THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FARMING

IN LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa L.)

ROSABELLE L. TABLADA

A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the College of Agriculture

Sibugay Technical Institute Incorporated in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(Crop Science)

MARCH, 2O19
 APPROVAL SHEET

The undergraduate Thesis attached hereto, entitled THE EFFECT OF

ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FARMING OF LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa L.)
prepared and submitted by ROSABELLE L. TABLADA in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, and (Crop
Science) is hereby approved.

DIVINE M. CHIONG NELSON G. REZUENA, MPA

Chairman, Crop Science Department Plant Science Critic
/Adviser _______________
________________ (Date Signed)
(Date Signed)
SONNY M. CORDOVA, LPT NANNETTE E. ANTES M.A.E.D English
Statistician English Critic
________________ _______________
(Date Signed) (Date Signed)
MARY CHRIS M. ANCHETA MILAGROS L. RODRIGUEZ, Ph.D.
Secretary Chairman Examiner, Research &
Examining Committee
________________ _______________

(Date Signed) (Date Signed)

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Agriculture.

MILAGROS L. RODRIGUEZ, Ph.D. NANCY C. MAGBANUA, MSIT

Dean, College of Agriculture Dean, Academic Instruction
________________ ________________
(Date Signed) (Date Signed)

MARIA BELLA C. JAVIER

School President
________________
(Date Signed)

ii
 DEDICATION

This piece of work is heartily dedicated, first and foremost to our

Almighty God, the Savior of all sinners who gave us strength,

knowledge and gift of life, and also to my beloved parent,

Felicidad L. Tablada, to my siblings: Rachel, Andy,

Queenie, and Barry, to my niece’s, Archel,

Cj, Prince, Ayesha, Jeremy, Carla

and Ronaldo Jr. This is all

For You!
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for

His showers of blessings throughout the research work to complete the

research successfully.

The researcher would like to express her deepest and sincere

gratitude to her research adviser Divine M. Chiong for the patience,

motivation, and sincerity have deeply inspired her. She has taught her

the methodologies to carry out the research and to present the research

works as clearly as possible. It was a great privilege and honor to work

and study under her guidance.

Besides the adviser, she would like to thank the rest of her

research committee: to the Chairperson of the Research Committee, as

well as the Dean of the College of Agriculture Milagros L. Rodriguez Ph.D.

To the Academic Dean Nancy C. Magbanua, Plant Science critic Nelson

G. Rezuena, Statistician Sonny M. Cordova, English critic Nannette E.

Antes, Secretary Mary Chris M. Ancheta. For their encouragement,

insightful comments, and hard questions.

Finally, she’s extremely grateful to her mother for the love, prayers,

caring and sacrifices for educating and preparing her for the future. Also

she expresses her thanks to her sisters, brothers, niece, friends and

classmates for their support and valuable prayers.

The Researcher
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF APPENDICES ix

ABSTRACT x

INTRODUCTION 1

The Problem

Statement of the study 3

Importance of the study 3

Scope of the study 4

Time and place of the study 5

Definition of terms used 5

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8

MATERIALS AND METHODS 12

Materials 12

Methods 12

Land Preparation 12

Field Lay Out 14

Procurement of Seeds 14

Planting 14

Hardening 14
 Transplanting 14
Replanting
16

Fertilization 16

Weeding 16
Spraying
16

Watering 17

Selection 17

Harvesting 17
Gathering of Data 19

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21

SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 43

Conclusion 45

Recommendations 45

LITERATURE CITED 46

Internet

46

APPENDICES

Field Layout 47
Biographical Data
48
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1. Initial height of plants at ten days after transplanting. 24

2. Height of plants at twenty days. 25

3. Height of plants at thirty days. 26

4. Height of plants at forty-five days. 29

5. Number of leaves in lettuce at ten days. 31

6. Number of leaves in lettuce at twenty days. 33

7. Number of leaves in lettuce at thirty days. 35

8. Number of leaves in lettuce at forty-five days. 37

9. Weight of lettuce in gram at final harvest. 39

10. Income statement. 42

a. Total expenses of study 42

b. Gross sales of study 42

c. Return on capital invested 42

 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1. Land preparation 13

2. The researcher was executing ground weeding 16

3. Spraying the insect that attacked the plants 16

4. The researcher was watering the plant 18

5. Final harvest of lettuce 18

6. Height of plants measured at ten days old 27

7. The researcher at final harvest 40

 LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE

A. Field lay-out 47

B. Biographical data 48
 ABSTRACT

TABLADA, ROSABELLE L. Sibugay Technical Institute

Incorporated, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay, March 2019, THE EFFECT OF

ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FARMING IN LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa L.)

Major Adviser: Mrs. Divine M. Chiong

The research was conducted in November 19, 2018 to January

25, 2018 at Sibugay Technical Institute Inc. (STII) Upper Pangi, Ipil,

Zamboanga Sibugay.

The objective of the study was to evaluate and enhance the

quality and productivity of using vermicast with FPJ and complete

fertilizer. However, the purpose of the study was also to measure the

yield per harvest of lettuce plant.

