Y10 Science: Unit 2 Chemistry

SOI Using the atomic model, we can predict the structure and properties of an element
that are based on patterns within the periodic table and predict the type of bonding
it will have with other elements.

Objectives • Review acids and bases from Y9 Chemistry (pg 144-151)

• Describe the structure of atoms
• Identify periods, groups, metals and non-metals in the periodic table
• Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons using the
periodic table
• Determine the electron configuration of the first 20 elements (number of
shells and s, p orbitals)

Table of Contents
- Acids and Bases Review
- Atoms and Bonds
- Introduction to the Periodic Table
- Structure of Atoms
- Octet Rule
- Ionic Bonding
- Dot Cross Diagrams for Ionic Bonding
- Transition Metals
- Naming Non-metals
- Common Polyatomic Ions
- Covalent Bonding
- Dot Cross Diagrams for Covalent Bonding
- Diatomic Molecules
- Naming Covalent Compounds
- Giant Molecular Structures
- Symbols for Chemical Equations
- Reactions
- Metal Displacement
- Particle Collision Theory
- Review from the Chemistry Book
 Acids and Bases
Acids and Bases

Acids- from 0 to 6 on the pH scale. From RED to LIGHT GREEN

Neutral- 7 GREEN
Bases- from 8 to 14 on the pH scale. From LIGHT BLUE to PINK

Chemical Reactions with Acids and Bases

Acid+Base→ Water + Salt (Neutralization Reaction)
H+ OH- H2O
Acid+Metal→ Hydrogen gas + Salt
H2
Acid+Carbonate→ Carbon Dioxide + Salt + Water
CO2 H2O

Metal

Copper - No apparent reaction

Calcium - Lots of bubbles. Popped with lit splint.
Magnesium - bubbles apparent. Popped
Aluminium - Bubbles, slowly appeared, No pop
Zinc- Some bubbles. Slow. No pop
Iron - No bubbles. No apparent reaction

Atoms and Bonds

Atoms and Bonds
Mixture: a mixture is a material made up of two or more different chemical substance/substances
which are not chemically combined.
Compound: Chemically bonded together
 Octet Rule
Tendency of an atom to have 8 electrons in its
outermost orbital/shell.
 Introduction of the Periodic Table
Introduction of the Periodic Table

The elements in the periodic table are organized by the atomic number (number of electrons and
protons).
The atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons.
Elements are also arranged in similar properties.

The number of the period is also how many energy levels/shells the
atom will have. If an element is in period 3, it will have 3 shells. If it is in
period 1, it will have 1 shell.
Period 1- 1 orbital/shell. S
Period 2- 2 orbitals/shells S, P
Period 3- 3 orbitals/shells S, P, D
Period 4- 4 orbitals/shells
Atomic number: Number of protons (element should have equal number of electrons)
Atomic Mass: Number of protons + neutrons
When figuring out how many neutrons, the number can be rounded for a whole number.
Number of neutrons=Atomic Mass-Atomic Number

# of Electrons # of Protons # of Neutrons

Pt (Platinum) 78 78 117
H (Hydrogen) 1 1 0
K (Potassium) 19 19 20

For all elements on the periodic table, the number of electrons is the same is
the number of protons (Atomic Number)

ROW MEANS PERIOD IN THIS SLIDE

 Periodicity

In the context of chemistry and the periodic table, periodicity refers to trends or recurring
variations in element properties with increasing atomic number. Periodicity is caused by
regular and predictable variations in element atomic structure.

Physical properties of an element depend on the neutrons.

Chemical properties depend on the electrons.

Groups
Group 1
Reactivity increases as you go down the group. Lithium has one full shell (2, 1),
and its valence shell has only one electron. Potassium has 2 full shells (2, 8, 1)
and the valence shell has only one electron. Breaks the valence shell is getting
further and further from the nucleus, the atom is more reactive.

