince regent
Govindachandra as well as in the inscription of his
1

2
queen Kumaradevl.
By taking these facts into consideration we conclude
that at first the Rashtrakutas held sway over Kanauj,
after whom the Guptas, the Baisas, the Maukharis and
the Pratiharas^ ruled there one after another. But
from the copper grant4 of Shaka Sam vat 836 (V. S. 971),
issued by the Rashtrakuta king Indraraja III, it
appears that he in his invasion of the North, having
conquered Upendra, had laid waste Meru (Kanauj).
Probably, Pratihara Mahipala was then ruling there.
After this invasion, the kingdom of the Pratiharas
(Padiharas) became weak and their feudatories began
to declare independence. From this it appears that
5

about V. S. 1111 (A.D. 1054) Chandra of the Rashfra-

language the form of Gadhipura might have become "GahaoV instead of "Gahi-ur."
It may also be noted that when Rao SIha severed all his connections with Kanauj

and migrated to Marwar, he abandoned his surname Gahatfavala and acknowledged

himself as simple Rashtrakuta.
1
3% TT^T^Sr snp ftswft *&:

2 Epi^raphia Tndica, Vol. IX, P. 324.

3 In V. S. 024 (A.D. 867) the Rashtrakuta king Dhruvaraja II of "Lata"

(Gujrat) had defeated Pratihara king Bhojadeva of Kanauj. It was Nagabhata II,
the grandfather of this Bhojadeva, who probably established his capital at Kanauj
by defeating RashtrnkO'ta Chikrayudha, the successor of Indrayudha.
History of Rajputana, Vol. I, page 161, footnote 1.
i

Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. XVIII, page 261. This fact is also borne
out by the copper sjrnnt, dated Shaka Parnvat 852, of Govinda IV, in which it is
stated that Indraraja III, with his horsemen, crossed the Jamuna and laid waste
the city of Kanauj:

%
5 Even before this, between V. S 842 and 850 (A.D. 785 and 793), the kingdom
of Dhruvara" ja had extended up to Avodhva in the north. Later, between V. S. 932
and 971 (A.D. 875 and P14\ in the time of Krishnaraja II, it spread up to the bank*
of the Ganges and between V. S. 997 and 1023 (A.D. 940 and 966), in the time of
KrisbnarS ja III, it had extended further north crossingthe Ganges.
48 HISTORY OF THE

family, taking possession of Badaun, might have

.Afterwards conquered Kanauj. After the death of
thisChandra his eldest son might have succeeded him
at Kanauj and Badaun might have been given in his
life-time, as a 'Jagir' to his second son.
Later, when Harishchandra, the son of Jayachchandra,
lost his kingdom of Kanauj, his descendants settled at
$fahui in the district of Farrukhabad. But, when the
l^ohammedans took possession of these places also,
glhaji, the grandson of Jayachchandra, (sonofBara-
4aisena) left the country for pilgrimage and reached
Marwar. Here his descendants rule even to this day
and consider themselves to be the descendants of
Bashtrakuta king Jayachchandra.
There still exist ruins at Mahui which are locally
known as 'Siha Rao-ka-Kheda.'
.
ftao Jodha, a descendant of Rao Siha, built the fort
and founded the town of Jodhpur in V, S. 1516 (A.D.
1459). From the contents of a copper grant, issued by
him, it appears that in the time of Rao Dhuhada, grand-
son of Rao Siha, a Sarasvata Brahmana named Lumba
rishi brought down from Kanauj the idol of 'Chakre-
shvarf the family deity of the Rathoras, which was
,

theh installed at the village of Nagana.

In some old manuscript chronicles this idol is said to
have been brought from Kalyanl. But this Kalyani too 1

must be Jhe Kalyana-Kataka (cantonment) of Kanauj.

All these facts go to prove that the Rashtrakutas
and the Gahadavalas are one and the same.
Dr. Hoernle considers the Gahadavala family to be
a branch of the Pala dynasty. He is of opinion that
the descendants of Nayapala, the eldest son of Mahl-
pala, ruled over the province of Gauda (Bengal) and
JVIahlpala's younger son, Chandradeva, took the
1 Some people think that it was Konkan of the Deccan. But in the face &t
'tfoe >pr6df* adduced aboye, cthe supposition does not seem to be
 THE BASHTRAKUTAS AND THE GAHAPAVALAS. 19

kingdom of Kanauj. does not seem to ba

But this
correct. Because firstly, neither in the inscriptions
of the Pala kings are they mentioned as Gahatfavalas;
nor is there any mention of the Pala dynasty in the
inscriptions of the Gahadavalas. Secondly, the ending
Tala' occurs in the name of all the kings of the PMa
dynasty from its founder Gopala I, to its last king ;

whereas, only one, out of the 8 Gahadavala kings, has

used the suffix Pala in his name. Thirdly, the mere
fact of a word being found in the names of two persons,
should not be regarded as evidence of the two persons
being identical. The names of the kings of the two
dynasties are given below :

Pala dynasty. Gahadavala dynasty.

Vigrahapala . . . .
Yashovigraha.

Mahipala . . . . Mahichandra.

Nayapala Chandradeva.
. . . .

The word 'Vigraha' is common to the names

Vigrahapala and Yashovigraha. Similarly, the word.-.
'Mahi' is found in the names Mahlpala and Mahichandra*.
We know that Mahipala of the Pala dynasty was a
powerful king who had regained the lost kingdom ot
his father and constructed many temples in Benares^
through his sons ?) Sthirapala and Vasantapala, while.
^

Mahichandra of Gahadavala dynasty was not feven an

independent ruler. Hence, such coincidence by iteelf can ,

in no way be supposed to prove that Mahipala and,

Mahichandra were one and the same person. 1
. ;

Fourthly, the dates of the inscriptions of the kings

of the Pala dynasty are indicated by their regnal
1 Moreover, there is of 65 years between the issue of the Copper
an interval
grant of Pala king Mahipala dated V. 8. 1083 (A.D 1026) and that of Gahadavala
Cbandradeva of V. 8. 1148 (A.U. 1091), which produces doubt as to whether these

two kings were father and son. The last copper grant oj Chandradeva hitherto
(Discovered is of V. S. 1156 \A.D, 1000;,
26 HISTORY OF THE

years instead of by the Vikrama Samvat whereas the

1
;

grants of the Gahadavala kings bear Vikrama Samvat

2
and not the regnal years. Fifthly, kings Dharmapala
and Rayapala of the Pala dynasty had married the
daughters of the Rashtarkuta kings Parabala and
Tunga respectively; and it has, ere this, been estab-
lished by proofs that the Rashtrakutas and the
Gaha<Javalas are collaterals. Therefore, Dr. Hoernle's
supposition is not reasonable.
Mr. Vincent Smith considers the northern Rashtra-
kutas (Rathoras) to be the off-shoots of the Gahatfavalas
and the Rashtrakutas of Deccan to be the descendants
of the non-Aryans. But in the light of the above facts
3

this supposition also seems groundless. Moreover,

their marrying the daughters of the Solankls and the
Yadavas proves them to be pure Kshatriyas.
Kashmiri Pandit Kalhana in his well-known
history of Kashmir, named 'Rajatarangini', written in
the twelfth century of the Vikrama era, mentions
36 clans of the Kshatriyas In Vikrama S. 1422, Jaya-
4
.

simha had commenced writing the 'Kumarapalacharita'

in which he has enumerated the 36 clans mentioning
only "Rafta" as one of them but there is no mention of
the Gahadavalas. Similarly, in theTrithvIrajaRaso' the
name Rathora alone occurs but not Gahadavala. Fur-
ther, Jayachandra is also stated in it as being aRathora.
The ftaja of Rampur (Farrukhabad district), the
Rao Khimsepur (Mainpuri district) and the chau-
of
dharls of Surja and Sorda, allege themselves to
be Rathoras, descended from Jajpala, the son of
1 Among the inscriptions of the Pala kings, there is only one of Mahlpala
that bears a Vikrama baravat (1083).
2 This custom was not strictly observed (See p. 32.)
3 Early History of India, (1924), pages 429-430.
4

Taranga VII.
 THE RASHTRAKUTAS AND THE GAHApAVALAS. 21

Jayachchandra. Similarly, the Rajas of Bijaipur and

Mantfa think themselves to be the descendants of
Manika Chandra, the brother of Jayachchandra, and are
called Chandravamshi Gahadavala Ratfioras. From 1

this, too, we conclude that the "Gahadavala" was the

name of a branch of the Rashtraku^a dynasty.
In the face of so many strong proofs it would be
unreasonable to think that the Gahadavalas and the
Rashtrakutas are of different origins.
2
Mr. N. B. Sanyal thinks that, as the title 'Gadhi-
puradhipa' (master of Kanauj) is attached to the
name of Gopala in the Budhist inscription of V. S. 3

1176 (A.D. 1118), found at Set Maheth, the Gopala and

his successor Madanpala mentioned in it are identical
with the Gopala and the Madanapala of the inscription
of Rashtrakuta king Lakhanapala of Badaun. Gopala
had taken possession of Kanauj in the last quarter of
the eleventh century A.D. i.e., some time between the
overthrow of the Pratihara dynasty of Kanauj in V. S.
1077 (A.D. and the establishment of Gahadavala
1020)
kingdom Kanauj by Chandradeva towards the close
of
of the 1th century A.D. And this Chandra had seized
1

the kingdom of Kanauj from the very Gopala. This is

the reason why the title Gadhipuradhipa appears with
the name of Gopala alone in the Sat Maheth inscription.
Further, Mr. Sanyal proceeds to quoie the following
couplet from the copper grant of Shaka S. 9/2 (V. S.
1

U07=A.D. 1050) of SQlankI Trilochanapala discovered

at Surat.

1 People of Shamsabad say that after the fall of Kanauj some of the descend-
ants of Jayachchandra had gone to Nepal and they called themselves Rathoras.
Some fifty yeare ago on auspicious c.ccafiione such as marriage, etc., they used to send
for a brick from Shameabad. This indicates their love for their motherland,
2 Journal Bengal Asiatic Society, (1925), Vol. XXI, page 103.

3 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XXIV, page 176.

4 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 201,
21 HISTORY OF THK RASHTRAKUTAS.

This testifies the rule of the Rashtrakutas over

Kanauj at an early period.
Mr. Sanyal then cites the aforesaid Seth Maheth
inscription as a proof of the above.
Let us examine this theory critically.
From
the copper grant of V. S. 1084 (A.D. 1027) of
1

Pratihara Trilochanapala, and from the inscription 2 of

V.S. 1093 (A.D. 1036) of Yashahpala, we understand
that of the Pratiharas' over Kanauj had
the rule
probably continued even after this date. In the copper
grant of V.S. (A.D. 1091) of Gahadavala king
3
1148
Chandra it is thus stated:

This shows that long before the writing of this

capper grant, king Chandra had taken possession of
Kanauj. For, there is in the above stanza a reference
to -his several charitable grants of gold weighing as
much as his person after a mention of his conquests of
Kashl, Kushika and north Koshala.
He must have taken some years in performing such
great deeds. Therefore, the supposition that Chandra
had conquered Kanauj in the last part of the 1th 1

century'A.D. and that before this, i.e., in the last

quarter of the same century Kanauj -was ruled over
by Gopala of the Rashtrakuta dynasty of Badaun, does
not appeal much to reaspn.
Further, in ascertaining the date of Lakhanapala's
inscription Mr. Sanyal says that Qutubuddin Aibak,
4
,

1 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XVIII, pa^t' !J4.

2 Journal Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. V, pago V.'H,

3 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IX, page 304.

4 Bpigraphia Indica, Vol. I, page 64.
 THE KASHITARKUTAS AND TFIK GAHAI?AVALAK 23

conquering Badaun in A.D. 1202 (V. S. 1259), granted

that territory as 'Jaglr' Shamsuddin Altamash. to
1

This inscription of Lakhanapala nnist, therefore, be of

a date just before V.S. 1259. According to this opinion
if we take Lakhanapala's inscription to be of V.S.

1258, i.e., a year before this date, there occurs a period

of 82 years between this and the Budhist inscription,
dated V.S. 176 (A.D. 118), of king Madanapala found
1 1

at Set Maheth. And this period is quite reasonable

for the four generations that intervened between
Madanapala and Lakhanapala. Again, by supposing
V. S. 1 171 (A.D. 1 1
14) as the date of the Mohammedan
invasion (in which according to Mr. Sanyal, Madana-
pala had fought in the capacity of a feudatory of the
Gahadavala king Govindachandra of Kanauj), which is
2
mentioned in the Budhist inscription of Kumardevi,
the queen of king Govindachandra, and by counting-
back 60 years from this date for the reigns of the
3 ancestors of Madarapala of Badaun, the time of his
fourth ancestor i.e., king Chandradeva comes to about
V. S. 1111 (A.D. 1054). Under the circumstances, if
the date of the birth of king Chandra be supposed to be

about V.S. 1090 (A.D. 1033) his having lived to an age

of 67 years upto V. S. 157 (A.D. 100) is not an impos-
1 1

sibility. His long life is also proved by the fact that

in V/S. 1154 (A.D. 1007), in all probability due to
old age, he had in hi* life-time, transferred ttte reins
of the government to his son Madanapala of Kanauj.
S. 1157 (A.D.
And only three years afterwards, in V.
1
100) when he died, even
his son Madana had grown old.
of his kingdom to
He, too, made over the government
his son Govindachandra in V. S. 116! (A.D. 1104)
and died in V. S. 1 167 (A.D. 1 1
10).

J~gYliot's History of India, Vol. II, page 23*> and Tabqat-i-Nairi'

4

translation), page 530.

2 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IX, page 324,
24 HISTORY OF THE

The death of Chandra is held to have occurred in

V. S. 1157 (A.D. 1100). From this we conclude that

Vigrahapala (who being his younger son, was given

the 'Jaglr' of Badaun) and his son Bhuvanpala of the
Badaun inscription might have died during Chandra's
life-time and that Gopala ruled over Badaun at the time
of Chandra's death. It is also probable that his younger
son Vigrahapala and the latter's son Bhuvanpala,
having predeceased, Chandra in V. S. 11 54 (A.D. 1097),
being disgusted with the worldly affairs, might have
renounced the kingdom and raised his eldest son
Madanapala to the throne of Kanauj. Chandra's
existence might account for the intimate relations that
existed between the two families of Kanauj and
Badaun upto the time of Gopala. Due to this fact, or that
of the late birth of the heir-apparent Govindachandra
and the probability of Gopala's being taken in adop-
tion, or forsome other reason the title 'Gadhipuradhipa'
might have been attached to the name of GopSla. But
in the time of his (Gopala's) son due to the disappear-
ance of such causes and also due to the establishment
of the relation of a monarch and a feudatory between
the two families, the title ceased to apply to Madana-
pala. In course of time it might have been thought
improper to use this title with the name of Gopala
even. Had Gopala, in fact, conquered Kanauj, the
title 'Gadhipuradhipa' must have also been mentioned
with his name in the Badaun inscription.
It does not appear reasonable that the writer of the
Badaun inscription, who exults in making such a high
sounding mention ( are^wrsw: 3*ft-f^^wm?r * ^ffo^X
i. e.,
owing to the valour of Madanapala the Moham-
medans did not ever dream of coming near the banks of
the Ganges) of the battle fought by the ancestor of his
patron in the capacity of a feudatory only, should have
 THK RAHHTKAKtTTAS AND THE GAlIApAVALAS. 2S

forgotten to take notice of such a remarkable deed as

the conquest of Kanauj by Madan's father, Gopal.
Taking all these facts into consideration if we
suppose the two Chandras, viz., that of Badaun and the
conqueror of Kanauj, as one and the same, most of the
controversies disappear; and there appears no objec-
tion to doing so.
The Rashtrakuta family of Kanauj mentioned in
the copper plate of V. S. 1107 (A.D. 1050) of Solanki
Trilochanapala, refers only to the Rashtrakuta family
contemporary with the prime ancestor of the Chalukya
clan, who is said to have married in it and not the
later one. The inscription of Set Maheth, therefore,
cannot be of much importance to support that theory.
 OTHER OBJECTIONS.
In this chapter some more objections to the theory
of the Rashtrakutas and the Gahadavalas being the mem-
bers of one and the same dynasty will be considered:
Historians of the East and the West, who hesitate to
admit the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan and the
Gahadavalas of Kanauj to be of one and the same
dynasty, offer the following reasons for their doubts.
(1) That in the inscriptions of the Rashtrakutas
they are stated as of the Lunar dynasty, while the
Gahadavalas assert that they belong to the Solar stock.
(2) That the 'gotra' of the Rashtrakutas is
'Gautama', while that of the Gahadavalas is 'Kashyapa/
(3) That in the copper grants of the Gahadavalas
they are not stated as "Rashtrakutas" but only as
"Gahadavalas."
(4) That the Rashtrakutas and the Gahadavalas
used to intermarry.
(5) That the other 'Kshatriyas' do not consider the
Gahadavalas to be of a high and pure descent.
(1) In a previous chapter named "The Origin of
the Rashtrakutas" we have already discussed this
subject. But leaving aside those facts, it may be

stated that the classification of dynasties as the

Solar, the Lunar, and the Fire dynasties was made
only in the Tauranik' age; for the kings of the
same dynasty are in some inscriptions stated as belon-
ging to theSolar stock, while in others to the Lunar
or Fire dynasty. Here we quote some instances for
reference.
 OTHER OBJECTIONS. 27

The family of the Maharanas

of Udaipur (Mewar)
is well-known in India to be of the Solar origin; but
in the inscription dated V.S. 1331 (A.D. 1274) of Chitor-
garh it is stated to be as follows:

fa)

i.e., Bappa (the prime ancestor of the Maharanas),

a Brahmana, coming from Anandapur, worshipped
the sage Harlta.
This fact is also proved by the inscription, of Samar-
simha, dated V. S. 1342 (A.D. 1/85) and found in the
monastery near Achaleshvara temple at Abu.
The book named 'Eklinga Mahatmya', compiled in
the time of Rana Kumbha, states:

5W3: ^affofTOW II

i.e., Guhadatta, a Brahmana coming from Ananda-

pur, founded the 'Guhila' dynasty.
In the beginning of the 'Rasikapriya', a commentary
by Rana Kumbha himself, on^ the "Glta Govinda" of
Jayadeva, it is stated:

Bappa, a Brahmana, of the 'Vaijavapa Gotra,

ic.,

got a slate by the favour of ''Shiva/'

In the inscription of Guhilota Baluditya, found at
Chats! in tha Jaipur otato, it is stated:
a Hcf-T.fc -.3'-- 4-^f T -^ ir
............
; r

i.e., combining himself

powers of a warrior
in tli3
and of a priest 'like Parashurama:, Bhartribhatta be-
came a king in this dynasty. (The poet here has very
nicely expressed hinio^If by usinj the word "a$^r*").
From tha abov: raier^n 333 one ca:i easily presume that
the founder of tha famous Guhilota dynasty of Mewar
 HISTORY OF THE

was a Nagara Brahmana of the 'Vaijavapa GStra.'

But are the historians prepared to accept this theory ?
is the case of the Solanki (Chalukya) dy-
Similar
nasty. In the inscription, of Solanki Vikramaditya VI,
dated V. S. 133 (A.D. 1076), it is stated as follows:
1

xxx
the Chalukya dynasty traces its origin to the
i.e.,

Moon. This fact is also established by their other

inscriptions, by the 'Dvyashraya Kavya' of Hema-
chandra, and by 'Vastupalacharita' of Jinaharshagani.
In the copper grant, dated V. S. 1200 (A.D. 1143),
of Kulottungachudadeva II, the Chalukyas are said to
be Chandravamshis, belonging to 'Manavya Gotra', and
the descendants of the sage Harlti.
Bilhana, the well-known Kashmiri poet, in his
"Vikramankadeva Charita", has stated the descent of
this (Chalukya) dynasty from the handful of water
by Brahma. The same fact is proved by the inscrip-
tion, dated V. S. 1208 (A.D. 1151), of the time of
Solanki Kumarapala, by the Kanthunatha inscription
of Khambhat, and by the copper grant, dated V.S. 107 1

(A.D. 1050), of Trilochanapala.

In the inscription of Bilharl (Jabalpur district), of
the time of Yuvarajadeva II of theHaihaya (Kalachuri)
dynasty the Chalukya dynasty is stated to have origin-
ated from the handful of water of Drona but in the 1

Trithviraja Raso' the Solankis are stated to be 'Agni

vamshis.'
At 2
present, the Solankis (and the Baghelas) them-
selves admit that their originator Chalukya had sprung
from the sacrificial fire of Vashishtfia.
1
Epigraphia Indica, Vol. I, page 2f>7.

f & branch ff tb*

 OTHER OBJECTIONS. 29

Now, us consider the origin of Chauhanas.

let
In the inscription, dated V. S. 1225 (A.D. 1168),
discovered by Col. James Tod in the Hans! Fort, and
in that of V.S. 1377 (A.D. 1320) of Devada (Chauhana)
Rao Lumbha, found at the Achaleshvara temple at
Abu, the Chauhanas are said to belong to the Lunar
dynasty, and to 'Vatsa Gotra; while in the inscrip-
tions of the time of Visaladeva IV, in the 'Hammira
Mahakavya' of Nayachandra Suri, and in the Trithvl-
rajavijya Mahakavya' the Chauhanas are said to belong
to the Solar dynasty. Contrary to both these opinions,
the Trithviraja Raso/ and the Chauhanas of the pre-
sent day hold that their originator had sprung from
the sacrificial fire of the sage Vashishtha.
The origin of the Paramara dynasty stands as
below :

In the 'Navasahasanka Charita,' written by Padma-

gupta (Parimala), the originator of this dynasty is
said to have sprung from the sacrificial fire of Vashish-
tha; and in their inscriptions as well as in "Tilaka
Manjari", written by Dhanapala, the same opinion is
upheld. But Halayudha, in his "Pingala Sutra Vritti",
has quoted a verse in which king Munja of the Para-
mara dynasty said to have been born of the priest-
is

warrior stock i^^fMfa:), which is worth consideration.

Further, the modern Paramara rulers of Malwa
allege themselves to be the descendants of the famous
king Vikramaditya. But from the documents of their
ancestors this allegation finds no support.
Similarly, views about the origin of the Pratihara
(Patfihara) dynasty are also different. Some think
dynasty to have originated from a Brahmana named
1

this
Harishchandra and a Kshatriya lady named Bhadra;

iptiow. dgted V. ft. rj<V of Pratiliftra

SO HISTORY OF THE RASHTRAKtJTAS.

while others say that the originator of this dynasty

had sprung from the sacrificial fire of Vashishtha.
Looking to these controversies, we should not be
surprised to see the misrepresentation about the dy-
nasty of the Rashtrakutas. Perhaps, all this confusion
regarding the origin of the different dynasties has
arisen from the belief in the legends of the Puranas.
Hence, this belief should have no importance from the
historical point of view. 1

(2) Vigyaneshvara says that the 'Gotras' and the

'Pravaras' of the Kshatriyas accord with those of their
2
priests Therefore, it appears that the above theory
.

was prevalent upto the 2th century of the Vikrama i

era. It is probable that when the Rashtrakutas came

to Kanauj, their old priests might have been left behind
and new ones appointed, which brought about the
change of their 'Gotra' from 'Gautama' to 'Kashyapa.'
It is also possible that this 'Gautama Gotra' might have
been assumed by them on their coming to Marwar,
before which they belonged to the 'Kashyapa Gotra.'
In the inscriptions of the ruling families, the men-
tion of these 'Gotras' Hence, it is also is very rare.
possible that, in tha course of time, having forgotten
their original 'Gjtra,' thsy mijht hav3 adopted the
'Kashyapa Gjtra' as is usual in such cas33. Under the
circumstan23S, it doss not sasm proper to consider the
1 In tl..i ii
sc'rption of the Kalachuri Mjjiila of the s>iuth'rn India dated
Shaka S. 1084, thj Ras.rakutas are s'ate-l, out of malice, as belonging to the 'Daitya
yamsha'. iEpiyr.i 4jh,:i Jn-iicu, Vo 1
,. V, p^:;e 16),
2

Common '^r T7 o^ veis r> r

-
3.
Th'* fact *e by the fo'lr.winc; Ptnnza qaoted fr^m th
n'so proved
'Saundaranada Mahakavya', crmposc-d in the e?c..nd century of the Vikrama era

Saundaraaada Mahakavya, Sarga I,

 OTHEfe OBJECTIONS. 31

Rashtrakutas and the Gahadvalas, who have been held

as collaterals for ages, to be of different lineages, merely
on account of the difference of their 'Gotras.'
(3) An
inscription of Pratihara Bauka, found at
Jodhpur, contains.

te., who obtained the Umbrella after killing the

Bhati king Devaraja of the 'Valla Mandala/
Again:

i.e., a son named Bauka \vas born to king Kakka

from his wife of the Bhati clan.
In these inscriptions the writer has omitted the
name of the famous Yadava clan, and has only men-
tioned its Bhati branch. Are we to infer from this that
the Bhatls are of a different lineage from the Yadavas?
If not, on what good grounds are we to suppose the
Rashtrakutas and theCahadavalas as being of different
origins ? Can we arrive at such a conclusion from the
mere fact that in only the three copper grants of the
prince regent, Govindachandra, of V. S. 1161, 1162 and
1
166, as well as in the inscription of his queen Kumara-
devi no mention is made of the Rashtrakuta^dynasty,
but of its Gh?.dav?ln branch. 1

1 In the irscrintion of the Ohnndela Kshatriyas they are mentioned as

Chandra t re vrs, that is, the descendants of Chandra, tho son of Atri.

In the 'Prithviraja T\nsV 1 heir origin is stated to be from the Moon and
Hemavati, the widowed daughter of Tlonrwraja, the priest of the Gahadavala king
Indrajit; but the Climdehis nMe^e that they are the collaterals of the Rashtrakutas.
They had ruled over Bnndelklvind and its neighbouring place?.
Similarly, the Hnndelas are alo held to be the collaterals of the Gabatfavalas?

(Some Pnramarae, Chanhanas, etc., also have subsequently got mixed in these

Bundelas?). At present the rulers of Orchha, Tehrv PannS, etc., are of the
Bundela clan,
32 HISTORY OF THE

Evenat the present day the Rajputas belonging to

the Devatfa or Sisodiya branches of the Chauhana or
1

Guhilota clans respectively, when asked, do not declare

themselves as Chauhanas or Guhilotas but simply say
that they are Devadas or Slsodiyas. Further, the era
founded by the famous Haihaya clan is named after
their branch as 'Kalachuri Samvat' and 'not Haihaya
Samvat.'
(4) An of queen Kumaradevi of
inscription
Maharajadhiraja Govindachandra has been found at
Saranatha from which we learn that she was the
2

grand-daughter (daughter's daughter) of Mahana, the

Rashtrakuta. In the 'Ramacharita', compiled by
Sandhyakaranandl, this Mahana (Mathana) is said to
belong to the Rashtrakuta dynasty. Such connections
are even now allowed. Care is only taken that the
bride should not be the grand-daughter (daughter's
daughter) of the same sub-clan to which the bridgroom
belongs.
(5) the objection has no sound basis.
First of all,

Secondly, the inscription, dated 1166 (A.D. 1109), of

the prince regent Govindachandra contains:

: u

on the expiry of the kings of the Solar and the

i.e ,

Lunar dynasties, when the Vedic religion began to

dwindle away, Bramha himself, with a view to main-
tain all these, took an incarnation in the person of
king Chandradeva in this family.
1 The ruler of Kotah, belonging to the Chauhana dynasty, is known to the
general public as of the Hada^clan, which is a branch of the Chauhana dynasty.
2 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IX, pa$es 319-328,
 OTHER OBJECTIONS. 33

This shows that, at that time also, the Gahadavala

family was held in very high esteem.
By taking all these facts into consideration we
conclude that "Gahadavala" was a branch of the 1

Rashtrakuta dynasty. This subject has already been

dealt with in the chapter "The Rashtrakutas and the
Gahadavalas."

1 Some people are of opinion that just as the Chundavata, Udihata and
Jagamalota branches are found in both the Kathoras and the Sisodiyas, in the
same manner, it is possible that a distinct branch named "Yadava" might have
ensued from the Kathora dynasty, and afterwards people might have connected it
with king Satyaki due to a particular member of Ihe branch having the same name.
But just as the names of certain branches of the Kat-horas and Sisodiyas, being the
same, the two dynasties are yet quite distinct even so the famous Yadavas of the
;

Lunar dynasty and the supposed Yadava branch of Rat^horas nre distinct from each
other. This subject has already been discussed under the chapter "The Origin of the
Rash^rakutas." Moreover, even in the modern times there are many branches such
as Nagada, Dahima, Sonagara, ShrimalT, Gau<Ja, etc,, which are common to the

Brahamijas, Kshatriyas and Vaiehyas,

 34

THE RELIGION
OF
THE RASHTRAKUTAS.
In the earliest copper grant of the Rashtrakuta
king Abhimanyu an image of a lion, the vehicle of
'Ambika/ impressed. In the
is seal of the copper grant
of Dantivarman (Dantidurga II), of Shaka S. 675
(V.S.810^A.D. impression of an image
753), there is the
of 'Shiva/ In the coins of Krishnaraja I his title is
mentioned as Tarama Maheshvara' and in his inscrip-
tion of Shaka S. 690 (V. S. 825^A. D. 768) there is an
impression of a 'Shiva Linga.' But of the copper
grants of the later dates some bear the impression of an
image of a "Garuda", while others that of 'Shiva/
The flag of the Rashtrakutas was called the "Pali-
dhvaja" and they were also known as "Oka Ketu".
1

Their coat of arms contained the signs of the Ganges

and the Jamuna, probably copied from the western
Chalykyas of Badami.