The study aimed to develop the comparison between organic

farming over inorganic farming. The study was carried out in T-test

design with an area of 50 square meters was thoroughly prepared

brushed, harrowed twice and pulverized. The area was divided into two

Treatments. Treatments was subdivided into 3 plots with a distance of 1

(width) by 5 (length) meters. Treatment I (T 1) was applied with organic

farming such as vermicast with fermented plant juice FPJ while

Treatment II (T2) was applied with inorganic farming such as complete

fertilizer (14-14-14) with ammonium phosphate (16-20-0). There were

408 experimental plants selected randomly per block. The number of

plants was divided into two Treatments. In Treatment I, there were 204

experimental plants, which were also divided into 3 plots; per plot was

having 68 experimental plants, same with Treatment II (T 2).

The information gathered in this study can be used as basis for

farmers in developing organic over conventional lettuce and other

vegetable production. This will also serve as a guide/basis for technical

researchers in developing technologies for organic production.

Based on the findings of the study application of complete fertilizer

with ammonium phosphate Treatment II significantly affected the height,

the number of leaves and the yield of lettuce under the soil and climatic

conditions of Upper Pangi, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay.

 INTRODUCTION

Lettuce belong to the Compositae (sunflower or daisy family),

Lactuca sativa L. It is an annual plant native to the Mediterranean area.

Cultivation may have started as early as 4500 BC, perhaps initially for

the edible oil extracted from the seed. Lettuce is the most popular in

vegetable salad, it has high fiber content make an ideal vegetable to

those who has an idea. However nutritional properties differ among

lettuce type. Salad was popular with Ancient Greeks and Romans.

Cultivated lettuce was probably derived from the so called wild or prickly,

lettuce serriola. The primitive forms of lettuce were loose and leafy. Firm

heading forms become well developed in Europe by the 16th century.

Oak leaves and curled leaf types of various colors were described in the

16th and 17th centuries in Europe.

Lettuce commonly known as Lechugas is native to Southern

Europe and Western Asia. In the Philippines lettuce is considered as one

of the most important salad crops. Aside from salad, it is used as

garnishing for other food preparations. Varieties: Loose Leaf Type: Red

Salad Bowl – Head is Long deeply cut, lobe frilled, color is bronze red,

size is very large. Heat tolerant. Other varieties includes: Green Salad

Bowl. Crisp Head/Batavia: Blonde de Paris – Leave shape – Tight cap

fairly savored, deeply notched borders, color is yellow green, large size.

Heat tolerant. Other varieties: Great Lakes, Minetto, Armada, Iceberg,

1
Brillantine. Butterhead: KagranerSommer – Leave shape – slightly wavy,

medium green color, medium size. Slow bolting, heat tolerant. Other

varieties: Madrilene, Sucrine, Green Mignonette, etc.

Lettuce is considered as one of the important salad crops in the

Philippines. It grows in places like that where temperature is generally

low and climate is distinctly cool. It is easily affected by high

temperature, so carefully managed with respect to the vegetative growth

is essential for the attainment of satisfactory growth, development and

headyield. Besides temperature, this crop is much affected by the

cultural practices, affecting growth and yield with the application of

organic vegetable (Jerry 2002).

Lettuce is one of the most common salad vegetable crop being

produced in the highlands of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR),

which command high price not only in the local but also in the national

markets. Currently, lettuce is one the most important crop grown

organically, not only in the Cordillera but also in other areas where

temperature is cooler. This crop is usually eaten raw as fresh salad and

garnishing, thus is advised and very important to be grown organically

( Estero, 2007). As reported by Kudan (1999), 293 hectares was planted

to lettuce in 1994 producing 2,995.50 metric tons (BAS, 1999).

Most lettuce varieties mature in 45 to 55 days, allowing many

gardeners to plant two or even three crops. But loose leaf and butter
head leaves can be harvested at just about any time in their

development. Heading varieties take longer to mature. Romaine takes 75

to 85 days and crisp head 70 to 100 days. Mature lettuce gets bitter and

woody and it will go bad quickly, so check your garden every day. Its best

to harves

t lettuce in the morning before leaves have been exposed to sun.

The Problem

Statement of the problem. This study was conducted to find out

the effect of organic farming with the use of vermicast with fermented

plant juice (FPJ) and inorganic farming such as complete fertilizer

(141414) with ammonium phosphate (16-20-0) on the growth and yield

performance of lettuce production under Upper Pangi Farm Condition,

Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. Was there a significant difference on the growth performance of

lettuce using vermicast with fermented plant juice (FPJ)?

2. Was there a significant difference on the yield performance of

lettuce using inorganic fertilizer such as complete fertilizer (14-14-
14) with ammonium phosphate (16-20-0)?

3. Which of the two treatments had an increased difference in the

return of investment on lettuce production?

Importance of the study. Lettuce production is highly demand

because most of the farmers uses the method of organic farming. Lettuce

production is best quality products in most of the market because it has

low production cost but with a greater income. The information gathered

in this study shall be used as basis for farmers in developing organic

over conventional lettuce and other vegetable production. This will also

serve as a guide/basis for technical researchers in developing

technologies for organic production.