Non-Metals
Non-Metals
 Group 7- Halogens
Group 17 (7)- Halogens

Displacing Potassium Potassium Potassium Iodide

Halogens Chloride Bromide

Chlorine Water No reaction Turned Turned brown

(most reactive) yellow-orange (Chlorine kicked
(chlorine kicked out the Iodine)
out bromine)
Bromine Water No reaction No reaction Turned yellow
(middle reactive) (Chlorine is more brown (Bromine
reactive than kicked out iodine)
bromine)
Iodine Water No reaction No reaction No reaction
(least reactive)

Trends: Reactivity is higher at the top and decreases reactivity as you move down
the table.
Chlorine+Potassium→ No reaction (Fluoride)
 Group 8- Noble Gases
Group 18 (8)- Noble Gases

Structure of the first 20 Elements

GROUPS(vertical columns): Elements in the same group will have

the same number of valence electrons. They have the same
charge.
PERIODS (horizontal rows): Elements in the same period will have
the same number of energy levels.
Valence Electrons: Number of electrons in the outer shell.
Atoms and Ions
Atoms and Ions
Ions are atoms which have lost or gained electrons from the outer (valence) shell.
Unlike atoms, ions have an overall electrical charge. This charge is dependent on how many
electrons it is able to transfer from/to its outer shell.
Ions DO NOT have the same number of electrons as protons.
IONS HAVE CHARGES (+/-)

Metal ions will always have more protons (+) than electrons (-) because they will give up
electrons (-) to become stable. Metals will always be positive ions (cations)
Non metal ions will always have less protons (+) than electrons (-). This is because they
are gaining electrons (-). Having more electrons (-) makes the ion have a negative
charge. This makes it a negative ion (anion).

Cations- Positively charged ions (Metals)

Anions- Negatively charged ions (Nonmetals)

Na(1+)+Cl(-1) → NaCl
Na (Sodium) is super reactive and has to be stored in oil.
Cl (Chlorine) is highly toxic.
Combining them creates a stable compound in common table
salt (NaCl).
 Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding

Metal + Non Metals

Beryllium (+2) Oxide (-2)
Magnesium (+2) Sulfide (-2)
Lithium (+1) Fluoride (-1)
Sodium (+1) Chloride (-1)
Potassium (+1) Bromide (-1)
 Dot-Cross Diagrams
Dot-Cross Diagram

When you draw an element as an ion, you don’t need to draw the outer shell
where the electron(s) were.
Use dots and crosses to make it very clear where the electron(s) come from.
 NAMING METALS
Transition Metals
May transition metals have more than one ionic charge.
Iron (II)= Fe2+
Iron (III)= Fe3+

Transition Metals ALWAYS THESE CHARGES

Silver= Ag 1+ Zinc= Zn2+ Cadmium= Cd2+

Roman Numerals

1+ (I) 5+ (V)

2+ (II) 6+ (VI)

3+ (III) 7+ (VII)

4+ (IV) No brackets = it’s not a transition metal.

Naming Nonmetals
NAMING NONMETALS
Cl3- → chlorine → chloride ion O2- → oxygen → oxide ion
N3- → nitrogen → nitride ion Se2- → selenium → selenide ion
Br1- → bromine → bromide ion Anions always have the same charge
according to the periodic table (group)
Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic Ions
 Ionic Bonding VS Covalent Bonding

Ionic Bonding VS Covalent Bonding

Ionic Bonds have high conductivity Covalent bonds have low conductivity
Anything that has free floating electrons (not bonded to another atom) can conduct electricity.

Valence Electrons: How many electrons in the outer shell.

 Valency: How many electrons the atom needs to lose/gain.

Diatomic Molecules

Diatomic Molecules
These elements exist as gases when they are on their own. They exist as a pair when it’s on its own.
H2→ Hydrogen
O2→ Oxygen
Br2→ Bromine
F2→ Fluorine
I2→ Iodine
N2→ Nitrogen
Cl2→ Chlorine
These elements are not able to exist on their own. They require two atoms of the one element for it to be stable.