1 In the 22nd 'Parva' of t he 'Adi Parana,' written by Jinasena, it is said :

i.e., flags aro of 10

kinds according to the signs, *;fe., 1. Garland, 2.
Cloth, 3. Peacock,
4. Lotus, 5. Swan, 6 Garutfa,
7. Lion, 8. Bull, 9. Elephant and 10. Quoit. And a
'Paliketana' or Talidhvaja' is a
Hag which contains in the 4 directions 108 flags of
each of these 10 kind*, or 1080 / 4=4320
Hags in all the four directions.
 THE KKLIttlON Ob' THK KAHIIfRAKUTAS. 3$

The family deity of the later Rashtrakutas is known

names of "Latana" (Latana) "Rashtrashyena,"
by the ,
1

"Manasa" or "Vindhyavasinl." It is said that as this

goddess, having incarnated as a falcon, had saved
their kingdom, she became known by the name of
'Rashtrashyena.' In commemoration of the above
event a falcon is represented on the "State Flag" of
the Marwar Darbar even upto the present day.
From the above it appears that the kings of this
dynasty from time to time used to observe the
'Shaiva/ the 'Vaishnava/ and the 'Shakta' religions.
The 'Uttara Purana' of the Jainas contains the
following:

i.e.,king Amoghavarsha, having bowed before the

Jaina priest Jinasena, congratulated himself. This
shows that Amoghavarsha was the follower of the
teachings of Jinasena. In the book named "Ratna-
malika" ("Prashnottararatnamalika''), written by
Amoghavarsha, it is said:

1 In the llth chapter of the 'Ekaliuga Mahatniya' it is stated:

cif ^sKerr ^n^iOT c^ ^r inkn

This shows that the protectress of Mewar is also the very Goddess Rashtra-
shyena.', Its temple is situated 011 the top of a hill at a distance of .3 miles from
*
the temple of 'Skalinga Mahadeva' in Mewar.
3$ HISTORY OF THE

i.e.,having bowed to Varddhamana (Mahavlra) I

write this Trashnottararatnamalika.'
Amoghavarsha, who renounced the kingdom because
of 'Jnana' (discrimination), has written this book
named "Ratnamalika."
In the "Ganitasarasangraha" of Mahavlracharya
it is stated:-

inn

: I

the subjects under the rule of Amoghavarsha

i.e.,

are happy and the land yields plenty of grain. May

the kingdom of this king (Nripatunga-Amoghavarsha),
the follower of Jainism, ever increase far and wide.
This also shows that Amoghavarsha was the follower
of Jainism and presumably he embraced this religion
in his old age.
It is quite clear that the Tauranik' religion had
flourished to a great extent during the reign of the
Rashtrakuta kings, and many temples, dedicated to
'Shiva' and 'Vishnu', were built. All the rock-cut temples,
etc., byilt before the reign of the Rashtrakutas
of the

Deccan, were meant for the Budhists, Jainas and

the Nirgranthas only. But it was in the time of these
kings that the 'Kailasa Bhavana' of the Ellora caves,
dedicated to 'Shiva/ was constructed for the first time.
Most of the kings of the Kanauj branch of this
family were the followers of Vaishnavism and their
copper grants found upto this date show that this
dynasty was more generous than all the other ruling
dynasties.
 37

SCIENCE AND ARTS

IN THE TIME OF
THE RASHTRAKUTAS.
Much improvement was effected in science and arts
in the time of the Rashtrakuta kings.
These kings were themselves men of learning and
always patronised it. The logician Akalanka Bhatta,
author of the "Rajavartika", the "Nyayavinishchaya,"
the "Ashtashatl" and the "Laghiyastraya"; Mahavira-
charya, author of the "Ganitasarasangraha"; Jinasena,
writer of the "Adi Purana" and the "Parshvabhyu-
daya"; another Jinasena, author of the "Harivamsha
Purana"; Gunabhadracharya, writer of the "Atmanu-
shasana"; poet Halayudha, compiler of the "Kavira-
hasya "; Somadeva Silri, writer of the "Yashastilaka
1

Champu" and the "Nitivakyamrita" on politics; Cana-

rese poet Ponna, writer of the "Shanti Purana" (whom
king Krishna III, had honoured with the title of
"Ubhayabhasha Chakravarti" = master of two langu-
ages; Pushpadanta, writer of the "Yashodhara Cha-
rita", the "Nagakumara Charita" and the "Jaina
Maha Purana"; Trivikrama Bhatta, author of the
"Madalasa Champu"; Lakshmidhara, compiler of the
"Vyavahara Kalpataru"; and* Shri Harsha, author of
the "Naishadhiya Charita" and the "Khandana khanda
2
khadya"and others, flourished in the time of these kings.
1 Sir Bhandarknr inclines to identify the author of the "Kavirahasya" with
the Halayudha, who wote tlie 'Abhidhana ratuamala,' but Weber places the latter
about the end of the llth century.
2 In the Jaina library of Karnnja there is a book named "Jvala malini kalpa,"
This book was completed in Shaka S. 861 during the reign of Krishna 111,
sa HISTORY OF THE

The "Prashnottararatnamalika", written by king

Amoghavarsh, which exists even to this day, testifies to
the of the kings of this dynasty.
learning Its

composition of a very high

isorder. Though some per-
sons think Shankaracharya, and others 'Shvetambara'
Jainacharya, to be the author of the book, yet in the
copies of the book, written by 'Digambara Jainas,' it is
said to have been compiled by king Amoghavarsha and
the same fact is proved by the verses quoted from the
book in the preceding chapter. This book has also been
translated into the Tibetan language, in which, too, the
name of the author is written as Amoghavarsha.
The same Amoghavarsha had also written another
book named "Kavirajamarga", a prosody, in the Cana-
rese language.
We have already stated that art also had much
improved in their times. The temple of 'Kailasa
Bhavana' of the Ellora caves is a living instance of
1

the fact. This cave temple was constructed in the

reign of king Krishnaraja I by cutting the rocks. Its

excellence is beyond the power of description.

"Jayadhavala", a commentary of the principles of tho 'Digambara' branch of

Jainism, was Written in the time of Amoghnvarsha I. From the "Shriknnthu
charita" of poet Mankha, it appears that Alunkara, the minister of king Jayasimha
of Kashmir, had called a big assernbTy in which Pandit Snhala was sent out as a

delegate by king Govindachandra of Kanauj.

1 Of the A janta caves, which are famous for their art, Nos. 1 and 2 were also
trailt in the beginning of tbe reign of tbe Uash^rakutas of Manyakhe^a,
 39

THE GLORY
OF
THE EARLY RASHTRAKuTAS.
In the "Silsilatuttavarlkh" a history written by an
1

Arab trader Sulaiman, in A. H. 237 (V. S. 908-A.D.

851) and modified and completed by Abuzaldul Hasan
of Siraf, in A. H. 303 (V. S. 973=A.D. 916), it is thus
stated :

"The inhabitants of India and China agree that

there are four great or principal kings in the world.
They place the king of the Arabs (Khalif of Baghdad) at
the head of these The king of China reckons
himself next after the king of the Arabs. After him
comes the king of the Greeks, and lastly the Balhara,
prince of the men who have their ears pierced (i.e., the
Hindus) ".
"The Balhara is the most eminent of the princes of
India, and the Indians acknowledge his superiority.
Every prince in India is master in his own state, but
all pay homage to the
supermacy of Balhara. The
representatives sent by the Balhara to other princes
are received with most profound respect in order to
show him honour. He gives regular pay to his troops,
as the practice is among the Arabs. He has many horses
and elephants, and immense wealth. The coins which
pass in his country are the Tatarlya dirhams, each of
which weighs a dirham and a half of the coinage of the
king. They are dated from the year in which the
1 Elliot '6 History of India, Vol. 3-4.
I, j&gea
40 HISTORY OF THE RASHTRAKUTAS.

dynasty acquired the throne. They do not, like the

Arabs, use the Hijra of the prophet, but date their eras
from the beginning of their kings' reigns; and their
kings live long, frequently reigning for fifty years.
The inhabitants of the Balhara's country say that if
their kings reign and live for a long time, it is solely
in consequence of the favour shown to the Arabs. In
fact, among all the kings there is no one to be found
who so partial to the Arabs as the Balhara;
is and
his subjects follow his example/'
"Balhara is the title borne by all the kings of this
dynasty. It is similar to Chosroes (of the Persians),
and is not a proper name. The kingdom of the Balhara
commences on the seaside, at the country of kukam
(Konkan)on the tongue of land which stretches to China.
The Balhara has around him several kings with whom
he is at war, but whom he greatly excels. Among them
the king of the Jurz
1

is .

In the book "Kitab-ul-Masalik-ul-Mumalik", written

by Ibn Khurdadba, who died in A. H. 300 (V. S. 969=
A. D. 912), it is thus stated: 2
"The greatest king of India is Balhara, whose name
imports "king of kings." He wears a ring in which

1 The above statement seems to be a sketch of the reign of king Amoghavarsha I

who was ruling in the Deccan when this book was written and who had also
attacked Rashtrakuta king Dhruvaraja I of Gujrat. The kingdom of the Rashtra-
kuta king Dhruvaraja 1 of the Deccan extended from Rameshvara in the south to
Ayodhya the north. In the Chronology of Nepal it is stated that in Shaka 8.
in
811 (V. 8. 946 A.D. 889) Kyanadeva, the founder of the dynasty of Karnatik, having
conie up from the Deccan, took the whole of Nepal and for (> generations his descend-
ants ruled there. In Shaka Sannat 811 Krishnaraja II was the king of Karnatik ;

and seventh in descent from him was Karkaraja II from whom Tailapa II of the
Chalukya dynasty seized the kingdom of the Rash^rakutas. So, it is probable that
the descendants of Dhruvaraja 1 of Manyakheta, having progressed beyond Ayo-
dhya, might have captured a portion of Nepal and afterwards Krishnaraja II, having
advanced farther, taken the whole of the country. As the boundaries of China and
thip reason, recorded the
Nepal are adjacent, Sulaiman might have, for extent of
theirkingdom to be upto the Chinese frontier.
2 Elliots History of India, Vol. I, page 13. This description refers to the reign
<
Of king Krishnaraja II,
 THE GLORY OF THE EAllLY HAfSIITKAKUTAS. 41

"
isinscribed the following sentence : What is begun
with resolution ends with success."
The book named "Murujul Zahab", written by Al-
Masudi about A. H. 332 (V. S. 1001A.D. 944), contains
1
the following:
"The city of Mankir, which was the great centre of
India, submitted to a king called the Balhara, and the
name of this prince continues to his successors who
reign in that capital until the present time (332 A.H.)."
" The
greatest of the kings of India in our time is
the Balhara, sovereign of the city of Mankir. Many
of the kings of India turn their faces towards him in
their prayers, and they make supplications to his ambas-
sadors, who come to visit them. The kingdom of the
Balhara is bordered by many other countries of India.
. .The capital of the Balhara is eighty Sindi Parasangs
from the (and the Parasang is equal to eight
sea,
2

miles). His troops and elephants are innumerable, but

his troops are mostly infantry, because the seat of his
government is among the mountains. .Bayura who
3
.

is the king of Kanauj, is an enemy of the Balhara, the

king of India The inhabitants of Mankir, which is

the capital of the Balhara, speak the Kirlya language, 4

which has this name from Kira the place where it is

spoken."
Al Istakhr!, who wrote the "Kitabul Akalim", in
5

e
A. H. 340 (V. S. IGOo A.D. 931) as also Ibn H<iukal,
who came to India between A. H. 331 and 35b (A.D. 943
and 968) and wrote the "Ashkal-ul-Bilad" in A. H. 366
(A.D.= 976), say:
1 Kill's History of India, Vol. I, pa^ts 10-24. '\ his refeis to Krisbnaraja III,
2 A "iaraeang" is (.'qua!
to three miles but Sir J/lliot has taken it to be
equal
to 8 mile-:.
3 IniBticems to be a corrupt form of iVatihiira.
called the Canan M- landing*'.
1
1'erlitps the same is now
o Elliot's History of India, Vol. I, F^ e -'

Elliot's History of India, Vol. I 34,

(i ?
page .
42 HISTORY OF THE RASHTRAKUTAS.

"From Kambaya 1
Saimur
is the land of th6
to
2

Balhara, and in there are several Indian kings. The

it

city in which the Balhara resides is Mankir, which has

an extensive territory."
From the above extracts, taken from the writings
of the Arabian travellers, we conclude that at that
time the power of the Rashtrakuta kings had reached
its zenith.
The Rahshtrakuta king Dantidurga defeated Solanki
(Chalukya) 'Vallabha' Kirtivarman and assumed the
title of 'Vallabharaja/ which was also attached to
the names of all his successors.
3
It is therefore that
the aforesaid Arabian writers have mentioned these
kings as Balhara, a corrupt form of "Vallabharaja."
4

From the inscription of the Someshvara temple, near

Yevur (Deccan),it appears that there were 800 ele-
phants in the army of Rashtrakuta king Indra, and
that 500 feudatory chiefs followed as his retinue. 5
1 Cambay.
2 Presumably this .city was on the border of Sind to which we can trace tb#
northern boundary of the kingdom of the Rashtrakutas.
3 Sir Henry Elliot, Col. Tod and others suppose that the Arab writers had usad
the word Balhara for the kings of Balabhi or for the Chalukya kings themselves,
(Elliot's History of India, Vol. I, pages 354-355).
But these suppositions arc
groundless as the Balabhi kingdom had come to an end about V. S. 823 (A.D. 766) ;

and the Chalukya kingdom had been split up into two branches on the death of the
Chalukya king Mangalisha in V. S. 667 (A.D. 610). Pulakeslrn was the head of one
of them and Rashtrakuta Dantidurga seized his kingdom from his descendant Kirti-
varman between V.S. 805 nd 810 ^A.D 748 and 753). It remained under the
;

Rashtrakut* dynasty upto V. S. 1030 (A D. 973) about which time it was regained
by Chalukya Tailapa II from Rashtrakuta king Karkaraja II. Thus, about V. 8.
805 to 1030 (A.D 748 to 973) the kingdom of the western branch of the Chalukyas
remained in the possession of the Uashtrakutas. Formerly, the capital of this branch
of theSolankis wasBadami. But later, Tailapa II shifted it to Kalyanl. The second
branch was headed by Vishnuva;rdhana, whose descendants were called Eastern
Cbalukyas. They ruled at Vengi and were the feudatories of the RasbtiakiHas.
4 Juet as in the Persian histories the title Ran a of the kings of Mewar is used
instead of their names; similarly, the Arab writers have used the hereditary title
Balharfi, (Vallabharaja) of the Rashtrakuta kings of the Deccan instead of their names.
5

Antiquary, Vol. VIII, p*er22,

 THK GLOftV OF THE EARLY RASHTRAKUTA^. 43

In the copper grant, dated Shaka S. 852 (V. S. 987

1

A.D. 930), of Govinda IV, it is stated that the Rashtra-

kuta king Indraraja III crossed the Ganges with his
cavalry and laid waste the city of Kanauj.
A copper grant, 2 dated Shaka S. 915(V.S. I050=A.D.
993), of the ruler of the Shilahara dynasty of Thana,
contains:

starrer:

i.e., when king Krishnaraja III mobilized his armies,

the kings of the Chola, Bengal, Kanauj, Andhra and
Pan^ya countries used to quiver.
In the same grant the extent of the sovereignty of
king Krishnaraja III is stated to be from Himalayas
in the north to Ceylon in the south, and from eastern
sea in the east to the western sea in the west.
About V. S. 1030 (A.D. 973) the Chalukya king
Tailapa II defeated the Rashtrakuta king Karkaraja
and overthrew the Rashtrakuta kingdom of Manya-
kheta. The copper grant referred to above was issued
after this event. This shows that the power of the
Rashtrakuta kings was once very great, so much so, that
their feudatories indulged in referring to their glories
even after their fall.
The country under the sway of the Rashtrakutas
was called "Ratta Pati" or "Ratta Rajya" and consist-

\\

Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VII, page 36,

History of Mediaeval Hindu India, Vol. II, page 349!

44 HmXmY O* THE

ed of 7 lacs of villages and towns as is mentioned in

the 'Skanda Purana'
1
:

rr., the kingdom of the Rattas (Rashtrakutas) con-

sisted of 7 lacs of villages.
The military band called "Tivali" was a speciality
of their processions.
We 2
learn from the copper grant, dated V. S. 1161
(A.D. 1104), of Govindachandra, found at Basahl, that
it was Chandradeva of the Gahadavala branch of the

Rashtrakuta family, who had restored order by sup-

pressing the anarchy that had resulted on the deaths of
kings Karna and Bhoja. It also refers that Govinda-
chandra had granted in charity the village of Basahi
(Basahl) together with the 'Turushkadanda/ (cess
3

levied upon the Mohmmedans), which shows that just

as the Mohammedan kings levied 'Jaziya' upon the
non-Mohammedans, in the like manner, Madnapala
levied a tax upon the Muslims. This proves his power
and glory. As regards Jayachchandra it is stated in the
'Rambhamanjari Natika' that he defeated the Chandela
king Madnavarmadeva of Kalinjar, possessed an ex-
ceptionally large army and ruled over the territory
between the Ganges and the Jamuna.
1 "Skanda Parana,' Kauniarika Khantfa, Adhyaya 39, verse 135.

IN ['0 foft feft^^gft

^f^ W^f^^ *T Tn'^fcT^^^: I!

Karna referred to here was Karna of the 'ifaihaya'

(Kalachuri) clan, who was
alive in V.S. 1099. But there controversy about king Bhoja referred to here.
ia tv

Some say tbat it waa the Paramara king Bhoja who died about V. S. 1110 and others
think it to be the Pratihara Bhoja II, who lived about V. S. 980.

3 In tht> copper grant, dated V. 8. 1186 of

(A.D. 1129), Govindachandra, found
in Oudh, there is also a mention of this 'TurushkatfanoV
Lttcknow Museum Report of (1914-15), pages 4 ai>d 10.
 CONCLUSION.
Taking all the foregoing facts into consideration we
conclude that in the earlier period a branch of the
Rashtrakutas came down to Kanauj, where they esta-
blished a kingdom, which in the course of time became
weak. After this the Guptas, the Baisas, the Maukharis
and the Pratiharas in succession ruled over it.
About Vikrama Samvat 1137 (A. D. 1080) another
branch of Raashtrakutas, once again, conquered Kanauj
and established their kingdom.
This branch, being connected with the 'Gadhipura/
(Kanauj) afterwards came to be known by the name
of "Gahadavala." In V.S. 1250 (A.D. 1194) Jayach-
chandra, the Gahadavala king of Kanauj, was attacked
by Shahabuddin Ghorl and lost his life. When Shaha-
buddin went back after plundering the town, Harish-
chandra, the son of Jayachchandra, succeeded his father.
Though not powerful he was able to retain Kanauj and
its neighbouring districts in his possession for some

years. But when Qutubuddm Aibak and after him

Shamsuddln Altamash took the country and put an end
to the independent kingdom of the Rashtrakutas, of this
branch, Rao Siha, the grandson of Jayachchandra, left
Kanauj and remained for sometime in Mahui. Later,
1

when this district was also taken by the Mohammedans,

Siha (after roaming about for & time) came to Marwar
about V. S. 1268.
The descendants of Rao Siha are at present ruling
over the States of Marwar, Bikaner, Idar, Kishangarh,
Ratlarft, Sitamau, Sailana and Jhabua.
1 It is stated in the <A!n-i-akabari' that Siha lived 'at Khor (Shameabad) and
was killed there.
44 toTOBV OF THE

According to our opinion the genealogical table from

Vijayachandra to Siha is as follows:
Vijayachandra.

Jayachchandra.

1 1 [
Harisbchandra (BardfilsSna) (Prahasta). Jayapfila (Jajapaia),

I I
1

SStar&raa. Slha .

The third branch of the Rashtrakutas, which had

gone down to the Deccan, turned out the Solankls and
founded a kingdom there. Though we have not yet
been able to trace the date of the commencement of this
kingdom, yet it is clear that in the time of Chalukya
Jayasimha, (in the later half of the sixth century of
the Vikrama era) there existed in the Deccan a powerful
kingdom of the Rashtrakutas. It was overthrown by
the said Jayasimha when he set up the Solanki kingdom
there. But about 250 years after this, ie., about V.S.
805=A.D, 747), Dantivarman II defeated Solanki
Kirtivarman II and re-established the Rashtrakuta
kingdom in the Deccan. This kingdom lasted for
about 225 years, upto V.S. 1030 (A.D. 973), when Solanki
Tailapa II again overthrew it and defeated Karkaraja
II, its last king.
Two
branches of the Deccan family of the Rashtra-
kutas had ruled over "Lata" (Gujrat) from the begin-
ning of the 8th century of the Vikrama era upto the
firsthalf of the 9th century. They were the feudatories
of the Rashtrakuta kings of the Deccan.
Proofs about the rule of the branches of the old
Rashtrakutas in Saundatti (Dharwar Bombay),
Hathundl (Marwar) and Dhanop (Shahpura) have
also been found.
Mention of some more inscriptions, etc., of the
Rashtrakutas, found here and there, will be made in
next chapter.
I Possibly BancLaigena may be a younger brother of Harishcbandrm
 MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS
OF THE

RASHTRAKUTAS.
The earliest known record of the Rashtrakutas is

the copper grant of king Abhimanyu. From its1

characters it appears to be of about the beginning of

the 7th century of the Vikrama era. In the seal of it
the image of a lion, the vehicle of Goddess Durga, is
impressed.
It refers to a charitable grant made at Manpur for
the worship of God 'Shiva' and contains the following
genealogical table of the kings:

D$var&ja.

AbhimAnyu.

The seat of Government of Abhimanyu was M&npur,

which is considered by some scholars to be the modern

Manpur (12 miles south-west of Mhow in Malwa).

Two more grants of the Rashtrakutas hsve been
found at the village of Multai (Betul district, C.P.) ;
the first2 of whichis of Shaka S. 553 ( V.S. 688=A.D.

631) and contains the following genealogy:

Durgaraja.

Sv&mikar&ja..

Kmnmrija.

1 Epigraphia Indica, VoK VIII, page:164

2 Do. do, XI,
44 HISTORY OF THE

According to our opinion the genealogical table from

Vijayachandra to Siha is as follows:
Vijayachandra.

Jayachchandra.

1
I I
Harishchandra (Bardalsena) (Prahaeta). Jayapala (JajapSla),

I r
SStararaa. 8iha",

The third branch of the Rash^rakutas, which had

gone down to the Deccan, turned out the Solankls and
founded a kingdom there. Though we have not yet
been able to trace the date of the commencement of this
kingdom, yet it is clear that in the time of Chalukya
Jayasimha, (in the later half of the sixth century of
the Vikrama era) there existed in the Deccan a powerful
kingdom of the Rashtrakutas. It was overthrown by
the said Jayasimha when he set up the Solankl kingdom
there. But about 250 years after this, ie., about V.S.
805=A.D, 747), Dantivarman II defeated Solankl
Kirtivarman II and re-established the Rashtrakuta
kingdom in the Deccan. This kingdom lasted for
about 225 years, upto V.S. 1030 (A.D. 973), when Solankl
Tailapa II again overthrew it and defeated Karkaraja
II, its last king.
Two
branches of the Deccan family of the Rashtra-
kutas had ruled over "Lata" (Gujrat) from the begin-
ning of 'the 8th century of the Vikrama era upto the
firsthalf of the 9th century. They were the feudatories
of the Rashtrakuta kings of the Deccan.
Proofs about the rule of the branches of the old
Rashtrakutas in Saundatti
(Dharwar Bombay),
Hathundi (Marwar) and Dhanop (Shahpura) have
also been found.
Mention of some more inscriptions, etc., of the
Rashtrakutas, found here and there, will be made in the
next chapter. ,

1 Possibly Baradaisena may be a younger brother of Harishchandra,,

 4?

MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS
OF THE

RASHTRAKUTAS.
The earliest known record of the Rashtrakutas is
the copper grant of king Abhimanyu. From its 1

characters it appears to be of about the beginning of

the 7th century of the Vikrama era. In the seal of it
the image of a lion, the vehicle of Goddess Durga, is
impressed.
It refers to a charitable grant made at Manpur for
the worship of God 'Shiva' and contains the following
genealogical table of the kings:

DSvarija.

BhsvL

Abhimanyu.

The seat of Government of Abhimanyu was Manpur,

which is considered by some scholars to be the modern
Manpur (12 miles south-west of Mhow in Malwa).
Two more grants of the Rashtrakutas have been
found at the village of Multai (Betul district, C.P.) ;
the first2 of which is of Shaka
(V.S. S. 553 688=A.D.
631) and contains the following genealogy:
Durgaraja, .

G&rfndarfija.

Svfimikarfija.

NstmBr&ja.

1 Epigraphia Indica, VoK VIII, page;164.

2 Do, do, XI, page:276.
48 HISTORY OF THE RASHTRAKUTAS.

The other 1
is of Shaka Samvat63! (V.S. 766- A.D.
709) of the time of Rashtrakuta king Nandaraja and
contains the following genealogy:
Durgaraja.2

Govindaraja.

Svaraikaraja.
I

Nandaraja.
title of Nandaraja is mentioned as
In this grant the
" "
Yuddha Shura and the charity mentioned in it
was granted on the 15th day of the bright half of
Kartika. If the Shaka Samvat mentioned in it be
considered as the past one, then the date of the grant
falls on the 24th October A.D. 709.
In both the aforesaid copper grants the first three
names of the genealogical tables are similar, but there
is some slight difference in the fourth name. Taking
into consideration the dates of the two inscriptions we
think that Nandaraja of the second inscription might
be a younger brother of Nannaraja of the first and
succeeded him on his death.
In the seals of these grants there are the images of
"Garuda."
An 3
inscription of V. S. 917 (A.D. 860) has been
found at village of Pathari in the Bhopal State, which
contains the genealogical table of the Rashtrakuta
kings of Central India as follows:
Jejjata.
!

Karkaraja.

Parabala {V. S. 917).

1 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XVJII, page 244.

2 It is probable that this Durgaraja is a second name of king Daritivaraan I

of the Deccan, because, firstly, the period of Durgaraja of tin's inscription synchro-
nises with that of Dantivarman I. Secondly, Dantivarman's second name was
Dantidurga which almost resembles Durgaraja and thirdly, in the inscription of the
Dashavatara temple the name of Dantivarman II is written as Dantidurgaraja. If
this supposition be correct then the Govindaraja of this inscription would be a

younger brother of Rashfrakuta Indraraja I of the Deccan,

l
3 Epigrajphia Indica, Vol, IX, -page 248.
 MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS OF THE RASHfRAKtrTAS. 4$

Rannadevl, the daughter of king Parabala, was

married to king Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty of
1

'Gauda' (Bengal). Karkaraja, the father of Parabala

defeated Nagabhata (Nagavaloka) who was probably
the son of the Pratihara king Vatsaraja. An inscription
2

of Nagabhata, dated V. S. 872 (A.D. 815), has been

found at the village of Buchkala (Bllara district) in
Marwar. But Professor Kielhorn identifies him with
3
the Nagavaloka of the Bhrigukachchha grant of
V.S.813 (A.D. 756).
An inscription4 of the Rashtrakutas found at Bodha
Gaya contains the following genealogy:
Nanna (Guijavaloka),
I

Kirtiraja.

Tunga (Dharmavaloka).

Bhagyadevi, the daughter of Tunga, was married

to Rajyapala 5 of the Pala dynasty, who was fourth in
descent from the aforesaid Dharmapala. The inscrip-
tion bears the year 15, which might be the 15th regnal
year of king Tunga who probably lived about V. S, 1025

(A.D. 968).

1 Bharata-ke-Prachfna Rajavamsha, Vol. I, page 185.

2 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IX, page 198.
3 This Nagavaloka was probably Pratihara Nagabhata I,

4 Bodha Gaya, (by Rajeiidralal Mittra), page 195.

Bharata-ke-Prachlna Bajavamsba, Vol. J,.page 189.
50 HISTORY OF THtt RASHTFUKOTAS.

Aninscription of the time of Lakhanapala has been

1

discovered from Badaun, which is probably of about

V. S. 1258 (A.D. 1201). It contains the following
genealogical table:
Chandra.

Vigrahapala.

Bhuvanapala.

Gopala.

Tribhuvanapala. Madanapala. Devapala.

Bhimapala.

Shurapala.

Amritapala. Lakhanapala.

This inscription indicates that Chandra was the

first Rashtrakuta king who took the town of Badaun,
which is stated to be the ornament of the kingdom of
Kanauj.

1 Epigraphia, Jndica, Vol. I, p. 64.

THE RASHTRAKuTAS OF MANYAKHETA (Deccan)
FROM BEFORE V. S. 650 (A.D. 593)
TO

ABOUT V. S. 1039 (A.D. 982).

In aninscription found at Yevur and also in a

copper grant of the Solankis found at Miraj, it is thus
1

stated :

: tff&wf

he (Solankl Jayasimha) by defeating Rashtra-

i.e.,

kuta Indra, the owner of 800 elephants and son of

Krishna, re-established the kingdom of Vallabharaja
(Solankis). (From the word Vallabharaja mentioned
in this inscription it appears that this title originally
belonged to the Solankis and after defeating them the
Rash^rakutas assumed it. Therefore, the Arab writers
have mentioned the Rashtrakuta kings as "Balh&ras"
which a corrupt form of the word "Vallabharaja").
is

In the time of Kirtivarman II, son of Vikramaditya,

(who was llth in descent from this Jayasimha) the
Solankl kingdom was again overthrown.
From the aforesaid stanzas it appears that the
Rashtrakutas ruled in the Deccan before it was con-
quered by Solankl Jayasimha in the latter part of the
sixth century of the Vikrama era. But between V. S.
*~ '
1 ludian Antiquary, Vol. VIII, pages IJMi
Si HISTORY OF THfc

805 and 810 (A.D. 747 and 753) the Rashtrakuta king
Dantidurga II again seized a large part of the kingdom
from Solanki Kirtivarman II.

The history of the Rashtrakuta family, to which

this Dantidurga II belonged, is traced through inscrip-
tions, copper grants and Sanskrit books as follows:

!. DANTIVARMAN (DANTIDURGA I).