The result of this study would be helpful and beneficial to local

farmers in the community in improving their lettuce production.

Scope of the study. The study aimed to develop the effect between

organic farming over inorganic farming. The study was carried out in T-

test design with an area of 50 square meters was thoroughly prepared

brushed, harrowed twice and pulverized. The area was divided into two

Treatments. Per Treatments was subdivided into 3 plots with a distance

of 1 (width) by 5 (length) meters. Treatment I (T 1) was applied with

organic farming such as vermicast with fermented plant juice FPJ while

Treatment II (T2) was inorganic farming such as complete fertilizer (14-

14-14) with ammonium phosphate (16-20-0). There was 408

experimental plants selected randomly per block. The number of plants

was divided into two Treatments. Treatment I, there was 204

experimental plants, which was also divided into 3 plots; per plot was

having 68 experimental plants, same with Treatment II (T 2).

The objective of the study was to evaluate and enhance the quality

and productivity of using two methods. However, the purpose of the

study was also to measure the yield of per harvest of lettuce plant.

Time and place of the study. The research was conducted in

November 19, 2018 to January 25, 2019 at Sibugay Technical Institute

Inc. (STII) Upper Pangi, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay.

Definition of terms used.

Various terms are defined to facilitate easy understanding of the

study:

Asteraceae or Compositae. Is a very large and widespread family of

flowering plants (Angiosperm).https://en.wikipedia.

Org/wiki/Asteraceae

Ammonium phosphate. Is the salt of ammonia and phosphoric acid

https://viacheminc.com

Average. In colloquial language, an average is a single number

taken as representative of a list of numbers. https://en.wikipedia.org

 Basal application. The main objectives of broadcasting the

fertilizers at sowing time are to uniformly distribute the fertilizer over the

entire field and to mix it with soil. https://en.wikipedia.org

Effect. A change which is a result or consequence of an action or

other cause. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/effect

Fertilizers. A substance that is added to soil to help the plant

growth, these includes organic and inorganic inputs. (Google Internet)

FPJ. It is a fermented extract of a plant’s sap and chlorophyll's.

www.cgnfindia.com/fpj.html

Harrowing. A cultivating implement set with spikes used primarily

for pulverizing and smoothing the soil. (Meriam Webster)

Inorganic farming. The use of synthetic farming method. (Meriam

Webster)

Inorganic pesticide. It is an inorganic compound that kills pests.

Lactuca serriola. It is known as the compass plant because in the

Sun the upper leaves twist round to hold their margins upright.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_serriola

Lettuce. Scientific name lactuca sativa L, an annual plant which is

edible oil extract from seed. It is also a high fiber content. (Google

Internet)
 Organic farming. The use of natural methods such organic

concoctions and materials. This is opposite to the inorganic farming.

(Meriam Webster)

Organic pesticides. This can allow farmers to control pest and

diseases in plants without resorting to conventional pesticides.

https://www.appropedia.org/Organic_pesticides

Plowing. A process by which is used to dig soil. (Meriam Webster)

Side dressing. The application of fertilizers in a shallow furrow or

band along the side of vegetable row crops or in a circle around

individual plants.

https://harvesttotable.com/side-dressing_vegetable_crops/

Varieties. A number or collection of different plants. (Meriam

Webster)

Vermicast. These castings have been shown to contain reduced

levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of nutrients than the

organic materials before vermicomposting.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermicompost

Yield. To produce or provide something such as a plant or crop.

(Meriam Webster)
 Complete Fertilizer. Indicate a complete fertilizer with larger

amounts of nutrients.

https://homeguides.sfgate.com
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Lettuce is one of the most important commercial vegetables and

major food items in Republic of Korea. It is consumed as salad and a fast

food item. As such it assumes importance to carry out research in order

to optimize the production of lettuce and also guarantee the

environmental sustainability in crop production areas. Crops success

depends on nutrient input during growth. Sole use of chemical fertilizers

often declines soil fertility and the resultant crop productivity due to

nutrient imbalance in soil, which has been recognized as one of the most

important factors that limit crop yield.

Therefore, the use of chemical fertilizer may not keep pace with

time in maintenance of soil health for sustaining the productivity. Every

day increases the concern with food intake that received excessive

chemical molecules when consumed outside the prudential limits cause

disease in the short and long term (Moreira et al., 2014)

Disierto M.T. (2003) complete fertilizer or plant food organic or

inorganic is one very key item for success in lawn with landscape in your

garden and with your plant with little study of fertilizer and their

recommended uses, you can save money and increase productivity, he

said the plant applied with complete fertilizer (14-14-14) at planting, the

crop will produced the best and increase the growth and highest yield of

Lady Finger (Abelmuscus esculentus L.).

 Lettuce is actually consumed in natural and as such consumers’

concern has been steadily increasing how it is cropped and parallel to

this fact is that there is an increasing demand for organic products. The

use of mineral fertilizers in lettuce growth is a common agricultural

practice that brings satisfactory results in terms of yield, however,

consumer’s health, production cost and product quality should be

considered. Organic farming practices involved on the management of

soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient availability include crop rotation,

cover cropping and soil amendment with compost and/or manures (Brito

etal.2012).

