PLANE TRIGONOMETRY

Right Angle Formula Sin θ =

opposite
=
a
hypotenuse c
adjacent b
Cos θ = =
hypotenuse c
Hypotenuse, c
sin  a
Tan θ = =
Opposite, a cos  b
cos  b

Cot θ = =
sin  a
θ 1 c
Sec θ = =
Adjacent, b cos  b
1 c
Csc θ = =
sin  a
Versed sin θ = 1 – cos θ
Coversed sin θ = 1 – sin θ
Exsecant θ = sec θ - 1

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 Pythagorean Relation
sec2 θ = 1 + tan2 θ
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
csc2 θ = 1 + cot2 θ

Fundamental Identities
Addition Formula
sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + sin B cos A
cos ( A + B ) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
tan ( A + B ) =
1 - tan A tan B
Subtraction Formula
sin ( A - B ) = sin A cos B - sin B cos A
cos ( A - B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
tan ( A - B ) =
1  tan A tan B
2

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 Double Angle Formula
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A = 1 – 2 sin2 A
2 tan A
tan 2A =
1 - tan 2A
cot 2 A - 1
cot 2A =
2 cot A

Power of Function
1
sin2 A = (1 – cos 2A)
2
1
cos2 A = (1 + cos 2A)
2
1 - cos 2A
tan2 A =
1 + cos 2A
1 + cos 2A
cot2 A =
1 - cos 2A

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 B
c
A
a

Law of Sines Law of Cosines

sin A sin B sin C a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc Cos A

= =
a b c
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac Cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab Cos C

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 PLANE GEOMETRY & MENSURATION
TRIANGLE – a polygon having three sides.

Right triangle – is a
triangle having one
right angle. HERO’S FORMULA
c
b 1
Area, A = ab A= s(s a)(s b)(s c)
2
s=
a bc
a 2
Isosceles Triangle – is a
Pythagorean theorem: c2 = a2 + b2
triangle having two equal side.
Equilateral Triangle – is a triangle
having three equal side.

x x
x x

y
1 1 x
Area, A = x y sin θ or A = x ( x) sin β
2 2

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 Median, M
B
c
A MB
MA
MC
a

1
MA 2b 2  2c 2  a 2
2

b 2 sin  A sin C
A
2 sin B

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 CIRCLE – is a plane closed curve, all points of
which are at the same distance from a point
within called the center

A circle is inscribed in a A circle is circumscribed

polygon when the sides of the about a polygon when it
polygon are tangent to it. passes through the vertices of
the polygon.

a
r a
• b b

r
c c
Inscribed circle
Circumscribed circle

Area of triangle Area of triangle

A=rS abc
A=
a +b+c 4r
S=
2

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 A circle is escribed outside The bisectors of the three angles of a
a triangle if it is tangent to triangle meet at a common point called
one side and the other two the incenter, which is equidistant from
side prolonged. the three sides of the triangle.

a
2 abss  c 
hc 
r
hc a b
b hb • b
a
hc  ab  xc  x 
2
ha
c x
c
Escribed circle c-x

incenter
B
Area of triangle The perpendicular bisectors of the
sides of a triangle pass through a
common point called circumcenter, c r
A = r (s-a) which is equidistant from the three a
vertices of the triangle. r
A r
a b c b
   2r C
sin  A sin  B sin  C
a
 2r
sin A circumcenter

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 An inscribed angle is an A central angle is an angle
angle whose vertex is a whose vertex is the center
point on the circle and of the center and whose
whose sides are chords. sides are radii.




inscribed angle
central angle

An inscribed angle is
measured by one-half
the central angle.
β 
=
2


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 A P
a
d

b
B
c

If a tangent and a secant are drawn to a circle

Ptolemy’s Theorem:
from the same point, the tangent is a mean
The product of the segments of a chord proportional between the entire secant and its
intersecting each other are equal. external segment.

ab=cd PA · PA = PB · PC

B
A B
P
c
d
A d1

C b
d2
a
D
D

If two secants are drawn to a circle from Cyclic Quadrilateral

the same point, the product of one entire
secant and its external segments equals the ac + bd = d1 d2
product of the other.
A + C = 1800
PA · PB = PC · PD
B + D = 1800

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 QUADRILATERAL – is a polygon of four sides.

C Trapezoid – is a quadrilateral two

and only two sides of which are
parallel.
B
a +b
d1 A= h
2
D a
d2

A h
θ β

b
Area of quadrilateral:
b 2 a 2
1 AT 
A= d1 d2 sin  2cot   cot  
2
Length of Dividing Line
2
A = ( s a)(s b)(s c)(s d) abcd cos θ a

m
a+b+c+d x
s=
2 n

∠A + ∠C ∠B + ∠D b
= =
2 2
mb 2  na 2
x
m n

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 Rhombus – is a parallelogram POLYGONS – is a plane closed broken line.
with equal sides are oblique
angles.
1 Sum of interior angles = (n-2) 1800
A= d1 d2
2 n = number of sides

Sum of exterior angles = 3600

A B
d1
Number of diagonals,
d2 Octagon n
D= (n 3)
2
D C

3 sides - triangle
Parallelogram – is a quadrilateral
the opposite sides if which are 4 sides - quadrilateral
parallel.
5 sides - pentagon
1
A= d1 d2 sin  6 sides - hexagon
2 7 sides - heptagon
8 sides - octagon
A B 9 sides - nonagon
d1 10 sides - decagon
d2 11 sides - undecagon
12 sides - dodecagon
D C

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 PLANE CURVILINEAR FIGURES

Circular Sector – is the portion of Circular Segment – is the

a circle enclosed between two radii portion of a circle enclosed
and an arc. between chord and its arc.

sector segment

r θ r θ
r r

Asec tor Acircle Asegment = Asector- Atriangle

=
θ 360

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 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
Right Spherical Triangles
A co-A

b
co-c

b c
a
B Co-B

C a
Right Spherical Triangle Napier’s Circle

Napier’s Rules
Rule I (SinTaAd Rule) : The sine of any middle part
is equal to the product of the tangents of the two adjacent parts.

Rule II (SinCoOp Rule) : The sine of any middle part is equal to

the product of the cosines of the two opposite parts.

Note : In applying Napier’s Rules, any one of the five circular parts
mentioned above maybe called a middle part, the parts next to it are
adjacent parts, and the other two parts are called opposite parts.

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 Quadrantal Spherical Triangles
(when c = 90°)

A’ = 180° - a A = 180° - a’ a’ = 180° - A a = 180° - A’

B’ = 180° - b B = 180° - b’ b’ = 180° - B b = 180° - B’
C’ = 180° - c C = 180° - c’ c’ = 180° - C c = 180° - C’

Area of Spherical Triangles

 R2 E
A
180
E = Spherical excess R = radius of sphere
For three angles are given:
E = A + B + C - 180

For three sides are given:

1 1 1 1 1
tan E  tan s tan s  a  tan s  b  tan s  c 
4 2 2 2 2
abc
s
2
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 Oblique Spherical Triangles
B

c
a
A

b C
Law of Sines
sin a sin b sin c
= =
sin A sin B sin C

Law of Cosines for the Sides Law of Cosines for the Angles
cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A cos A = - cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos a
cos b = cos a cos c + sin a sin c cos B cos B = - cos A cos C + sin A sin C cos b
cos c = cos a cos b + sin a sin b cos C cos C = - cos A cos B + sin A sin B cos c

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