Thisking was a descendant of Indra, son of

Krishna, mentioned above. He is the first king known
through the inscriptions of the Rashtkutas of this line.
In the inscription of the Dashavatara temple, he is
1

described as a protector of 'Varnashrama Dharma'

(laws of castes and stages of life). He was a good-
natured, merciful and independent ruler. He probably
flourished before V.S. 650 (A.D. 593).

2. INDRARAJA I.

He was and successor of Dantivarman. His

the son
and his father's names have been taken from the
inscription of the Dashavatara temple in the Ellora
caves, in which after Dantidurga II, the name of
2
Maharaja Sharva is mentioned. But in other inscrip-
tions of this branch of the Rashtrakutas, the names of
Dantivarman I and Indraraja I, are not found, for the
pedigrees in them commence from Govinda I.
In the aforesaid Dashavatara inscription, this Indra
isdescribed as a performer of many sacrifices (Yagyas)
and a brave king. Prachchhakaraja appears to be his
second name.

1 Archaeological Survey report of Western India, Vol. V, page 87 and cave

;

temples inscriptions, page 92.

2 it is not clear who is meant by "Sharva" here. Some think "Sharva"
to bd
a brother of Dantidurga and others take it for AmSghavareha. From the aforesaid
Dashavatara inscription it appears that this "Sharva" camped in this temple with
bisarmy. Probably "Sharva" was a title or another name of Dantidurga,
 THE RASHTRAKUTAS OF MANYAKHETA (Deccan). 33

3. GOVINDARAJA I.

He was Indraraja and ascended the

the son of
throne after his death. We learn from the inscription 1

of Pulakeshin II, dated Shaka S. 556 (V.S. 691^A.D.

634) found at Ehole, that at the time when Mangallsha
was killed, and his
nephew Pulakeshin II succeeded
him, Govindaraja with the aid of his allies, taking
opportunity of the consequent weakness of the Sol-
ankls, attempted to regain the lost kingdom of his
ancestors. But as he could not succeed, he concluded
2
peace.
Itappears, therefore, that Govindaraja was a con-
temporary of Pulakeshin II and should have lived
about V. S. 691 (A.D. 634).
"ViraNarayana" was another name of Govindaraja.

4. KARKARAJA (KAKKAI).
He was the son and successor of Govindaraja I. The
Brahmanas had performed several sacrifices during
his reign, as this generous king himself was a follower
of the Vedic religion and a patron of learning. He
had three sons: Indraraja, Krishnaraja and Nanna.

5. INDRARAJA II.

He was and successor of Karkaraja.

the eldest son
His queen was a daughter of the Solank! (Chalukya)
dynasty and her mother was born of the Lunar race.
This shows that, at that time, the Rashtrakutas and
the western Chalukyas were not, in any way, on
unfriendly terms.
5-6.
1 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VI, pagte
54 HISTORY OF THE

His army consisted of a considerable number of

horses and elephants.

6. DANTIVARMAN. (DANTIDURGA II).

He was
the son and successor of Indraraja II. Bet-
ween V.S. 804 and 810 (A.D. 748 and 753) he took posses-
sion of Vatapl, the northern portion of the kingdom
of Chalukya (Solanki) Kirtivarman II, and again
established the Rashtrakuta kingdom in the Deccan,
which remained under this dynasty for about 225 years.
A copper grant of Shaka
1
S. 675 (V. S. 810 A.D. 753),
found at Samangadh (Kolhapur State), contains the
following lines:

i.e., (Dantivarman IFs) elephants had gone up

his
Mahi, the Mahanadi and the Narmada.
3
to the
Defeating Vallabha (western Chalukya king Kirti-
varman II) he assumed the titles of Rajadhiraja and
Parameshvara; and with a small cavalry defeated the
great Karnatik army, which had won a victory over
the kings of the Kanchl, Kerala, Chola and Pandya as
well as over king Harsha of Kanauj and Vajrata.
The Karnatik army here referred to was the army
4
of the Chalukyas.
1 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XT, page 111.
2 In the copper plate of Talegaon the reading is "fl^feW^:"
3 This shows that he had conquered Mahlkaijtha, Malwa and Orissa.
4 The Aihole inscription contains:

(i

ie.i the Chalukya king Pi\lakeshin II defeated king liarsha of the Vaisa dynaity,
 THE RASBTRAKftTAS OF MANYAKHfiTA (Deccan). 55

While conquering the Deccan he also defeated the

king of Shri Shaila (in the Karnul district of Madras).
Similarly, he won victories over the kings of Kalinga, 1

Koshala, Malava, Lata and Tanka, as well as over the

2 3

Sheshas (Nagas). At Ujjain he distributed a large

quantity of gold in charity and dedicated jewelled
helmets to the God 'Mahakaleshvara.' This indicates
that he was a great king of the South. His mother
granted lands in charity in almost all the (4,00,000)
villages of his kingdom.
A
copper grant, of Shaka S. 679 (V.S. 814=A.D. 757),
4

found at Vakkaleri, indicates that though Dantidurga

had seized the kingdom from Solanki (Chalukya)
Kirtivarman II, before Shaka S. 675 (V.S. 810=A.D.
753), yet the latter had retained possession of its
southern part upto Shaka S. 679 (V.S. 814=A.D. 757).
A copper grant of Shaka S. 679(V.S. 814=A.D. 757),
5

of Maharajadhiraja Karkaraja II of Gujrat, found in

the neighbourhood of Surat, shows that this Dantivar-
man (Dantidurga II), at the time of his victory over
the Solankis, had also conquered Lata (Gujrat) and
made it over to his relative Karkaraja 6 II.
We come names of this king Dantivar-
across two
man and Dantidurga. The following appear to be
his titles: Maharajadhiraja, Parameshvara, Parama
Bhattaraka, Prithvivallabha, Vallabharaja, Maharaja
Sharva, Khadgavaloka, Sahasatunga, Vairamegha.
1 The country near the sea-coast between the Mahanadi and the Ciodavari.
2 This refers to southern Koshala (or the modern Central Provinces) which
Was to the south of the province of Ondh, as the province containing Ayodhya and
Lucknow, etc., was then called northern Koshala.
3 Country west of the Narmada near the modern Baroda State.
4 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. V, page 202.
6 Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. XVI, page 1(X>.
6 The ruler of Gujrat at that time was Gnrjara Jayabbatta III, as appears
from his copper grant of Chedi S. 486 (V.S. 793= A. D. 736). Soon after this Danti-
probably eeized it from him and made it over to Karkaraja*
56 HISTORY OF THE

The 'Khadgavaloka' probably implies that his

title

look had the terrible effect of a sword on his enemies.

From the above facts, it is evident that Dantidurga
was a very powerful king and his dominions extended
from the northern borders of Gujrat andMalwa to
Rameshvaram in the south. 1

appears that after taking the small principalities

It
of the neighbourhood, Dantidurga conquered the Central
Provinces. On his return he again went to Kanchi,
for the king of that place had, once again, made a
2
fruitless attempt to regain his lost freedom.
In the aforesaid Dashavatara inscription, Danti-
durga is stated to have defeated Sandhu Bhupadhipa,
whose kingdom probably was in the south somewhere
near Kanchi as the inscription mentions, "Kanchi"
just after this event.

7. KRISHNARAJA I.

He was the younger brother of Indraraja II and

uncle of Dantidurga whom he succeeded.
Three stone inscriptions and one copper grant of
the reign of this king have been found: The first

inscription, bearing no date, was found at Hattimattur.

3

The second of Shaka S. 690 (V.S. 825=A.D. 768) at

Talegaon; and the third of Shaka S. 692 (V.S. 827=
4
A.D. 770) at Alas.
The copper grant of his reign is dated Shaka S. 694
5

(V.S. 829=A.D. 772.)

1 In the copper grant of Rashtrakuta Govindaraja, found from Paifchan
(Nizam's Dominions), it is stated that he had extended hie sway all over India from
Rameshvaram in the scuth to thc*Himalayas in the north and from the Western
Coast to the Eastern Coast.
2 In the inscription, of Shaka S. 836 (V.S. 971 ), of Nausari, it is thus stated: -

Epteraphia Indica, Vol. IX, pige 21.

3 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VI, page 161.
4 Do. do. do. page 209. ( This inscription belongs to his Krishna,-
raja's -son, prince regent Govindaraja.)
5 Epigraphia Indica,"Vol. XIV, page 125,
 THE RASHTRAKUTAS OF MANYAHKHETA (Deccan.) 57

A copper grant, of Shaka

S. 730 (V.S. 864=A.D. 807),
1

of the Rashtrakuta king Govindaraja III, found at

Vanigaon (Nasik), alludes to Krishnaraja as follows:

li

i.e., at the time of churning the sea the

just as
'Mandarachala' mountain had drawn out Lakshmi
from manner, Vallabha (Krishnaraja I) drew
it; in like
out Lakshml, i.e., seized the kingdom from the Solankl
(Chalukya dynasty).
Another copper grant, of Shaka S. 734 (V. S. 869-A.D.
2

812), of the Rashtrakuta king Karkaraja of Gujrat,

found at Baroda, refers to this king Krishna I in the
following terms:

It

i.e.,Khrishnaraja I, the lion (most powerful) among

kings, turned the great boar (Kirtivarman II), proudly
advancing to fight, into a deer (i.e., put him to flight).
This event probably took place about V. S. 814
(A.D. 757).
As the copper grants of the Solankis bear the mark
of a boar, the poet has aptly compared king Kirtivarman
to a boar.
We also understand from this that in the time of

Krishnaraja I, the Solankl king Kirtivarman II had

made an attempt to regain his kingdom but, far from
achieving any success, he even lost what had remained
in his possession.
The army of the king Krishna also included a large
cavalry.
It was this king, who got the Shiva temple known
as "Kailasa Bhavna" built in the famous Elora caves,
in the Nizam's dominions. This temple is made by^
1 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XI, page 157.
*
2 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 159,
$8 HISTORY OF THE

cutting into the rock and is famed for its architecture.

Here he also constructed a 'Devakula' known after him
as "Kanneshvara" where many scholars used to live.
Besides this he built 18 other Shiva temples which
testifies that he was a staunch Shaiva.

The following were the titles of this king:

Akalavarsha, Shubhatunga, Prithvlvallabha and
Shrlvallabha.
He
also defeated the self-conceited king Rahappa.
1

Vincent Smith and other scholars are of opinion that

this had usurped the kingdom by ousting
Krishna I

nephew Dantidurga II. But this view is incorrect,

2
his
as from the words 'af&R!i f^icr (i.e., on the demise of Danti-
durga) occurring in the copper grants found at Kavl
3

and Navasari, it is evident that Krishna had ascended

the throne on the death of his nephew Dantidurga.
From the aforesaid grant found at Baroda 4
it

appears that during the reign of this king a prince of

this branch of the Rashtrakutas had made an attempt to

usurp the kingdom. But Krishnaraja subdued him. It 5

is probable that this prince was a son of Dantidurga II

and that Krishnaraja might have assumed power owing
to his minority or weakness.
Though clearly stated in the copper grant of
it is

Karkaraja (dated Shaka S. 894) found at Karda that

6

1 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. HE, page 105. Some scholars consider this Rahappa
to be second name
Karkaraja LI of Gujrat. It is possible that the rule
of of Gujrat
branch of the Rashtrakutas might have thus met its end.
2 Oxford history of India, page 216.
3 Indian Antiquary, Vol. V, page 146; and Journal Bombay Asiatic Society,
Vol. XVIII, page 257.

4 Journal Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. VIII, pages 292-93.

5

Some scholars identify this event with the dispossession of Karkaraja II of

his kingdom Gujrat. It is probable that Karkaraja
of might have raised some
disturbance on the death of Dantidurga II
6 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 264.
 THE RASHTRAKUTA8 OF MANYAHKHfiTA (Deccan.) 159

Krishna uncle of Dantidurga II succeeded to the throne

on the latter dying issueless, yet, as the inscription is
dated about 200 years after this event, it is to be relied
on with caution.
Krishnaraja I might have acended the throne about
V. S. 817 (A.D. 760). He had two sons, Govindaraja
and Dhruvaraja.
Some scholars hold this Krishnaraja I, to be the
hero of Halayudha's 'Kavirahasya, p while others think
that the poem treats of Krisnaraja III. The latter
opinion seems correct. The following is an extract
from the work:

i.e., in southern India there is a great king named

Krishnaraja ....... No other king is a match for this

Rashtrakuta king ......... This 'Chandra vanish!' king

performs various sacrifices and keeps his chariot
foremost on battle-fields.
The famous Jain logician Akalanka Bhatta, the
author of 'Rajavartika', and other works flourished in
his reign.
SILVER COINS.
About 1800 silver coins of Rashtrakuta king Krishna-
raja were found at Dhamori (Amraoti, Berar district).
These coins are similar to those of the Satraps. They
are equal in size to the British Indian silver two annas
piece, but in thickness they are about double of it. On
the obverse there is the king's head while on the reverse
there is an inscription as below:

1 The followers of this opinion consider the date of Compilation of the 'Kavi-

rahasya' ae V. S. 867 (A,D, 810).

$0 HISTORY OF THE

8. GOVINDARAJA II.

He was the son and successor of Krishnaraja I.

From his aforesaid copper grant of Shaka S. 692 (V.S.
1

appears that he had conquered Vengi

2
827=A.D. 770) it

(the eastern coast district between the Godavarl and the

Krishna). He is mentioned as prince in this plate;
which shows that his father Krishnaraja I was alive
till then.
Two more copper grants of his time are found. The
first of these is of Shaka
832^A.D. 775), inS. 697
3
(V.S.
which the name of his younger brother Dhruvaraja
appears with the titlesMaharajadhiraja, etc. The
second is of Shaka S. 701 (V.S. 836-A.D. 779) from 4

which it appears that Covindaraja was the king even

at that time. In this plate the name of Dhruvaraja's
son mentioned as Karkaraja. From these two copper
is

grants we infer that at that time Govinda was a king

in name only.
As Govindaraja's name
does not occur in the copper
grants of Vanldindorl, Barocla and Radhanpur, we
understand that his younger brother Dhruvaraja had
probably dispossessed him of the kingdom. From the
copper grant of Wardha we learn that this Govindaraja
II was addicted to women and had entrusted the
5
government to his younger brother Nirupama. Pro-
bably this vice had caused his downfall.
1 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VI, page 209.
Ho had gained th s victory during his father's lifo time.
2 ;
When his camp
was pitched near the confluence of the river Krishna, Vena and aiusl, the king of

Vengi approached him and acknowledged his supieinacy.

3 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. X, page 86.
4 Do. do. VIII, page 184.
5

i.e., king Govinda II, eon of Krishnaraja I, being addicted to love of Women,

entrusted the Work of his government to his younger brother^Nirupama whereby

his power declined. '
 THE RAsHTRAKtFTAS OF MANYAHKHfiTA (Deccan.^ 61

From the copper grant, found at Paithan,

1
it appears
that Govindaraja II had again made an attempt, with
the assistance of the neighbouring kings of Malwa,
Kanchi, Vengi, etc., to regain his lost power, but his
younger brother Nirupama (Dhruvaraja) defeated him
and brought the kingdom under his complete sway.
The jain author Jinasena of the 'Digambara' sect,
at the close of his work 'Harivamsha Purana,' has
stated as follows:

i.i?., in Shaka S. 705 (V.S. 840 A.D. 783), when this

book (Purana) was written, king Indrayudha reigned 2

in the north; Krishna's son, Shrivallabha in the south;

Vatsraja of 'Avantr in the east; and Varaha in the
west.
From we conclude that upto Shaka S. 705
this (V.S.
840) Govindaraja IP was ruling, because we learn
from the grants of Paithan 4 and Pattadakal 5
that his
title was "Vallabha" while that of his younger
brother, Dhruvaraja "Kalivallabha."
The following were also the titles of Govinda II:
Maharajadhiraja, Prabhfttavarsha, and Vikramava-
loka. The date of his succession should be about V.S.
832 (A.D. 775), because there exists an inscription of
Shaka S. 694 (V.S. 829=A.D. 772) of his father
Krishnaraja I.

1 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 107. t

2 Some Lulrayudha to be Eabhtrakuta king of Kanauj.

scholars consider this
Defeating his successor Chakrayudli.Pralihara NagabhataII,son of Vatsaraja seized
the kingdom of Kanauj.
3 Some scholars hold that the Shrivallabha mentioned here was Govindaraja
III, but it is not acceptable.
4 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. Ill, page 105.
5 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XI, page 125, (This inscription belongs to the reign
of Dhruvaraja.}
n HISTORY OF THE

9. DHRUVARAJA.
He was the son of Krishnaraja I and the younger
brother of Govindaraja II. He dethroned his elder
brother Govinda II and usurped the throne.
He was a brave and wise ruler as his title Nirupama
denotes. He defeated the Pallava king of Kanchi from
whom he took some elephants as a fine. He impri-
soned the king of Chera of the Ganga dynasty, attacked
Pratihara Vatsaraja, the ruler of the North and
1

conqueror of Gauda, seized from him the two

canopies that he had obtained from the king of Gauda,
and drove him towards Bhinmal (Marwar).
It is this Vatsaraja who is mentioned in stanza of
the 'Harivamsha Purana', quoted above in the history
of Govindaraja II.
We learn from the copper grant of Begumra 2 that
this Dhruvaraja had also seized a canopy from the
king of northern Koshala. The copper grant of Deoli
3

(Wardha) also supports this view, in which Dhruva-

raja is stated to have got three white canopies, two of
which were those seized from Vatsaraja and the third
must have been taken from the king of Koshala.
In all probability the kingdom of Dhruvaraja
extended over the country from Ayodhya in the north
to Rameshvaram in the south.
In the history of his elder brother Govindaraja we
have taken notice of two copper grants of Shaka S. 697
and 701. These plates, properly speaking, pertain to
this king.
Three inscriptions 4 * in Canarese have been found
1 When Vatsaraja invaded Malwa, Dhruvaraja went with his feudatory,
RashtrakutaKarkaraja, the ruler of Lata (Gujrat\to the help of the king of Malwa.
In thig action Vatsaraja being deafeated escaped towards Bhininal.
2 J.Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. XVIII, page 261.
3 Indian Antiquary, Vol. V, page 192.
4 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XI, page 125 and Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VI,
;
pages
168 and 166,
 THE RASHTRAKtJTAS OF MANYAHKHETA (Deccan.) *l

at Pattadakal, Naregal and Lakshmeshvar, which

probably also belong to this king.
The following were the titles of Dhruvaraja: Kali-
vallabha, Nirupama, Dharavarsha, Shrlvallabha, Maha-
rajadhiraja, Parameshvara, etc.

In the Naregal grant he is also mentioned as 'Dora'

(Dhora) which is a Trakrita' form of his name.
Another broken inscription in Canarese has been 1

found at Shravana Belgola which is of the time of

Mahasamantadhipati Kambayya (Stambha) Ranava-
loka. This Ranavaloka is mentioned (in this inscrip-
tion) as the son of Shrlvallabha.

The date of the accession of Dhruvaraja should be

about V.S. 842 (A.D. 785). 2
Whenhe usurped the kingdom of his elder brother
3
Govindaraja II, the kings of Ganga, Vengi, Kanchi,
and Malwa sided with him (Govinda II) but Dhruvaraja
defeated them all. He appointed in his life-time his
son Govindaraja III as the ruler of the country from
Kanthika (Konkan) to Khambhat (Cambay).
In the copper plate 4 dated Shaka S. 715 (V.S. 850=:
A.D. 793), found at Daulatabad, there is a mention of
the charity given by prince Shankaragana, uncle of
Dhruvaraja and son of Nanna (grandson of Karkaraja).
This inscription also shows that Dhruvaraja was ruling
at that timeand that he had assumed the sovereignty to
save the kingdom of the Rashtrakutas from the covetous
neighbours who tried to take advantage of the weak-
ness of Govindaraja II.
1 Inscriptions at Shravana Belgola, Vol. 24, page 3.
2 Vincent Smith holds A.D. 780 as the date of the accession of this king.
3 The king of Vengi at the time probably was Vishnuvardhana IV of the
Eastern Chalukya dynasty.
4 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IX, page 193,
64 HISTORY OF THE

10. GOVINDARAJA III.

He was
the son and successor of Dhruvaraja.
Though he had other brothers, his father, finding him
the ablest of all, intended in his life-time to invest
him with the ruling powers but he disapproved of the
proposal and carried on the administration as a prince
regent during his father's life-time.
His titles appear to be: "Prithvivallabha, Pabhuta-
varsha, Shrivallabha, Vimaladitya, Jagattunga, Kirti-
1

narayana, Atishayadhavala, Tribhuvanadhavala, and

Janavallabha, etc. Nine copper grants have been found
of his time. The first is of Shaka S. 716 (V.S. 851 A.D.2

794) found at Paithan. The second is of Shaka S. 726

3

(V. S. 86I=A. D. 804) found at Someshvara, which

discloses that his queen'sname was "Gamundabbe"
and that he defeated king Dantiga of Kanchl (Kanji-
varam).
This Dantiga might be the Dantivarman of the
Pallava dynasty whose son Nandivarman married
princess Shankha, the daughter of the Rashtraku^a
king Amoghavarsha.
The third and the fourth plates 4 are of Shaka
865^A.D. 808). From these we learn that
S. 730 (V.S.

Govindaraja had defeated the combined armies of 12

kings assembled under the banner of his brother
5
Stambha. (This shows that on the death of Dhruvaraja,
1 The inscription dated Shaka S. 788 (V. S. 923 A.D. 8S6) of hie son
\arsna I, found at ISilgund, indicates that Govindaraja III was called
Am5gha-
Kirtinarayana
as he fettered the people of Kerala, Malava, Gau^a, and those
Gurjara living in the
hillfort of Chitrakuta and suhdued the Lord of Kanchi.

(Epigraphia Indica, Vol. V, page 102).

2 Do. do.
Vol. Ill,
page 105.
3 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XI, page 126.
4 Indian Anti(l uar y> Vol. XI, page 157 ; and Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VI, page
242
5
J n
^
uu f
name uShauchakhambha
u
pp
(Shauchakambha)
g ant of Shaka S 724
'

is
of Starabha,
stated instead of
found
Stambha
at
J manual
IN el the

From this
copper grant it also appears that after this defeat
Shauchakhambha may
have remained obedient tro
king Govindaraja. Another name of this Shaucha.-
 THE RASHTKAKtJTAS OF MANYAHKHETA (Deccan.) &5

Stambha may have made an attempt, with the assist-

ance of the neighbouring kings, to usurp the kingdom.)
Govindaraja liberated kingGanga of Chera (Coimba-
tur) who was taken prisoner by his father (Dhruvaraja).
But when Ganga again prepared to rebel, he recaptured
and re-imprisoned him. From these copper grants we
also learn that this Govindaraja III, having attacked
the king of Gujrat, had put himand conquered
to flight
Malwa. He, having subjected Marasharva on his in-
vasion of Vindhyachala, kept his residence at Shrl
Bhavana (Malkhed) till the end of the rains and at
the advent of the winter advanced towards the Tunga-
bhadra (river) and defeated the Pallava king of
Kanchl. Later, in obedience to his call, the king of
Vengi, (country between the Krishna and the Godavarl)
probably Vijayaditya II of the Eastern Chalukya
dynasty, attended his court and acknowledged his
supremacy.
From the copper grant of San j an we learn that
l

Dharmayudha and Chakrayudha also acknowledged his

supremacy.
The kings of Banga and Magadha also yielded to him.
As his expedition upto the Tungabhadra is noted
in the copper grant of Shaka S. 726, it appears
that all these events had taken place before this date
(i.e., V. S. 861=A.D. 604).
The said and fourth copper grants were
third
found at Wanl and Radhanpur and indicate that they
;were inscribed at Muyurakhandl, the modern Morkhand
in the Nasik district.
The fifth and sixth plates are of Shaka S. 732
khambba was RanavalSka. At the recommendation of prince Bappaja he made a
grant of a village for a Jain temple (Epigraphii Carna^ica, manne grant, No. 01,
p. 51V
1 Unpublished grant,
 66 :
-~ HISTORY OF THE

/(:V.S-. 867=A.I>. 810), and the seventh 1

is of Shaka S. 733
(V.S. 868-A.D. 811).
The eighth plate is of Shaka S. 734 (V.S. 869- A.D.
2

. 8t2) ;,it contains a mention of the charitable grant

made by king Karkaraja of Gujrat.
:
The ninth plate of Shaka S. 735 (V.S. 870=A.D.
3

813)
;shows that this Govindaraja III, having conquered
(the central and southern part of Gujrat), had
younger brother Indraraja the ruler of that
his
^territory. This Indraraja was the founder of the
second branch of the Rashtrakuta kings of Gujrat.
--; From., the aforesaid
facts it appears that this
.Govindaraja a was
powerful monarch. Kings of
III
.the countries between the Vindhya and Malwa in the
north to Kanchi in the south were under his sway, and
his own kingdom extended from the Narmada to the
Tungabhadra._
One more copper grant 5
of Shaka S. 735 (V.S. 870-
A.D. 813) has been found at Kadamba (Mysore) which
contains a mention of a charitable grant made to the
Jain priest Arkaklrti, the disciple of Vijayakirti. This
Vijayakirti was a disciple of Kulacharya and this
grant was made on the recommendation of king Chaki-
raja of the Ganga dynasty.
In the date of this plate Monday is mentioned as the
corresponding day, whereas by calculation Friday falls
on that 'date. Thus, there is some doubt about the
genuineness of this plate.
In the foregoing history of Govindaraja
II, we have
cited a stanza from the 'Harivamshapurana.' Its
second
line reads as follows:-*-
1 Watson Museum Report, for 1925-26, page 13.
2 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, pae 156.
3 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. JII, page 54.
4 The country between the Tapti and the Mahi rivers.
5 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, pa^e 13 and
Epigraphia Indica, Vol ' ' IV *

page 340.
 THE RASHTRAKtJTAS OF MANYAHKHETA (Deccan.) 67

Some scholars consider

(
the phrase '^nig ?^' here to be connected with w\im' while
1

others think it to be going with the preceding name

According to the first reading Govinda II is meant

here as the king of the Deccan, while according to the
second reading, if we take Indrayudha to be the son of
Krishnaraja, then the word "Shrivallabha" remains
alone. Thus, those who favour the latter opinion hold
that Govinda III, and not Govinda II, was ruling in
Shaka S. 705; but this is not acceptable.
In an inscription of Shaka S. 788 (V.S. 923-A.D.
1

866), found at Nilgund, it is stated that this Govinda

III had conquered Kerala, Malava,Gurjara and Chitra-
kuta (Chittor). His date of accession ought to be just
after V.S. 850 (A.D. 973). The Eastern Chalukya
king of Vengi had to build a city wall around Manya*
kheta for its protection, by way of subsidy.
In an inscription found at Monghyr, it is stated that
2

Rannadev,! the daughter of the Rashtrakuta king

Prabala was married to king Dharmapala of the Pala
3
,

dynasty of Bengal. Dr. Kielhorn holds this Parbala

to be king Govinda III, but Sir Bhandarkar identifies
him with Krishna II. 4

11. AMOGHAVARSHA I.

He was the son and successor of Govinda III. The

real name of this king has not yet been known,
Perhaps, it was "Sharva," but in the copper plates, etc.,
he is named as Amoghavarsha, e.g. :

1
Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VI page 102.
2 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XXI, page 254.
,

3 SlfiO t-kOrrfka AU Af\

Seepages 48-49.
i Bharata-ke-Prachlna Rajavameha, Vol. 185,
I, page
*? HISTORY OF THE RASHTBAKtJf AS.

i.e., he (Karkaraja) installed Amoghavarsha on the

throne by putting down the Rashtrakutas, that had
revoltedand seized the territories.
But Amoghavarsha seems to be only the title
in fact
of the king. The following titles of this king have
also been found: Nripatunga, Maharaja Sharva,
Maharaja Shantfa, Atishayadhavala, Vlra Narayana,
Prithvivallabha,ShriPrithvivallabha,Lakshmivallabha,
Maharajadhiraja, Bhatara, Parama Battaraka, Pra-
bhutavarsha, and Jagattunga.
He possessed the following seven emblems of the
state: Three white canopies, one conch, one Talidh-
vaja,' one 'Okaketu' and one 'Trivali'. The three
white canopies mentioned here are, perhaps, the same
that were acquired by Govinda II.
The following are the copper grants and the inscrip-
tions of the time of this king:
The first copper grant, of Shaka S. 738 (V.S. 873=
1

A.D. 817), of Rashtrakuta king Karkaraja of Gujrat

was found at Baroda. This Karkaraja was the cousin
of Amoghavarsha. The second copper plate, of Shaka
2

S. 749 (V.S. 884-A.D. 827), was found at Kavl (Broach

district) speaks of the charity distributed by

;
it

the Rashtrakuta king Govindaraja of Gujrat.

The third plate, of Shaka S. 757 (V.S. 892-A.D. 835),
3

of Mahas/imantadhipati, Rashtrakuta king Dhruvaraja 4

I of Gujrat, found at Baroda, shows that the name of

Amoghavarsha's uncle was Indraraja and that his son

(Amoghavarsha's cousin) Karkaraja subduing the
rebellious Rashtrakutas placed Amoghavarsha on the
throne.

1 Journal Bombay Branch Asiatic Society, Vol. XX, page 135.

2 Indian Antiquary, Vol. V, page 144.
3 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XIV, page 199.
4 Some scholars are of opinion that Dhruvaraja I, of Lata (Gujrat), had made a
attempt on AmSghavarsha, who was therefore obliged to march against him,
futile

Probably Dhruvaraja waf killed in this action.

