Civil Engineering November 2021 Review Innovations Concrete 4

INVESTIGATION OF RECTANGULAR BEAM SECTIONS

Or,
1. Equate C to T (to solve for a or c)
1. Compute the steel reinforcement ratio, ρ.
𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒄𝒄′ 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑻𝑻 = 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔 As
𝒂𝒂 = ρ=
𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒄𝒄′ 𝒃𝒃 bd
𝒂𝒂 2. Calculate resisting moment coefficient, R .
n
𝒄𝒄 =
𝜷𝜷𝟏𝟏 𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔 𝟐𝟐
𝑹𝑹𝒏𝒏 = 𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔 − 𝝆𝝆𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
2. Calculate nominal flexural strength, Mn
𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂
𝑴𝑴𝒏𝒏 = 𝑪𝑪 �𝒅𝒅 − � 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑴𝑴𝒏𝒏 = 𝑻𝑻 �𝒅𝒅 − �
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 3. Calculate the flexural strength of the beam.
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝝓𝝓𝑹𝑹𝒏𝒏 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐
3. Apply Strength Reduction Factor, φ
𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔
Strength = φ Mn 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔 �𝟏𝟏 − � 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄 ′
where φ = 0.90 if tension controlled
= use linear interpolation for
transition region
Section Classification:
Tension-controlled Compression-controlled
Transition-zone Section
Section Section
using Strain 𝛆𝛆𝒕𝒕 ≥ 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 > 𝛆𝛆𝒕𝒕 > 𝛆𝛆𝒚𝒚 𝛆𝛆𝒕𝒕 ≤ 𝛆𝛆𝒚𝒚
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
using 𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄 ≤ 𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅 < 𝒄𝒄 < 𝒄𝒄𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄 ≥ 𝒄𝒄𝒃𝒃
𝟖𝟖 𝒕𝒕 𝟖𝟖 𝒕𝒕
using Steel Ratio 𝝆𝝆 ≤ 𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 < 𝝆𝝆 < 𝝆𝝆𝒃𝒃 𝝆𝝆 ≥ 𝝆𝝆𝒃𝒃

using Stress 𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔 ≤ 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚

Note:
0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 600 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡
𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏 = 𝛽𝛽1 � �� �
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑

0.85𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 3 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡
𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝛽𝛽1 � �
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 8 𝑑𝑑
0.003 + ε𝑦𝑦
= 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏
0.008