Organic fertilizers also improve soil physical and chemical

properties and reduce the needs for mineral fertilizers. The application of

organic fertilizers in lettuce increases the yield and nutrient content in

plants. Knowing that leafy vegetables respond well to organic manure

results obtained from an experiment with arugula and lettuce, concluded

that organic matter mineralization contributed for nutrients to plants

supplying their needs during development, because the area was

managed with organic practices about five years (Oliveira et al., 2010).
 In most countries inorganic fertilizers have been used to supply

much more plant nutrients than organic manure. However, inorganic

fertilizers are expensive, especially in developing countries. In the Sudan,

soils are low in organic matter and also low in some major and minor

nutrients to the extent that addition of nitrogen fertilizers is essential for

the economic production of cash crops. This situation calls for adoption

of rational policies for fertilizer use with a view to reduce cost of inputs

with maximizing the use of organic fertilizer.

Frank (2006), benefits of eating organically grown vegetables are

evident. Their greatest strength lies in minerals and vitamin content. The

nutritional values of organic vegetables are also good source of protein

and minerals. It contain most of the elements needed for human diet in

small and large quantities are vitamin C, K, P (Pro vitamin A) and as well

as B vitamin.

Source of Organic Materials for Organic Farming as cited by Caaya

(2007) stated that in general the kinds of organic material according to

source are crop residues, green manure, swine manure, cattle manure,

chicken manure, common compost, used mushroom compost, municipal

refuse residues after oil extraction and residues from processing animal

products.

Sacla (2002), reported that organic fertilizer include guano, are

substance that is found in some coast or island frequented by sea fowl.

9
Guano contain about 12% nitrogen, and 12% phosphorous pentoxide

(P2O5), dried blood and bone meals (contain from 12 to 14%), animal

tankage (slaughter house refuge); and meat and bone meals (contain

from 6 to 10% nitrogen and from 1018% of P2O5) and bone meals and

flouks (contain from 1 to 4% nitrogen and from 22 to 28% P2O5).

Dr. Han Kyu Cho the same observation of organic concoctions

developed that fermented fruit juice also known as FFJ is a part of the

natural farming method and can be made at home from many common

overripe sweet fruits. It uses brown (raw) sugar to extract the

photochemical in fruits. The fermenting process takes at least a week to

complete. This liquid have nutritional activation enzymes and help to

increase nutrients in the soil and therefore in the plants growing in it,

especially potassium levels. It is commonly used as a foliar spray to

enhance flowering and fruiting stage. Now, it is also use in animal

production as it gives supplemental nutrients to animals.

10
 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The materials were used in this study were the following: net or

screen, bamboo, seeds of lettuce (green rapid hybrid seeds), organic

fertilizer and concoction (such as FPJ, and vermicast was used on

Treatment I (T1) in organic farming); inorganic fertilizers (such as

complete fertilizer (14-14-14), and ammonium phosphate (16-20-0) was

used on Treatment II (T2) in inorganic farming); organic pesticides (such

as pantasi and oriental herbal nutrient was used in Treatment I);

commercial pesticides (for Treatment II is terrapest); ball pen, record

book, camera, sprinkler, hole digger, wheel barrow, and sprayer.

Methods

The method used in this study are the following:

Land preparation. The land area was cultivated through plowing,

and was harrowed within one (1) week interval. Weeding was also applied

in land preparation, reflected in figure 1.

Fig 1. Land preparation.

13
 Field layout. Field layout was done through dividing the

experimental area into two (2) Treatments and was subdivided into three

(3) replications in each Treatment. Treatment I was applied with organic

farming technology, while in Treatment II was applied with inorganic

farming technology.

Procurement of seeds. The seeds to be used in this study came

from the reliable source of Agriculture Supply located at Panabo, Davao

City.

Procurement of vermicast. The vermicast used in this study for

Treatment I (T1) was bought from the reliable source of Agriculture

Supply located at Daño’s Farm, Veterans, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay

Province.

Planting. Planting was done when soil was well pulverized and

moistened. Before transplanting, media was done after seedbed

preparation, 25cm between hill and 30cm between furrows was the

required planting distance of lettuce.

Hardening. Hardening was done by gradually exposing the seedling

to direct sunlight in every 1 to 2 hours to avoid stress or environmental

shock to the seedling. This was done in 1 week before transplanting.

14
 Transplanting. Transplanting was done in the late afternoon. 21

days after sowing.

Replanting. Missing hills was replanted 2 or 3 days after planting

to maintain the desired population of the experimental plant.

Fertilization. In this study Treatment I was fertilized with organic

fertilizer vermicast with fermented plant juice (FPJ) while Treatment II

was fertilized using inorganic fertilizer such as complete fertilizer (14-14-

14) with ammonium phosphate (16-20-0) fertilizer. It was fertilized

through basal and side dressing methods.

Weeding. Weeding was done before the application of fertilizer as

soon as weeds are sprouting. Round weeding or weed sanitation was

done, reflected in figure 2.