 THE HASHTRAKtTAS OF MANYAHKAfiTA (Peccant 60

The first inscription,

1
of Shaka S. 765 (V.S. 900-A.D.
843), fixed in a cave at Kanheri fin the Thana district) ,

shows that Amoghavarsha was ruling in that year,

and that his chief feudatory Pulla Shakti (the successor
of Kapardipada) was the governor of the whole of the
Konkan district. The Pulla Shakti belonged to the
Shilahara dynasty of the northern Konkan.
The second inscription, of Shaka S. 775 (V.S. 910-
2

A.D. 853), of Kapardi II, the successor of Pulla Shakti,

the chief feudatory, is fixed in another cave at Kanheri.
Scholars suppose the actual date of this inscription to
be Shaka S. 773 (V.S. 908-A.D. 851). This also shows
that Pulla Shakti was a Buddhist.
The third inscription, 3 of Shaka S. 782 (V.S. 917=A.D.
860), of Amoghavarsha himself, found at Konur, con-
tains a mention of the charity granted by him to the
Jain priest Devendra at his capital city Manyakheta,
In this plate, the Rashtrakutas are stated to be the
offshoots of Yadu, and a new title "Vira Narayana"
of king Amoghavarsha is also found in it.
As he had granted lands in 30 villages for a Jain
temple built by Bankeya/ it appears that he patronised
Jainism.
1 Indian Antiquary. Vol. XIII, page 136.
2 Do. do. XIII, page 134.
3 Epigraphia Imlica, Vol. VI, page 29.
4 This Bankeya belonged to the Mukula ckn and was a governor of 30,000
villages under Amoghavarsba. He by the, command of the latter invaded Vatatavi
1
of Gangavao ! Though the other feudatories refused to help him he advanced
and took possession of the fort of Ketfal (north-w^st of Katfav). Proceeding further,
he defeated the rulrr of Talnvan (Talkad on the left bank of the Kaveri) and
crossing the Kaveri, he invaded the province of'^aptapada In the meantime, the
son of Amoghavarsha raised the banner of rebellion and many feudatories joined
him. But on the return of Bankeya the prince fled away and his allies were all
killed. Pleased with this service Amoghavarsha granted the said lands for the Jain
temple built by him.
This copper plate speaks of a rebellion by the prince; but in the unpub-
lished copper plate of Shaka S. 793 of Sanjan the Word '3^**??^$:' (^t^ H)
shows that Amoghavarsha bad only one son (whom he .invested With the ruling
powers during his life-time).
7Q HISTORY OF THE

inscription, of Shaka S.
The fourth
1
787 (V.S. 922-A.D.

865), of the time of this king, has been found at

Mantravadl, the fifth of Shaka S. 788 (V.S. 923=A.D.
2

(of the same date) at

3

866) at Shirur and the sixth

Nilguntf; all these belong to the 52nd year of his
reign.
From the aforesaid Shirur inscription it appears
that Amoghavarsha's coat-of-arms bore an image of
'Garuda/ that his title was 'Lataluradhlshvara', and
4

that the kings of Anga, Banga, Magadha, Malava, and

Vengi acknowledged his superiority. Probably, there
may be some exaggeration in this statement.
The seventh inscription of hisfeudatory Bankeya-
5

rasa has been found at Nidgundl, which is of the 61st

year of Amoghavarsha's reign. In the fourth unpub-
lished copper grant of Shaka (V.S. 928=A.D.
S. 793
871), found at Sanjan, it is stated that Amoghavarsha
had made great efforts to overthrow the kingdom of
the Draviclas; that the mobilisation of his armies
struck terror in the hearts of the kings of Keral,
Pandya, Chola, Kalinga, Magadha, Gujrat and Pallava;
and that he had imprisoned for life the 'Gangavamshi'
ruler and those dependants of his own court who had
carried on intrigues with him.
The king 6 of Vengi got constructed a wall around
his gardfin.
The fifth copper grant
7
,
of Shaka S. 789 (V.S.
924=A.D. 867), of the chief feudatory Dhruvaraja

1
Epigraphia Indioa, Vol. VTfc page 10S.
2 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VII, page 20'> Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 218.
;

3 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VI, paj;o 102.

4 This shows that he was a follower of Vaishnavisin.
5 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VII, pajre 212.
6 Later as this king of Vengi oppressed his subjects, Amoghavarsha imprisoned
him and his. minister, and, to give publicity to their misdeeds erected their statues
in the 'Shiva' temple at
IJanchi.
7 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 181.
 THE RASHfRAKUTAS OF MANYAHKHETA (Deccan.) 71

IT of Gujrat, contains a mention of a charitable grant

made by him (Dhruvaraja).
2
inscription of Shaka S. 799 (V.S. 934-
The eighth
A.D. 877), fixed in a cave at Kanheri, shows that king
Amoghavarsha, being pleased with his feudatory
Kapardi II, of the Shilarl clan, made over to him the
kingdom of the whole of Konkan. From this inscription
it also appears that Buddhism had survived in India

till then.
From
the aforesaid copper grant of Shaka S. 757
(V.S. 892), of Dhruvaraja I of Gujrat, it appears that
some disturbances had arisen at the time of Amogha-
varsha's accession, when his cousin Karkaraja had
helped him. But from the contents of the subsequent
inscriptions we understand that Amoghavarsha had
gradually gained great power. He shifted his capital
from Nasik to Manyakheta (Malkhed), and remained 3

at constant war 4 with the western Chalukyas of Vengi.

1 Perhaps a war took place between this Dhruvaraja II of Gujrat and Amogha-
varsha I.

Indian Antiquary, Vol. XIII, page 135.

2
This Malkhed exists even today about 90 miles to the south-east of Sholapur
3
in the Nizam's dominions.
4 The copper grant of Vijayaditya contains the following :

i.e., in 12 years Vijayaditya II fought 108 battles with the kings of the Rashtra-

ku^a and the Ganga dynasties, and later built an equal number of 'Shiva' temples.
This shows that internal discord may have afforded an opportunity to Vijayaditya
to attack and probably to take some portion of the territory of the Kashtrakutas,
which Arndghavarsha eventually recaptured, as appears from the following stanza in

the copper grant of Navasari :

II

i.e.j justVaraha (one of the incarnations of God) had delivered the earth that
as
had been submerged in the aea, in the like manner, Amoghavarsha delivered onoe
again the kingdom of the Rashtrakutas that had lapsed under the surging sea of the
Chalukyae,
72 HISTORY OF THE

A
copper grant of the western Ganga dynasty,
1

found at Sundl, shows that Amoghavarsha had a

daughter named Abbalabba who was married to
'Gunadattaranga Bhutuga/ the great grandfather of
Teramanatfi Bhutuga.' This Teramanatfi' was a
feudatory of the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III. But
this plate is held by scholars to be a forged one.
According to the aforesaid inscription of Shaka
S. 788, the date of the accession of this king comes
about Shaka S. 736 (V.S. 87NA.D. 815).
The latter part of the Mahapurana' written by
Gunabhadra suri (and known as Uttara purana) con-
tains the following:

i.e., blissful for the world is the existence of

Jinasenacharya, by bowing to whom Amoghavarsha
considered himself to be purified.
This shows that Amoghavarsha was a follower of
the 'Digambara' branch of Jainism and was a pupil
2
of Jinasena.
This fact is also borne out by the Tarshvabhyudaya
Kavya'
3
written by Jinasena. The same Jinasena
first half of the Maha-
compiled the Adipurana (the
the preface to Ganitasarasangraha', a
purana)'. In
book on mathematics written by Mahaviracharya,
Amoghavarsha is stated to be the follower of Jainism.
The "Jayadhavala," a book containing the principles
1 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. Ill, page 176,
2 This Jinasena was also the author of the 'ParshvSbhyudaya K5vya' and

belonged to the 'Senasangha', while Jinasena the author of the 'Harivamsha Pura^a'
'

(written
in Shaka S. 705) belonged to the Punnata Sangha.'

iro
 THE RASHTRAKUTA8 OF MANYAHKHfiTA (Deccan.) 75

of the 'Digambar' sect of Jainism, was also written in

Shaka S. 759 (V.S. 894-A.D. 837) during the reign of
Amoghavarsha.
The Jain priests of the 'Digambar' sect hold that the
book named 'Trashnottararatnamalika" was written
by Amoghavarsha himself, when he, being disgusted
with the world, had renounced the affairs of the state
in old age, but the Brahmanas allege that the book was
written by Shankaracharya, while the 'Svetambara' 1

Jains say that its author was Vimalacharya.

In the 'Digambara' Jain manuscripts of the above
book we find the following couplet:

i.e king Amoghavarsha, who has renounced the

,

state, being enlightened by real knowledge, has written

this book (Ratnamalika).
From this we learn that in old age the king having
made over the reins of the government to his son 2
passed the remainder of his life in religious medi-
tation.
This book Ratnamalika was translated into the
Tibetan language in which also Amoghavarsha is stated
to be its author.
Just about this time many books had been written
on Jainism that had then begun to gain a footing.
An inscription, of Vankeyarasa bearing no date, has
3

been found which shows that he was a feudatory of

Amoghavarsha and ruler of the districts of Banavasi,

1 From the manuscript copy of the Trashnoctraratnamalika' preserved in the

Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras, we learn that Shankaracharya
Was the author of the book in question. (Refer catalogue, edited by Kuppu Swami,
Vol. II, part I, C, pages 2640-2640.

2 Besides Krishnarftja, Amoghavarsha had another eon named Duddaya (Smith's

Early History of India, page 446, Footnote No. 1.)
1

8 Epigmphia Indita, Vol. VII ,

ptg$ 212,
74 HISTORY OF THE

Belgali, Kundarge, Kandur, Purlgede (Lakshmesh-.

vara), etc.
Fromthe Kyasanur inscription, bearing no date, it
appears that Sankaraganda, a feudatory of Amogha-
varsha, was the governor of Banavasi.
1

King Prithvlpati I, son of Shivamara of the Ganga

dynasty, was also a contemporary of king Amogha-
varsha. 2
There is a book on prosody named "Kavirajamarga"
in the Canarese language which too is said to have
been written by king Amoghavarsha.
12. KRISHNARAJA II.

He was the son of Amoghavarsha and acquired the

powers of government during his father's life-time.
~
./Four inscriptions and two copper grants of his time
have been found.
Out of these copper grants the first found at 3

Baghumra (Baroda district), of Shaka S. 810 (V.S. 945=

A.D. 8b8), contains a mention of the charitable grant
made by the chief feudatory Akalavarsha Krishnaraja
of Gujrat. But this inscription is held unreliable by
scholars.
The Shaka S. 822 (V.S. 957-A.D.
first inscription 4 of

900) is found at Nandawadige (Bljapur). In fact, it is

of Shaka S. 824 (V.S. 959-A.D. 903). The second 5

6
inscription, which is also of Shaka S. 822, was found
at Ardeshahalll.
The third inscription, 7
of Shaka S. 824 (V.S. 959-
903), has been found atMulgund (Dharwar district.
jA.D.
1 South Indian inscription, Vol. II, No. 76, page 382.
2 C. Mabel Duff's Chronology of India,
page 73.
3 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XIII, pages 65-69.
4 Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol. IX,
page 98 and Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII
page 221.
6 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII,
page 221.
6 Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol. IX, No.
42, page 98.
7 Journal Bombay branch Royal Asiatio Society, Vol.
X, page 190; .
 THE RASHTKAKOTAS OF MANYAHK1IETA ^beccan.} 75

The second copper grant, of Shaka S. 832 (V.S. 967= 1

A.D. 9iO), found at Kapdavanja (Khaira district),

contains a geneological table of this dynasty from king
Krishna I to Krishna II, and a mention of the village
granted by the latter in charity. The name of his 2
chief feudatory, Prachanda of the Brahmabaka clan, is
also found in it. He ruled over 750 villages, Khetaka,
Harshapur, and Kasahrada being the chief among
.
,,
The fourth inscription,
3
of Shaka S. 831 (V.S. 966=
A.D. has been found at Aihole (Bijapur), the
909),
actual date of which ought to be Shaka S. 833 (V.S. 968=
A.D. 912).
The following were the titles of king Krishna*
raja II:-Akalavarsha, Shubhatunga, Maharajadhiraja,
Parameshvara, Parabhattaraka, Shrl Prithvivallabha,
and Vallabh'araja.
In some places the word 'Vallabha' is found affixed
to his name such as 'Krishnavallabha.' corrupt form A
of his name in Canarese is found as "Kannara."
He married a princess named Mahadevi, the
daughter of Haihaya king Kokkala of Chedl and
younger sister of Shankkuka. This Kokkala I was
4
the king of Tripuri (Tenavar).
The wars with the Eastern Chalukyas had continued
5
down to the reign of this Krishnaraja II. *

1 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. I, page 53.

father in recogni-
2 Krishnaraja had granted a 'Jagir' in Gujrat to Prachantfa's
tion of his services.
3 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 222.
4 Bharata-ke-Prachina Rajavamsha, part I, page 40.
5 In the copper plate of king Bhlma II, of the Ohalukya dynasty of Vengi, it is

th UB stated:

king Vijayaditya III who killed king Mangi fsonof Vishnuvardhana V,

of
i.e.,

the Ganga dynasty), and burnt the capital of king Krishnaraja II, ruled for 44 years*
that country which
Probably the Rashtrakut-as had after this taken possession of
was later recaptured by king Bhlma I, a nephew of
Vijayadijya.
(Indian Antiquary, Vol. XIII, page 213. )
7* HISTOKY OF THE

There is an inscription of Shaka

1
S. 797 (V.S. 932=
A.D. 875), of Prithvirama, the chief feudatory of
Krishnaraja II, who had made a charitable grant of
land for a Jain temple at Saundatti. From this ins-
cription it appears that Krishna II ascended the
throne in Shaka S. 797 (V.S. 932- A.D. 875). But in
the foregoing narrative of his father (Amoghavarsha I)
we have noted that an inscription of Shaka S, 799
(V.S. 934- A.D. 877) of that king has been found. This
shows that in Shaka S. 797 (V.S. 932), or even earlier,
king Amoghavarsha I had made over the kingdom to
his son Krishnaraja II. Hence, some feudatories might
have commenced to mention his name in their inscrip-
tions even during the lifetime of king Amoghavarsha.
We have already mentioned in Amoghavarsha's history
that in his old age he, having renounced the affairs of
the state, had written the book "Prashnottraratna-
malika." This, too, supports the above opinion.
Krishna II conquered the Andhra, Banga, Kalinga,
and Magadha kingdoms, fought with the kings of
Gurjara and Gauda, and after overthrowing the Rash-
trakuta kingdom annexed the province of Lata. His
kingdom extended from the Cape Commorin to the
bank of the Ganges.
In the latter part of the 'Mahapurana' written by
Gunabhadra, a disciple of Jinasena, it is thus stated:

i.
'Uttarapurana' was concluded in Shaka S. 820
*.,the
(V.S. 955-A.D. 898), in the reign of king Akalavarsha.
Hence, this 'purana' may have been finished in the reign
of Krishna II. His coronation probably took place
about Shaka S. 797 (V.S. 932-A.D. 875). But V. A, Smith
holds the date of this event to be A.D. 880 (V.S. 937).
I Journal Bombay Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. X, page 194,
 RASHTRAKtJTAB OF MANYAHKHfeTA (Deccan.) 77

He perhaps died about Shaka S. 833 (V.S. 986- A.D. 91 1).

The name of the son of Krishna II was Jagattunga
II who was married to Lakshml, the daughter of Rana-

vigraha (Shankaragana), the son of king Kokkala of

the Kalachuri (Haihaya) dynasty of Chedi.
Just as Arjuna, the well-known hero of the Maha-
bharata, married the daughter of his maternal uncle
Vasudeva, Pradyumna the daughter of Rukma, and
Aniruddha the granddaughter of Rukma, in like
manner, in this family of the southern Rashtrakuta
kings Krishnaraja, etc., married the daughters of their
maternal uncles. This custom is still prevalent in the
south.
From the copper grant found at Wardha it appears
that this Jagattunga had died in his father's lifetime. 1

Therefore, after Krishnaraja II, Jagattunga's son

Indra ascended the throne.
The the marriage of Jagattunga II to
fact of
2

Lakshml, the daughter of Shankaragana, is borne out by

the copper grant of Karda. But the same plate speaks
of Jagattunga as having married Govindamba, another
daughter of Shankaragana and the mother of Amogha-
varsha III (Vaddiga), who might have been a younger
3

brother of Indra. (This copper plate also shows that

Jagattunga, having conquered many countries, had
extended his father's dominions far and wicte, but the
history relating to the later period is much confused
in this plate.)

the handsotae prince Jagattunga being devoted to sexual pleasure pre-

i.e.,
deceased his father. This fact is also borne out by the Sangli and Navsari copper
plates :

2 Ranavigraha might be a title of Shankaragana.

3 In the copper grant found at Kar<Ja it is thus stated :
W HISTORY OF THE

13. INDRARAJA III.

He was the son of Jagattunga II, and, owing to the
latter's predeceasing his father, succeeded to the throne
on the death of his grandfather Krishnaraja. His
mother's name was Lakshmi, and he had married
Vijamba, the daughter of Ammanadeva (Anangadeva),
son of Arjuna and grandson of Kokkala of the Kala-
churi (Haihaya) dynasty. The following are the titles of
Indra III: Nityavarsha, Maharajadhiraja, Paramesh-
vara, Parama Bhattaraka, and Shrl Prithvivallabha.
Two
copper grants
1
of his time have been found at
Bagumra, both of which are of Shaka S. 836 (V.S. 972-
A.D. 915). these show that Indra III had moved
down from Manyakheta to the village of Kurundaka
for his coronation. And on its completion, on the 7th
day of the bright half of Phalguna, Shaka S. 836
(24th February 91 5), he made a charitable grant of
2

gold equal in weight to that of his person and also of a

village in the province of Lata. (This Kurundaka was
situated on the confluence of the rivers Krishna and
Panchaganga).
Besides these, he granted 20 lac Drammas and
restored the 400 villages that had been resumed.
In the aforesaid copper plates the Rashtrakutas are
mentioned as the descendants of Satyaki and it is also
stated that- Indra III had laid waste Meru. Meru here
might stand for Mahodaya (Kanauj), because in the
copper grant of Shaka S. 852, of his son Govinda IV, it
is stated that he, having led his cavalry across the
Yamuna, had laid waste Kanauj. And on that account
to be called 'Kushasthala' a
Jt_came jungle.
1 Epigraphia fndica, Vol. IX, pagp 20; anl Journal
Bo"mba7^Asia^ti7society7
Vol. XVTII, pages 257 and 2P>1

2 V. A. Smith gives A. I). 912 as the date of accession of Indra III.

We cannot
say that how far it is correct as in this plate is thus stated:

(3) rSHcflt" Which Ihows that this event took place in A.D. 915,
 THE BASHTRAKtJTAS OF MANYAHKHETA (Deccan.^ 79:

An inscription of
1
Shaka S. 838 (V.S. 973-A.D. 916),
which was found at Hattimattura (in the Dharwar
district) contains a mention of Lendeyaras, the chief
feudatory of this king.
When Indra III had laid waste Meru (Mahodaya or.
Kanauj ) it was ruled over by the Pratihara Mahlpala.
Though the former had dispossessed the latter of his
kingdom yet he regained its possession. But in this
confusion Mahlpala of Panchala lost his western posses-
sions (Saurashtra, etc).
Trivikrama Bhat^a, the author of the 'Damyantl
Katha' and the 'Madalasa champu,' flourished in his
time. The writer of the copper grant of Shaka S. 836
(V.S. Kurundaka, was the same Trivikrama
972), of
Bhatta, the son of Nemaditya and father of Bhaskra
Bhaita. This Bhaskara Bhatta was contemporary of
the great Paramara king Bhoja of Malwa. The famous
astronomer Bhaskaracharya, author of the ^Siddhanta
Shiromani/ was fifth in descent from this Bhaskara
Bhatta.
Indra III, had two sons: Amoghavarsha and
Govinda.,

14. AMOGHAVARSHA II.

He was the eldest son of Indraraja III and had

probably ascended the throne after him.
A copper grant of Shaka S. 919 (V.S. 1054-A.D. 997),
2

of Mahamantfaleshvara Aparajita Devaraja of the

Shilara dynasty, shows that this Amoghavarsha II
died soon after his accession (i.e., if he reigned at all it
might be for a year or so only.) The date of his
accession might be about V.S: 973 (A.D. 916). The
Deoll grant of Shaka S. 862 (A.D. 940) supports the
3

fact that Amoghavarsha II succeeded Indraraja III.

1 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 224.
2 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. Ill, page 271,
3 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. V, page
192. .. . .
86 HISTORY OF THE

15. GOVINDARAJA IV.

He was
the son of Indraraja III and younger brother
of Amoghavarsha II. The Trakrita' form of his name
isfound to be 'Gojjiga.' The following were his titles:
Prabhutavarsha, Suvarnavarsha, Nripatunga, Vlra
Narayana, Nityakandarpa, Rattakandarpa, Shashanka,
Nripatitrinetra, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshvara,
Parama Bhattaraka, Sahasanka, Prithvlvallabha,
Vallabhanarendradeva, Vikrantanarayna, Gojjigava-
llabha, etc.
The wars with the Eastern Chalukyas of V&igi
again broke out in his time, as is evident from the
inscriptions of Amma
I, and Bhlma III.
1
Two inscrip-
tions and two copper grants of the time of this Govinda
IV have been found. The first 2 of his inscriptions is of
Shaka S. 840 (V.S. 975-A.D. 918) found, at Dantfapur
(Dharwar district), and the second is of Shaka S. 851
3

(V.S. 987-A.D. 930).

copper grant of Shaka S. 852 (V.S. 987-
4
In his first
A.D. 930) he is mentioned as the successor of Maharaja-
dhiraja Indraraja III, and a 'Yaduvamshf (of the lunar
origin). The second plate, 5 dated Shaka S. 855 (V.S.
990=A.D. 933), from Sangll, contains a mention of the
lineage, etc., like the first.
From the copper grant of Deoll (Wardha) it appears
that this king (GSvinda IV) died at an early age
1 In the copper grants of the Chalukyas it is thus stated about Bhima III :

i.e Bhlma repulsed the armies of Govinda and killed Chola king Lolavikk! and
,

Yuddhamalla possessor of mighty elephants, without the help of others. This shows
that Govinda IV m<*y have made an unsuccessful attack upon Bhima.
At the time of the succession of Amma I, GSvinda TV had also attacked him but
achieved no success.
2 Indian Antiquary, Vol XII, page 223.
3 Do. do. Vol. XII, page 211, (No. 48).
4 Epigraphia Indioa, Vol. VI I, page 86.
5 Indian Antiquary, Vol, XII, page 249,
 THE HASHTARKflTAS OF MANYAHKHftTA ( Decent.) 81

owing to the excess of sexual pleasures.

1
The date of
his accession might be V.S. 974 (A.D. 917).
16, BADDIGA (AMOGHAVARSHA III).
He was the grandson of Krishnaraja II and son of
Jagattunga II (from his wife Govindamba). He
succeeded Govinda IV, who died a premature death
owing to excess of sexual pleasures.
It is stated in the copper grant of Shaka S. 862 (V.S.
2

997-A.D. 940), of the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III,

found at Deoll (Wardha) :

i.e.,Govindaraja IV succeeded Amoghavarsha II, but

as he died shortly afterwards on account of excessive
sexual habits his feudatories requested Amoghavarsha
III, the son of Jagattunga, to take the responsibilities
of the government of the Rattas and made him their
king.

1 In the copper grant dated Shaka S. 855 (A.D. 933) of Sangl! it is thus stated :

ft ftf^ar

II

i.e., Govindaraja did not wrong his elder brother, nor was he guilty of incest,
nor of cruelty, but he had earned the title of 'Sahasanka' for his courage and self-

abnegation.
We presume from this statement that he might have been blamed of such crimes
in his lifetime, to refute which he was obliged to make such mention in his copper
plate.
2 Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XVIII, page 251 tnd
Eoigraphia Indica, Vol. V, page 192, i
32 HISTORY OF THE

The following were the titles of Amoghavarsha III

(Baddiga) :Shrl Prithvivallabha, Maharajadhiraja,

Parameshvara, Paramabhattaraka, etc.
He was a wise and powerful ruler, and a devotee of
Shiva. He married Kundakadevi, the daughter of
Yuvaraja I (king of Tripuri or Tenvar), of the Kala-
1

churi (Haihaya) dynasty.

From the inscription 2 of Hebbala we understand
that the daughter of Baddiga (Amoghavarsha III) was
married to king Satyavakya Kongunivarma Perama-
nadi Bhutuga II, of the western Ganga dynasty to
whom a large territory was given in dowry.
Baddiga may have ascended the throne about V.S.
992 (A.D. 935). He had 4 sons:
Krishnaraja, Jagat-
tunga, Khottiga, and Nirupama. His daughter's name
was Revakanimmadi, and she was the elder sister of
Krishnaraja III.

17. KRISHNARAJA III.

He was
the eldest son and successor of Baddiga
(Amoghavarsha III). Kannara also appears to be
the Trakrita' form of his name. His titles have been
known to be as follows :

Akalavarsha, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshvara,

Paramarfiaheshvara, Paramabhattaraka, Prithvivalla-
bha, Shrl
Prithvivallabha, Samastabhuvanashraya,
Kandharapuravaradhishvara, etc.
From the inscription of Atkur we learn that he
killed king Rajaditysi ( Muvadichola ) of the Chola

dynasty in a battle near the place named Takkola

about V.S. 1006-7 (A.D. 949-50 V but in fact he was
treacherously killed by the Satyavakya Kongunivarma
Peramanadi Bhutuga of the western Ganga dynasty,
1 Bharata-ke-Prachina Rajavamsha, Vol. I, page 42.

2 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 351.

3 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IJ, page 171. time of the death of Rajaditya is
jFhe
supposed to be V. 8. 1006 (^%D. 949).
 THE RASHTRAKUTAS OF MANYAHKHETA (Dcccan^. 83

for which act Krishnaraja gave him the districts of

Banavasi, etc.
In the inscription of Tirukkalukkunram, Krishna
1

III is stated to have acquired the territories of Kanchi

and Tanjor.
From the inscription
of Deoli 2 it appears that Krishna
III killed king Dantiga of Kanchi and Vappuga, defeat-
ed king Antiga of the Pallava dynasty, protected the
Kalachuris of the Central India against the invasion
of the Gurjaras 3 and defeated many other hostile kings.
The feudatory chiefs from the Himalayas to Ceylon
and from the Eastern sea to the western sea acknow-
ledged his supremacy. He granted a village in charity
to commemoratethe illustrious services of his younger
brother Jagattunga. Krishna III had acquired consi-
derable power even during his father's lifetime.
In the inscription 4 (of Lakshmeshvara), dated Shaka
S. 890 (A.D. 968-9), it is stated that by his order Marasi-
mha II defeated the Gurjara king, while Krishna III
himself was like an incarnation of death for the kings
of the Chola dynasty.
From the inscriptions of Kyasnoor and Dharwar
we understand that his chief feudatory Kalivitta, of the
Chaillaketana dynasty, was the governor of Banavasl
5
in V.S. 1002-1003 (A.D.945-46). In one of the inscriptions 6
of the Rattas of Saundatti it is stated that Krishna III
having appointed Prithvlrama as a chief feudatory
had dignified the Ratta family of Saundatti. The

1Epigraphia Indica, Vol. Ill, page 284.

2 Indian Antiquary, Vol. V, page 192.
3 These Gurjaras might be the followers of the Chalukya king Mularaja of

Anhilwatfa and they attempted to take possession of Kalinjar and Chitrakuta.

4 India Antiquary, Vol. VII, page 104.
5 Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part II, Page 420.
6 Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. I, part II, page 552,
S4 HISTORY OF THE

Yadava king Vandiga (Vaddiga) of Seuna (district) was

also a feudatory of Krishna III.
About 16 copper grants of
inscriptions and 2

Krishna's reign have been found, seven of which bear

Shaka Samvats while the remaining 8 bear the king's
regnal years. The description of these is as follows :

The first copper grant of Shaka S. 862 (V.S. 997=

1

A.D. 940), found at Deoll, speaks of a charitable grant

made by Krishna III in memory of his deceased
brother Jagattunga.
An inscription 2 of Shaka S. 867 (V.S. 1002- A.D. 845)
found at Salotjagl (Bijapur) contains a mention of a
school opened by his minister Narayana, where students
used to come from various parts of the country.
In the second inscription 3 of Shaka S. 871 (V.S. 1006-
A.D. 949), found at Sholapur, this king is stated to
be a Chakravarti (Emperor). The third inscription 4
of Shaka S. 872 (V.S. I007-A.D. 950), found at
Atkur (Mysore), shows that king Krishna III awarded
the district of Banavasl, etc., to king Bhutuga II
of the western Ganga dynasty for his killing Chola
king Rajaditya. The fourth inscription of Shaka 5

S. (V.S. 1008=A.D. 951) is found at Soratur

873
(Dharwar) the fifth of Shaka S. 875 (V.S. I014=A.D.
;

6
957 ), at Sholapur; and the sixth 7 of Shaka S. 976
(V.S. 101 1=A.D. 954), at Chinchli.
The second copper grant 8 of this king, bearing Shaka
S. 880 (V.S. 1015=A.D. 958), found at Karhad, indicates
that Krishna III, while invading the South, laid waste

1 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. V, page 192.

2 Do. do. IV,, page 60.
3 Do. do. VII, page 194.
4 Do. do. II, page 171.
5 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 257.
6 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VII, page 196.
7 Kielhonrs list of the Southern inscriptions of India, No, 97.
6 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 281,
 THE RASHTBAK^TAS OF MANYAHKHETA (Deccan.) *$

conquered the territory of

1

the province of Chola,

of Ceylon, exacted tributes
Pantfya, subjugated the king
from the'Manadlika' rulers and erected a monumental
tower at Rameshvaram to commemorate these victories.
He also granted a village for the construction
pf temples of Kalapriya, Gantfamartanda and
the
Krishneshvara.
His seventh inscription, dated Shaka S. 884 (V.S.
2

1019-A.D. 962), was found at Devi Hosur.

