IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Question: What Are Pipes?

Answer: A pipe is a chain of processes so that output of one process (stdout) is fed an input (stdin) to another. UNIX shell has a special syntax for
creation of pipelines. The commands are written in sequence separated by |. Different filters are used for Pipes like AWK, GREP.

e.g. sort file | lpr ( sort the file and send it to printer)

Question: What Does Nslookup Do? Explain Its Two Modes.

Answer: Nslookup is used to find details related to a Domain name server. Details like IP addresses of a machine, MX records, servers etc. It
sends a domain name query packet to the corresponding DNS.

Nslookup has two modes. Interactive and non interactive. Interactive mode allows the user to interact by querying information about different
hosts and domains.

Non interactive mode is used to fetch information about the specified host or domain.

Interactive mode:

Nslookup [options] [server]

Question: What Is Bash Shell?

Answer: Bash is a free shell for UNIX. It is the default shell for most UNIX systems. It has a combination of the C and Korn shell features. Bash
shell is not portable. any Bash-specific feature will not function on a system using the Bourne shell or one of its replacements, unless bash is
installed as a secondary shell and the script begins with #!/bin/bash. It supports regular and expressions. When bash script starts, it executes
commands of different scripts.

Question: What Are The Process States In Linux?

Answer: Process states in Linux:

Running: Process is either running or ready to run.

Interruptible: a Blocked state of a process and waiting for an event or signal from another process.

Uninterruptible:- a blocked state. Process waits for a hardware condition and cannot handle any signal.

Stopped: Process is stopped or halted and can be restarted by some other process.
Zombie: process terminated, but information is still there in the process table.

Question: What Is A Zombie?

Answer: Zombie is a process state when the child dies before the parent process. In this case the structural information of the process is still in
the process table. Since this process is not alive, it cannot react to signals. Zombie state can finish when the parent dies. All resources of the
zombie state process are cleared by the kernel.

Question: Explain Each System Calls Used For Process Management In Linux.

Answer: System calls used for Process management:

Fork () :- Used to create a new process

Exec() :- Execute a new program

Wait():- wait until the process finishes execution

Exit():- Exit from the process

Getpid():- get the unique process id of the process

Getppid():- get the parent process unique id

Nice():- to bias the existing property of process

Question: How Do You List Files In A Directory?

Answer: ls - list directory contents

ls -l (-l use a long listing format)

Question: How Do You List All Files In A Directory, Including The Hidden Files?

Answer: ls -a (-a, do not hide entries starting with .)

Question: How Do You Find Out All Processes That Are Currently Running?

Answer: ps -f (-f does full-format listing.)

Question: How Do You Find Out The Processes That Are Currently Running Or A Particular User?

Answer: ps -au Myname (-u by effective user ID (supports names)) (a - all users)

Question: How Do You Kill A Process?

Answer: kill -9 8 (process_id 8) or kill -9 %7 (job number 7)

kill -9 -1 (Kill all processes you can kill.)

killall - kill processes by name most (useful - killall java)

Question: What Would You Use To Edit Contents Of The File?

Question: What Would You Use To View Contents Of A Large Error Log File?

Answer: tail -10 file_name ( last 10 rows)

Question: How Do You Log In To A Remote Unix Box?

Answer: Using telnet server_name or ssh -l ( ssh - OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program))

Question: How Do You Get Help On A Unix Terminal?

Answer: man command_name

info command_name (more information)

Question: How Do You List Contents Of A Directory Including All Of Its Subdirectories, Providing Full Details And Sorted By Modification Time?

Answer: ls -lac

-a all entries

-c by time

Question: What Is A Filesystem?

Answer: Sum of all directories called file system.

A file system is the primary means of file storage in UNIX. File systems are made of inodes and superblocks.

Question: How Do You Get Its Usage (a Filesystem)?

Answer: By storing and manipulate files.

Question: How Do You Check For Processes Started By User 'pat'?

Answer: ps -fu pat (-f -full_format u -user_name )

Question: What Utility Would You Use To Cut Off The First Column In A Text File?

Answer: awk

Question: How To Copy File Into Directory?

Answer: cp /tmp/file_name . (dot mean in the current directory)

Question: How To Remove Directory With Files?

Question: What Is The Difference Between Internal And External Commands?