Spraying. This process was done during insect attacked to the field

or prone to pest and diseases. Different application of spraying and

method was done depending on the viability and types of the pest that

occurred in the area, reflected in figure 3.

15
Fig 2.The researcher was executing ground weeding.

Fig 3.Spraying the insect that attacked the plants.

16
 Watering. This was done every morning using the sprinkler.

However, when rain is sufficient, watering was suspended, reflected in

figure 4.

Selection. Selecting process was done on selecting the plant

randomized selection.

Harvesting. Harvesting was done in 45 days after transplanting

and when heads are firm. Harvest loose leaf lettuce as needed, preferably

before bolting. Harvesting was done through randomized selection,

reflected in figure 5.

Preparation of Organic Concoction.

The concoction used in this study for organic farming in Treatment

I (T1) was prepared as follow:

Fermented Plant Juice. Ingredients are one kilo of swamp

cabbages, one kilo of sweet potato tops, one kilo of banana trunk, and

three kilo of molasses; The procedure were as follow, cleaned and washed

the vegetable materials and drained it in five minutes, and then sliced it

into tiny pieces, mixed all the vegetables thoroughly in a plastic pail and

then mixed it with three kilo of molasses thoroughly, and after that put a

17
nylon screen on the top of the mixture and put five to eight pieces of

stones on top of the nylon screen will serve as sinker.

Fig 4.The researcher was watering the plant.

18
 Fig 5. Final harvest of lettuce.

Pantasi. Ingredients are the following: one kilo of “panyawan”

plant, one kilo of lemon grass, and one kilo of chili pepper; the procedure

were as followed, washed and cleaned the said ingredients and sliced it

thoroughly into tiny pieces, and then placed it unto a plastic pail and

poured water inside it until it leveled with the sliced ingredients, after

that sealed the plastic pail with a manila paper and covered it

anaerobically, put a marking on the masking tape bearing name and

date of its soaking. The pantasi would be used within 20 days.

Insect Pest Control. Insects attacking the plants was sprayed with

pantasi and oriental herbal nutrient. Treatment I (T 1) should be sprayed

with one liter of pantasi and two tablespoon of OHN mix with one liter of

water; this would be done by spraying it unto the leaves and based of the

plant. While in Treatment (T2) would be sprayed with commercial

pesticide such as terrapest.

Data Gathered. The data gathered are the following:

1. Height. The height of the representative lettuce plants were

measured from the ground up to the tip of the standing plants at

10, 20, 30 and 45 days after planting (cm).

19
2. Number of leaves. The number of leaves of the representative

plants were counted from the ground up to the tip of the standing

plants at 10, 20, 30, and 45 days after planting.

3. Harvest. The weight of lettuce in representative plants were

measured by using a weighing scale during priming

4. Actual itemized expenses. The cost of production had included the

supplies and materials which consisted of the lettuce seeds,

fertilizer (14-14-14) and (16-20-0), vermicast, FPJ and pesticide.

The total expenses were determined by adding all expenses

include during the conduct of experiment.

5. Cost and return analysis. The gross income was obtained from the

sales of the lettuce at Php 180.00/kg. The ROI was obtained by

dividing the net profit to the amount of expenses multiplied by

Net Profit
100. ROI= x 100
Expenses

20
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Height of plants. Table I, and figure 6 show that the average height

of lettuce plants at 10 days in Treatment I was 9.73 cm, while in

Treatment II was 10.20 cm statistical analysis showed that there was no

significant difference between the means of the vermicast with fermented

plant juice Treatment I (organic farming) and complete fertilizer (14-14-

14) with ammonium phosphate (16-20-0) in Treatment II (inorganic

farming). The initial height of plants at 10 days at 0.05 and 0.01 level of

significance the computed t-value of 0.957 was less than the critical

values of 2.05 and 2.76.

Table II, shows that the height of lettuce plants at 20 days in

Treatment I was 15.27 cm, while in Treatment II was 18.73 cm statistical

analysis showed that there was a significance difference between the

means of the vermicast with fermented plant juice of Treatment I (organic

farming) and complete fertilizer (14-14-14) with ammonium phosphate

(16-20-0) in Treatment II (inorganic farming). With an initial height of

plants at 20 days at 0.05 and 0.01 level of significance the computed t-

value of 4.054 was greater than the critical values of 2.05 and 2.76.
Table 1, Initial height of plants in centimeter at ten days after
transplanting.

Number of Treatment I Treatment II

representative Organic farming Inorganic farming
plant

1 8 12
2 9 11
3 11 11
4 9 12
5 10 10
6 9 12
7 11 9
8 10 8
9 11 9
10 8 8
11 11 9
12 10 9
13 11 13
14 9 10
15 9 10
Total 146 153
Average 9.73 10.20

T-test of Significance

1% 5%

Mean Difference 0.47 0.47

Standard Error of Mean Difference 0.28/0.40 0.28/0.40
Tabular T-value 2.76 2.05
Computed T-value 0.957 0.957

Result: NS- Not significant

23
Fig. 6. Height of plants measured at ten days old.

24
 Table III, shows the height of plants at 30 days, Treatment I was

19.00 cm, while Treatment II was 24.07 cm statistical analysis shows

that there was a significant difference between the means of the

vermicast with fermented plant juice in Treatment I (organic farming)

and complete fertilizer (14-14-14) with ammonium phosphate (16-20-0)

in Treatment II (inorganic farming) with an initial height of plants at 30

days at 0.05 and 0.01 level of significance since the computed t-value of

4.814 was greater than the critical values of 2.05 and 2.76.