Eight inscriptions in Tamil language bearing n o
4 5 6 8
date are of his 16th 17th 19th 21st 22nd 24th and
3 7
, , , , ,

26th regnal years. There are two inscriptions of the

9

17th 10 year. The ninth inscription of Lakshmeshvara

bears neither the date nor the regnal year. In these
11
also he is described as the conqueror of Kanchi and
Tanjal (Tanjor).
The Vlra Chola, mentioned in the inscription of the
26th regnal year, might be Gangavana Prithvipati II.
Krishna III also used to assist his father in the
conduct of the Government. He dethroned Rachamalla I,
of the western Ganga dynasty, and installed his own
brother-in-law Bhutuga II,, in his place. He defeated
12

Kalachuri (Haihaya) Sahasrarjuna, king of Chedi, and a

relative of his mother and wife. The king of Gujrat
was also afraid of his bravery.
'

1 This fact is also supported by an inscription of Krishijaraja III, found at

the village named Jura. (Epigraphia Indica, vol. XIX, page 287). This event
in V. S. 1004 (A. D. 947).)
probably took place
2 Kielhorn's list of the inscriptions of Southern India, No. 89,
3 South Indian inscriptions, Vol. Ill, No. 7, page 12.

4 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VII, page 135.

5 Do. do. Ill, page 285.

6 Do. do. VII, page 142.

do. *
7 Do. VII, page 143.
8 Do. do. VII, page 144.
9 Do. do. IV, page 8$.
10 Do. do. Ill, page 284,
11 At that time the Pal lavas ruled at Kanchi and the Cholaa at Tanjor.
12 From an inscription in the Tamil language of a later date it appeats that
RftchamailA was also killed by Bhutuga,
84 HISTORY OF THE

As an inscription of his 26th regnal year has been

found, it is certain that he ruled at least for 26
years.
The drama named 'Yashastilaka Champu/ written
in Shaka S. 881 (V.S.
by Somadeva, was completed
1

1016=A.D. 959), in the reign of Krishna III, and in

itKrishna III has been described as the conqueror of
Chera, Chola, Pandya, and Simhala. (A book named
'Nitivakyamrita' on politics
2
was also written by the
same Somadeva).
We have come across "Parama Maheshvara" as one
of the titles of the king which shows that he was a
devotee of Shiva. He may have ascended the throne
about V.S. 996 (A.D. 939).
He was a great king and his kingdom extended even
beyond the Ganges.
The famous poet Ponnaof the Canarese language,
who followed Jainism and wrote the 'Shanti Purana,'
also flourished in his reign. Pleased with his
talents Krishna III decorated him with the title of
"Ubhayabhasha Chakravarti." The poet laureate
Pushpadanta also came to Manyakheta during his
time and compiled the Jain 'Mahapurana' in the
'Apabhramsha' language, under the patronage of his
minister Bharata. TL book contains a mention of the
plunder of Manyakheta, which took place in V.S. 1029.
This shows that the book in question was completed
in the time of Khottiga, the successor of Krishna III.
This Pushpadanta had also written the books named
"Yashodharacharita" and "Nagakumaracharita" which
contain a mention of^Nanna, the son of Bharata.
These books too may have been written in the time
of the successors of Krishna III.

1 When Somadeva compiled this work, he was living in the capital of Prince
a feudatory of king Krishna III,
Baddiga, the eldest son of the Chalukya Arikeeari,
2 Jain Sahitya Samehodhaka, part II, issue 3, page 36.
 THE RASHTRAKtTTAS OF MANYAHKH&TA (Deccan.\ 8?

In the Jain Library of Karanja there is a book

named "Jvala malinl Kalpa" at the end of which it
is stated 1

II

ic., this work was finished in Shaka S. 861, in the

reign of king Krishnaraja.
This shows that Krishnaraja was ruling in Shaka S.
861 (V.S. 996=A.D. 939).

18. KHOTTIGA.
He was the son of Amoghavarsha III. He succeeded
his elder brother Krishnaraja III.
2
It is stated in the copper grant of Shaka S. 984,
found at Karda (Khandesh):

i.e., on the death of his elder brother Krishnaraja-

deva, Khottigadeva, son of Amoghavarsha and Kan-
3

dakadevi (the daughter of Yuvarajadeva), ascended

the throne.
Though Khottiga had an elder brother named Jagat-
tunga, yet, as he predeceased Krishnaraja, Khottiga
succeeded him.
The following were the titles of Khottiga :
Nitya-
varsha; Rattakandarpa, MaharSjadhiraja, Paramesh-
vara, Paramabhattaraka, Shrl Prithvlvallabha, etc.
An inscription 4 in the Canarese language of Shaka
S. 893 (V.S. I028=A.D.971), contains a title of this king,
1 Jain Sahitya Samshodhaka, part II, issue 3, pages 145-156.
2 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 264.
3 This seems to be only a 'Prakrita' form of the king% real name, mention of
which has not yot been found anywhere. /
4 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, pifge 255,
St HISTORY OF THK RASHTRAKtJTAS.

'Nityavarsha' and a mention of his feudatory Perama-

na^i Marasimha II, of the western Ganga dynasty.
This Marasimha had under his sway 96,000 villages? of
Gangavadi, 300 of Belavala and 300 of Purigera.
An inscription of the time of Paramara king
1

Udayaditya, found at Udaipur (Gwalior), contains the

following lines:

: SRTT<T:

Shri Harsha (Siyaka II of the Paramara dynasty

i.e.,

of Malwa) had seized the kingdom from Khottigadeva.

At the end of the Prakrita dictionary named Taiya-
lachchhi Namamala/ written by Dhanapala, it is

stated:

i. e., in Vikrama S. 1029, the king of Malwa plundered

the city of Manyakheta.
These show that after defeating Khottiga, Siyaka
II may have looted his capital town Manyakheta. Just
about the date of this event Dhanapala had compiled
the aforesaid dictionary (Paiyalachchi Namamala) for
his sister Sundara. In this warfare Kankadeva, king
of Vagada and cousin of king Siyaka of Malwa, was
killed and king Khottiga alsoon the field. fell
This fact is also borne out by the Jain 'Mahapurana'
written by Pushpadanta.
After this event thp great power of Rashtrakutas
of the Deccan began to decline.
King Khottiga may have succeeded to the throne
about V.S. 1023 (A.D. 966) and died leaving no male
issue.

1 Journal Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. I3fc page 549.

 THE RASHTRAKtTTAS OF MANYAHKHfeTA (tteccan.) *

19. KARKARAJAIL
He was
the son of Nirupama, the youngest son of
Amoghavarsha III. He succeeded his own uncle
Khottigadeva. The other forms of his name were
Kakka, Karkara, Kakkara and Kakkala. His titles
were Amoghavarsha, Nripatunga, Viranarayana,
Nutana Partha, Ahitamartanda, Rajatrinetra, MahS-
rajadhiraja, Parameshvara, Paramamaheshvara,
Paramabhattaraka, Prithvivallabha, Vallabhanarendra,
etc. From the title Tarama Maheshvara' it appears
that this king was also a Shaiva.
In a copper grant of Shaka S. 894 (V.S. 1029=A.D.
1

972), of the reign of Karkara ja, found at Kartfa,

the Rashtrakutas are mentioned as Yadavas.
The capital of his kingdom was Malkhed and he
conquered the territories of the Gurjaras, Cholas,
Hunas and Pandyas.
In an inscription of his time of Shaka S. 896 (V.S.
2

1030-A.D. 973), found at Gundur (Dharwar) there

is a mention of his
feudatory Peramanadi Marasimha
II of the western
Ganga dynasty who had annihilated
Nolambakula of the Pallava dynasty.
Karkaraja II may have ascended the throne in or
about V. S. 1029 (A.D. 972).
The weakness of the Rashtrakuta power resulting
from the invasion by Paramara king Slyaka II, of
Malwa at the time of Khottiga, afforded an opportunity
to the Chalukyas
(Solankis) to regain their lost power.
In- order to do Solankl king Tailapa II attacked
so,
Kairkaraja jtfterV.S. 1030 (A.D. 973) and re-established 3
1 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 203,
2 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, pae 271.
3 In the copper grant of KM
re pa tan it is stated :

r: n

t.e., the powerful king

Karkaraja II, was a nephew of Kho^tifea and alter
him, Tailapa took possession of his kingdom,
W HISTORY OF THE

the Chalukya (Solanki) kingdom of Kalyani. Thus

ended the Rashtrakuta kingdom of the Deccan. 1

In the inscription 2 of Vijjala of the Kalachuri

dynasty, Tailapa is stated to have killed Rash^rakuta
king Karkkara (Karkaraja II) and Ranakambha
(Ranastambha) who was, perhaps, a relative of king
Karkaraja.
The said Solanki king Tailapa II had married
Jakabba, the daughter of Rashtrakuta Bhammaha.
3

The fact about the destruction of the Rashtrakuta

kingdom of the Deccan by Tailapa II in the time of
Karkaraja is further corroborated by the copper plates
of Shaka S. 9194 and 930 of kings Aparajita and
5
,

Rattaraja of the Shilara dynasty respectively. This

Aparajita was a feudatory of the Rashtrakutas and
became independent on their downfall. In the "Vikra-
mankadevacharita" (Sarga I, stanza 69) it is stated:
I

the state passed on to the Solanki king Tailapa

i.e.,

II,the destroyer of the Rashtrakuta kingdom.

An inscription 6 of Shaka S. 904 (V.S. 1039=A.D. 982),
found at Shravana Belgola, contains a mention of
Indraraja IV, who was a grandson of Rashtrakuta
king Krishnaraja III. The mother of this Indra IV
was the daughter of Gangeyadeva of the Ganga dynasty
and Indraraja married the daughter of Rajachudamani.
The titles of this Indraraja were as follows:
Rattakandarpadeva, Rajamartanda, Chaladanka
karana, Chaladaggale, Kirtinarayana, etc. He is spoken
of as a brave and tried warrior and a controller of pas-
sions. Having broken the 'Chakravyuha' single-handed,
he defeated 18 enemies. Girige, the wife of Kallara, tried
all means to captivate his heart, but he resolutely
rejected her overtures. She at last challenged him
to battle in which too she was defeated.

1 Indian Antiquary, Vol. VIII, page 15.

2 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. V, page 15.
3 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XVI, page 21.
4 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. Ill, page 272.
5 Do. do* Vol. Ill, p. 297.
6 Inscriptions at SWavanabelgola, No 57, (page 53) A. 17.
fc
 THE RASHTRAKUTAS OF MANYAHKHETA (Deccan.) 91

After the death of Karkaraja, Peramana<ii Mara-

simha of the western Ganga dynasty in his efforts
to maintain the Rashtrakuta kingdom, tried his best
to obtain the throne for Indra IV. (It has been noted
above that Peramanadi Bhutuga, the father of this
Marasimha, was a brother-in-law of the Rashtrakuta-
king Krishna III.) This effort was probably made
about V.S. 1030 (A.D. 973) but nothing has been known
as to its result. This Indra IV courted death by
observing total abstinence from food and drink, which
1

is a principle of the Jain theology, and died on the 8th

day of the dark half of Chaitra, Shaka S. 904=V. S.
1039 (20th March 982 A.D.).
THE GENEALOGICAL TABLE* OF THE
OF MANYAKHETA (Doccan.)
1 Dantivarman I.

2 Indraraja I.

Govindaraja I.

Karkaraja 1,

I " "

I "I

6. Indraraja II. 7. Kriehnaraja I. Nanna.

6. Dantidurga or
Dantivarman II.

8. Govindaraja II. - ,!) Dbruvaraja.

10. Govindaraja III. Indraraja

^Jagattunga I), ^ori^inator of the Shauchakamba
2nd branch of (Kambayya,
11. Amoghavarsha I. Gnjrat). Stambba or
Ran aval oka).
12. Krishnaraja IT.

Jagattunga Tl. Dantivarman.

"

13. Jndraraja IT I. IB. Amoghavarsha HI ^Baddiga).

:_U_ ..:.- -
14. loghavarsha
Amoghavarsba II. 15, Govindaraja TV.
" " "
1 '""I" I I

17. Kyishnaraja III. Jagattunga III. IS. Khottiga. Nirupama.

A daughter named
Revakanimma^i.
Indraraja. TV. 19. Karkaraja II.

I Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 182.

 HISTORY OF THE

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 THE RASHTRAKUTAS OF LATA (GUJRAT).
FROM BEFORE V. S. 814 (A.D. 757)
TO
AFTER V.S. 945 (A.D. 888).

First Branch.
It has already been stated that king Dantidurga
(Dantivarman had seized the kingdom of Chalukya
II)
(Solanki) king Kirtivarman II. At the same time
the province of Lata (Southern and Central Gujrat) had
also passed into the possession of the Rashtrakutas.
A copper grant of Shaka S. 679 (V. S. 814= A.D. 757),
1

of Maharajadhiraja Karkaraja II of Gujrat, has been

found at Surat, which shows that at the time of his
victory over the Solankls, king Dantidurga (Danti-
varman II ) had made this Karkaraja, who was a
relative of the former, the king of the province of Lata
(Gujrat).
From
the similarity in the names of the Rash^ra-
kuta kings of the Deccan and of Gujrat, it appears that
the Rash^rakuta family of Lata was a branch of the
Rashtrakuta family of the Deccan. In the said copper
grant their genealogy is given thus:
1. Karkaraja I the first name of this branch
known uptill now.
2. Dhruvaraja- son of Karkaraja I.
3. Govindaraja son of Dhruvaraja, married the
daughter of Nagavarman.
4. Karkaraja II son of Govindaraja.
X, Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. X VI, page 106,
$4 HISTORY OF THE

The aforesaid copper grant of Shaka S. 679 (V.S.

814r=A.D. 757) is of the time of Karkaraja II. He was
a contemporary of the Rashtrakuta king Dantidurga
(Dantivarman II) who had invested him with the
ruling powers of Lata. The following are the titles of
king Karkaraja II :

Parama Maheshvara, Parama Bhat^araka, Parmesh-

vara, Maharajadhiraja.
This king was a very powerful monarch and a
devotee of the God Shiva. Some scholars identify him
with Rahappa who was defeated by the Rashtrakuta
king Krishnaraja I of the Deccan. It is probable,

therefore, that this dynasty came to an end in conse-

quence of this battle. As no inscription, etc., of this
family, beyond the one noted above, has been found,
there is therefore, no further trace of the history of
this branch of the Rashtrakuta rulers.

----- Second Branck.

'In the history of the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan it
has been stated that king Govindaraja III had made a
grant of the province of Lata to his younger brother
Indraraja. From the inscriptions of the descendants
of this Indraraja we arrive at the following history oi
this branch:
~
I. INDRARAJA.
^ He waS the son of king Dhruvaraja and younger
brother of Govindaraja III of the Rashtrakuta dynasty
of.- .the Deccan, who had made him the ruler of Lata

(Southern and Central Gujrat).

In the copper grant'.of Shaka S. 730 (V.S. 865=A.D.
808)^ of king Govinda III, there is a mention of the
coftquefct of Gujrat,~which shows that sometime about
this date, Indraraja got possession of Lata. This Indra
had two sons: Karkaraja and Govindaraja.
1 Kpigraphia Indica, Vol. VI, page 242,
 THE RASHTRAKTJTAS OF LATA (GuJriU). 95

2. KARKARAJA (KAKKARAJA).
He wasthe son and successor of Indraraja. Two
copper grants of his time are found. The first is of
1

Shaka S. 734 (V.S. 869=A.D. 812), which shows that

Govindaraja III of the Rashtrakuta dynasty of the
Deccan made his younger brother Indraraja, father of
Karkaraja, the king of Lata. The titles of king Karka-
raja, viz., Maha Samantadhipati, Lateshvara and
Suvarnavarsha, are also mentioned in this plate. This

king had protected the king of Malava from the

invasion of the king of Gujrat, who had conquered the
Gauda and the Banga provinces. The executor of the
grant mentioned in this plate is named therein as
prince Dantivarman.
The other copper plate is of Shaka S. 738 ( V.S. 873=
2

A.D. 817).
In the copper grant of Shaka S. 757 (V.S.892=A.D.
3

835), of the chief feudatory Dhruvaraja I of Gujrat, it

is stated that having put down the rebellous Rashtra-

kutas, king Karkaraja had installed king Amoghavarsha

I, Manyakheta on the throne
of of his father (about
V.S. 872=A.D. 815).
From this it appears that at the time of the death
of Govindaraja III, his son, Amoghavarsha I, was a
%
minor, which afforded an opportunity to the feudatory
Rashtrakutas and the Solankis to attempt at dis-

possessing him of the kingdom but Karkaraja frustrated

their attempts.
Karkaraja had a son named phruvaraja.
3. GOVINDARAJA.
He wasthe son of Indraraja and younger brother
of Karkaraja. We have found two copper grants of
1 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 156.
2 Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. XX, page 13&
3 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XIV, page 199.
 96 HISTORY" OF THE

his'time. The Shaka S. 735 (V.S. 870=A.D.

1
first is of

813) and the second of Shaka S. 749 (V.S. 884=A.D.

2

827). The first plate speaks of the king's chief feuda-

tory, Buddhavarsha of the Shalukika clan, and contains
GovindarajVs titles, viz Mahasamantadhipati and
,

Prabhutavarsha. From the other plate, we gather that

when Govindaraja was at Broach he granted a village
for the upkeep of a temple of the Sun god named
Jayaditya.
As there exist copper grants of Shaka S. 734 and
738 of Karkaraja, and those of Shaka S. 735 and 749 of
his younger brother Govindaraja, we understand that
the two brothers weilded authority simultaneously for
some time.
4. DHRUVARAJA I.

He was
the son of Karkaraja and succeeded to the
throne after his uncle Govindaraja. The copper grant 5

of Shaka S. 757 (V.S. 892=A.D. 835), mentioned above

in the history of Karkaraja, belongs to this king, and
contains his titles ;w's, Mahasamantadhipati, Dhara-
varsha and Nirupama.
He had headed a rising against Amoghavarsha I,
which obliged the latter to march against him. Dhru-
varaja was probably killed in this action, as is evident
from the copper grant of Shaka S. 789 (V.S. 924- A.D.
867) found at Begumra.

5. AKALAVARSHA.
He was the son and'successor of Dhruvaraja. His
are found to be Shubhatunga and Subhatatunga.
titles

During his reign, too, relations with the Rash^rakutas

1 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. Ill, page 54.

T
2 Indian Antiquary, A ol. V, page 145.
S Indian Antiquary, %>1. XIV, page 199.
 THE RASI1TRAKUTAS OF LATA (Gujrat.) &7

of the Deccan do not appear to have been friendly. 1

He had three sons: Dhruvaraja, Dantivarman, and

Govindaraja,

6. DHRUVARAJA II.

He was the son and successor of Akalavarsha. In a

copper grant of Shaka S. 789 (V.S. 924--A.D. 867) of
2

this king, the executor of the order of charity concerned

is named Govindaraja. This Govindaraja was the son
of Shubhatunga (Akalavarsha) and younger brother of
Dhruvaraja II. He (Dhruvaraja) had defeated the
combined invading armies of Gurjararaja, Vallabha, 3

and Mihira. This Mihira probably was Pratihara

Bhojadeva of Kanauj, whose title was "Mihira."
Mention of a battle with Vallabha shows that this king
may have tried to throw off the yoke of suzerainty of
the Rashtrakuta king of Manyakheta. 4
This king had granted in charity the district of
Trenna to a Brahmana named Dhoddhi who maintained
with its revenue, a free boarding house where thousands
of Brahmanas daily received their food, alike in
years of scarcity and plenty. His (Dhruvaraja's) younger
brother Govinda also fought on his side.

7. DANTIVARMAN.
He was the son of Akfilavarsha and younger brother
of Dhruvaraja II, whom he succeeded. A copper
grant of Shaka 789 (V.S. 924--A.D. 867) of his time
5
S.
has been found. It contains his titles, viz., Mahasa-

mantadhipati, Aparimitavarsha, etc. The charity it

speaks of was granted for a Budjihist monastery.

In the copper grant of Shaka S. 789 of Begumra, it is stated that though his
1

faithless followersforcsouk him, Akalavarsha regained his paternal kingdom from

the army of Vallablm (Amoghavarsha I). Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 181).
2 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XII, page 181.
3 Cliaora Kshemar'aja might be the king of Gnjrat at this time.
4 The aforesaid copper grant of Shaka tf. 78\) further goes to show that when
enemies invaded his country all his relatives and even his younger brother deserted
him.
5 P^pigraphia Indica, Vol. VI, page 287.
W HlSTOKY OF THE

From the copper grant of Dhruvaraja, II it appears

that the two brothers were not on good terms, but in
the plate of Dantivarman I, the latter is described as a
devotee of his elder brother Dhruvaraja, Probably,
therefore, it might be some other brother referred to
in the above plate of Dhruvaraja.

8. KRISHNARAJA.
He was the son and successor of Dantivarman. A
copper grant of Shaka S. 810 (V.S. 945=A.D. 888) of
1

his time has been found which appears to be incorrect

His titles are found to be Mahasamantadhipati, Akala-
varsha, etc.
This Krishnaraja defeated his enemies at Ujjain
in the presence of Vallabharaja.
The history of this family is not traceable any
further. By thinking over the contents of the copper
grant of Shaka S. 832 (V.S. 967 A.D. 910), of Rashtra-
kuta Krishna II of Manyakheta, we conclude that
sometime between Shaka S. 810 (V.S. 945=A.D. 888) and
Shaka S. 832 (V.S. 967 A.D. 910) he (Krishnaraja II),
having annexed the kingdom of Lata, put an end to the
Rash^rakuta dynasty of Gujrat.
GENEALOGY OF THE RASHTRAKUTAS OF LATA (Gujrat).
(First Branch*)
1. Karkarfija I.

2. Dhruvaraja.

3. GovindarSja.

4. KarkarS ja II.

(Second Branch )

Dhruvaraja of Manyakheta.

1 Indian Antiquary/ Vol. XIII, page 66.

 THE RASHTRAKITTAS OF LATA

H
*

03

3
^
H
'<J
^3
(>4
O

c*
O

P
O
B
S3

CD
166

THE RATTAS (RASHTRAKuTAS) OF SAUNDATTI.

FROM ABOUT V. S 932 (A,D. 875)
TO
ABOUT V.S. I287(A.D. 1230).
has already been stated that Chalukya (Solanki)
It

Tailapa II had seized the kingdom of Manyakheta

(Deccan) from the Rashtrakuta king Karkaraja II.
It can be inferred from the inscriptions of these two

kings that this event, perhaps, took place just after

V.S. 1030 (A.D. 973). But from other inscriptions we
learn that long after the downfall of the Rashtrakuta
kingdom petty principalities of its younger off-shoots
outlivedand that they became feudatories of the
Chalukyas (Solankis).
We
are able to trace two such branches of the
Rashtrakutas that existed in the modern Dharwar
district of the Bombay Presidency and flourished one
after the other at Saundatti (Kuntal in the Belgaum
district). Often they are mentioned as Rattas in their
inscriptions.
(The First Branch)
i. MERADA.
This is the first name traceable of this branch.
2. FRITHVlRAMA.
He was the son and successor of Merada. An ins-
cription
1
of ShakaS. 797 (V.S. 932=A.D. 875) of this
chief has been found, in which he is mentioned as
belonging to the Ratta race.
1 Journal Bombay, Asiatic Society, Vol. X, page 194,
 THE RAfTAS (RASHTKAKUTAS) OF SAUNDATTi. 101

He was a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta king Krish-

naraja and ruler of Saundatti. From the date of this
inscription we infer that he was a contemporary of
Rashtrakuta king Krishnaraja II, but we have found
another inscription of Prithvirama's grandson Shanti-
varman of the Shaka S. 902 (V.S. 1037=A.D. 980). As
there is an interval of 105 years between the dates of
these two inscriptions, which seems somewhat extra-
ordinary, it is probable, therefore, that Prithvirama's
inscription was prepared afterwards and that this is the
cause of the inaccuracy in the date. Again, he might
be a contemporary not of the Rashtrakuta king Kri-
shnaraja II. but of Krishnaraja III. This Prithvirama
followed Jainism and was created a chief feudatory
(Mahasamtadhipati) about V.S. 997 (A.D. 940).
3. PITTUGA.
He was and successor of Prithvirama. He
the son
defeated Ajavarman in battle. His wife's name was
Nljikabbe.

4. SHANTIVARMAN.
He was the son of Pittuga and succeeded to the
throne after him. An inscription of Shaka S. 902 1

(V.S. I()37=A.D. 980) of this king has been found, in

which he has been described as a feudatory of the
western Chalukya king Tailapa II.
(Solankl) His
wife's name was Chandikabbe. After this we are
unable to trace the history of this branch.

(The Second Branch.)

1. NANNA.
This is the first name traced of the second branch of
the Rafta rulers of Saundatti.

1 Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. X, page 204. }

102 HISTORY OF THE RASHTRAK<JTA8.

2. KARTAVIRYA I.

He was
the son and successor of Nanna. An inscrip-
tion of 1
Shaka
S. 902 (V.S. 1037=A.D. 980) of this king
has been found. He was a feudatory of the SolankI
king Tailapa II and governor of Kun^i in DhSrwar
of which district he had fixed the boundaries. It is
probable that this chief may have put an end to the
first branch of Saundatti, having wrested authority
from Shantivarman. He had two sons: Dayima and
Kanna.

3. DAYIMA (DAVARI).
He was the son and successor of Kartavlrya I.

4. KANNA (KANNAKAIRA I).

He was the son of Kartavlrya and younger brother
of Dayima whom he succeeded. He had two sons, firega
and Anka.

5. EREGA (EREYAMMARASA).
He was the son and successor of Kanna I. An ins-
cription
2
of his time, of Shaka S. 962 (V.S. 1097=A.D.
1040), has been found in which he is described as the
chief feudatory of the Chalukya (SolankI) king Jaya-
simha II ( Jagadekamalla), the ruler of Lattalura, and
was decorated with the five high titles. He was- an
expert musician. He was also called Rafta NarSyafla,
As there was a golden image of Garutfa on his flag he
was further called "Singana Gambia". An ensign
conveyed on an elephant, with a band called "Tivili"
(like the one played in* the processions of the Rashtra-
kutas of the Deccan) used to decorate his procession.
The name of his son was Sena (Kalasena).

1 Kielhorn'e lilt of South Indian Instriptions, page 26, No. 141.

2 Indian Antiquary^ Vol. XIX, page 164.
 THE RATTA8 (RASHTRAK^TAS) OF SAUNDATTI, 103

6. ANKA.
He was the son of Kanna I and succeeded his elder
brother firega. An inscription of his time, of Shaka S. 1

970 (V.S. HOS^A.D. 1048), has been found in which he

is mentioned as a chief feudatory of the western
Chalukya (Solanki) Trailokyamalla (Someshvara I).
Perhaps, another broken inscription of his time has also
been found which, too, is of the same year.

7. SfiNA (KALASENA I).

He was the son of Erega and a successor of his
uncle Anka. He married Mailaladevi from whom he
had two sons: Kanna and Kartavirya.
8. KANNA (KANNAKAIRA II).
He was the son and successor of Sena (Kalasena I).
One copper grant and one inscription of his time have
been found. The copper grant is of Shaka S. 1004(V.S.
2

1139=A.D. 1082) in which this Kanna II of the Rafta

race is mentioned as a chief feudatory of the Solanki
(western Chalukya) king Vikramaditya VI. It also
appears from this plate that Kanna had purchased
many villages from Mahamandaleshvara Munja, king of
Bhogavatl (grandson of Bhima and son of Sindaraja),
who belonged to the Sinda dynasty which is stated as
the gem of the Naga race.
The inscription mentioned above is of
3
Shaka S. 1009
(V.S. 1144=A.D. 1087). In it he is mentioned as Maha-
mandaleshvara (the chief feudatory).

9. KARTAVIRYA II.

He was the son of Sena I and younger brother of

Kanna II. He was also called Katta. His wife's name
was Bhagaladevl or Bhaglambika. Three inscriptions
1 Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. X, page 172.
2 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. Ill, page^OS.
3 Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. X, page 287,
104 HISTORY OF TIIK

of his time have been found. The first

1

,
found from
Saundatti, shows that he was a chief feudatory of the
western Chalukya (Solanki) king Someshvara II and
ruler of Lattalura. The second inscription is of Shaka 2

S. 1009 (V.S. 1144=A.D. 1087) in it he is mentioned ;

as the chief feudatory of Vikramaditya VI, the succes-

sor of Someshvara.
The third inscription is of Shaka S. 1045 (V.S.
3
1 180
A.D. 1123). But his son Sena II had assumed power
before this date.
looking into the inscriptions of Kanna II and
By
Kartavlrya II, we understand that the two brothers
had ruled together.

10. SENA (KALASENA II).

He was the son and successor of Kartavlrya II. An
4
inscription of his time, of Shaka S. 1018 (V.S. 1153=
A.D. 1096), has been found. He was a contemporary of
Chalukya (Solanki) Vikramaditya VI, and his son
Jayakarna. Jayakarna's period has been ascertained to
be from V.S. 1159 (A.D. 1102) to V.S. 1178 (A.D. 1121).
So Sena may have lived sometime between these
II
dates. The name of his wife was Lakshmldevl.
As we have found an inscription of his father, of the
year Shaka S. 1045 (V.S. 1180=A.D. 1123), it appears
that the father and the son both had wielded the
authority together.

11. KARTAVIRYA (KATTAMA III).

He was the son and successor of Sena (Kalasena
II).
^

His wife's name was Padmaladevi.

A broken inscription of his time has been found at
5

Konnur in which his titles are mentioned as Mahaman-

1 Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol
' X, page 213
2
6 T ^ D O-
Indian
do. do do. 173.