Answer: Internal commands are stored in the; same level as the operating system while external commands are stored on the hard disk among
the other utility programs.

Question: List The Three Main Parts Of An Operating System Command:

Answer: The three main parts are the command, options and arguments.

Question: What Is The Difference Between An Argument And An Option (or Switch)?

Answer: An argument is what the command should act on: it could be a filename, directory or name. An option is specified when you want to
request additional information over and above the basic information each command supplies.

Question: Name Two Forms Of Security.

Answer: Two forms of security are Passwords and File Security with permissions specified.

Question: What Command Do You Type To Find Help About The Command Who?

Answer: $ man who

Question: What Is The Difference Between Home Directory And Working Directory?

Answer: Home directory is the directory you begin at when you log into the system. Working directory can be anywhere on the system and it is
where you are currently working.

Question: Which Directory Is Closer To The Top Of The File System Tree, Parent Directory Or Current Directory?

Answer: The parent directory is above the current directory, so it is closer to the root or top of the file system.

Question: What Are Two Subtle Differences In Using The More And The Pg Commands?

Answer: With the more command you display another screenful by pressing the spacebar, with pg you press the return key.

The more command returns you automatically to the UNIX shell when completed, while pg waits until you press return.

Question: When Is It Better To Use The More Command Rather Than Cat Command?

Answer: It is sometimes better to use the more command when you are viewing a file that will display over one screen.

Question: What Are Two Functions The Move Mv Command Can Carry Out?
Answer: The mv command moves files and can also be used to rename a file or directory.

Question: Name Two Methods You Could Use To Rename A File?

Answer: Two methods that could be used:

a. use the mv command

b. copy the file and give it a new name and then remove the original file if no longer needed.

Question: List All The Files Beginning With A?

Answer: To list all the files beginning with A command: ls A*

Question: Which Of The Quoting Or Escape Characters Allows The Dollar Sign ($) To Retain Its Special Meaning?

Answer: The double quote (") allows the dollar sign ($) to retain its special meaning. Both the backslash (\) and single quote (') would remove the
special meaning of the dollar sign.

Question: What Is A Faster Way To Do The Same Command? Mv Fileo.txt Newdir Mv Filel.txt Newdir Mv File2.txt Newdir Mv File3.txt Newdir?

Answer: A shortcut method would be: mv file?.txt newdir

Question: List Two Ways To Create A New File:

Answer: a.Copy a file to make a new file.

b. Use the output operator e.g. ls -l > newfile.txt

Question: What Is The Difference Between > And >> Operators?

Answer: The operator > either overwrites the existing file (WITHOUT WARNING) or creates a new file.

The operator >> either adds the new contents to the end of an existing file or creates a new file.

Question: How Can You See All Mounted Drives?

Answer: mount -l

Question: How Can You Find A Path To The File In The System?

Answer: locate file_name (locate - list files in databases that match a pattern)

Question: What Linux Hotkeys Do You Know?

Answer: Ctrl-Alt-F1 Exit to command prompt

Ctrl-Alt-F7 or F8 Takes you back to KDE desktop from command prompt

Crtl-Alt-Backspace Restart XWindows

Question: What Can You Tell About The Tar Command?

Answer: The tar program is an immensely useful archiving utility. It can combine an entire directory tree into one large file suitable for
transferring or compression.

Question: What Types Of Files You Know?

Answer: Files come in eight flavors:

Normal files

Directories

Hard links

Symbolic links

Sockets

Named pipes

Character devices

Block devices

Question: How You Will Uncompress The File?

Answer: Use tar command (The GNU version of the tar archiving utility):

tar -zxvf file_name.tar.gz

Question: What Does Grep() Stand For?

Answer: General Regular Expression Parser.

Question: What Does The Top Command Display?

Answer: Top provides an ongoing look at processor activity in real time.It displays a listing of the most CPU-intensive tasks on the system, and
can provide an interactive inter¬ face for manipulating processes. (q is to quit)

Question: How To Find Difference In Two Configuration Files On The Same Server?

Answer: Use diff command that is compare files line by line

diff -u /usr/home/my_project1/etc/ABC.conf /usr/home/my_project2/etc/ABC.conf

Question: What Is The Best Way To See The End Of A Logfile.log File?

Answer: Use tail command - output the last part of files

tail -n file_name ( the last N lines, instead of the last 10 as default)

Answer: for i in *log*; do rm $i; done

Question: How To Switch To A Previously Used Directory?

