Instructor: Dr.

Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016

HCMUT

THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER

 Instructor: HÀ ANH TÙNG – Department of Heat and
Refrigeration Technology
 Duration: 36 hours during 12 weeks (4 teaching units/week)
- Week 1  8 : Thermodynamics
+ Week 4 : Test 1 15%
+ Week 8 : Midterm Exam 20%
- Week 9  12 : Heat Transfer
+ Week 10 : Test 2 10%
- Week 9  13 : Experimental 15%
Final Exam 40%
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 Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT

Objectives of the course

 to provide students with knowledge and skills required to apply
the basic principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer to
perform calculations and explain thermal engineering applications:

Ex: - Thermal power plans

- Refrigeration and air conditioning systems
- Dryers, boilers
- Internal combustion engines
- Heat exchangers, etc.

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HCMUT

Course Contents
 Chapter 1: Introduction & Basic concepts
 Chapter 2: The First & Second Laws of Thermodynamics
 Chapter 3: Basic processes of Ideal gas
 Chapter 4: Pure substance
 Chapter 5: Vapor power cycle
 Chapter 6: Refrigeration cycle
 Chapter 7: Atmospheric Air and air conditioning processes

 Chapter 8: Basics of Heat transfer

 Chapter 9: Heat Conduction
 Chapter 10: Heat Convection
 Chapter 11: Heat Radiation
 Chapter 12: Heat Exchanger Equipments
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HCMUT

Reference Books
1. Cengel, Y. A. and Boles, M. A., Thermodynamics: An
Engineering Approach, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill Publisher,
2006.
2. Cengel, Y. A., Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2nd
Edition, WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2003.

3. Hoàng Đình Tín – Bùi Hải: Bài tập Nhiệt động lực học
KT & truyền nhiệt, NXB ĐHQG TpHCM, 2008.

4. Hoàng đình Tín, Nhiệt công nghiệp, NXB Đại học quốc
gia Tp HCM, 2001.

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 Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT

Part 1: THERMODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 1 : Introduction & Basic concepts

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Basic concepts

1.3 Properties of substance

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HCMUT

1.1 Introduction
 The objective of Thermodynamics is to:

Determine the PROPERTIES and ENERGY of a

system as well as the ENERGY CHANGE of the
system


m
Ex:

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HCMUT

1.2 Basic Concepts

1.2.1 Heat and Work

1.2.2 Thermodynamic System

1.2.3 Heat Engine and Refrigerator

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HCMUT

1.2.1 HEAT & WORK

 Heat: The transfer of energy from one body to another as a
result of a difference in temperature or a change in phase.
- Rule: + If the object receives heat: Q (+)
+ If the object releases heat: Q (-)

 Work: The transfer of energy in the application of a force to

move a body in a certain direction
- Rule: + If the object produces work: W (+)
+ If the object receives work: W (-)

UNIT: - SI system: 1 J (jun) = 1N.m = 107 erg ; 1 cal (calo) = 4.18 J

- British system: 1 Btu = 1055 J = 252 cal ; 1 Wh = 3.413 Btu

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HCMUT

Mechanical
Equivalent of
Heat

Joule demonstrated that water

can be heated by doing
(mechanical) work, and showed
that for every 4186 J of work
done, the temperature of water
rose by 1C0 per kg.

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HCMUT

1.2.2 Thermodynamic System

A thermodynamic system is a region defined by boundaries of
particular natures, together with the physical surroundings of
that region, which determine processes that are allowed
to affect the interior of the region, studied using the principles of
thermodynamics.

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HCMUT

Substance?? Hot source?? Cold sink??

Thermodynamic Heat & Work transferred when the working
System: substance changed its state ??

Boundary between the system and the

surrounding ??

Examples

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HCMUT

Examples of Thermodynamic systems (1)

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HCMUT

Examples of Thermodynamic systems (2)

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HCMUT

Examples of Thermodynamic systems (3)

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HCMUT

Classification of thermodynamic systems

- Closed system: no substance may be transferred in or out of
the system boundaries

- Open system: substance may flow in and out of the system

boundaries

- Thermally isolated system: no heat is exchanged with its

environment.

- Isolated system: it does not interact with its surroundings in

any way. Mass and energy remains constant within the
system, and no energy or mass transfer takes place across the
boundary
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HCMUT

Example of a “closed system”

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HCMUT

Example of an “open system”

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HCMUT

Example of an “isolated system”

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HCMUT

1.2.3 Heat engine & Refrigerator

A/ Heat Engine:
Hot source
is a system that converts heat
or thermal energy to Q1
mechanical energy W
Heat Engine
( Ex: internal combustion engine, Q2
steam engine, gas engine, etc.
Cold source
 According to The law of conservation of energy

Q1  Q2  W
W Q2 q2
 Thermal Efficiency:   1  1
Q1 Q1 q1
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HCMUT

Example of a Heat Engine

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HCMUT

B/ Heat Pump/ Refrigerator: Hot source

Q1
is a system using external work
to move thermal energy by Heat pump, W
absorbing heat from a cold Refrigerator
space and releasing it to a
Q2
warmer one
Cold source
 According to The law of
conservation of energy : Q1  Q2  W
Q1 Q1 q1
 COP (Coefficient of     1
performance) of a Heat Pump: W Q1  Q2 q1  q 2

 COP Q2 Q2 q2
(Coefficient of   
performance) of a Refrigerator: W Q1  Q2 q1  q 2
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HCMUT