Table IV, shows that the average height of plants at 45 days in

Treatment I was 34.60 cm, while in Treatment II was 55.80 cm statistical

analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the

means of the vermicast with fermented plant juice of Treatment I (organic

farming) and complete fertilizer (14-14-14) with ammonium phosphate

(16-20-0) of Treatment II (inorganic farming) of initial height of plants in

45 days at 0.05 and 0.01 level of significance since the computed t-value

of 9.271 was greater than the critical values of 2.05 and 2.76.

25
Tables 2. Height of plants in centimeter at twenty days.

Number of Treatment I Treatment II

representative Organic farming Inorganic farming
plant

1 16 17
2 17 19
3 19 19
4 19 18
5 10 17
6 11 20
7 17 19
8 14 19
9 17 20
10 15 18
11 11 20
12 17 20
13 15 20
14 19 16
15 12 19
Total 229 281
Average 15.27 18.73

T-test Significance

1% 5%

Mean Difference 3.46 3.46

Standard Error of Mean Difference 0.79/0.33 0.79/0.33
Tabular T-value 2.76 2.05
Computed T-value 4.054 4.054

Result:**VS-Very significant

26
Table 3. Height of plants in centimeter at thirty days.

Number of Treatment I Treatment II

representative Organic farming Inorganic farming
plant

1 19 26
2 20 26
3 22 26
4 23 23
5 21 20
6 12 25
7 21 28
8 19 25
9 19 24
10 16 25
11 13 24
12 20 25
13 21 23
14 22 18
15 17 23
Total 285 361
Average 19.00 24.07

T-test Significance

1% 5%

Mean Difference 5.07 5.07

Standard Error of Mean Difference 0.83/0.64 0.83/0.64
Tabular T-value 2.76 2.05
Computed T-value 4.814 4.814

Result: **VS-Very significant

27
Tables 4. Height of plants in centimeter at forty-five days.

Number of Treatment I Treatment II

representative Organic farming Inorganic farming
plant

1 40 61
2 40 71
3 35 59
4 33 56
5 38 57
6 30 54
7 32 59
8 31 57
9 34 34
10 32 50
11 32 51
12 39 64
13 32 54
14 37 50
15 34 60
Total 519 837
Average 34.60 55.80

T-test Significance

1% 5%

Mean Difference 21.20 21.20

Standard Error of Mean Difference 0.87/2.11 0.87/2.11
Tabular T-value 2.76 2.05
Computed T-value 9.271 9.271

Result: **VS-Very significant

28
 Average number of leaves, Table V, shown that the number of

leaves at 10 days in Treatment I was 5.07 while Treatment II was 5.33

statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference

between the means of the vermicast with fermented plant juice of

Treatment I (organic farming) and complete fertilizer (14-14-14) with

ammonium phosphate (16-20-0) of Treatment II (inorganic farming) of

average number of leaves of plants in 10 days at 0.05 and 0.01 level of

significance since the computed t-value of 0.915 is less than the critical

values of 2.05 and 2.76.

Table VI, Average number of leaves shown that the number of

leaves at 20 days in Treatment I was 6.67 while in Treatment II was

10.13, statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference

between the means of the vermicast with fermented plant juice of

Treatment I (organic farming) and complete fertilizer (14-14-14) with

ammonium phosphate (16-20-0) of Treatment II (inorganic farming) of

average number of leaves of plants in 20 days at 0.05 and 0.01 level of

significance since the computed t-value of 7.662 is greater than the

critical values of 2.05 and 2.76.

29
Tables 5. Number of leaves in lettuce at ten days.

Number of Treatment I Treatment II

representative Organic farming Inorganic farming
plant

1 6 5
2 6 6
3 6 7
4 5 5
5 4 6
6 4 5
7 5 4
8 4 6
9 5 4
10 6 5
11 4 5
12 5 6
13 5 6
14 5 5
15 6 5
Total 76 80
Average 5.07 5.33

T-test Significance

1% 5%

Mean Difference 0.26 0.26

Standard Error of Mean Difference 0.21/21 0.21/21
Tabular T-value 2.76 2.05
Computed T-value 0.915 0.915

Result: NS-Not significant

30
Tables 6. Number of leaves in lettuce at twenty days.

Number of Treatment I Treatment II

representative Organic farming Inorganic farming
plant

1 8 11
2 7 11
3 8 12
4 9 10
5 6 8
6 6 10
7 8 11
8 6 10
9 8 9
10 6 8
11 6 11
12 5 11
13 5 9
14 7 11
15 5 10
Total 100 152
Average 6.67 10.13

T-test Significance

1% 5%

Mean Difference 3.46 3.46

Standard Error of Mean Difference 0.33/0.31 0.33/0.31
Tabular T-value 2.76 2.05
Computed T-value 7.662 7.662

Result: **VS-Very significant

31
 Table VII, Average number of leaves shows that the number of

leaves at 30 days in Treatment I was 10.00 while Treatment II was 19.20

statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference

between the means of the vermicast with fermented plant juice of

Treatment I (organic farming) and complete fertilizer (14-14-14) with

ammonium phosphate (16-20-0) of Treatment II (inorganic farming) of

average number of leaves of plants in 30 days at 0.05 and 0.01 level of

significance since the computed t-value of 9.513 is greater than the

critical values of 2.05 and 2.76.