4
Antiquary, Vol. XIV, page 15
Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol'. X, page 194.
6 Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. Ill, page 103.
 THE RATTAS (RASHTRAKUTAS) OF SAUNDATTI. 105

daleshvara and Chakravartl, which shows that in the

beginning he remained a feudatory of the western
Chalukya (Solanki) kings Jagadekamalla II and
Tailapa III. But sometime after V.S. 1222 (A.D. 1165),
due to the decline of the power of the Solanki and the
Kalachurl (Haihaya) dynasties, he became independent
and may have assumed the title of Chakravartl.
From an inscription of Shaka
S. 1109 (past) (V.S.
(244^A.D. 87) i 1 it appears that at that time one Bhayi-
deva ruled over Kuncli, who was an administrator
of criminal justice under Solanki Someshvara IV.
From this we infer that the Rattas might not have
attained full success in gaining independence upto
that time.
The name of Kartavlrya is also mentioned in the
inscriptions, found at Khanpur (Kolhapur State), of
1

Shaka S. 1066 (V.S. I200=A.D. II 43) and Shaka S. 1084

(past)(V.S. 1219^A.D. 162) and also in the inscription
2
1

of the Belgaum district of Shaka S. 1086 (V.S. 1221 =

A.D. 1164).

12. LAKSHMIDEVA I.

He was and .successor of Kartavlrya III.

the son
His other names Lakshmana and Lakshmidhara are
also found. His wife's name was Chandrikadevi (or
ChandaladevI).
An inscription of Shaka S. 1130 (V.S. 1265=A.D.
3

1209) has been found at Hannikeri, which appears to

be of his time. As inscriptions have been found
of his sons Kartavlrya IV and Mallikarjuna from
Shaka S. 1121 to 1141 and 1127 to 1131 respectively,
itappears ordinarily impossible that he lived in Shaka
S. 1130. But, if we suppose that the period of the
1 II, pages 547-548,
Carn.-desa inscriptions, Vol.
2 Indian Antiquary, Vol. IV, page 11(3.
3 Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. I, part II, page 55 ti.
10$ HISTORY OF THE

reigns of the father and sons had run concurrently, as

we have done in cases of Kanna II and Kartavlrya II,
then the enigma disappears. But, so long as convincing
proofs of the above fact are not forthcoming, nothing
can be said with certainty.
He had two sons: --Kartavlrya and Mallikarjuna.
13. KARTAVIRYA IV.
He was the eldest son of Lakshmldeva I. Six ins-
criptions and one copper grant of his time have been
found. The first inscription of Shaka S. 1121 (past) 1

(V.S. I257=A.D. 1200) is found at Sankeshvara

(Belgaum district). The second inscription is of 2

Shaka S. 1124 (V.S. 1258^A.D. 1201). The third and 3

fourth 4 inscriptions are of Shaka S. 126 (past) (V.S. 1

I26I=A.D. 1204). The fifth is of Shaka S. 1127 (V.S. 5

1261^A.D. 1204). In this inscription Kartavlrya IV

has been mentioned as the ruler of Latanur and
his capital is named Venugrama. His younger bro-
ther Yuvaraja Mallikarjuna is also mentioned in it.
The copper grant6 of his time is of Shaka S. 1131
(V.S. 1265=A.D. 1208), which also contains a men-
tion of his younger brother and heir apparent,
Mallikarjuna.
The sixth inscription 7 is of Shaka S. 1 141 (V.S. 1275^
A.D. 1218). This king bore the title of Mahamanda-
leshvara. He had two queens, Echaladevi and Madevi.

14. LAKSHMIDEVA II.

He was the son and successor of Kartavlrya IV. An

1 Carn.-desa inscriptions, Vol. II, page 561.
2 Graham's Kolhapur, page 415, No. 9.
3 Carn.-desa inscriptions, Vol. II, page 571.
4 Carn.-desa inscriptions, Vol. II, page 57(3.

5 Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. X, page 220.

6 Indian Antiquary Vol. XIX, p. 245.

7 Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. X, page 24U.

 THE RATTAS (RASHTRAKUTAS) OF SAUNDATTT 107

inscription of his time of

1
Shaka S. 1151 (V.S. 1285=
A.D. 1228) has been found in which his title is men-
tioned as Mahamandaleshvara. His mother's name
was Madevl.
As no record of this family bearing a date later
than Shaka S. 1151 has yet been found, it appears that
this branch of the Rattas, probably, ceased to exist at
this stage and their kingdom was seized by the Yadava
king Singhana of Deogiri. This event may have occur-
red about V.S. 1287 (A.D. 1230). But the districts
north, south and east of Kundi had already passed out
of the possession of Lakshmideva II even before this
date.
In the copper plate 2 of Shaka S. 160 (V.S. 1295=A.D.1

1238) of Haralahalli, Vichana, a feudatory of Yadava

king Singhana of Deogiri, is stated to have defeated
the Rattas.
A copper plate has been found from Sitabaldl of
3

Shaka S. 1008(1009) (V.S. 1144=A.D. 1087) of Ranaka

Dhadibhandaka (Dhadideva), the chief feudatory of
the western Chalukya (Solanki) Vikramaditya VI
(Tribhuvanamalla), in which this Dhadibhandaka is
stated to be of the Maha Rashtrakuta race and to have
come from Latalur.
In the inscription of Shaka S. 1052 (V.S. N86=A.D.
4

1129) found. at Khanpur (Kolhapur State) there is a

mention of Ratta Ankideva, a chief feudatory of
Solanki Someshvara III. But there is no trace as
to how he was connected with the above-mentioned
branches of the Rattas,

1 Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. X, page 260.

2 Journal Bombay Asiatic Society, Vol. X, page 260; and Chronology of
India, page 182.
3 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. Ill, page 305.
4 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. Ill, page 306.
10 HISTORY OF THE

In the inscription found at Bahuriband (Jabbalpur),

1

there is a mention of the Rashtrakuta Golhanadeva,

who was a chief feudatory of king Gayakarna of the
Kalachuri (Haihaya) dynasty. This inscription is of
the 12th century, but it gives no clue as to the branch
of the Rashtrakutas to which this Golhanadeva be-
longed.
THE GENEALOGY OF THE KATTAb OF SAUNDATTI.

(First Branch.)

1. Meratfa.

2. Prithvirama.

3. Pittnga.

4. Shantivarman.

(Second Branch.)

1. Nanna.
I

2. Kartavlrya 1.

_
3. Dayima. 4. Kannal.
I

- i
I

5. Erega. 6. Anka.

7. Sena I.

8. Kanna II. 9. Kartaviryn II.

10. 8cna II.

11. Kartavlrya III.

12. Lakshmidcva I.

______
*
I

I
~|
13. Kartavlrya IV. Mallikarjuna.

14. Lakshmidgva II.

1 Archaeological' Survey of India, Vol. IX, page 40.

THE BATTAfi (KA^HTflAKtJTAS) OF f-Al'M AlTJ loa
110

THE EARLY RASHTRAKuTAS OF RAJASTHANA

(RAJPUTANA).
HASTIKUNDI (HATHuNDl) BRANCH.
FROM ABOUT V.S. 950 (A.D. 893)
TO
ABOUT V.S. 1053 (A.D. 996.)
Traces of the existence of Rashtrakuta kingdoms
at Hastikundl (Marwar) and Dhanop (Shahpura) in
Rajputana are found even before the advent, to that
province, of the descendants of the Gahadavala king
Jayachchandra of Kanauj.
An inscription of V.S. 1053 (A.D. 997) has been
1

found at Bijapur (Godwar district in the Marwar

State), in which the genealogy of the Rathoras of
Hathundi is given as follows :

1. HARIVARMAN.
The aforesaid genealogical table opens with this
name.

2. VIDAGDHARAJA.
He was the son of Harivarman and lived in V.S.
2
973=A.D. 916).

3. MAMMATA.
He wasthe son of Vidagdharaja and seems to have
lived in V.S. 996 (A.D. 939) \

1 Journal Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. LXII, page 311.

2 Do. do. do. page 314.
*
3 Do. do, do, page 314.
 THE EARLY UASHTRAKUTAS OF RAJASTHANA 111

4. DHAVALA.
He was the son of Mammata and helped the ruler
of Mewar when Paramara^ king Munja of Malwa
attacked him and destroyed Ahada.
1

He defended the Chauhana chief Mahendra of Nadol

from the attack of Chauhana king Durlabharaja of
Sambhar and protected king Dharanlvaraha from
falling a prey to Solankl Mularaja king of Anhilwada
(Gujrat). Dharanlvaraha, the ruler of Marwar,
probably, belonged to the Pratihara dynasty. The
aforesaid inscription of V.S. 1053 (A.D. 997) belongs
2
to thisking (Dhavala).
In his old age king Dhavala made over the reins
of the government to his son Balaprasada about
V.S. 1053. His capital was Hastikundl (Hathundl).
As no inscription, etc., of a later date of this family
has been traced, its further history is yet unknown.

THE GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE EARLY HATHORAS OF Hastikun<ji.

1. llarivarman.
I

2. Vidagdharaja.
I

3. Mammata.
I

4. Dhavala.

5. Balaprasada.

STATEMENT GIVINC4 PARTICULARS OF THE EARLY RAfHORAS

OF HAST

1 Probably Mahalakshmi, the sister of this king Dhavala, or of his father was
married to Bhartribhatta II, the ruler of Mewar, from whom Allata was born.
2 King Dhavala repaired the Jain temple built by his grandfather Vidagdharaja
and reinstalled therein the idol of Kishabhauatha,
112 HISTORY OF THE RASHTRAKUJAS.

THE EARLY RASHTRAKuTAS OF DHANOP

(RAJPUTANA).
Sometime back two inscriptions of the Rathoras were
found at Dhanop (Shahpura) which are now untrace-
able. One of these was dated the 5th day of the bright
half of Tausha', V.S. 1063, which showed that there
was a king named Bhallila of the Rathora dynasty
and his son was Dantivarman. This Dantivarman
had two sons: Buddharaja and Govindaraja.
In the inscription of Shaka S. 788 (V.S. 923=-A.D.
866) of king Amoghavarsha I, found at Nilgund in the
Bombay Presidency, stated that his father, king
it is

Govindaraja III, had conquered the rulers of Kerala,

Malava, Gauda, Gurjara, Chitrakuta (Chittor) and
Kanchl. This shows that the Rathoras of Hastikundl
and Dhanop might be the offshoots of the Rashtrakutas
of the Deccan.
THE GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE EARLY RATHORAS
OF DHANOP.
Bhallila.
I.
Dantivarman .

Buddharaja. Govindaraja.
 113

THE GAHADAVALAS OF KANAUJ.

FROM ABOUT V.S. 1125 (AD 1068)
TO
ABOUT V.S. 1280 (A.D. 1223).

Col. James Tod has stated in his 'Annals of Rajas-

thana' that in V.S. 526 (A.D. 470) Rathora Nayapala
acquired the kingdom of Kanauj after killing king
Ajayapala. This assertion does not seem to be correct,
1

for, though the Rash^rakutas had had their sway over

Kanauj ere this, yet about this particular period king
Skandagupta or his son Kumaragupta of the Imperial
2
Gupta dynasty ruled over Kanauj After this, the .

Maukharls occupied it, and their power was set aside,

3

for some time, by the Baisas, who took possession of

Kanauj
4
But after the death of Harsha the Mau-
.

kharis again made it their capital. About V.S. 798

(A.D. 741) king Lalitaditya (Muktaplda) of Kashmir
invaded Kanauj, which then too was the capital
of Yashovarman, the Maukharl ruler
5
Fi^rther it .

6
appears from the copper grant of V.S. Iu84 (A.D. 1027)
of Pratihara king Trilochanapala and from the ins-
cription of V.S. 1093 (A.D. 1036) of Yashahpala that
7

the Pratiharas ruled over Kanauj about that time.

___ ___ .

^
1 Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, (Ed. by \V. Crooke) page 930.
2 Bharata-ke-Prachlna Rajavamsha, part II, pages 285-297.
3 Do. do. do. page 373.
4 Do. do. do. page 338.
5 Do. do. do. page 376.
6 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XVIII, page 34.
7 Asiatic Researches, Vol. IX, page 432,
el 14 HISTORY OF THE

Chandradeva (whose descend-

Later, Rashtrakuta
1

ants were afterwards known as Gahatfavalas owing

to sway over Gadhipur, i.e., Kanauj), having
their
conquered Badaun about V.S. 1111 (A.D. 1054), took
possession of Kanauj. Thus, the kingdom of Kanauj
once more came into the possession of the Rash^ra-

About 70 copper grants and inscriptions of these

Gahatfavalas have been found in which they are
mentioned as 'Suryavamshls'. But the mention of the
Gahatfavala dynasty is only found in three grants of
V.S. 1161, 1162 and 1166 issued by Govindachandra
while he was a prince regent as well as in the ins-
cription of his queen Kumaradevi. Further, there is no
mention of the word Rashtrakuta or Ratta in them, but
they belonged to a branch of the Rashtrakutas as has
been separately discussed elsewhere. 3 The Gahatfavalas
had their sway over Kashl (Benares), Oudh, and,
4
perhaps, over Indrasthana (Delhi) too .

1. YASHOVIGRAHA.
He is known to be a descendant of the Solar dynasty.
This is the first name traceable of this family.

2. MAHICHANDRA.
Also known as Mahiyala, Mahiala or Mahitala, was
the son of Yashovigraha.

1 Journal Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, January 1930,
pages 115-119.
2 The kingdom of Rashtrakuta Dhruvaraja of the Deccan had extended in the
north upto Ayodhya between V.8. 842-850 later, in the time of KrishflarSja II,
;

between V.S. 932 and 971, its frontier had reached near the bank of the Ganges.
Further, between V.S. 997 and 1023, in Krishna Ill's time, it had extended even
beyond the Ganges. Probably, at this time, a member of this dynasty or some
survivor of the early Rashtrakuta rulers of Kanauj, might have received a 'Jaglr'
here, in whose family king Chandra, the conqueror of Kanauj, was born.
3 Journal Royal Asiatic Society, January 1930, pages 111-121.
4 V.A. Smith's Early History of India, page 384,
 THE GAHAPAVALAS OF KANAU.T. 115

3. CHANDRADEVA.
He was the son of Mahichandra. Three copper
grants, of this king, of V.S. 1148 (A.D. 109'), V.S.
1150' (A.D. 1093) and V.S. 1156
(A.D. 1100) have
been found at Chandravatl 2 .

From the copper grants of his descendants it appears

that he made Kanauj his capital and put down the
3
anarchy resulting from the deaths of Raja Bhoja of
the Parmara dynasty of Malwa and Karna 4 of the
Haihaya (Kalachuri) dynasty of Chedi.
From his first grant, it is evident that he gained
strength about V.S. (A.D. 1054) and afterwards
1111
seized the kingdom of Kanauj from the Pratiharas. 5

This king made several charitable gifts of gold

weighing equal to his person. The districts of Kashl,
Kushika (Kanauj), northern Koshala (Oudh) and
Indrasthana (Delhi) were under his sway. He also
built a 'Vaishnava' temple of Adikeshava at Kashl.
A 6
copper grant, of V.S. 11 54 (A.D. 1097), of his son
Madanapala has been found, which contains a mention
1 In the copper grant of V.S. 1150 there is a mention of Pratihara DSvapala ef

Kanauj :

An inscription of Devapala dated V.S. 1005 (A.D. 948) has been found.

(Epigraphia Tndica, Vol. I, page 177).

2 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IX, page 302, and Vol. XIV, pages 192-209.
3
*

3 (r)

i.e., being oppressed by the anarchy prevailing after the

deaths of Rajas Bhoja
and Karna, the earth sought refuge with Chandradeva.
King Bhoja mentioned here is supposed by some historians to be the Pratlhftra
BhSja?
4 Bharat-ke-PrachTna RSjavamsha, Vol. I, page 50.
f
6 Some historians assign V.S. 1135 (A.D. 1078) to Chandradeva s conquest of
Kanauj.
6 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XVIII, page 11.
U HISTORY OF THE

of the charity, given by Chandradeva. This shows that,

though Chandra was alive upto that date, he had made
over the reins of the Government to his son Madana-
pala. The following are the titles attached to
Chandra's name
Paramabhattaraka, Maharajadhi-
:

raja, Parameshvara and Parama Maheshvara. Chand-

raditya appears as a second name of this king.
He had two sons: Madanapala and Vigrahapala,
from this Vigrahapala, probably, the Badaun family
took its origin,

4. MADANAPALA.
He was the eldestson and successor of Chandradeva,
Five copper grants of the time of Madanapala have
been found, the first being the aforesaid one of V.S.
1
1I54 (A.D. 1097).
The second, (A.D. 1104), is of his son
2
of V.S. 1161
(Maharajaputra) Govindachandra, in which there is
a mention of the charitable grant of the village
"Basahl" together with the cess called "Turushka-
dan<Ja." This shows that just as "Jazia" was levied
upon the Hindus this 'Turushkadanda' was levied
by Madanapala upon the Mohammedans. Further, this
is the first grant in which the word 'Gahadavala' is
mentioned.
The tWrd, 3 of V.S. 1162 (A.D. 1105), is also of the
Maharajaputra Govindachandra and mentions the
name of the senior queen of Madanapala and mother
4
of Govindachandra as Ralhadevi. (This too contains
the mention of the word Gahadavala.)
The fourth is of V.S. 1163 (in fact of 1164) (A.D.
5

1107). This is of king Madanapala himself, in which

his queen's name appears as Prithvlshrika.
1 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XVIII, page 11.
2 PD 9 . do. XIV, page 103.
3 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. II, page 359.
4 She was also called Ralhanadevi.
5 Journal Royal Asiatic Society, (1896), page 787.
 THE OAHAPAVALAS OF KANAU.I. U7

The fifth,
1
of V.S. 1 166 (A.D. 1
109), is also of Maha-
rajaputra Govindachandradeva. (In which also it is

stated that he belonged to the Gahadavala clan.)

Madanadeva was the second name of the king.
His titles were: Parama Bhattfiraka, Parameshvara,
Parama Maheshvara and Maharajadhiraja, He had
gained victories in many a battle. From the aforesaid
copper grants it appears that Madanapala, too, in
his old age made over the government to his son
Govindachandra.
THE SILVER COINS OF MADNAPALA. 2

On the obverse there is an image of a horseman

along with some illegible letters. On the reverse there
is an image of a bull with the legend "Madhava Shri

Samanta" along the border. The diameter of these

coins is a bit smaller than an inch and they are made
!-

of base silver.
THE COPPER COINS OF MADANAPALA. 1

On the obverse of these, too, there is a rude image of

a horseman and the legend "Madanapaladeva." On the
reverse, like the silver coins, there is an image of a
bull and the legend "Madhava Shri Samanta". They
are a bit bigger than an inch in diameter.

5. GOVINDACHANDRA.
He was the eldest son and successor of Madanapala.
42 copper plates and 2 inscriptions of his reign have
been discovered, of which the first, second and third
copper grants of V.S. 116! (A.D. 1104), 1162 (A.D. 1105),
and 1166 (A.D. I109) respectively, have already been
4

mentioned in his father's history. As till then he

1 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XVITI, page 15.
2 Catalogue of the coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Vol. I, page 260.
3 Catalogue of the coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Vol. I, page 260,
plate 26, No. 17,
4 It shows that Govindachandra defeated the "Gau<Ja" and that the "Hammfrs"
(Mohammedans) were also awe-struck by his bravery.
 118 HISTORY OF THE

was regarded a prince his reign might have com-

menced from V.S. 1167 (A.D. 1110).
The fourth, fifth and sixth copper plates are of V.S. 1

1171 (A.D. 4). Of the fourth, only the first plate has
! 1 1

2
been found, i.e it is incomplete. The seventh is of V.S.
,

1172 (A.D. 1116). The eighth of V.S. 1174 (A.D. 1117)

3

was issued from Devasthana and contains a mention of

his army of elephants. The ninth is also of V.S. 1174 4

(in fact of 1175) (A.D. 1119) and the tenth of V.S.

5

11 75 (A.D. 1119). The eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth 6

of V.S. 1176 (A.D. 1119) were issued from the village

Khayara on the Ganges, Mumdaliya and Benares
respectively. The eleventh contains the name of his
senior queen Nayanakelidevi. The fourteenth and 7

8
fifteenth are of 1177 (A.D. 1120) and the sixteenth 9 of
V.S. 1178 A.D. 1122).
10
The seventeenth plate of V.S. 1180 (A.D. 1123)
contains along with the king's other titles, the
decorations 'Ashvapati', 'Gajapati', 'Narapati', 'Raja-
tray adhipati', Vividhavidyavicharavachaspati', etc.
11
The eighteenth of V.S. 1181 (A.D. 1124) contains his
mother's name "Ralhanadevi." The ninteenth 12 of V.S.
1182 (A.D. 125) was issued from the place "Madapratl-
1

hara" on the Ganges. The twentieth 13 of V.S. 1182

1 List of Northern (Indian) inscriptions, No 692; Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV,
page 102 and Vol. VIII, page 153. The second was issued iroin Benares.
2 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 104.
3 Do. do. do. 105.
4 Indian Antiquary, Vol XVI 1 1, page 19.
5 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 100.
6 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 10S, Vol. XVIII, page 220 and Vol. IV,
page 109.
7 Journal Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. XXXI, page 123.
8 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XVIII, page 225.
9 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 110.
10 Journal Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. LVI, page 108. (Dr. Bhandarkar gives
the date as V.S. 1187.)
11 Journal Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. LVI, page 114.
12 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 100.
13 Journal Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. XXVII, page 242.
 G A HAP AVAL AS OF KANAUJ. 119

(A.D. 1127) (originally of V.S. 183) was issued from 1

the village "Ishapratisthana" on the Ganges. The

twenty-first and twenty-second plates are of V.S. 1183
1

(A.D. 1123) and V.S. 1184 (A.D. 1127) respectively.

The twenty-third plate 2 is of V.S. 185 (A.D. 129). 1 1

The twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth plates

3
are of
V.S. 1186 (A.D. 1130).
The 4
twenty-sixth plate is of V.S. 1187 (A.D. 1130).
The 5
twenty-seventh plate is of V.S. 188 (A.D. 1131). 1

The 6
twenty-eighth plate is of V.S. 189 (A.D. 133). 1 1

The twenty-ninth and thirtieth plates are of V.S.

7

1 190 (A.D. 1133).

The thirty-first plate 8 is of V.S. 191 (A.D. 134), of 1 1

Maharajaputra Vatsrajadeva of the "Singara" family,

who was a feudatory of king Govindachandra and was
also called "Lohatfadeva".
The thirty-second" and the thirty-third 10 plates are of
V.S. 196(A.D. 139) and V.S.
1 1 97 (A.D. 1141) respectively.
1 1

The thirty-fourth 11
of V.S. 1198 (A.D. 1141) speaks
of a charitable grant made on the occasion of the first
anniversary of his senior queen Ralhadevi's demise.
12
The plate of V.S. 1199 (A.D. 1143)
thirty-fifth
contains a mention of the king's (Govindachandra's)
son Maharajaputra Rajyapaladeva. The thirty-sixth,
13 14

16
thirty-seveth and thirty-eighth plates are of V.S. 1200
15

1 Journal Bihar and Orissa reasearch Society, Vol. II, page 445 and Epigraphia
Indica, Vol. IV, page 111.
2 Journal Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. LVI, page 119.
3 Lucknow Museum Report of 1014-15, pages 4-10, Epigraphia Indica, Vol.
XIII, page 297 and Vol. XI, page 22.
4 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VIII, page 153.
5 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XIX, page 249.
6 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. V, page 114,
7 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VIII, page 155 anti Vol. IV, page 112.
8 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 131.
9 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. II, page 361.
10 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 114.
11 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 113.
12 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XVIII, page 21 .

13 He was born of Nayanakelidevl and might have predeceased his father,

14 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 115.
15 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. V, page 115.
iQ Epigraphia Indica, Vol VII, page 99,
120 HISTORY OF THE

(A.D. 1144), V.S. 1201 (A.D 1146) and V.S. 1202 (A.D.
1 1
46) respectively. The thirty-ninth and fortieth plates 1 2

are of V.S. 1203 (A.D. 1146) and V.S. 1207 (A.D. 1150).
A stone pillar inscription of V.S. 1207 (A.D. 1151) 3

of this king has been found at Hathiyadah in which

the name of his queen is mentioned as Gosalladevi.
The forty-first4 copper grant of Govindachandra,
of V.S. 1208 (A.D. 5 ), contains a mention of the
1 1 1

charitable grant made by his senior queen Gosaladevi,

who is described as enjoying all the honours of the
5
state. The forty-second plate is of V.S. 1211 (A.D.
1154).
An inscription of Govindachandra's queen Kumara-
6

daughter of king Devarakshita of the Chikkora

7
devi,
dynasty of Plthika, was found at Sarnath, which shows
that this queen had built a temple and had dedicated it
to Dharmachakra Jina.
Looking vast number of the copper grants of
to the

Govindachandra, we understand that he was a powerful

and generous ruler and most probably for some time
he was the greatest king in Northern India and had
retained his sway over Benares 8 .

1 Kpigrapbia Iiidica, Vol. VIII, page 157.

2 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VI11, page 159.
3 Archaeological Survey of India report Vol. I, page 96.
4 Kielhorn's list of inscriptions of N. I., page 19, No. 131.
5 Epigraphia'lndica, Vol. IV, page 116.
6 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IX, pages 319-328.
7 This Knmaradevi was a follower of Buddhism.
In a manuscript copy of
the book entitled 'Ashfcisarika' preserved in the Nepal State library, it is thus
stated :

This shows that Govindachandra's another queen VasantadevI, too, was a follow-
er of the Mahayana branch of Buddhism. Some people hold Vasantadevi to be
another name of Kumaradevi. In the 'Ramacharita' written by Sandhyakaranandl,
king Mahana (Mathana), father of Kumaradevi 's mother is stated to be of the
Raehtrakuta dynasty.
8 Of the 21 copper grants found near Benares H belong to this king Goviuda-
chtmdra.
 THE GAHAPAVALAS OF KANAUJ. 121

He had sent out Suhala, as his delegate, to the great

convocation called by Alankara, the minister of king
Jayasimha, of Kashmir. This fact is stated in the
'Shrlkanthacharitakavya' of poet Mankha:

i.e., respects to the great scholar

he offered his
Suhala, the delegate of the king Govindachandra of
Kanauj.
This Govindaciiandra had also fought with the
Mohammedan (Turk) invaders of India and had 1

conquered the provinces of Gauda and Chedi. From the

decoration "Vividhavidyavicharavachaspati" attached
to his name we understand that, besides being a patron
of learning, he himself was a good scholar.
Under his orders his minister Lakshmidhara, com-
piled a book on law entitled "Vyavaharakalpataru."
Names of his three sons are found as below:
Vijayachandra, Rajyapala and Asphotachandra.
Mr. V. A. Smith holds the period of Govindachandra's
reign to be from A.D. 104 to 1155 (V.S. 1161 to 1212).
2
1

But it is quite clear that his father was alive upto V.S.

1166 (A.D. 1109), hence upto that date he was only a

prince regent.
Many gold and copper coins of Govindachandra have
been found. Though the metal of the gold coins is
rather debased, they are found in abundance. Eight
hundred of these were found at the village Nanpara
(Behraich, Oudh) in V.S. 1944 (A.D. 1887) when the
Bengal North-Western Railway was under construction.
1 Perhaps, these were the Turks that were then making advances from the
Lahore side.

2 Early history of India, (Fourth edition), page 400,

122 HISTORY OF THE RASHTKAKUTA&

THK GOLD COINS OF GOVINDACHANDRA.

1

On
the obverse there are three lines of the legend.
The first line reads '4ta$V, the second 'frws' and the third
"ta". There is also a trident in the third line, which is
probably a mark of the mint. On the reverse there is
a rude image of the Goddess Lakshmi in the sitting
posture. These are a bit larger in size than the
current British Indian silver four anna piece.
THE COPPER COINS' OF GOVINDACHANDRA.
On
the obverse there are two lines of writing. The
first contains "tftesjit" and the second "f^FS". On the
reverse there is a very rude image of the Goddess
Lakshmi in the sitting posture. These coins are rare
and are about the size of the British Indian silver four
anna piece.

6. VIJAYACHANDRA.
He was and successor of Govindachandra
the son
and was also known as Malladeva. Two copper 3

grants and two inscriptions of this king have been

found. The first copper plate is of V.S. 1224 (A.D. 4

1168) in which the king's title is mentioned as Maha-

rajadhiraja, and that of his son Jayachchandradeva, as
Yuvaraja (prince regent). There is also a mention
of Vijayachandra's victory 5 over the Mohammedans.
The second 6 copper grant of V.S. 1225 (A.D. 1169) also
contains a mention of the king as well as of his heir-
apparent in the same manner as the first.
1 Catalogue of the coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Vol. I, pages 260-261,
plate 26, No. 18.
2 Catalogue of the coins in thi^ Indian Museum, Calcutta, Vol. I, page 261.
3 "
Rambhamanjarl Natika," page 6.
4 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 118.
5

This shows that he might have fought with Khnsro of Ghaznl, who at that
time, had settled at Lahore.
Indian Antiquary, Vol. XV, page 7.
 THE OAHAPAVALAS OF KANAU.T. 123

The first inscription

1
of V.S. 1225 (A.D. 1169). It
is
does not contain the name of his son. The second
2
inscription, which is dated V.S. 1225 (A.D. 1169), be-
longs to the commander-in-chief, Pratapadhavala, and
contains the mention of a forged copper grant of
Vijayachandra.
The king was a follower of Vaishnavism and
built many temples of Vishnu. 3
His queen's name
was Chandralekha. He invested his son, Jayachch-
andra, with the powers of administration during his
lifetime. His army consisted of a large number of
elephants and horses. In the inscription of Jayach-
chandra this king is mentioned as a victor of the
world. But in the inscription of V.S. 1220 of 4

Chauhana Vigraharaja IV there is a mention of his

(Vigraharaja's) victory from which it follows that if
Vijayachandra had conquered any country he might
have done so before this date.
In the Trithvlraja Raso' Vijayachandra is named
as Vijayapala.