Answer: cd -

Question: How Many Vi Editor Modes Do You Know?

Answer: Three modes -

Command mode: letters or sequence of letters interactively command vi.

Insert mode: Text is inserted.

Command line mode: enter this mode by typing ":" and entry command line at the foot of the screen.

Question: How Can You Terminate Vi Session?

Answer: Use command: ZZ that is save changes and quit.

Use command line: ":wq" that is write changes and quit.

Use command line: ":q!" to ignore changes and quit.

Question: How Can You Copy Lines Into The Buffer In Command Mode?

Answer: yy - copy a single line defined by current cursor position

3yy - copy 3 lines. Current line and two lines below it.

Question: We Saw The Mention On The Linux Bios Website About One Million Devices Shipped With Linux Bios. Could You Tell Us More About
These Devices?

Answer: Yes, these are internet terminals that were built in India, based on the [x86 system-on-chip] STPC chip, I am told; also, there evidently is
a Turkish-built digital TV that runs Linux BIOS. I have also heard that there are routers and many other embedded devices running Linux BIOS. I
think at this point that 1 million is a low number. I am in contact with other set-top box vendors that are talking about numbers in the lOs of
millions for their products. These numbers actually make the OLPC numbers seem small, which is in it amazing.

roprocessors are used in a variety of applications such as appliances automobiles ,industrial process and control applications.

Question: What Is Nv-ram?

Answer: Nonvolatile Read Write Memory, also called Flash memory. It is also know as shadow RAM.

Question: Can Rom Be Used As Stack?

Answer: ROM cannot be used as stack because it is not possible to write to ROM.

Question: What Is Stack?

Answer: Stack is a portion of RAM used for saving the content of Program Counter and general purpose registers.
Question: What Is Flag?

Answer: Flag is a flip-flop used to store the information about the status of a processor and the status of the instruction executed most recently .

Question: Which Processor Structure Is Pipelined?

Answer: All x86 processors have pipelined structure.

Question: What Is A Compiler?

Answer: Compiler is used to translate the high-level language program into machine code at a time. It doesn’t require special instruction to store
in a memory, it stores automatically. The Execution time is less compared to Interpreter.

Question: Differentiate Between Ram And Rom?

Answer: RAM: Read / Write memory, High Speed, Volatile Memory. ROM: Read only memory, Low Speed, Non Voliate Memory.

Question: Which Transistor Is Used In Each Cell Of Eprom?

Answer: Floating .gate Avalanche Injection MOS (FAMOS) transistor is used in each cell of EPROM.

Question: What Is Called .scratch Pad Of Computer.?

Answer: Cache Memory is scratch pad of computer.

Question: What Is Cache Memory?

Answer: Cache memory is a small high-speed memory. It is used for temporary storage of data & information between the main memory and the
CPU (center processing unit). The cache memory is only in RAM.

Question: What Is Interrupt?

Answer: Interrupt is a signal send by external device to the processor so as to request the processor to perform a particular work.

Question: Difference Between Static And Dynamic Ram?

Answer: Static RAM: No refreshing, 6 to 8 MOS transistors are required to form one memory cell, Information stored as voltage level in a flip
flop.

Dynamic RAM: Refreshed periodically, 3 to 4 transistors are required to form one memory cell, Information is stored as a charge in the gate to
substrate capacitance.

Question: What Is The Difference Between Primary & Secondary Storage Device?

Answer: In primary storage device the storage capacity is limited. It has a volatile memory. In secondary storage device the storage capacity is
larger. It is a nonvolatile memory. Primary devices are: RAM / ROM. Secondary devices are: Floppy disc I Hard disk.
Question: Why Does Microprocessor Contain Rom Chips?

Answer: Microprocessor contain ROM chip because it contain instructions to execute data.

Question: What Is The Difference Between Microprocessor And Microcontroller?

Answer: In Microprocessor more op-codes, few bit handling instructions. But in Microcontroller: fewer op-codes, more bit handling Instructions,
and also it is defined as a device that includes micro processor, memory, & input / output signal lines on a single chip.

Question: What Is The Disadvantage Of Microprocessor?

Answer: It has limitations on the size of data. Most Microprocessor does not support floating-point operations.