Table VIII, Average number of leaves shows that the number of

leaves at 45 days in Treatment I was 26.40 while in Treatment II was

42.47 statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference

between the means of the vermicast with fermented plant juice of

Treatment I (organic farming) and complete fertilizer (14-14-14) with

ammonium phosphate (16-20-0) of Treatment II (inorganic farming) of

average number of leaves of plants in 45 days at 0.05 and 0.01 level of

significance since the computed t-value of 10.442 was greater than the

critical values of 2.05 and 2.76.

32
Tables 7. Number of leaves in lettuce at thirty days.

Number of Treatment I TII

representative Organic farming Inorganic farming
plant

1 11 21
2 11 24
3 10 26
4 13 19
5 8 19
6 7 19
7 13 22
8 10 18
9 13 13
10 9 16
11 8 19
12 8 19
13 11 17
14 10 17
15 8 19
Total 150 288
Average 10.00 19.20

T-test Significance

1% 5%

Mean Difference 9.20 9.20

Standard Error of Mean Difference 0.52/0.82 0.52/0.82
Tabular T-value 2.76 2.05
Computed T-value 9.513 9.513

Result: **VS-Very significant

33
Tables 8. Number of leaves in lettuce at forty-five days.

Number of Treatment I Treatment II

representative Organic farming Inorganic farming
plant

1 27 38
2 29 40
3 26 35
4 27 33
5 25 34
6 25 50
7 25 42
8 27 48
9 24 41
10 28 46
11 29 51
12 26 44
13 25 46
14 29 47
15 24 42
Total 396 637
Average 26.40 42.47

T-test Significance

1% 5%

Mean Difference 16.07 16.07

Standard Error of Mean Difference 0.46/1.47 0.46/1.47
Tabular T-value 2.76 2.05
Computed T-value 10.442 10.442

Result: **VS-Very significant

34
 Table IX, Weight of lettuce at final harvest. shown that the final

yield of lettuce in 45 days in Treatment I was 143 grams, while in

Treatment II was 253.3 grams statistical analysis showed that there was

a significant difference between the means of the vermicast with

fermented plant juice of treatment I (organic farming) and complete

fertilizer (14-14-14) with ammonium phosphate (16-20-0) of Treatment II

(inorganic farming) of average final yield of lettuce plants in 45 days at

0.05 and 0.01 level of significance since the computed t-value of 4.060 is

greater than the critical values of 2.05 and 2.76.

Income Statement, Table X, shows the income statement of both

Treatments. In this table, Treatment I have a total expenses of Php 28.70

while Treatment II have a total expenses of Php 24.29. Treatment I have

a total sales of Php 386.10 while in Treatment II have a total sales of Php

684.00 less total expenses of Treatment I Php 28.70 while in Treatment II

with a total sales of Php 24.29. This data indicates that lettuce of

Treatment II had a better yield than lettuce of Treatment I. Data shown

that Return of Investment (ROI) in the study were 1,245% for Treatment

I, while 2,716 % for Treatment II.

35
Tables 9. Weight of lettuce in gram at final harvest.

Number of Treatment I Treatment II

representative Organic farming Inorganic farming
plant

1 135 125
2 175 340
3 185 325
4 175 415
5 105 250
6 125 175
7 130 250
8 100 225
9 150 155
10 140 250
11 100 215
12 100 250
13 175 175
14 250 150
15 100 250
Total 2,145 3,800
Average 143.00 253.33

T-test Significance

1% 5%

Mean Difference 93.67 93.67

Standard Error of Mean Difference 11.07/20.24 11.07/20.24
Tabular T-value 2.76 2.05
Computed T-value 4.060 4.060

Result: **VS-Very significant

40
Tables 10. Income Statement
A. Total Expenses of Study

Expenses of Treatment I Treatment II

Study Organic farming Inorganic farming

Seeds Php 11.03 Php 11.03

Vermicast Php 11.03
FPJ Php 3.70
Complete fertilizer Php 3.82
Ammonium phosphate Php 3.53
Terrapest Php 3.70
Hauling cost Php 2.94 Php 2.21
Total Php 28.70 Php 24.29