Naming Covalent Compounds

1 Mono- 6 Hexa-

2 Di- 7 Hepta-

3 Tri- 8 Octa-

4 Tetra- 9 Nona-

5 Penta- 10 Deca-

If the first element is only one, you don’t need to use mono.
FOR COVALENT BONDS ONLY
 Giant Molecular Structures

Giant Molecular Structures

Diamond is a giant covalent structure in which: each carbon atom is joined to four other
carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds. the carbon atoms form a regular tetrahedral network
structure. there are no free electrons.

Graphite

Graphite has a giant covalent structure in which: the carbon atoms form layers of hexagonal rings.
there are no covalent bonds between the layers. there is one non-bonded - or delocalised - electron
from each atom.
 Diamond: Carbon atoms are covalently bonded with 4 other carbon atoms.
Graphite: Carbon atoms are covalently bonded with 3 other carbon atoms in sheets.

What is an allotrope in chemistry?

allotropy, the existence of a chemical element in two or more forms, which may
differ in the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids or in the occurrence of molecules
that contain different numbers of atoms.
Elements exhibiting allotropy include tin, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, and oxygen.

Symbols for Chemical Equations

Symbols for Chemical Equations
 Types of Reactions

Reactions
Reactant- What we start with.
Product- The result of the reaction
→ YIELDS (Produces or makes)
Synthesis A+B→ AB Reactant+Reactant→ Product
Reaction/ Two elements will combine to make one compound.
Combination 2H2+O2→ 2H2O

Decomposition AB→ A+B 1 Reactant→ Product+Product

Reaction Breaking down elements into simpler compounds.
2H2O→ 2H2+O2

Combustion AB+C→ CxHy+O2→ CO2+H2O

Reaction A+BC Hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen
Reaction of an element or compound with oxygen to form
oxide and produce heat. Hydrocarbons combust with
oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
CH4+O2→ H2O+CO2
Common hydrocarbons:

● Methane(CH4)
● Ethane(C2H6)
● Propane(C3H8)
● Butane(C4H10)
● Pentane(C5H12)
● Hexane(C6H14)

Single A+BC→ When one element replaces another in a compound.

Replacement/ AB+C Element+compound→ Product+Product.
displacement A metal can replace a metal if A is a metal.
A+BC→ AC+B
A nonmetal can replace a nonmetal if A is a nonmetal.
A+BC→ BA+C
2Na+CaCl2→ 2NaCl+Ca

Double AB+CD→ When a metal replaces a metal in a compound and a

Replacement/ AD+BC nonmetal replaces a nonmetal in a compound.
displacement Compound+compound→ product+product
CaCl2+2NaPO4→ Ca(PO4)2+2NaCl
There are always 4 things to react.
Metal has to go first and nonmetal goes second.

Neutralization Acid+Base→ Salt+Water

HCl+NaOH→ NaCl+H2O
The hydrogen and oxygen displaces into water.
Acid+Metal→ Salt+Hydrogen
Mg+H2SO4→ MgSO4+H2
● Magnesium + hydrochloric acid = magnesium chloride +
hydrogen gas (Mg + 2HCl = MgCl2 + H2)
● Magnesium + sulphuric acid = magnesium sulphate + hydrogen
(Mg + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + H2)
● Iron + sulfuric acid = iron sulfate + hydrogen (Fe + H2SO4 =
FeSO4 + H2)

The metal displaces the hydrogen.

Acid+Carbonate→ Salt+Water+Carbon Dioxide
CaCO3+2HCl→ CaCl2+H2O+CO2
Hydrochloric acid + copper carbonate → copper chloride +
water + carbon dioxide

2HCl(aq) + CuCO3(s) → CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Other carbonates also react with dilute acids. For example:

Sulfuric acid + magnesium carbonate → magnesium

sulfate + water + carbon dioxide

H2SO4(aq) + MgCO3(s) → MgSO4(aq) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)

Metal Displacement
Metal Displacement
 Particle Collision Theory

Particle Collision Theory

The kinetic theory of matter says that all matter is made of particles (atoms/ions/molecules) that are
constantly moving.