Air conditioner

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HCMUT

Refrigerator Animation

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HCMUT

Heat Pump system

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HCMUT

1.3 Properties of substance

 At a specific condition, the state of a substance can be
determined = 2 independent properties

 PROPERTIES in thermodynamics:
- Temperature T
- Pressure p
- Specific volume v
- Internal energy u
- Enthalpy i
- Entropy s
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HCMUT

Example of state property

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HCMUT

Temperature T
 a measure of the warmth or coldness of an object or substance
with reference to some standard value
- Mercury, alcohol thermometer: basing on
 Temperature the thermal expansion of solids or liquids
measured by using with temperature
Thermometer - Resistance Thermometer: basing on the
resistance change of material with temperature
 Units: - Thermocouple: basing on the voltage
change with temperature

- Degree Celsius (oC):

o
C
9

5 o
F  32 
- Degree Fahrenheit (oF): o F  1.8 oC  32

- Kelvin (K): o
K  oC  273
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HCMUT

Comparison of Temperature Scales

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HCMUT

Absolute Zero and the Kelvin Scale

t (oC)

The pressure-temperature relation leads to the design of a

constant-volume gas thermometer.
Extrapolation of measurements made using different gases
leads to the concept of absolute zero, when the pressure
(or volume) is zero.
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HCMUT

Pressure p
 is an expression of force exerted on a surface per unit
area - Pressure gauge: to measure the pressure difference
between the absolute pressure of a substance and the
atmospheric pressure
 Measuring
instrument: - Barometer: to measure the atmospheric pressure pkt
- Vacumeter: to measure the vacuum pressure pck
pck  pkt  p

1 Pa (Pascal) = 1 N/m2
1 bar = 105 Pa = 750 mmHg
 Units: 1 at = 9.81 x 104 Pa = 0.981 bar = 10 mH2O = 735.6 mmHg
1 mmHg = 133.3 N/m2
1 mmH2O = 9.81 N/m2
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT

Example of Pressure (1)

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HCMUT

Example of Pressure (2)

F1 A1
p1  p 2  
F2 A2

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HCMUT

Example of Pressure (3)

Answer: 111.7 kPa

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HCMUT

Example of a pressure gauge

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HCMUT

Working principle of a Barometer

Ex: with 1mm H2O

1 mmH2 O  gh  1000 x 9.81 x 0.001  9.81 N / m 2  9.81 Pa

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 Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT

Working principle of a Manometer

Ex:   850 kg / m3 ; h  55 cm; Patm  96 kPa

850 x 9.81 x 0.55
PGas  Patm  gh  96  3
 100.6 kPa
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HCMUT
Ex: use a Manometer to measure the pressure difference
between 2 sections of the flow

P1  1 g a  h  P2  1 ga   2 gh

P1  P2   2  1 gh

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 Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT

Specific volume v
 number of cubic meters occupied by one kilogram of a
particular substance
V
v (m3/kg)
G
1
or: v

where: + G: mass of the substance (kg)
+ V: volume of the substance (m3)
+ : density of the substance (kg/m3)

 Attention: specific volume v is a state property, volume V is NOT a

state property
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Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT

Example of specific volume

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HCMUT

Internal Energy u
 is a property that can not measured directly  determined by
calculation
 The internal energy of a system consists of:
- Kinetic energy Ud due to the motion of the system’s particles
(translations, rotations, vibrations)

- Potential energy Ut due to the intermolecular forces

U  Ud Ut (kJ)
 For 1kg of a substance:
u  u d  ut (kJ/kg)
where: ud is the internal kinetic energy; ut is the internal potential
energy of 1 kg of the substance
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HCMUT

u  u d  ut

 According to the Thermodynamic Theory:

- Internal kinetic energy ud only dependent on temperature
- Internal potential energy ut dependent on the average
distance between molecules, i.e. dependent on the specific
volume u  f (T , v)
 For ideal gas: intermolecular forces are zero so the internal energy
of ideal gases is only dependent on temperature

 Units: kJ, kcal, kWh (SI system) or BTU (British Thermal Unit)
 Note: in thermodynamic problems, we do not have to determine the
absolute value of internal energy; what we need is to determine the
change in internal energy of the substance or the system 41
 Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT

More about the internal energy U

 is the internal energy due to the motion and intermolecular
interaction in the substance.
Ex: - In the case of a solid

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HCMUT

 Ex: In the case of a gas

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HCMUT

Enthalpy i
 is a property that can not measured directly  determined by
calculation
 Enthalpy of 1 kg of a substance is calculated by:

i  u  pv (kJ/kg)

 For ideal gas, because u và pv are only dependent on

temperature so i is also dependent only on temperature

 Note: in thermodynamic problems, we do not have to determine the

absolute value of enthalpy; what we need is to determine the change in
enthalpy of the substance or the system
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 Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT

Entropy s
 The change in entropy ds of 1 kg of a substance in a
reversible process is calculated by:
q Q
ds  or dS  (dS = G ds)
T T
in which: - q is the amount of heat transferred in an infinitesimal reversible
process
- T is the absolute temperature (K)
 Units: kJ/kg.K, kcal/kg.K
 Note: -   ds  0 for any cycle
-   Q  0 if the cycle is reversible
T
-   Q  0 if the cycle is irreversible
T 45
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HCMUT

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END OF CHAPTER 1

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