______________________________________________________________________________________
B. Gross sales of Lettuce in Peso

Items Treatment I Treatment II

Organic farming Inorganic Farming

Total sales of Lettuce

180.00/kg Php 386.10 Php 684.00
Less:
Total Expenses Php 28.70 Php 24.29
Total Income Php 357.40 Php 659.79
Return of
Investment (ROI) 1,245 % 2,716 %
_______________________________________________________________________
Return on Investment (ROI) was obtained by dividing the net income by the total
expenses and multiplied by 100.
The ROI formula
Net Income
ROI= x 100
Total Expenses

40
Fig 7. The researcher at final harvest.

40
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The study was conducted from November 19, 2018 to January 25,

2019 to determine the effect of organic farming and inorganic farming of

lettuce at the crop science experimental area of Sibugay Technical

Institute Incorporated, Upper Pangi, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay. The study

was carried out in T-test design with an area of 50 square meters was

thoroughly prepared brushed, harrowed twice and pulverized. The area

was divided into two Treatments. Per Treatments was subdivided into 3

plots with a distance of 1 (width) by 5 (length) meters. Treatment I (T 1)

was applied with organic farming such as vermicast with fermented plant

juice FPJ while Treatment II (T2) was conventional farming such as

complete fertilizer (14-14-14) with ammonium phosphate (16-20-0).

There were 408 experimental plants selected randomly per block. The

number of plants was divided into two Treatments. In Treatment I, there

were 204 experimental plants, which are also divided into 3 plots; per

plot was having 68 experimental plants, same with Treatment II (T 2). The

land area was cultivated through plowing, and was harrowed within one

(1) week interval. Weeding was also applied in land preparation. Planting

was done when soil was well pulverized and moistened. Before transplanting,

media was done after seedbed preparation, 25cm between hill and 30cm

between furrows was the required planting distance of lettuce. Hardening was

44
done by gradually exposing the seedling to direct sunlight in every 1 to 2

hours to avoid stress or environmental shock to the seedling. This was

done in 1 week before transplanting. In this study Treatment I was fertilized

with organic fertilizer fermented plant juice FPJ and vermicast while

Treatment II was fertilized using Inorganic fertilizer such as complete fertilizer

14-14-14 with ammonium phosphate 16-20-0 fertilizer. It was fertilized

through basal and side dressing methods. And w eeding was done before the

application of fertilizer as soon as weeds were sprouting. It was round

weeding or weeds sanitation and watering was done every morning using

the sprinkler. However, when rain was sufficient, watering would be

suspended.

Average height and number of leaves in plants at 10 days was not

significant. Height and number of leaves in plants at 20, 30 and final

harvest at 45 days was significant.

Based on the problems, here are the following answers:

1. The result of this study, there was a significant difference in the

growth performance of Inorganic farming in Organic farming.

2. The result of this study, there was a significant difference also in

the yield performance of using Inorganic farming in Organic

farming.

3. The result of this study, the inorganic fertilizer has given the

higher return of income invested.

45
Conclusions

The result of the study revealed that the Treatment II, the

application of complete fertilizer (14-14-14) with ammonium phosphate

(16-20-0) affected the higher height and more number of leaves days

after planting, while in Treatment I the application of organic fertilizer

using vermicast with FPJ had effected gradually. Although organic was

safer than inorganic. Therefore, I conclude that, using inorganic fertilizer,

had a better effect than to organic fertilizer.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following are hereby

recommended:

a. The use of inorganic fertilizer 14-14-14 with 16-20-0 and organic

fertilizer is recommended to obtain a better yield and income.

b. Another study maybe conducted using the same crop increasing

the volume of 14-14-14 with 16-20-0 to verify if the result would

be better.

c. Similar study shall be conducted in other places to determine

further the effect of inorganic fertilizer on lettuce.

45
 LITERATURE CITED

A. Internet

(Brito etal.2012).

Disierto M.T. (2003)

ESCO, HEIDI T. April 2009. Production and Marketing Practices of Organic

Lettuce Producers in Tublay, Benguet.Benguet State University, La Trinidad,

Benguet.

ESTERO, O.P. 2007. Variety Evaluation of Romain Type Lettuce

under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition. BS Thesis, Benguet State

University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 15.

Frank (2006)

(Moreira et al., 2014)

(Oliveira et al., 2010).

Sacla (2002)

Source of Organic Materials for Organic Farming as cited by Caaya

(2007

46
 APPENDIX A

Experimental Field lay-out

T1R1 T2R1

T2R2 T1R2

T1R3 T2R3

Randomized Design
Legend: T-treatment
R-replication

47
 APPENDIX B

BOIGRAPHICAL DATA

Name: Rosabelle L. Tablada

Date of Birth: October 29, 1998

Place of Birth: Pasay, Manila City

Mother: Mrs. Felicidad L.

Tablada

Father: Mr. Vicente Tablada

Address: Don Andres, Ipil,

Zamboanga
Sibugay

SCHOOL ATTENDED

Elementary: Ipil Central Elementary

School

Brgy. Poblacion, Ipil,

Zamboanga Sibugay

Secondary: Marcelo Spinola School

Zamboanga Sibugay
2013-2014

College: Sibugay Technical

Institute

Incorporated

Lower Taway, Ipil,

Zamboanga
Sibugay

Degree: Bachelor of Science in

Agriculture

Major: Crop Science

48