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Autonomous Vehicles Imp

The document discusses autonomous vehicles and their components like sensors, electronic control units and communication systems. It covers sensor technologies such as ultrasonic, radar, lidar, image and GPS sensors. Challenges in developing autonomous vehicles include unpredictable humans, bad weather and outdated digital maps.

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Sudhakar Ramasamy
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31 views37 pages

Autonomous Vehicles Imp

The document discusses autonomous vehicles and their components like sensors, electronic control units and communication systems. It covers sensor technologies such as ultrasonic, radar, lidar, image and GPS sensors. Challenges in developing autonomous vehicles include unpredictable humans, bad weather and outdated digital maps.

Uploaded by

Sudhakar Ramasamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Autonomous Vehicles

INTRODUCTION
• An Autonomous car or a self driving car is a vehicle that is
capable of sensing its environment and navigating without
human inputs.
Example 1: Google’s Self Driving Car

Google’s self-driving prototypes rely on their sensors and


software to drive themselves.
Example 1: Google’s Self Driving Car

Google’s self-driving prototypes rely on their sensors and


software to drive themselves.
Example 2: DARPA Urban Challenge

DARPA Urban challenge team MIT


Sensor Technology
Sensor 1: Ultrasonic sensor

Front view Rear view

The distance measurement is done by Ultrasonic transducers


(send and receive the sound waves)
Sensor 1: Ultrasonic sensor – Piezoelectric effect

Piezoelectric effect.

Sensor in action.
Sensor 1: Ultrasonic sensor - Applications

Medical Imaging

Autonomous Vehicles

Ultrasonic cleaning
Sensor 2: RADAR sensor

RADAR Sensor Components of a RADAR

High tech radar systems are capable of extracting useful


information from very high noise levels.
Sensor 2: RADAR sensor – Doppler effect

Doppler effect

Sensor in action
Sensor 2: RADAR sensor - Applications

Military Radars

Autonomous Vehicles

Ground Penetrating Radars


Sensor 3: LIDAR sensor

LIDAR system Components of a LIDAR

LIDAR transmits optical laser light in pulses to determine distance


to objects.
Sensor 3: LIDAR sensor – Types of LIDAR

Airborne LIDAR Terrestrial LIDAR

LIDAR in action
Sensor 3: LIDAR sensor - Applications

LIDAR in agriculture

Autonomous Vehicles

LIDAR speed guns


Sensor 4: Image Sensor

Image sensor Components of an Image sensor

An image sensor is the soul of a camera. It is used to determine image size,


resolution, low-light performance, depth of field, dynamic range, lenses and even
the camera’s physical size.
Sensor 4: Image Sensor – Computer Vision

Block diagram for computer vision

Output 1 Output 2
Sensor 5: GPS Sensor

GPS module Components of a GPS system

GPS keeps the car on its intended route with an accuracy of 30 centimeters.
With GPS covering the macro location of car, smaller on-deck cameras can
recognize details like red lights, stop signs etc.
Sensor 5: GPS Sensor – Working principle

Working of GNSS
(Global Navigation Satellite System)

GPS system in action


Sensor 5: GPS Sensor - Applications

Geo-tagging

Automotive navigation systems

Fleet tracking
Electronic Control Unit (ECU)

Electronic Control Unit (ECU) ECU block diagram

In Automotive electronics, Electronic Control Unit (ECU), is a


generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more
of the electrical system or subsystems in a transport vehicle.
Electronic Control Unit (ECU) – Types of ECUs

Brake Control Unit Transmission Control module

Door Control Unit Adaptive Cruise Control


Electronic Control Unit (ECU) – Working principle
Sensor 6: Wheel Speed Sensor

Wheel speed sensor (ABS) ABS inside a car


Wheel speed sensors provide input to a number of different automotive systems
including the anti-lock brake system and electronic stability control.
Sensor 6: Wheel Speed Sensor – Hall effect

Hall effect

Sensor in action
Heads Up display (HUD)

HUD is the outcome of GPS and compass based data about a vehicle position
and the emergence of computer vision technology that can recognize objects on
and around the road and the navigational information as transparent colored
paths.
Heads Up display (HUD) – Working

HUD can be fitted in place of windscreen which will give the


view of road plus the required information.
Heads Up display (HUD) – Applications

Automobiles

Synthetic Vision Systems

Military aircrafts
Sensor integration under the Bonnet
Electric Vehicle Battery

EV battery Components of an EV battery


V2X Communication

Cars will talk to other cars, exchanging data and alerting drivers to
potential collisions. They’ll talk to sensors on signs on stoplights,
bus stops, to get traffic updates and rerouting alerts.
V2X Communication types

As vehicles fall out of the signal range and drop out of the network,
other vehicles can join in, connecting vehicles to one another so that a
mobile Internet is created.
V2X Communication – Applications

Safety

Efficiency
Roadmap to Automation
Features of a Self Driving Car

Adaptive Cruise Control Emergency Braking Self Parking

Traffic Jam Assistants Lane keeping


Challenges
• Unpredictable humans: Autonomous vehicles will have to
deal with drivers who speed, pass even when there’s a double
yellow line and drive the wrong way on a one-way street.

• Bad weather: Snow, rain, fog and other types of weather make
driving difficult for humans, and it’s no different for driverless cars,
which stay in their lanes by using cameras that track lines on the
pavement. But they can’t do that if the road has a coating of snow.

• Digital Mapping: Very few roads have been mapped to this


degree. Moreover, maps can become out of date as road
conditions change. There may be construction or detours. An
intersection with a four-way stop might get a traffic light or become
a roundabout.
Conclusion
In conclusion, upon addressing the mechanics of the driverless car
as well as its benefits and potential issues, it is quite interesting to
see how the world will actually become by the year 2040.

Sensors that are an integral part of an autonomous vehicle will


become more sophisticated and will potentially have more
functionality addition in the near future.

It is fascinating to see the effects this creation will have on the states
in which it is legalized as well as on the people that have chosen to
experiment with it.

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