Question: What Command Would You Use To Create An Empty File Without Opening It To Edit It?

Answer: You use the touch command to create an empty file without needing to open it. Answers a and e point to invalid commands, though
either of these might actually be aliased to point to a real command. Answers b and c utilize editors, and so do not satisfy the requirements of the
Question:. actually touch is used to change the timestamps of a file if its exits, otherwise a new file with current timestamps will be created.

Question: What Do You Type To Stop A Hung Process That Resists The Standard Attempts To Shut It Down?

Answer: The kill command by itself tries to allow a process to exit cleanly. You type kill -9 PID, on the other hand, to abruptly stop a process that
will not quit by any other means. Also, pressing CtrI+C works for many programs. Answers b and d are only valid in some contexts, and even in
those contexts will not work on a hung process.

Question: Which Two Commands Can You Use To Delete Directories?

Answer: You can use rmdir or rm -rf to delete a directory. Answer a is incorrect, because the rm command without any specific flags will not
delete a directory, it will only delete files. Answers d and e point to a non-existent command.

Question: What Is Difference Between At And Cron?

Answer: Cron command is used to schedule the task daily at the same time repeatedly ,“at” command is used to schedule the task only once i.e.
to run only one time.

Question: Which Of The Following Tasks Cannot Be Accomplished With The Touch Command?

Answer: The touch command is usually used to modify either a file’s access or modification time. It can also be used to create a new file.

Question: You Want To Copy The User's Home Directories To A New Location. Which Of The Following Commands Will Accomplish This?

Answer: The -r option tells the cp command to recurs the directories. The -P option retains the original permissions.

Question: You Read An Article That Lists The Following Command: Dd If=/dev/fdo Bs=512 Of=/new What Does This Accomplish?
Answer: The dd command is a special copy command often used for floppy disks and tapes. The if= option specifies the source; the bs= is the
block size; and the of= option is the output.

Question: You Attempt To Delete A File Called Sales.mem Using The Rm Command But The Command Fails. What Could Be The Problem?

Answer: In order to delete a file, you must have write rights to the directory containing the file.

Question: You Want To Search For Sale And Sales. What Regular Expression Should You Use?

Answer: Use the asterick (*) to match to zero or more characters. The ‘$‘ matches to any one character so sale$ would not find sale.

Question: You Want To Know How Many Lines In The Kickoff File Contains 'prize'. Which Of The Following Commands Will Produce The Desired
Results?

Answer: Using the -c option with the grep command will show the total number of lines containing the specified pattern rather than displaying
the lines containing the pattern.

Question: You Want To Verify Which Lines In The File Kickoff Contain 'bob'. Which Of The Following Commands Will Accomplish This?

Answer: The -n option when used with sed prints only the lines containing the pattern. In this case, the pattern is ‘Bob’ and the file to be
searched is kickoff.

Question: You Have A File Called Docs.z But Do Not Know What It Is. What Is The Easiest Way To Look At The Contents Of The File?

Answer: The .Z extension indicates that this is a file that has been compressed using the compress utility. The zcat utility provides the ability to
display the contents of a compressed file.

Question: After Copying A File To A Floppy Disk, What Should You Do Before Removing The Disk?

Answer: If you do not unmount the floppy before removing it, the files on the floppy may become corrupted.

Question: You Have Set Quotas For All Your Users But Half Of Your Users Are Using More Space Than They Have Been Allotted. Which Of The
Following Could Be The Problem?

Answer: Quotas are set on a partition by partition basis. If your users have home directories on different partitions, you will need to configure
quotas for each partition.

Question: What Command Should You Use To Check The Number Of Files And Disk Space Used And Each User's Defined Quotas?

Answer: The repquota command is used to get a report on the status of the quotas you have set including the amount of allocated space and
amount of used space.

Question: You Have A Large Spreadsheet Located In The /data Directory That Five Different People Need To Be Able To Change. How Can You
Enable Each User To Edit The Spreadsheet From Their Individual Home Directories?

Answer: By creating a link to the file in each user’s home directory, each user is able to easily open and edit the spreadsheet. Also, any changes
that are made are seen by all the users with access.
Question: You Have A File Called Sales Data And Create Symbolic Links To It In Bob's Home Directory. Bob Calls You And Says That His Link No
Longer Works. How Can You Fix The Link?

