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PHYS1007: Lecture 3. Complex Vector Spaces II

This document summarizes Lecture 3 of PHYS1007 on complex vector spaces. The key topics covered include eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Hermitian and unitary matrices, and the tensor product of vector spaces. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices are defined. It is shown that Hermitian matrices have real eigenvalues and orthogonal eigenvectors. Unitary matrices are introduced and shown to preserve inner products. Finally, the tensor product is used to define bases of tensor products of vector spaces and its properties are discussed.

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Stevenson David
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109 views

PHYS1007: Lecture 3. Complex Vector Spaces II

This document summarizes Lecture 3 of PHYS1007 on complex vector spaces. The key topics covered include eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Hermitian and unitary matrices, and the tensor product of vector spaces. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices are defined. It is shown that Hermitian matrices have real eigenvalues and orthogonal eigenvectors. Unitary matrices are introduced and shown to preserve inner products. Finally, the tensor product is used to define bases of tensor products of vector spaces and its properties are discussed.

Uploaded by

Stevenson David
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYS1007

Lecture 3. Complex Vector Spaces II

Bei Zeng

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Spring 2021

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Intended Learning Outcomes
After this lecture you will learn
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Hermitian and unitary matrices
Tensor product of vector spaces

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Outline

1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

2 Hermitian and Unitary Matrices

3 Tensor Product of Vector Spaces

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Table of Contents

1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

2 Hermitian and Unitary Matrices

3 Tensor Product of Vector Spaces

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Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Example 2.5.1
Consider the matrix  
4 −1
2 1
Notice that       
4 −1 1 3 1
= =3 .
2 1 1 3 1
      
4 −1 1 2 1
= =2 .
2 1 2 4 2

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Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Definition
For a matrix A in Cn×n , if there is a number c in C and a vector V 6= 0
with Cn such that
AV = c · V,
then c is called an eigenvalue of A and V is called an eigenvector of A
associated with c.

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Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Exercise 2.5.1
The following vectors
     
 1 1 1 
1 ,  0  , 1
0 −1 2
 

are eigenvectors of the matrix


 
1 −3 3
3 −5 3 .
6 −6 4

Find the eigenvalues.

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Eigenspace

If
AV0 = c0 V0 ,
then
A(cV0 ) = cAV0 = cc0 V0 = c0 (cV0 ).
If also
AV00 = c0 V00 ,
then

A(aV0 + bV00 ) = A(aV0 ) + A(bV00 ) = c0 (aV0 ) + c0 (bV00 ) = c0 (aV0 + bV00 ).

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Eigenspace
Example
Consider the matrix  
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 1
Find the eigenvectors of eigenvalue 2.

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Table of Contents

1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

2 Hermitian and Unitary Matrices

3 Tensor Product of Vector Spaces

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Hermitian matrices
Definition
A matrix A in Cn×n is called symmetric if AT = A, i.e.

A[j, k] = A[k, j].

Definition 2.6.1
A matrix A in Cn×n is called hermitian if A† = A, i.e.

A[j, k] = A[k, j].

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Hermitian matrices
Example 2.6.1
The matrix  
5 4 + 5i 6 − 16i
 4 − 5i 13 7 
6 + 16i 7 −2.1
is hermitian.

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Hermitian matrices
Proposition 2.6.2
If A is a hermitian n-by-n matrix, then for all V , V 0 ∈ Cn we have

hAV, V 0 i = hV, AV 0 i.

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Hermitian matrices

Proposition
If A is a hermitian n-by-n matrix, then all eigenvalues are real.

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Hermitian matrices
Proposition
For a given hermitian matrix, distinct eigenvectors that have distinct
eigenvalues are orthogonal.

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Hermitian matrices
Definition
A diagonal matrix is a square matrix whose only nonzero entries are
on the diagonal. All entries off the diagonal are zero.

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Unitary matrices
Definition
A matrix A in Cn×n is invertible if there exists a matrix A−1 such
that
A ? A−1 = A−1 ? A = In .

Definition 2.6.4
A matrix A in Cn×n is unitary

U ? U † = U † ? U = In

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Unitary matrices
Example 2.6.2
For any θ, the matrix
 
cos θ − sin θ 0
 sin θ cos θ 0
0 0 1

is a unitary matrix.

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Unitary matrices

Exercise 2.6.7
If U and U 0 are unitary matrices, then so is U ? U 0

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Unitary matrices
Proposition 2.6.5
Unitary matrices preserve inner products, i.e., if U is unitary, then for
any V, V 0 ∈ Cn , we have

hU V, U V 0 i = hV, V 0 i.

Because unitary matrices preserve inner products, they also preserve


norms p p
|U V | = hU V, U V i = hV, V i = |V |

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Unit sphere
Consider the set of all vectors that have length 1. They form a ball
around the origin (the zero of the vector space). We call this ball the
unit sphere and imagine it as

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Unitary matrices

Exercise 2.6.9
In and −1 · In are both hermitian and unitary.

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Table of Contents

1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

2 Hermitian and Unitary Matrices

3 Tensor Product of Vector Spaces

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Tensor product of vectors

 
a0  
a1  b0
  ⊗ b1 
a2 
b2
a3

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Tensor product of vectors
Example 2.7.1
 
8
12  
   
6 4
  = 2 ⊗ 6
12 3
 
18 3
9

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Tensor product of vectors
Example 2.7.2
   
8 xa
0    xb 
   
0 a  
  6= x ⊗  b  =  xc 
 
0 y ya
 
0 c  
 yb 
10 yc
 
8
0    
   
0 8   0
  = 1 ⊗ 0 + 0 ⊗ 0
0 0 6
 
0 0 3
10

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Tensor product of vector spaces

Basis for C2    
1 0
,
0 1
Basis for C3       
 1 0 0 
0 , 1 , 0 .
0 0 1
 

Basis for C2 ⊗ C3 :

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Tensor product of matrices
Consider two matrices
 
  b00 b01 b02
a a01
A = 00 and B = b10 b11 b12 
a1,0 a1,1
b20 b21 b22

A⊗B

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Tensor product of matrices
Properties of tensor product:

A ⊗ B 6= B ⊗ A

(A ⊗ B) ⊗ C = A ⊗ (B ⊗ C)

(A ⊗ B)† = A† ⊗ B †
Let A, A0 , B, B 0 be matrices of the appropriate sizes, then

(A ? A† ) ⊗ (B ? B † ) = (A ⊗ B) ? (A0 ⊗ B 0 ).

If A acts on V and B acts on V 0 , then

(A ⊗ B) ? (V ⊗ V 0 ) = (A ? V ) ⊗ (B ? V 0 ).

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Tensor product of matrices
Example
     
1 2 1 2 6 5
A= ,B = ,C = ,
0 1 0 1 3 2
   
1 0
V = ,V 0 = .
0 1

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