JAYACHCHANDRA.
He was the son and successor of Vijayachandra. On
the day of his birth his grandfather, Govindachandra,
had gained a victory over Dasharna country, to com-
memorate which, the then born grand heir to the
throne was named Jaitrachandra 5
(Jayantachandra
or Jayachchandra).
1 Archaelogical Survey of India, (report), Vol. XI, page 125.
2 Journal American Oriental Society, Vol. VI, page 548.
3 The ruins of these temples are still existent in Jaunpur. %
4 Bharata-ke-Prachina Kajavamsha, Vol. I, page 244.
5

get

, i*
124 HISTORY OF THE

From
the aforesaid copper grant of V.S. 1224, of
king Vijayachandra, it is evident that Jayachchandra
had been invested with ruling powers during his
father's life-time.
drama named 'Rambhamanjari
In the preface to the
NatikaY by Nayachandra Suri, it is thus stated:
^
Le , (Jayachchandra's) mighty arm is like
whose
a pillar to tether the elephant of fortune of king
Madanavarmadeva.
This shows that Jayachchandra probably had
extended his sway over Kalinjar and defeated its
king Madanavarmadeva of the Chandela dynasty.
2

Similarly, having defeated the Bhors, he also

annexed Khor.
Fourteen copper grants and two inscriptions of his
reign have been found.
The first copper plate is of V.S. 1226 (A.D. 170) gran-
3
1

ted from the village Vadaviha. It contains an account

of the Rajyabhisheka (Coronation) of the king, which
was performed on Sunday, the sixth day of the bright
half of Ashadha, V.S. 1226 (21st June, 170 A.D.) 1 .

The second 4 plate is of V.S. 1228 (A.D. 1172) issued

from the Triveni confluence (Allahabad). The third 5 is
of V.S. 1230 (A.D. 1 173) issued from Varanasi (Benares).
The fourth 6
is of V.S. 1231 (A.D. 174) issued from
1

Kash! (Benares). From the thirty-second line of this

plate it appears that this copper grant was engraved
later in V.S. 1235 (A.'D. 1179). The fifth 7 plate is of

1 Page 4.
2 His last grant is of V.S. 1219 (A.D. 11^3) and that of his successor Paramar-
dideva of V. 8 1223 lA.D. 11*7). This shows that the victory mentioned above was
gained by Jayachchandra while he was a prince regent.
3 Epigr'aphia Indica, Vol. IV, page 121.
4 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. 1 V, page 122.
5 Do. do. do. 124.
6 Do. do. do. 125.
7 Do. do. do. 127.
 THE GAHADAVALAS OF KANAUJ, 126

V.S. 1232 (A.D. 1175) and contains the name of the

king's son, Harishchandra, at whose Matakarma' cere-
mony the charity mentioned was granted from Benares.
Prom the thirty-first and thirty-second lines of this
plate, too, we infer that the plate was actually prepared
like the preceding one in V.S. 1235 (A.D. 179). 1

The sixth copper plate is of V.S. 1232 (A.D. 1175). 1

The charity mentioned therein was granted on the

occasion of the naming ceremony of Harishchandra.
The seventh 2 the eighth and the ninth* plates are of
,
3

V.S. 1233 (A.D. 1177) and the tenth is of V.S. 1234 5

(A.D. 1177). The eleventh, 6 the twelth 7 and the

8
thirteenth are all of V.S. 1236 (A.D. 1180). These
three were issued at the village of Randavai situated
on the Ganges. The fourteenth 9 plate is of V.S. 1243
(A.D. 1187). The first inscription 10 of V.S. 1245 (A.D.
1189) of this king has been found at Meohad -(near
Allahabad) and the second inscription at Buddha Gaya,
11

which is a Buddhist inscription and contains a mention

of this king. The fourth digit of the number indicating
the year of this inscription being spoiled, it reads 124
only.
This king was a very powerful monarch and had
so immense an army that people called him by the
nickname 'Dalapangula' 12
.

1 Indian Antiqnavv, Vol. XVII I, pae 130.

'2
Kpit?raphia Indiea, Vol. IV, page r !).

3 Indian Antiquary, Vol. XVlIl,paue I3f>.

1 Do. 'do do. 137.
5 Do. do do. 138.
> Do. do do. MO.
7 Do. do do. 141.
8 Do. do do. 14L'.
<l Do. do XV, 10.

10 Annual ieport ,f the AK-hneoloyical Suney of India, 'A D, 1921-22), pages

120-121.
11 Proceedings of the Bengal Asiatic Society, (1880), page 77.

12

who has earned the"Pangu" (lanu being unable to mobilize his

1

?>., title of )

immense armies without the support of two sticks Canga. and Yamuna. It is also
evident from the above reference that the title of Jayachchandra's father was
Malladeva and the name of his toother was Chandralekhii,
126 HISTORY OF THE

Poet Shri Harsha, the author of the famous poem

'Naishadhlya Charita/ also flourished in his court.
The name mother was Mamalladevl and
of this poet's
that of his father Hira, as appears from the concluding
stanzas of each of the chapters of the aforesaid poem
running as follows:

i.e., Hira begot Harsha in Mamalladevl.

In the conclusion of this 'Naishadhiya Charita' it
is thus stated :

'

W=f35?WfW ^ SW^ 3: STOfS^Wi:

'
I

i.e., in the court of the king of Kanauj Shri Harsha

had the privilege of being seated on an "Asana" and
of being honoured with the offer of a betel (aisfor) on
attending and leaving the court.
Though there is no mention of Jayachchandra in
'Naishadhiya Charita/ yet from the Trabandha Kosha'
compiled by Rajashekhara Suri, in V.S. 1405, we learn
that this poet flourished in the court of this king.
This Shri Harsha had also written the book named
"Khandanakhandakhadya." It is thus stated in the
end of the 'Dvirupakosha":

It shows that this book (Dvirupakosha) was also

written by the same poej;.
Jayachchandra was the last powerful Hindu
monarch of Kanauj. According to Trithvlraja
Raso' he had performed the great sacrifice called
"Rajasuya Yagya" and the 'Svayamvara' ceremony
of his daughter Samyogita, which brought about the
downfall of the Hindu Empire in India. In this
 THE GAHAPAVALAS OF KANAUJ. 12?

'Svayamvara' as Prithvlraja, the Chauhana king of

Delhi, forcibly abducted and married the princess,
enmity broke out between the two most powerful kings
of India ( Jayachchandra and Prithvlraja). This internal
discord afforded a golden opportunity to Shahabuddin
to invade India. But the story of the "Raso" is a
mere fiction, as firstly there is no mention of 'Rajasuya'
or the 'Svayamvara' of Samyogita in the grants or
inscriptions of Jayachchandra, secondly no trace of the
abduction of Samyogita is found in the poems connected
with Chauhana Prithvlraja, and thirdly Trithviraja
Raso' records the death of Maharavala Samara Simha
of Mewar while helping Prithvlraja against Shahabud-
din, but, in fact, he died 110 years after this event.
We have fully discussed the subject in the appendix.
Shahabuddin Ghori defeated Jayachchandra in the
battle of Chandaval (Etawah district) in A.H. 590 (V.S.
1

1250 A.D. 1194) and, in the plunder of Benares, got

so much wealth that 1400 camels were employed for its
2
transport to Ghazni .

From this period the Mohammedans acquired sove-

reignty in Northern India and, being dismayed by this
defeat, Jayachchandra drowned himself in the Ganges.
But anyhow for some time Kanauj remained under
the possession of Harishchandra, the son of Jayach-
chandra.
The Mohammedan historians have mentioned Jaya-
3
chchandra as the king of Benares which probably was ,

the seat of his Government at that time.

'
1 Tabqat-i-Nasiri, page 140.
2 'Kamiluttavarikh' (Elliot's translation^ Vol. II, page 251.

3 In the Persian Chronicle, 'Tajul-Ma-asir', written by Hasan Nizanii, this

event is thus described :

Alter Delhi next year Qutubuddin Aibak invaded

taking possession of
Kanauj. Shahabuddin also joined him. The invading
On the way Sultan
army consisted of 50,000 horse. The Sultan posted Qutubuddin in the vanguard.
Etawah. At the time of the
Jayachchandra met this army at Chandaval near
battle king Jayachchandra, seated on an elephant, guided his forces, but was
the treasure of the fort of
eventually killed. The Sultan's army then plundered
Asnl and, having proceeded further, similarly took Benares. He also got 300
elephants in this plunder.
Maulana Minhajuddin in his 'Tabqat-i-Nasiri' says that the two generals
and defeated
Qutubuddin and Izzuddin accompanied the Sultan (Shahabuddin)
king Jayachchandra of Benares near
Chandaval ip A,H. 590 (V,S. 1250).
128 HISTORY OF THE RAfiHTKAKUTAS.

Jayachchandra had built several forts, out of which

one was built at Kanauj on the bank of the Ganges,
another at Asai, on the Jumna (in Etawah district), and
a third at Kurra (Kada). At Etawah, on a mound,
1

near the bank of the Jumna, there exist, to this day,

some remains which are supposed by the local people
to be the remains of Jayachchandra's fort.
It is stated in the Trabandha Kosha' that king

Jayachchandra had conquered 700 'Yojana' (5600 miles)

of land. His son's name was Meghachandra. Jaya-
chchandra's minister, Padmakara, on his return from
Anahilpur, brought with him a beautiful widow named
Suhavadevl. Being smitten with her love Jayachchandra
kept her as his concubine and from her a son was born.
When this illegitimate son came of age, his mother
requested the king to declare him his heir-apparent.
But the king's minister, Vidyadhara, announced prince
Meghachandra to be the rightful heir. This offended
Suhavadevi. She sent her secret agent to the Sultan's
court at Taxila (Panjabj and planned the invasion
2
of Kanauj. Though the minister Vidyadhara, having
learnt of the conspiracy through his spies, had given
timely information to the king, yet he did not give any
credit to it. The minister,
being thus aggrieved,
plunged himself into the Ganges. Shortly afterwards
the Sultan appeared with his army on the scene. The
king marched out to encounter him and a desparate
battle was fought between the two. But it is still a
mystery whether the king was killed on the battlefield
or plunged himself into the Ganges.
1 This place is, in the Allahabad dish id, on the bunk of the (Ganges. It is

alleged that the remains o! .Javachchandra'n f<"t <>n one bank of the mer and those
of his brother MiinikachandiaV )oH on the ophite bunk are still existent. The
peculiar burial ground of th' place also tolls the tale of a battle being fought there,
in which the victorious Javachchandra had destio^'d a very large number of his
Muslim foes,

2 Merutunga, too, in his 'Trabandhachmtamaiji" discredits Suhavadevi for

calling the Mohammedans. Thi* book was written in V.8. 1362 (A,D, 1305),
 Or KANAtTJ; 12*

HABISHCHANDRA.
Harishchandra, son of Jayachchandra, was born on
the 8th day of the dark half of Bhadrapada, V.S. 1232
(the Oth August 1175) and after the death of Jnyaeh-
I

chandra succeeded to the throne of Kanauj in V.S,

1250 (A.D. H93) at the age of 18.
It is generally believed that on the death of Jayach-
chandra the Mohammedans took possession of Kanauj.
But in the Mohammedan chronicles of the time such as
'Tajul-Ma-asir' and 'Tabqat-i-nasirf etc., it is stated ,

that after the battle of Chandaval the Mohammedan

army went towards Prayag and Benares. They speak
of Jayachchandra as the Raja of Benare&. This clearly
shows that, though Kanauj had been devastated by the
Mohammedans and its power had declined, still for
some years the descendants of Jayachchandra had a
hold over the country around it. It was Shamsuddm
Altamash who, for the first time, completely destroyed
the Gahdavala kingdom after taking possession of
Kanauj.
Though in 'Tabqat-i-nasiri' Kanauj has been included
in the list of the cities conquered by Qutubuddln and
Shamsuddm 1

both, yet it is a point worth consideration

that when it was already conquered by Qutubuddin,
what led Shamsuddm to re-conquer it. 2

Of the aforesaid two copper plates, 3

of V.S. 1232, of
king Jayachchandra, the first mentions that he granted
the village of Vadesar to his family priest on the
occasion of the 'Jatakarma' ceremony of his son,
prince Harishchandra. And the second refers to the
1 Tabqat-i --nasirl, p. 179.
2 In the time of this Altamagh a Kshatriya hero named Bartu destroyed 4
number of Mohammedans in Ondb. [Tabqat-i-itasirl (English translation; page*
638-6291.
8 The first of these two Wai found at the village of Kamauli in Benares
district (Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IV, .page 127) ; and the second .at the villa-go of
SUwr,aJso in the*ame district, (Indian Antiquary, Vol. XVfTt, page 130).
130 HISTORY OF THK

grant of two villages given to a Brahmana

named
Hrishikesha on the occasion of Harishchandra's name
giving ceremony, performed on the 13th day of the
bright half of Bhadrapada, V.S. 1232 (the 3)st August,
1175). At this time the prince was only 21 days old.
One copper grant and one inscription of the time
of Harishchandra have been found.
The copper grant was issued on the 15th day
1

of the bright half of Pausha, V.S. 1253 (A.D. 1196) in

which his titles (which are similar to those of his fore-
fathers are mentioned as follows: Paramabhattaraka,
Maharajadhiraja, Parameshvara, Prama Maheshvara,
Ashvapati, Gajapati, Narapati, Rajatrayadhipati,
Vividhavidyavicharavachaspati, etc. This shows that
though a large part of the kingdom had passed away
from his possession yet he maintained his independence
tosome extent.
The inscription of this king, too, is of V.S. 1253,
which was found at Belkheda. Though the king's
name not mentioned in this inscription, yet from
is
the words "sBT^fssifqww^" mentioned in it Mr. R. D.
Banerji and other scholars hold it to be of the time of
Harischandra.
As stated above, on the death of Jayachchandra, in
the battle with Sultan Shahabuddin, his son Harish-
chandra became the ruler of the country around
Kanauj, while his relatives went towards Khor 2
1
P^pigraphia Jndica, Vol. X, page 95.
In this copper plate the Sanivat is stated both in figures and words. The first
digit of the figure appears to have been made by erasing some other figure. Mr.
K, I). Banerji reads it as 1257 (Journal Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. VII, page 762,
Ho. 11). Jf this version be taken as Correct then this grant should have been written
three years after giving the village of Parnahi.
2 From the history of Rampur we learn that when Shamsuddin had invaded
Khor, Jajapala acknowledged his supremacy and remained there, but his brother
Prahasta* (Baradaisena) fled to Mahni (in the Farrukhabad district), while some of
their relatives escaped to Nepal.
_After a time the descendants of Jajapala leaving
Khor settled in Uset ^in the Badaun district). Probably Lakhanapalat, too, at that
time lived there in the capacity of a feudatory. Afterward? being chased by the
Mohammedans there, they went towards Bileadff. Later Ram Rai (Ramsahaya),
a descendant of Jajapala, found the state of Rampur in the Etah district. The Rao
 THE GAHApAVALAS OF KANAUJ. 131

(Shamsabad) (in the Farrukhabad district). But

1

when the few districts that remained under the

control of Harishchandra were also attacked by
Sultan Shamsuddln Altamash the sons of Harish-
2
chandra (Bardaisena) took their abode first in Khor
then in Mahui.
But, sometime after, the Mohammedans began their
inroads in this district also, and Siha, the younger 3

son of Bardaisena, was obliged, therefore, to migrate

to Marwar. *

It is already stated above that Harishchandra's sons

had gone away towards Mahui. Here, after sometime,
his younger son, Siha, had built a fort4 but later, ;

when this region began to be overrun by the Moham-

medans, Siha with his elder brother Setarama was
5

obliged to migrate westward with the intention of the

pilgrimage to Dvaraka and reached Marwar.
of Khimsepur in the* Farrukhabad district also claims his descent irom .Injapala.
Similary, the Chaudharis of Surjai and Sarodha (Mainpuri district) are kr.own as
the descendants of Jajapala.
It is said that Manikachandra was a hrother of Jayachchandra. The rulers of
Mantfa and Bijapur, states in the Mirzapur district, as well as some other petty
landholders of Gha/ipur district, claim their descent from Gatfana, the son of
Manikachandra.
*ln the 'Pratapagadha Nama', published in A.D. 1849, this prince is mentioned
as Harasu. Peihaps Hnrasu and Prahasta are corrupted forms of ITarishchandra.
tKpigraphia Tndica, Vol. I, page 64.
tfAt borne places the time of this event is given as V.S. 1280.
1 In V.8. 1270 Shamsuddln converted the nanie of Khor as Shamsabad after
his own name.
2 Possibly Baradaisena may be a younger brother of Harishchandra.
3 In the history of Rampur Siha is stated as the grand son of Prahasta, but in
the History of Marwar his grandfather's name is stated as Baradaisena. It is, there-
fore, probable that both these are the surnames of Harishchandra. It is also possible
that just as
'Dalapangula' was a title of Jayachchandra Baradaisena (Varadayl-
sainya) might be that of Harishchandra.
4 Its ruins aie still existent on the bank of the Ganges and are locally known
7
as 'Siha Rao-ka-Khetfa.
5 It is stated in "Aiu-i-Akbari" that Siha was the nephew of Jay achandra,
who lived at Shamsabad and was also killed in the battle fought with Shahabuddm
at Kanauj. (Vol. II, page 507).
In the 'Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthana' at one place Siha is stated as the
son of Jayachandra (Vol. I, page 105) while at other as the nephew rVol. II, page
950). But at the third place he and Setarama both are stated to be tne grandsons
of Jayachandra (Vol. II, page 940).
In the inscription of Siha, dated V.S. 1330, he is stated as the son of Setarama.
But if we take Setarama to be the elder brother and adoptive father of Siha,
firstly the times assigned to Javachcliandra and Siha adjust themselves well,
secondly the controversies arising by the mention of Setarama at one place as the
brother and at other as the father of 81 ha would alpo be squared up.
 132 HISI'OKY OF THE

I!
ii 3
'

!*i
3*
"5.4
?3

33
t*
o

1-3

^ T ""*
ri
I^> O t"- O 5*5 -^ *

S
H

O
Z i^

5
,3

H
03

i *
5 a
 THK UAHADAVAKAS OF KANAUJ. 133

Genealogical tree of the Gahadavala family

of Kanauj.

Yaeliovigraha.
i

Mahichandra.
I

Chandradeva.
I

Madanapala. Vigrahapala (head of the

|
Badaun family).
( Jfivindachandra.
I "

f I" - i
Vijayacliandta. Rajyapala. Asphotachandra.
!_ __ _
I I

Jayachchandia. Manikachandra.

r"
J ~ "~" ~" - "
'

i i

Marishchandra. 1
.lajapala. Mt'gliaclmndia.
(I'raliasta or liiiradaisena ).

i
i

Setarauia. Mha.
134

APPENDIX.
FALSE STATEMENTS ABOUT
KING JAYACHCHANDRA AND RAO SIHA. 1

Jayachchandra, king of Kanauj, has often been

accused of having caused the downfall of the last
4

Hindu kingdom in Northern India. His grandson

R3o Siha also has been accused of having usurped
Pali by treacherously murdering the Pallival Brahmanas
of that place. No reasons are, however, offered for
these suppositions, but the only argument resorted to
by these critics, is that these stories are handed down
from generation to generation or that they are so
mentioned in the "Prithvlraja Raso" and in Tod's
''Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthana."
In fact, none has yet taken the trouble of investi-
gating the truth or otherwise of the problem. For the
consideration of scholars, I lay down my views on the
subject here. The brief story of the "Prithvlraja Raso"
maybe told as follows.
Once Kamadhaja Rai, with the assistance of king
Vijaypala Rahthoda of Kanauj invaded Delhi. At
this, Tunvara Anangapala, king of Delhi, requested
king Someshvara Chauhana of Ajmer for help.
Someshvara thereupon marched with all his forces
and joined Anangapala. A battle was fought in which
the latter won a victory, and the hostile forces re-
treated. As a mark of gratitude for this timely
succour, Anangapala married his younger daughter
e! firm mv futidc- in Hie Indian Aut'qunry, Vol. LFX, pages 6-9.
 fcALSK STATEMENTS ABOUT KINtt JAYACIIC1IANDKA 13$
AND RAO SlilA.

Kamalavati to Someshvara and simultaneously his

another daughter 1

to Vijayapala of Kanauj.
In V.S. 1115 Kamalavati gave birth to Prithvlraja.
Once Nahacla Rao, king of Mandor, had paid a visit
to king Anangapala of Delhi, and beholding the hand-
some features of prince Prithvlraja there, he declared
his intention to marry his daughter to him. But later,
he abandoned the idea. On this Prithvlraja invaded
Mandor in about V.S. 1129, and having defeated
Nahacla Rao, took his daughter in marriage. Later,
in V.S. 1138, Anangapala, disregarding the right of
his elder daughter's son Jayaehchandra, made over
the kingdom of Delhi to Prithvlraja. Subsequently,
Prithvlraja having abducted the daughter of the
Yadava king Bhana of Deogiri, who was engaged to
Vlrachandra, nephew of Jayaehchandra, the armies of
Prithvlraja and Jayaclichandra had to meet on the
battle-Held. Sometime after this, Anangapala also
invaded Delhi to recapture it from Prithvlraja, on the
complaints of his former subjects being now oppressed
by Prithviraja's coercive policy, but he did not succeed.
In V.S. 1144, when Jayaclichandra proposed to
perform a 'Rajasuya-yajna' and the 'Svayamvara' of
his daughter Samyogita, IViihx iraji., considering it
inadvisable to confront him, thought out another plan
to render both the above ceremonies abortive. He at
first repaired to Khokhandapura where he killed

Jayachchandra's brother, Baluka Rai, and afterwards

eloped with Samyogita. Jayaclichandra was, therefore,
obliged to wage war against Prithvlraja. The latter
managed somehow to escape, bun as many as 64 of his

generals were killed and his power was

almost annihi-
Raso,' Prithvlraja was 36
'

lated. According to the

years of age when this event took place. So the date of
the event must be Vikrama Samvat 1151.

1 Jayaclichandra was bum tu this *a

136 HISTORY OF THE RASHTRAKUTAS.

The bravery young general Dhirasena Pundira

of the
in the struggle with Jayachchandra attracted Prithvl-
raja's attention, and the king favoured him most. At
this, his veteran generals Chamunda Rai and others
became jealous and carried on intrigues with Shaha-
buddin. But Prithvlraja, being too much engrossed
with Samyoglta, did not pay any heed to these affairs.
His government, therefore, gradually showed signs of
disintegration. This gave an opportunity to Shahabud-'
din to invade Delhi. Prithvlraja was obliged to come
out with his army to meet him. On this occasion,
Ravala Samaras! of Mewar, his brother-in-law, had also
joined Prithvlraja in the battle. But due to disorgani-
sation of the army, Shahabuddm eventually won a
victory, and Prithvlraja was captured and taken to
Ghaznl. Shortly after this, it is related, Shahabuddm
met his death at the hands of Prithvlraja at Ghaznl,
who immediately after killed himself. Shortly after, 1

Rainasi, son of Prithvlraja, attacked the Muhammedans

of Lahore, to avenge his father's death, and drove
them Thereupon Qutbuddln marched against
out.
Rainasi and killing him in the battle that followed,
advanced further upon Kanauj. Hearing of this,
Jayachchandra also arranged his army to encounter
him. But in the battle that ensued, Jayachchandra
was killed and the Muhammedans were victorious.
The above story cannot stand any historical test.
TheKamadhajaRai mentioned in it is a fictitious name,
inasmuch as we know of no individual of that name
in hisiory. Similarly, the name
Jayachchrindra's of
father was not Vijayapala, but Vijayachandra, who
lived not in the beginning of the twelfth century of the
Vikrama era, but in the first half of the thirteenth

1 According t<> the 'Riiho' Ppthyiraja had died at an age of 43 ;

so the date of

this event; comes to V.S,

 FALSK ST.vTMMKNTS ABOUT KING JAYACHCHANDRA 137
AND RAO SiHA.

century, as is evident from his copper plate grants

1

and inscriptions of V.S. 1224 and 1225. Again, although

the period of Anangapala has not yet been precisely
ascertained, yet this ranch is certain that Someshvara's
third ancestor Vigraharaja (or \ Isaladeva IV) had
acquired possession of Delhi, which is borne out by
2
the inscription of V. S. 1220 (A.D. 1163) on the pillar
of Firoz Ghah at Delhi. Under these circumstances,
we do not understand how Someshvara could have
gone to Delhi Moreover, in the
to help Anangapala.
"Prithviriijavijaya Mahakavya," which was written in
Prithviraja's Lime, the name of Prithviraja's mother
is mentioned not as Kamalavati, but as Karpuradevi,
3

who is to bo the daughter not of Tunvara

stated
Anangapala, but of a king of the Haihaya dynasty (of
Tripuri). in the "Hammlra Mahakavya" also the
name of Prithviraja's mother is mentioned as Karpura-
devi. The author of Ihe "RasO" has mentioned the date
of the birth of his hero Prithvlraja as V. S. 1115, but
1

in fact Prithvlraja should have been born in V.S. 1217

(A. D. 160) or somewhat later, as at the death of his
1

father in about V.S. \2j6 (A.D. 1179) he was a minor

and his mother took J urge of the administration.
Let us now consi ler the tale of Prithvlraja having
married a daughter of Nahada Rao, king* of Manclor;
This, too, is .v)i absurdity, because from an incrip-
king Bauka, who was tenth in
tion of V. S. 894 oi
descent from this Nahada Rao, we conclude that
the latter must have lived about V. S. 714, i.e.,
nearly 5CC yeaio before Prithvlraja. Sometime
between V S. 1189 and V. S. 1200 the Pratihara
1 IvielhorrTs Supplement (> Northern hist (,Kpiniphia Imlica, Vol. VI 11,
Appendix I), pa^e 13.

2 i
pigrapliia Jndioa, Vol. \l\, pat;o 21S.
3 Journal Koyal Asiatic Sorioty, (1913) page 275 f.
4 The names of Prithvlraja^ ance&tors mentioned in the 'Raso' appear also to
a large extent incorrect.
138 HISTORY OF THE

dynasty of Mandor had ceased to exist, having been

overthrown by Chauhana Rayapala, whose son Sahaja-
pala ruled at Mandor about V.S. 1200, as appears
from his inscription found at Mandor. Besides 1

this, the name of the prime ancestor of the Padihara

dynasty of Kanauj was also Nagabhata (or Nahada).
From the copper grant dated V.S. 813 of the Chauhana
2

king Bhartrivaddha II, found at Hansot, it appears

that this Nahada lived in the beginning of the ninth
century of the Vikram era. Further, the first Padihara
conqueror of Kanauj, too, was Nagabhata (Nahada II),
who was fifth from the aforesaid Nahada.
in descent
He had died inV.S. 890, as appears from the "Prabha-
vakacharitra." No fourth Nahada besides these has
been heard of in the history of India.
We
have already mentioned above V.S. 1217 as the
approximate birth year of Prithviraja. In such a case,
it would certainly be impossible to assume that Anan-

gapala made over the kingdom of Delhi to Prithviraja

in V.S. 1138.
Further, the story of Prithviraja having abducted
the daughter of the Yadava king Bhana of Deogiri and
of the consequent battle between Prithviraja and
Jayachchandra, also seems to be spurious. The founder
of the city of Deogiri, was not Bhana, but Bhillama,
who had founded the city about V.S. 1244 (A.D. 1187).
Neither does this event find place in the history of
Bhillama nor does the name Bhana occur in the pedigree
of the dynasty. Similarly, Virachandra, the name of a
nephew of king Jayachchandra, occurs only in the
'Raso' and nowhere else.
Wehave mentioned above that an ancestor, third
from Prithvlraja's father, had acquired possession of
Delhi. Thus, the talk of Tunvara Anangapala's effort
to regain his kingdom from Prithviraja on complaint
from his subjects about the latter's high-handedness
is an untenable proposition.

1 Archa-ol- Surv. Ind., An. Rep.. 1909-10, pages 102*103,

g Epigraphia Indica, Vol, XII, page 197,
 FALSE STATEMENTS ABOUT KING JAYACHCHANDRA 139
AND RAO SIHA.