Answer: Because the link in bob’s directory is a symbolic link, if the file sales data in the /data directory is deleted, the symbolic link will no longer
work.

Question: What Is Meant By Sticky Bit?

Answer: When the sticky bit is set on a world writable directory, only the owner can delete any file contained in that directory.

Question: Your Default Umask Is 002. What Does This Mean?

Answer: The digits of your umask represent owner, group and others in that order.

The 0 gives read and write for files and the 2 gives read only for files.

Question: Which Of The Following Commands Will Replace All Occurrences Of The Word Rate With The Word Speed In The File Racing?

Answer: When using sed to do a search and replace, its default action is to only replace the first occurrence in each line. Adding the ‘g’ makes
sed replace all occurrences of the search term even when it occurs multiple times on the same line.

Question: You Have A Tab Delimited File Called Phonenos And Want To Change Each Tab To Four Spaces. What Command Can You Use To
Accomplish This?

Answer: By default, expand converts tabs to eight spaces. Use the -t option to change this behavior.

Question: You Issue The Command Head * What Would The Resulting Output Be?

Answer: If the number of lines to display is not specified, the first ten lines of the specified file are displayed. The asterick tells head to display the
content of each file in the present working directory.

Question: What Would Be The Result Of The Command Paste -s Dog Cat?

Answer: The paste text filter usually joins two files separating the corresponding lines with a tab. The -s option, however, will cause paste to
display the first file, dog, then a new line character, and then the file cat.

Question: You Wish To Print The File Vacations With 60 Lines To A Page. Which Of The Following Commands Will Accomplish This?

Answer: The default page length when using pr is 66 lines. The -l option is used to specify a different length.

Question: What Would Be The Result Of Issuing The Command Cat Phonenos?

Answer: The tac text filter is a reverse cat. It displays a file starting with the last line and ending with the first line.

Question: You Need To See The Last Fifteen Lines Of The Files Dog, Cat And Horse. What Command Should You Use?

Answer: The tail utility displays the end of a file. The -15 tells tail to display the last fifteen lines of each specified file.
Question: What Is The Real Mean Of Dhcp?

Answer: Dynamic addressing simplifies network administration because the s/w keeps track of IP addresses rather than requiring an
administrator to manage the task. That means new computer can be added to the network without any risk of manually assigning unique IP
address.

Question: What Is Nfs? What Is Its Job?

Answer: NFS stands for Network File System. NFS enables filesystems physically residing on one computer system to be used by other computers
in the network, appearing to users on the remote host as just another local disk.

Question: In Linux Os, What Is The File Server?

Answer: The file server is a machine that shares its disk storage and files with other machines on the network.

Question: What Are The Techniques That You Use To Handle The Collisions In Hash Tables?

Answer: We can use two major techniques to handle the collisions. They are open addressing and separate chaining. In open addressing, data
items that hash to a full array cell are placed in another cell in the array. In separate chaining, each array element consists of a linked list. All data
items hashing to a given array index are inserted in that list.

Question: What Is The Major Advantage Of A Hash Table?

Answer: The major advantage of a hash table is its speed. Because the hash function is to take a range of key values and transform them into
index values in such a way that the key values are distributed randomly across all the indices of a hash table.

Question: What Is Write Command?

Answer: The write command enables you to write an actual message on the other terminal online. You have to issue the write command with
the login ID of the user with whom you want to communicate. The write command informs the user at the other end that there is a message
from another user. write pastes that message onto the other user’s terminal if their terminal’s write permissions are set. Even if they are in the
middle of an edit session, write overwrites whatever is on the screen. The edit session contents are not corrupted; you can restore the original
screen on most editors with Ctrl-L. write is mostly used for one-way communication, but you can have an actual conversation as well.

Question: Why You Shouldn't Use The Root Login?

Answer: The root login does not restrict you in any way. When you log in as root, you become the system. The root login is also sometimes called
the super user login. With one simple command, issued either on purpose or by accident, you can destroy your entire Linux installation. For this
reason, use the root login only when necessary. Avoid experimenting with commands when you do log in as root.

Question: How Big Should The Swap-space Partition Be?

Answer: Swap space is used as an extension of physical RAM, the more RAM you have, the less swap space is required. You can add the amount
of swap space and the amount of RAM together to get the amount of RAM Linux will use. For example, if you have 8MB of RAM on your
machine’s motherboard, and a 16MB swap-space partition, Linux will behave as though you had 24MB of total RAM.