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Civil Engineering November 2021 Review Innovations Concrete 4
ANALYSIS/INVESTIGATION OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS Problem 4 Problem 6
Given data of a concrete beam: Given Beam Data:
Problem 1
Beam width, bw = 300mm Beam width, bw = 300mm
A reinforced concrete beam is 250 mm wide with an
Effective depth, d = 500mm Tension steel bars = 8 – ϕ25mm equally-placed
effective depth of 400 mm. Use f’c= 21 MPa and fy = 275
Concrete strength , fc’ = 28 MPa in 2 layers
MPa. The section is reinforced with 4 – ϕ25mm bars. U =
Steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa Effective depth to centroid
1.2D + 1.6L.
of entire reinforcement, d = 512.5 mm
The beam has 2 – ϕ25mm bars at the compression side
1. Compute for the nominal flexural strength. Effective depth to centroid
having an effective cover of 65mm. If said bars are found of outer layer reinforcement, dt = 537.5 mm
2. Calculate the design flexural strength of the section. necessary to resist the loads, the effect of the concrete
Concrete strength, fc’ = 42 MPa
3. Calculate the safe service live load moment if the displaced by said reinforcements shall not be neglected.
Steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa
service moment from total dead load is 96 kN-m. Use the 2010/2015 NSCP.
4. If the beam is 5m long with a moment from total dead 1. What is the design moment capacity of the beam in kN- 1. Determine the location of the neutral axis of the section.
load of 96 kN-m, find the maximum moving m if the tension steel As = 4 – ϕ28mm placed in one 2. Determine the value of strength reduction factor 𝜙𝜙 for
concentrated service live load that can be supported layer only. flexure in accordance with the 2010 NSCP.
by the beam. 2. What is the design moment capacity of the beam in kN- 3. Determine the design flexural strength of the section in
m if the tension steel As = 6 – ϕ28mm placed in two kN-m.
layers with the outmost layer placed under a depth of
Problem 2
530mm.
A reinforced concrete beam is 300 mm wide with an
effective depth of 400 mm. Use f’c= 21 MPa and fy = 415 3. What is the stress (MPa) in the 2- ϕ25mm bars if the Problem 7
MPa. The section is reinforced with 5– ϕ28mm bars. tension steel As = 6 – ϕ28mm bars placed in two layers Given Beam Data:
with the outmost layer placed under a depth of Beam width, bw = 300mm
1. Determine the stress in the tension steel. 530mm. Concrete strength , fc’ = 24 MPa
2. Determine the total tensile force in the steel at Steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa
nominal strength. Use 2010/2015 NSCP.
PROBLEM for PRACTICE
3. Calculate the nominal flexural strength of the section. 1. Determine the flexural strength of the section in kN-m if
Problem 5 beam is reinforced with 4 – ϕ25mm bars placed in a
A reinforced concrete beam is 300 mm wide with an single layer under an effective depth of 550mm.
Problem 3
A 4m reinforced concrete cantilever beam has a width of effective depth of 525 mm to centroid of reinforcement. 2. Determine the actual stress (MPa) in the extreme
300 mm and a total depth of 560mm with an effective depth of Use f’c= 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. The section is reinforced reinforcements if beam is reinforced with 6 – ϕ25mm
490 mm. It is reinforced with 5 - φ28mm tension bars. f’c = with 3 – ϕ28mm bars single layer. bars placed equally in two layers having an effective
30 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. In addition to live load and its depth of 520mm to centroid of the total tension steel
own weight, the beam carries a 150-mm-thick concrete slab 1. Which of the following gives the classification of the and 550mm to the centroid of outer layer
(casted monolithically with the beam) with a tributary section. reinforcements.
width of 4 m. The unit weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3 Use A. Tension- controlled 3. Determine the flexural strength of the section in kN-m if
2010/2015 NSCP. B. In transition but still in compliance with the NSCP. beam is reinforced with 6 – ϕ25mm bars placed
C. In transition and not in compliance with the NSCP. equally in two layers having an effective depth of
1. Determine the net tensile strain in the extreme tension
D. Compression-controlled 520mm to centroid of total tension reinforcement and
steel.
550mm to the centroid of outer layer reinforcements.
2. Determine the value of neutral axis to depth dt ratio. 2. Determine the stress in the tension reinforcements at
failure.
3. Determine the value of strength reduction factor for
determining the design flexural strength. 3. Determine the value of strength reduction factor 𝜙𝜙 for
flexure in accordance with the 2010/2015 NSCP.
4. Calculate the design moment capacity of the beam, in kN-
m. 4. What is the design flexural strength of the section kN-m.
5. Find the maximum uniform service live load acting over
the entire span that can be supported by the beam.
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Civil Engineering November 2021 Review Innovations Concrete 4
Problem 8
A 6 m concrete beam is simply supported at the ends.
The beam has a width b = 300 mm and a total depth h =
450 mm. It is reinforced with 4 - 25mm ø at the tension side
and 2 - 25mm ø at the compression side with 70 mm cover
to centroid of reinforcements. fc’ = 35 MPa, fy = 415 MPa.
To simplify the solution, ignore compression steel when
steel ratio ρ < ρmax. At ultimate condition, U = 1.2D + 1.6L.

1. Determine the depth of the rectangular stress block.

2. Determine the nominal flexural strength, Mn.
3. Determine the total factored uniform load including
the beam’s weight, the beam could safely support.
4. If the beam spacing is 3m, determine the safe service
floor live load (kPa) if the beam already carries 24.7
kN/m total factored dead load.

Problem 9
Given Beam Data:
Beam width, bw = 300mm
Concrete strength , fc’ = 24 MPa
Steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa
Use 2010/2015 NSCP.

The beam has 3 – ϕ25mm bars at the compression side

having an effective cover of 60mm. If said bars are found
necessary to resist the loads, the effect of the concrete
displaced by said reinforcements shall not be neglected.
Use the 2010/2015 NSCP.

1. Determine the flexural strength of the section in kN-m if

beam is reinforced with 4 – ϕ25mm bars placed in a
single layer under an effective depth of 570mm.
2. Determine the actual stress (MPa) in the reinforcements
if beam is reinforced with 8 – ϕ25mm bars placed
equally in two layers having an effective depth of
540mm to centroid of the total tension steel and
570mm to the centroid of outer layer reinforcements.
3. Determine the flexural strength of the section in kN-m if
beam is reinforced with 8 – ϕ25mm bars placed
equally in two layers having an effective depth of
540mm to centroid of total tension reinforcement and
570mm to the centroid of outer layer reinforcements.

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