There now remains the affairs of the'Rfijasuya' and

'Svayamvara' ceremonies performed by king Jayach-
chandra. Had Jayachchandra performed such a grand
'

ceremony as the Rajasuya/ some mention of it would

have been found in the inscriptions of that monarch, or
in the 'Rambhamanjarl Natika' by Nayachandra Suri,
of which Jayachchandra himself is the hero. Fourteen
copper plates and two stone inscriptions of Jayach-
1

chandra have been found, the last of which is dated

V. 2
(A. D. 1189). Although there are, thus, as
S. 1245

many as sixteen epigraphic records belonging to him,

not one of them contains any reference to his having
celebrated a 'Rajasuya'
The story of Prithvlraja's elopement with Samyogita
seems brain of the author
to be a creation of the fertile
of the 'Raso'. Neither the "Prithvirajavijaya Maha-
kavya" written in Prithviraja's time, nor the "Hammira
Mahakavya" complied in the last half of the fourteenth
century of the Vikrama era, makes any mention of
3

any such event. To rely on the story under these

circumstances, is to tread on uncertain ground. The
dates of the events given in the "Raso" are alike in-
4

correct.
The story Maharavala Samarasingji of Mewar
of
being a brother-in-law of PrithvirSja, and being killed
1 'Bharata Ue-Praclrina Rajavamsha', part III, pp. 10S-110.
2 Annual report of the Arch Suney of India (1921-22*). Pages 120-121.
3 Further there is no trace of Soma\arnshi Mnkundadeva of Kanaka in the
history of that period, whose daughter is mentioned as the mother of Samyogita
in the 'Raso.'
A Mr. Mohan Lill Vishnu Lfxl Pandya hail, however, assumed the dates of the
'Raso' to ho hased on the 'Ananda Vikrama Samvat,' ^hich lie takes for granted
on the basis of the words <f^n^[Efj ^T^' According to this, the Vikrama Samvat i8
arrived hy addim; M
to the Samvat stated in the RiUo'.
1
Thus, hy adding 01 to the
Samvat 1158, the date of Frithviraja's death arrived at according to the 'Raso,' we
come to 1249. This date alone can he pioved to he correct by this method. But
the other dates and the periods assigned to Nahada Rao, etc., still remain quite
unreliable.
140 HISTORY OF THE KA

in the Shahabuddln, while helping his

battle with
brother-in-law Prithvlraja, is also an idle tale. This
battle had, in fact, been fought in V. S. 1249, whereas
Maharavala Samarasin^h rh'ed in V. S. 1359. Under
these circumstances, the above stntement of the 'Raso*
cannot be admitted as either true or possible.
After this, there is the mention of Prithvlraja's son
Rainasi, but in fact the name of Prithviraja's son was
Govindaraia.
1

He being a child, his uncle Hariraja

Had usurped his dominion of Aimer, whereupon
Qutbuddin, having defeated HarirMa, had protected
Govindaraja.
In the end, there is the mention of an invasion by
Qutbuddin against Java eh oh an dm, but, according to the
Persian histories of India, this invasion is said to have
been made not after RhahpbnddTn's death, but in his
lifetime, and that he himself had taken part in it. He
was killed at the hands of the Onkkhars in V. S. 1762

(A.D. 1206X Besides, in the Persian chronicles there

is no mention of Jayachchandra's collusion with
Shahabuddin.
When all these circumstances are taken into consi-
deration, the historical value of the "PrithvTrnja Raso"
becomes vitiated. Resides, even if we accept for a
moment the whole story of the 'Raso as correct, yet
7

nowhere in that work is there anv mention either of

Jayachchandrahnvin? invited Fvhahahuddin to attack

PrithvTraja or of Mshavino- any other sort of connec-

tion whatsoever, with tho Muhnmmedan ruler. On the
other hand, at various places i"n fhe 'Paso' we read of
Prithviraia's acrcfrossive attacks, his plonpment with the
princess, his neglect of stnte affairs through his
devotion to Samyoeita, his nroud and overbearing
behaviour towards his brave and wise p-erernl Cham-
unda Rai, whom he had sent to prison without any fault
4
1 Bharata-ke PracMna Kajavarnsha', part 1,
f

pa ,;o -'"J.
 FALSE STATEMENTS ABOUT KING JAYACHCHANDRA 141
AND RAO S1HA.

on his part, and his high-handedness which gave rise

to the complaints of the subjects of a state left as a
legacy to him by his maternal grandfather. Along
jvith this, we also learn from the 'Raso' that unwise
his

steps obliged his own generals to conspire with his

enemy Sultan Shahabuddln. the light of these In
circumstances, readers will be able to judge for them-
selves how far it is just to dub king Jayachchandra
with the title of Vibhishana and thus malign him
as a traitor.
Let us now examine the attack made on Rao Slh,
grandson of Maharaja Jayachchandra. Colonel James
Tod writes
1
:

"Here in the land of Kher amidst the sandhills of

Luni (the salt-river of the desert) from which the
Gohils were expelled, Sihaji planted the standard of
the Rathors.
"At this period a community of Brahmans held the
city and extensive land about Pali, from which they
were termed Pallivals, and being greatly harassed
by the incursions of the mountaineers, the Mers and
Minas, they called in the aid of Sihaji's band, which
readily undertook and executed the task of res-
cuing the Brahmans from their depreciations. Aware
that they would be renewed, they offered *Sihaji lands
to settle amongst them, which he readily accepted."
"Afterwards he found an opportunity to obtain land
by putting to death the heads of this community and
adding the districts to his conquests."
From the above history it is evident that before
rendering aid to these Pallivala Brahmanas, Rao Sihfi
had acquired possession of Mehva and Khetfa. It
does not seem reasonable that an adventurer, hanker-
ing after land, should have renounced possession of
1 Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthana, Vol. I. p p. 942-943.
142 HISTORY OF THE

these two large districts, merely to content himself

with a few acres of land granted to him by his proteges,
the Palllvalas. Further, he had not at that time enough
men with him to look after his posessions of Kheda
and Mehva as well as for keeping under subjection
the Meras and Minas of the hilly tracts, who often
overran Pall. Besides, from the narratives of the old
chronicles of Marwar we learn that the Palllvalas
of Pali were a class of rich traders. It is nowhere
recorded that they were masters of the town of Pall;
nor do we find any mention that Rao Siha had mur-
dered them. In the temple of Sonanatha at Pali,
there is a stone inscription of V.S. 1209 of Solanki
1

Kumarapala, which shows that at that time the latter

held sway over Pali. It also appears from this ins-
cription that one Bahadacleva, probably, a Chauhana
feudatory of Kumarapala ruled over Pall at this time
on behalf of Kumarapala. There had also been one
Alhanaclsva, a Chaahlna feudatory and favoju'ita of
king Kumarapala. An inscription dated V.S. 1209, 2

of Kiradu shows that this Alhariadava hid acquired

possession of t'.ie districts of Kiradu, Ridadhada
and Shiva by the favour of king Kumarapala. 3

On the death of Kumarapala, about V.S. 1230, his

nephew Ajayapala succeeded to the throne. From this
time the power of the Solankls began to decline.
Presumably, the Minas and Meras might have taken
advantage of this weakness and plundered Pall, which
was then one of the richast cities in the vicinity. In
the inscription dated V. S. 1319 at Sundha of Chauhana
Chachigadeva it is stated that Udayasimha, father of
Chachigadeva, and great grandson of the aforesaid
Alhanadeva, was master of the districts of Nadol,
1 Annual report of the Archaeological D^ptt., Jolhpur State, Vol. VI, (1931-32)p. 7.
2 ,, Vol. IV, (1929-30)p. 7.
3 Ep. Ind., Vol. XI, p. 70.
 FALSE STATEMENTS ABOUT KING JAYACHCHANDRA 14S
AND RAO SlHA.

Jalor, Mandor, Bahadmer, Ratanapur, Sanchor,

Surachand, Radadhada, Kheda Ramsln, and Bhinmal.
Udayasimha is in this inscription as
also described
invincible to the kings of Gujrat. We have found four
1

inscriptions of this king ranging from V. S. 1262 to

V.S. 1306 at Bhinmal. We conclude, therefore, that at
some time in this period, this Chauhan feudatory
might have thrown off the yoke of the Solanki kings of
Gujrat. At the same time, when we consider the
geographical position of the above-mentioned districts,
we are led to believe that the city of Pali, too, must
have passed into the possession of the Chauhanas from
the Solankls. So that at the time of Rao Siha's arrival
in Marwar, such an important city as Pali must have
either been in possession of the Solankls or the Chau-
hanas. What circumstances, then, could have obliged
Rao Siha to butcher his helpless and trading supplicants
of the Bralimanas, a caste so sacred to a Rajput for
the possession of Pali ?
Besides this, when finding themselves too weak
to ward off the marauding incursions of the hill tribes,
these Brahma nas had themselves
applied to Rao Siha
for help, and having gained experience of his prowess,
and having appointed him to be their protector, how
could they have ever dared to incur his wTath by an
act of effrontery ?
Thus automatically Siha became master of the city,
and so his interest lay in fostering its trade by con-
ferring favours upon its merchants, the Palllvala
Brahmanas, and not in laying- waste the country by
killing these traders, as is supposed by the learned
scholar, Colonel Tod.

1 Ep.Ind., Vol. IX, p. 78, v. 46.

 INDEX,

Abbalabba, 72. Bacldiga, 81. 82,91, 92.

Abhimanyu, 2, 14, 31, 47.

Abu/aidulba&in, 39.

Adikesbava, 1 15. I'lahadadeva, 142.

r
P.aifia (Vai<a), -

>4, ii'j.
Ajayapala, 1 13.

112.
Halabbi kin^ilom, 4'J.
Ajayupala,
Akalanka Blut.ta, 37, 59. Baladitya, 27.

Akalavanrha, 7<>. r>alapra>a(la, 111.

Ualliara. 39-12,5],
Aka(a\arsba, 90-99.
Haluka Kai, 135.
Alankara, 38, 121.
Alexander,
Hankeva (ra^a), 69, 70.
2, 0.
Hapa (Ravala), 12, 27.
Albanadtha, 112.

Allata, HI. Bappaya, 05.

Baradalaena (Varadayi sainya) 46, 130,
Almasudi, 41.
131,133.
Am ma 1, SO.
Bartu, 129.
Ammanadeva Anamradeva\ f
7S, 92.
Hauka, 29, 31, 137.
Anioghavarsha I, 3, 10, 12, H5, 3ij. S.,, 40,
r.luuha, 29.
52, 04, 0774, 7<>, 11, U'J, l)r>-)7, ^,
112. l^ha^aladevl (F5hagalambika), 103.
Ainogliavaraba II, 7H-M, 91, )2. Bba:.',vadevi, 49.
Amo^havarsha, (IJaddi^n) III, 77, si, s2, Bballlla, 112
S7, 89, 91,92. Hbamiiiaba, 90.
Amritapala, 50. Bbana, 135, 13S.
Ananda Sainvat, 1'59 Bbaiata, <5.

Anaii^apala, i:M, i:J5, i;'7, i:N. Bbarata, SO.

Aniniddha, 77. Bliarti'ibbaUa 1. 27. .

A nka, 102, 10:J, 10S, 109. BbaHi'ibbatt^ II, 111.

Aukidoxa, 107. liliaitri\addba 11, 13S.

Vntiga, S3. 92.

l
)"
Aparajita ( I
v:\raja), 7 >, !>0.

Aratta, 2, (i, 7. Bbati, 13.

Arikosari, sr. Bba\ibhya, 47.

Arjnna, 77, lbayido\a, 105.

Arjuua, 7S. Bhillaiua, 13s.

Arjuiiavarman, 10 1, 109. lib Una, 12.

Arkakirti, ti(. Bbiina, 103.

Asboka, 1. Bbium I, 75.

Asbvagbosba, 30. Bbinia II, 75.

Asphotachandra, 121, 133. lib! ma III, SO.

Atri, 31. Bblmnpala, 50.

14* INDEX.

Bhoja, 44, 79, 115, 132, Devarakehita, 120.

Bhoja i, 8, 17, 97, 99. Devendra, 69.

Bhoja II, 44, 115. Dhadibhan^aka (Dha<?idva) 107.

Bh6r, 124. Dhanapala, 29, 88.

Bhfltuga II, 84, 85,91, Dharnnlvarahfl 111.
Bhuvanapala, 24, 50. Dharma, 12.

Bilharm, 28. Dharmapala, 20, 49, 67.

Buddharaja, 112. Dharmayudha, 65.

Buddhavarsha, 96, Dhavala, 111.

Bundela, 31, Dhlrasena Puudira, 136.
Ph5(^(jhi, 97
DhruvJiraja, 17, 40, 59-65, 91, 92, 94, 98
142. 114.
Cbachigadeva,
06. Dhruvaraja, 93, 98, 99.
Chakiraja, r
Dhruvaraja T, 40, (58, 71, 9- >, 9o, 9S, 99.
Chakrayudha, 17,61,65.
Dhruvaraja II, 8, 17, 70, 71, 97-99.
Chakreshvari, 18.
Dhuhatfa, 18.
Chalukya 8, 15, 25, 28, 53, 54, 1 00.
Dora (Dhora), 63.
Chalukya, 28.
Drona, 28.
Chalukya kingdom, 42.

Chamunda Rai, 13H, 140.

Duddaya, 73.

Duigaraja, 47, 48.

Chandela, 31.
Durlabhanija, 111.
Chantfikabbe, 101.

Chandra, 15- IS. 23, 25, oO. E

Chandradeva, 15, Ifi, IS, 19, 21. 22.24, Echaludevi, 10H.
25,32, 44, 114-116, 132. 133. 103. 10S,
Ere^a (Eroyanimarasa), 102,
Chandraditya, 116. 109.
Chandralekha, 123, 12o.

Chandrikadevl (Chandalade\ I), 10.">

Flroz Mia K 137.
Chanhana, 29, 32.
Chuntfavat, 33.
G

(ia<jana, 131.
Gaharjavala, 13, 16-21, 26, 31, 33, 45
Lahima, 33.
114, 116, 117, 129.
Dalapangula, 125, 131.
(iakkhar, 140.
Dantiga, 83, 92. (

(iaiuun<Jabbe, t>\.
Dantiga (Dantivarman). 64.
(iandhara. 1, 6.
Dantivannan 91.
95. Gan^avana PvitUvlpati II, 85.
Dantivnrman,
97-99. Gangeyadova, 90.
Dantivarman,
Dantivarman, 112. Gaurja, 33.
Dantivannan (Dantidur^a I, 3, H, 52,
(
Jayakarna, 108.
91, 92. (firige, 90.
Dantivarman (Dantmurija) II, 11/34, Gohila, H, 141.
f
42, 46, 48, 52, 54-56, 58, 59, 91-94, 9 J,
Gojji^a, HO.
Dayima(Davari), 102, 10s, lo<i.
Golhanadevi, 108.
D^vacja, 29, 32.
(Tnpala, 19.
Devapala, 50. fioi)ala, 21, 22, 24, 25, 50.
Devapala, 115. Gfiealladevi, 120.
Devaraja, 31. Govindacliandra, 11, 23, 24, 81, 32, 38,
j, 47. 44, 114, 116, 117, 119-123, 132, 133.
 INDEX. 147

Govindacliandra's rnpp'-r coirs, liidraraja III, 3, 10, 17, 13, 51, 77-80,
122. 91, 92.
Govindacbandra's ftold coins, 121. Indraraja IV, 90-92.
Govindanjbfi, 77, 81. Indravudha, 17, 61, K7, 92.

(iovindaraja, 47, 48. letakhari, 41.

(iovindaraju, 93, 9s, 9','. Izzuddin 127.

Govindaraja, 112.

Govindaraja, 1 10.

Govindarfija, (I), <',S, 04 -9,i, :H, 99. Jagadekamlla II, 1

05, 10*.

Govinduraja, (II), 97, 9S.

(

Govindaraja. J, ,53. 91, <? Jasattunga I, 64, 91.

Go\ indaraja II, 56, frt-btt. <><> fi^, 01 ,
Jagattunga II, 77. 78, 81, 91.

Govinduraj-i III, 11, 56, 57. 41, t

Jagattunqa III, 8'2-t,4, %7, 91.
91. 92, 94. y5, OQ, 11^. Jaitrachandra (Jayantachaodra) 123.
7
Govmdaraja, !V, 10, 17, t ', 7^ s
Jnjapaia (JayapalsO, 20. 46, 130, 135.
Ciuhadatta, 27. Jakabba, 90.
(riihiiota, 'J7, ,52.
.fasadhavala, 4.
<Tiinnbhadrat harya fun oT, 7 c
Jayabhatta III, - >".

.layachchandra, 7, 16, 20,21, 4i-46, 110,

122-136, 13S-U1.
H
Jayadeva, 27.
Ha <|a, 32. Javaditya, 96.
Haihayn (Kalnchurj) 3". Ja\ akarna, 104, 109.
Halayudha, 29, ,S7. Jayasnnha, 38, 121.

Halayudha, 37, 59. Jayasimba I, 9, 16, 51.

Ham mi ra, 4. Jayasiinha II, (Jagadekamalla) 102, 109.

Haraeu, 131 Jazia, 44, 116.

Harishcliandra, IS, 45 46 r>5 ;P7 Jcjjata, 48.
129-133.
Jinaharshagani, 2S
Hanehchandra, 29 Jinasena, 35, 37, 72, 76,
Harita. 27. 61.
Jmasena, 37,
Ilariti, 28. Jodha, IS.
Harivarman, 110, 111. Jodhpur, 18.
Marsha, 54, 113.
Hasan Nizami, 127.
Hemachandra, 28.
Kailasa Bhavann, GO, 38, 57.
Ilemaraja, 31.
Kakka. 31.
Heinavati, 31.
Kalapriya Clanda Martanrla, 85.
I
lira, 126.
Kalinga, 55.

I
Kallai a, 90.

Kalyani, 18.
Ihn Haukal, 41.
IvaiAadnaja Ra\, 134, 136.
Ibn Khurdadba, 40.
Kama)avati, 133, 137.
Iksbvaku, 6.
Kambayya (Stambha>. 63, 64, 91.
Indrajit, 31 .
KaiubOja, 1.6.
Indraraja, 9, 42, 52. Kankadeva. h>.
Indraraja, 06, (58, 91, 94, 9\ 9S, 99. Knnna (Kannaka^'ra) 1, 10, 103, 108, 109.
(

ludraraja I, 48, b 2, 53, 91. 92. Kanua (Kannakaira) IT, 103, 104, 105,
Indraraja II, 53, 54, 91, 9iJ. 108, 109.
148 INDKX.

I,
Kann.ira, 75.
Kannara. Si 1
.
l.aklianapala, 15, !(>, 21, 22, 50, 130.
KannGshvara, 5>. Lukslnnana ( Lakslnnidhara), 105.

Kapardi (Pada) I, (V. 77, 7S.

Lakplnni,
Kapardi II, <i9, 71, 92. I.akslunTdo\:i W>, 108, 100.
1, 10"),
Karkaraja, IS, 49. r,akslimide\a II, 10(> 100.
Karkaraja, (iU.
Lakslimidovi, 101.
r

Karkaraja (Kakkaraja), -

>7, (ij, (>(>, <>S LakslnnTdhara, 37, 121.

92, 94-96, 98, 99.
1/alitaditya (MuktapUla), 113.
Karkaraja (Kakka) I, 53, (>;>, 01, 02.
Lata, 4, 55, (ili, 03, 01.
Karkaraja (Kakkala) II, 10, 10, 42, 13,
Latalurapura, 7.
4<>, 58, 71, SS-92, 10 J.
r,atalurapnradhi?h\ara, 7, 70.
Karkaraja I, 93, OS, 90.
J.fitana, 13. 35.
'Karkaraja 11, 55, 5S, 9 >, 01, 9% 99.

Karna, 44, 115, 132. LOndcyarai'a, 70.

Karpuradevi, 137. L'>hadadeva, 1 19.

Kartavirya I, 102, 1<)S, 100. Lnla\ikki, MX

Kartavlrya II, 103, lot, luti, IOS, 100. Lumbhu (Kiln), 29.

Kartavirya (KaUama)
IOS, 10 J.
1
III, 10-1, H)">,
M
Kartavirya IV, 105, Hx;, 10>, Jin.
Katta, 103. Madanapala, \(\. 2^, 21, II, 115-117,
132, i:i-'.
Kavirajauiar^a, 3S, ;i.
-<>
i
Madanaiiala, 2), 23, 21, 50.
Khotti^a (<lc\a), sj, ^o, :ii, 02.
1

Khusro, 122. Madanapala's ( oppcr Coin 5 ,

1 1 7.

Madnna])Ula's Gold Coins, 1 17.

Khtipala, 3.
Madanavarmado\a, 11, 121, l'>2.
Kirtiraja, 40.
Kirtivarman 1,0. MadOv), 100, 107.
Kirti\armaii
Mahades I, 75.
II, 12, ITi, r>I, 52. '1,55,
57, 02, 03. Mahalakshmi, 111.

Kokkaia I, 75, 77, 7.s, 02. .Mahana (Mathana), 32, 120.

Koshala, 55. Maharana, 27.

Krishna, 51,52. Maharashtra, 1, 4, 7.

Kriehnaraja, 71, 9s,

(
). Maharashtrakuta, 107.

Krishnaraja, I, 11, 14, 31, 3s. 53, 5<;-H2, Maharatta 1.

75, o'l, 02,04, 90. Mahaviracharya, 30, 37, 72.
Krishnaraja II 17, 40, G7, 73 -7S, 80, Mahendra, 111.
01, 92, OS, 00, 101, 100, 114.
MahTrhandra, 19, 114, 115, 132, 133.
Krishnaraja III, 10, 17, 37, 41, 13,50,
72, 81 -h7, 00 02, 101, 114. Mahlpala, 17, 79,92.
Krishnaraja I's Silver Coin?, 59. Mahlpala, 18-20.
Mahiyala (Mahitala), 111.
Krishneshvara, 85.

Kshemaraja, 97. Mailaladevi, 103.

Kulottnnpacliu^Iadova II, 2s.

Mai lade va, 122, 125,

KnmaradcvT, 23, 31, 32, 114, 120. Mallikarjuna, 105, 100, 108, 109.

KJumanijjnpla, 1 13. Mamalladcvi, 1'JH.

Kuruarapaia. 2s, l 12. Manunata, HO, 111.
Kumbha (Kanfi), 12, 2/\ Mananka, 2, 47.

Kundakade\i, S2, 87. Man as a, 35.

Knha, f>.
Mangallsha, 42, 5.^,

Kyanadeva, 40.
Mangi, 75.
 INDEX. 149

Manikachandra, 21, 46, 128, 131, 133. Pala, 19.

Mankha, 38, 121. Palidhvaja, 34.

Marasharva, 65, 92. Palllvala Brahinana, 134, 141-143.
Marasimha II, 83, 8S, 80, 01, 02. Parabala, 20, 48, 49, 67.
Maiikhari, 113. Parabala, 67.
Meghachandra, 128, 133. Paramara, 29.
Meratfa, 100, 108, 109. Paramardideva, 124.

Mom (Mahodaya-Kanauja\ 17, 78, 70. Peramana^I Blmtuga II, 72, 91, 92.

Merutunga, 128. Peramanatfi Marasiraha II, 88, 89, 91,

92.
Mihira, 97,99.
Pittuga, 101, 108, 109.
Minhajuddln (Maulana), 127.
Ponna, 37, 86.
Mukundadeva, 130.
Prachantfa, 75.
Mularaja, 83, 111.
Munja, 29, 111.
Pradyumna, 77.

Munja, 103, 109.

Prahasta, 46, 130, 131, 133.
Prashn.ottara Ratnamalika, 35, 38, 73,
N 76.

Nagabhata I, 40, 138. Pratapadhavala, 123.

Pratiliara (Pa^ihara) 20, 41, 115.
Nagabhata II, 17, 40, 61, 138.
Pvithvipati I, 74, 92.
Nagada, 33.
Nagavaloka, 49. Frithviraja, 127, 132, 135-140.
Pvithvirama, 76 t 83, 92, 100, 101, 10S,
Nagavarman, 93, 00. 100.
Nahatfa Rao, 135, 137-139.
Prithvishrlka, 116.
Nandaraja, 3, 48.
Pulakeshin II, 42, 53, 54.
Nandivarman, 64.
Pullashakti, 69, 02.
Nanna, 63, 91.
Pushkala, 6.
Nanna, 86.
Pushpadanta, 37, 86, 88.
Nanna. 101, 102, 108, 109.
Nanna ^Gunavtloka), 40.

Nannaraja, 47.
Qutbuddm Aibak, 22, 45, 127, 129, 1S6,
Narayana, 5, 13. 140.
Narayana, 84.
Narayanashaha, 4.
Nayachandra Suri, 29, 124, ISO. Rachainalla I, 85, 02.
Nayanakelidevi, 118, 119. Rahappa, 58, 92,4)4.
Nayapala, 18, 19. Rainasi, 136, 140.
Nayapala, 113. Rainkavala, 16.

Nemaditya, 79. 90.

Rajachu^amani,
Nljikabbe, 101. Rajaditya (Muvatfichola), 82, 84, 2.

Nirupama, 60-62. Rajaraja, 8.

Nirupama, 82, 89, 91. Rajashekhara Suri, 126.

Nolambakula, 89.
Rajatararigi^i, 20.
O Rajyapala, 20, 49.
Okaketn, 34. Rajyapaladeva, 110, 121, 133.

P Raiha (Ralhaija) devi, 116, 118, 1HI.

Ramachandra, 6.
Padmagupta (Parimala), 29
Padmakara, 128. Rama Rai (Kamasahaya), 130.
Padmaladeyl, 104. Kambhajnanjari N&tika, 7.
150 INDEX.

Shalya, 2.
Rana, 42.
Ranakambha (Ranastambha), 90. ShamBiiddiii Altamash, 23, 45, 129-131.
77. Shankaracharya, 73.
Ranavigraba, (Shankaragana),
Rannadevi, 40, 67. Slmiikaragana. 63.
Rf\ehtrakuta 2-4, 6 10. 12-18, 20, 21, Shankarngaiiii, 77.
-'5 26, 30-33, 45-47, 51-53, 78, 90, 91,
Rbaukaragaiida, 71, 92.
114.
93,94, 96,98, 100, 113,
42-44, Rhankha, 64.
Raehtrakuta ^RaU^ Kingdom
46,51, 100,110 Shankuka, 75, 92.

Rashtrashyena, 35. Shantivarnian, 101, 102, 108, 109.

Rashtrauda (Rashtrautfha), 3, 5,
13. Sharva, 52, 67.
Shiva mara, 74.
Rashtrautfhavamsha Mahakavya,
4.

Shri Harsha, 37, 126.

Rashtravarya 3.
1, 2, 6,
7. bbri Harsha (Siyaka II), SS, 89, 92.
Raehtrika Rietika) (

Rata, 4. Shrimall, 33.

Shripata, 8.
Ratha, 4.
Sbrivaliabha, 61, 63, 67.
Shurapala, 50.

Rathauda (Rathanra^, 4.
Wha (Kan), 4, 18, 45. 46, 131,133, 131,
141-14S.
4
Rathavada (R&thavar.O, Sinda (Naga), 10.').
Rath6tfa(Rathdra), 4, 7, 12, H, 20,
Sindaraja, 10IS.
21,33.
35, 36. 38, 73. Smgana Garu^a, 102.
Ratnamalika,
20, 100, 107. 114. $inghana 107.
Katta, 2-4, ;

Rattanarayana, 102. Sisodiya, 12, 32, 33.

Skandagupta, 113.
Rattaraja, 10, 90.
Solftuki (Chalukya), 28, 51, 57.

Rattarajya, 43. omadeva (Suri), 37, 86.

Rayapala, 138. Somanatha, 142.

Someshvara, 134, 135, 137.
Revakanimma(Ji, 82, 91. Someshvara I, 103, 109.
Rudra, 4. Someshvara II, 104, 109.
Rukma, 77. Someshvara III, 107.
S5meshvara IV, 105.
S
Sonagara, 33.
Sahajapala, 138.
Stambha (Shauchakambha), 64, 65, 91.
Sahaerarjuna, 85, 02.
Sthirapala, 19.
8alkha, 4.
136,
Snhala, 38, 121.
Samarasimha (Singh), 27, 127,
139, 140. Suhavadevi, 128.
Samyogita, 126, 127, 135, 136, 139, 140. Sulaiman, 39, 40.

Sandhyakaranandl, 32, 120. Snrnitra, 6.

Sundara, 88.
Satyaki, 11, 33, 78.

Satyavakva Kongunivarma Pcrama- Svamikaraja, 47, 48.

85.
natfi Bbutuga II, 82, 84,
4.
Saurashtra (Soratha),
Sena (Kalaeena) 1, 102, 103, 108, 109. Tailapa, II, 40 42, 43, 46, 89, 00, 92,
100-102, 109.
feena (Kalasena) II, 104, 108, 109.
Tailapa III, 105, 109.
Setarama, 46, 131, 133.
130-132,
Taksha, 6.
ehahabuddin Ghori, 45, 127,
J36, 140, 141, TakBhaehila, 6.
 INDEX.

Tatarlya Dirhain, 39. Vigrahapala, 19.

fivili, 44, 68, 102. Vigraharaja, (Vlsaladeva^ IV, 123.
Trailokyamalla, (Someshvara I), 103. Vijamba, 78.

'Iribbuvanapala, 60. Vijayachancha, 46, 121-12i, 132, 133, 136.

Trilochanapala, 8, 15, 21, 25, 28. Vijayaditya, 8.

Trilochanapala, 22, 113. Vijayaditya II, 65, 71, 92.

Trivikrama Bhatta, 37, 79. Vijayaditya III, 75.

Tunga (Dharmavaloka), 20, 49. Vijayakirti, G<">.

TuruBhka^anda, 44, 110 Vijayapala. 123, 134-136.

Vijjala, 90.
U
Vijnaneshvara, 30.
tJdavata, 33. Vikraraaditya, 29.
Udayaditya, 88.
Vikrainad'tya II, 51.
Hdayana, 8.
Vikiamaditya (Tribbuvanauialla^. VI,
[Tdayasimha, 142, 1J3. 2s\ 103, "104, 107, 109.

Upendra, 17. Vimalacharya, 73.

Vindhyavasinl, 35.

Viracbandra, 135, 138.

Vajiata, 51. Viracbola, 85.

Vallabha, 42, 54. ViranJlrayana, 53.

1

Vallabha, r>7. VTsaladova (Vigraharaja ), IV. 29, 137.

Vallabharaja, 42, 51 Visbnn\aidbana I, 42.
Vandiga (Vaddijja) Visbnuvardhnna IV, H3.
Visbnnvarclliaiia V, ;.">

Vappny;a, 83, 92. V\Nidliiivulvavii.'bai;j\ acha^pati, 118,

121. 130, V52.
Varaha, 01.
VasantadcvT, 120. Vynvnharakalputaru, 37, 121.

Vasantapala, 19. Y
Vashishtha. 2S-30. Yfub\:i ( VaduNasuehi), 10-12, 31, 33,
SO, >9.
Vasudeva, 77.
Yadu, 10, 69.
Vatsaraja, 49, HI, H2. i)2.

Vntearajiuleva, 119.
Yamuna, 12.

Veni, HO. 05. Yashahpala, L'2,

*
Vibhisluuia, 111. Ya^bovarman, 113.

Vichana, 107. Yasbovigraba, 13, 16, 19, 114, 132, 133.

Vidagdhariijn, 1 ID. 111. Yuddhamalla, 80.

Vidyadhara, l*js. Ynviirajadcva I, 82, 87, 92.

Ynvarajadeva II, 2S.

V'igrahapala, 10, 24, r>0, 1 1
 ERRATA.

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(son of Vishnu var- V), who killed king

dhana V, of the Mangi,
i dvnastv^
154 ERRATA. 154

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