Question: Which Field Is Used To Define The User's Default Shell?

Answer: command-The last field, called either command or login command, is used to specify what shell the user will use when he logs in.
Question: When You Create A New Partition, You Need To Designate Its Size By Defining The Starting And Ending?

Answer: cylinders-When creating a new partition you must first specify its starting cylinder. You can then either specify its size or the ending
cylinder.

Question: What Can You Type At A Command Line To Determine Which Shell You Are Using?

Answer: echo $SHELL-The name and path to the shell you are using is saved to the SHELL environment variable. You can then use the echo
command to print out the value of any variable by preceding the variable’s name with $. Therefore, typing echo $SHELL will display the name of
your shell.

Question: In Order To Display The Last Five Commands You Have Entered Using The Fc Command, You Would Type?

Answer: fc -5-The fc command can be used to edit or rerun commands you have previously entered. To specify the number of commands to list,
use -n.

Question: What Command Should You Use To Check Your File System?

Answer: fsck-The fsck command is used to check the integrity of the file system on your disk.

Question: What File Defines The Levels Of Messages Written To System Log Files?

Answer: kernel.h-To determine the various levels of messages that are defined on your system, examine the kernel.h file.

Question: What Account Is Created When You Install Linux?

Answer: root-Whenever you install Linux, only one user account is created. This is the super user account also known as root.

Question: What Daemon Is Responsible For Tracking Events On Your System?

Answer: Syslogd-The syslogd daemon is responsible for tracking system information and saving it to specified log flies.

Question: Where Standard Output Is Usually Directed?

Answer: To the screen or display-By default, your shell directs standard output to your screen or display.

Question: What Utility Can You Use To Show A Dynamic Listing Of Running Processes?

Answer: Top-The top utility shows a listing of all running processes that is dynamically updated.

Question: Who Owns The Data Dictionary?

Answer: The SYS user owns the data dictionary. The SYS and SYSTEM users are created when the database is created.

Question: What Command Can You Use To Review Boot Messages?

Answer: dmesg

The dmesg command displays the system messages contained in the kernel ring buffer.
By using this command immediately after booting your computer, you will see the boot messages.

Question: What Is The Minimum Number Of Partitions You Need To Install Linux?

Answer: 2

Linux can be installed on two partitions, one as / which will contain all files and a swap partition.

Question: What Is The Name And Path Of The Main System Log?

Answer: /var/log/messages

By default, the main system log is /var/log/messages.

Question: What Utility Can You Use To Automate Rotation Of Logs?

Answer: logrotate

The logrotate command can be used to automate the rotation of various logs.

Question: What Key Combination Can You Press To Suspend A Running Job And Place It In The Background?

Answer: ctrl-z

Using ctrl-z will suspend a job and put it in the background.

Question: What Command Is Used To Remove The Password Assigned To A Group?

Answer: gpasswd -r

The gpasswd command is used to change the password assigned to a group. Use the -r option to remove the password from the group.

Question: In Order To Improve Your System's Security You Decide To Implement Shadow Passwords. What Command Should You Use?

Answer: The pwconv command creates the file /etc/shadow and changes all passwords to 'x' in the /etc/passwd file.

Question: What Command Should You Use To Check The Number Of Files And Disk Space Used And Each User's Defined Quotas?

Answer: The repquota command is used to get a report on the status of the quotas you have set including the amount of allocated space and
amount of used space.

Question: You Have A File Called Phonenos That Is Almost 4,000 Lines Long. What Text Filter Can You Use To Split It Into Four Pieces Each 1,000
Lines Long?

Answer: The split text filter will divide files into equally sized pieces. The default length of each piece is 1,000 lines.

Question: You Want To Create A Compressed Backup Of The Users' Home Directories. What Utility Should You Use?

Answer: You can use the z modifier with tar to compress your archive at the same time as creating it.
Question: You Wish To Restore The File Memo.ben Which Was Backed Up In The Tarfile Mybackup.tar. What Command Should You Type?

Answer: This command uses the x switch to extract a file. Here the file memo.ben will be restored from the tarfile MyBackup.tar.

Question: Where Is Standard Output Usually Directed?

Answer: By default, your shell directs standard output to your screen or display.