The collision theory says that chemical reactions happen when particles collide together with enough
energy to break the bonds in the reactants, allowing new bonds to form and new products to be made.

Conditions that MUST be met for reactions to occur:

1. Collisions must occur.

2. With sufficient energy
3. And at the correct orientation

How can you make more kinetic energy in an experiment?

1. Higher Temperature
2. Higher Concentration
3. Increase Surface area
4. Catalyst
5. Pressure

Surface Area Increases

More particles available to collide
More collisions/frequency of collisions go up.
Rate of reaction goes up.

Pressure Increases (only for gasses)

When particles are close together
More collisions
Successful collisions
Rate of reaction goes up

Temperature Increases
Particles have more energy
Particles move faster
More collisions/frequency of collisions go up.
Rate of reaction goes up.

Rate can be calculated like this:

Average rate= Amount of product formed/amount of reactant used divided by time taken

Relative rate= (when you can’t measure the amount of product formed/reactant used up)
1/time taken

Periodic Table
 Sections from the book that will be helpful (3rd Edition)
Chapter 3: Atoms and Elements
3.1 Atoms and Elements Pg. 26
3.2 More about Atoms Pg. 28
3.4 How electrons are arranged Pg. 32
3.5 The metals and non-metals Pg. 38

Chapter 4: Atoms Combining

4.1 Compounds, mixtures, and chemical change Pg. 42
4.2 Why do atoms form bonds? Pg. 44
4.3 The ionic bond Pg. 46
4.4 More about ions Pg. 48
4.5 Covalent bond Pg. 50
 4.6 Covalent compounds Pg. 52
4.7 Comparing ionic and covalent compounds Pg. 54
4.8 Giant covalent structures Pg. 56
4.9 The bonding of metals Pg. 58

Chapter 10: Rates of Reaction

10.1 Rates of Reaction Pg. 126
10.2 Measuring the Rate of a Reaction Pg. 128
10.3 Changing the Rate of a Reaction (Part I) Pg. 130
10.4 Changing the Rate of a Reaction (Part II) Pg. 132
10.5 Explaining Rates Pg. 134
10.6 Catalysts Pg. 136
10.7 Photochemical Reactions Pg. 140

Chapter 12: The Periodic Table

12.1 An overview of the periodic table Pg. 162
12.2 Group I: the alkali metals Pg. 164
12.3 Group VII: the halogens Pg. 166
12.4 Group VIII: the noble gases Pg. 168
12.5 The transition elements Pg. 170
12.6 Across the periodic tables Pg. 172

For Revision from Year 9

Chapter 11: Acids, bases, and salts
11.1 Acids and alkalis Pg. 144
11.2 A closer look at acids and alkalis Pg. 146
11.3 The reactions of acids and bases Pg. 148
11.4 A closer look at neutralisation Pg. 150
11.5 Oxides Pg. 152
11.6 Making salts Pg. 154
11.7 Making insoluble salts by precipitation Pg. 156
11.8 Finding concentrations by titration Pg. 158

Bases and Acids

A neutralization is a double displacement reaction in which one of the products is water. In a
neutralization reaction, there will be an "H" in one reactant and an "OH" in the other reactant. One of
the products will water, H-OH (H₂O).

Metals and Acids

Acids take part in reactions in which salts are produced. In these reactions, the hydrogen ions in the
acids are replaced by metal ions.
Acid + metal → salt + hydrogen
Hydrochloric acid + magnesium → magnesium chloride + hydrogen
2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Carbonates and Acids

A salt, water and carbon dioxide are produced when acids react with carbonates.
Hydrochloric acid + copper carbonate → copper chloride + water + carbon dioxide
2HCl(aq) + CuCO3(s) → CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)