Data Manipulation Language:

------------------------------------
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE

INSERT:
Syntax:

1)INSERT INTO table_name VALUES(val1,val2,val3,.....valn);

In this case,values should be mentioned for all columns of the table

2)INSERT INTO table_name(col1,col2,col3) VALUES(val1,val2,val3);

In this case,values should be mentioned only for specific columns

SQL> select * from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
BIN$iMVFuP9LBTDgU2XICcB9Pg==$0 TABLE
BONUS TABLE
DEPT TABLE
EMP TABLE
EMPC TABLE
EMPLOYEE TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE

7 rows selected.

SQL> desc employee;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPID NUMBER(4)
NAME VARCHAR2(15)
YEAR_OF_EXP INTERVAL YEAR(2) TO MONTH

SQL> desc test1;

Name
Null? Type

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------- --------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ID
VARCHAR2(10)
EMPNAME
VARCHAR2(20)
SAL
NUMBER(5)
DEPTNO
NUMBER(5)
JOB
VARCHAR2(10)
COMM
NUMBER(4)

SQL>create table employee(empid number(4),name varchar(15),year_of_exp interval

year to month);
create table emps(empno number(4),ename varchar(10),year_of_exp interval day to
second); day to hour/day to minute/day to second

SQL> insert into emps values (1001,'Aalok',interval '10 5:40:40' day to second);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from emps;

EMPNO ENAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ----------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1001 Aalok +10 05:40:40.000000

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL>

set lines 199 pagesize 1999

SQL> select * from employee;

no rows selected

SQL> insert into employee values(101,'AA',interval '2-5' year to month);--->values

for all the columns
insert into employee(empid,name) values(102,'BB');-------------------->values
for respective columns

insert into test1 values(101,'Aalok','20000',10,'DBA',NULL);

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME
---------- ---------------
YEAR_OF_EXP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA
+02-05

SQL> clear scr

SQL> set lines 200 pagesize 200
SQL> r
1* select * from employee

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05

col year_of_exp for a10

SQL> desc employee;

 Name
Null? Type

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ --------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
EMPID
NUMBER(4)
NAME
VARCHAR2(15)
YEAR_OF_EXP
INTERVAL YEAR(2) TO MONTH

SQL> insert into employee(empid,name) values(102,'BB');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 BB

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 BB

INSERT ALL:

1)Unconditional insert all

*Here we wont use where clause to apply condition
2)Conditional insert all
*Here we use where clause to apply condition

Unconditional Insert All Syntax:

----------------------------------------------------------
INSERT ALL
into table_name1...values....
into table_name2...values....
select * from dual;

Note:
DUAL--->Dummy table(DUAL table has only one row and one column)

1)INSERT INTO table_name VALUES(val1,val2,val3,.....valn); In this case,values

should be mentioned for all columns of the table

2)INSERT INTO table_name(col1,col2,col3) VALUES(val1,val2,val3); In this

case,values should be mentioned only for specific columns

insert all
into employee values(104,'DD',interval '1-5' year to month)--->method1
into employee(empid,name) values(103,'CC')-------------------->method2
into test1 values(104,'John',15000,30,'NETWORK',1000)
into test1 (id,sal,comm) values(105,20000,150)
select * from dual;

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> select * from test1;

ID EMPNAME SAL DEPTNO JOB COMM

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
101 Aalok 20000 10 DBA
102 MJ 30000
20 DEVELOPER 500
104 John 15000 30 NETWORK 1000
105 20000 150

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 BB
103 CC
104 DD +01-05

2)Conditional Insert All:

-------------------------------------------------------
INSERT ALL/FIRST
WHEN condition1 THEN
into table_name....values.....
WHEN condition2 THEN
into table_name....values.....
select ...from table_name;

INSERT ALL:All when conditions are checked, which are true those are executed

INSERT FIRST:First when condition which becomes true only that will be executed and
remaining when conditions are skipped

oredrs------->order info

small_orders
medium_orders
big_orders

create table orders(order_id number(4),order_name varchar(15),amount number(5));

insert all
into orders values(1001,'SQL',10000)
into orders values(1002,'PLSQL',10000)
into orders values(1003,'DBA',20000)
into orders values(1004,'JAVA',20000)
into orders values(1005,'Python',25000)
into orders values(1006,'C++',15000)
into orders values(1007,'DataScience',30000)
into orders values(1008,'DevOps',50000)
into orders values(1009,'Cloud',60000)
into orders values(1010,'ML',80000)
select * from dual;

SQL> select * from orders;

ORDER_ID ORDER_NAME AMOUNT

---------- --------------- ----------
1001 SQL 10000
1002 PLSQL 10000
1003 DBA 20000
1004 JAVA 20000
1005 Python 25000
1006 C++ 15000
1007 DataScience 30000
1008 DevOps 50000
1009 Cloud 60000
1010 ML 80000

10 rows selected.

create table small_orders as select * from orders where 1=0;

create table medium_orders as select * from orders where 1=0;
create table big_orders as select * from orders where 1=0;

small orders--->amount<30000
medium orders-->amount between 30000 and 50000
big orders----->amount>50000

insert all
when amount<30000 then
into small_orders values(order_id,order_name,amount)
when amount between 30000 and 50000 then
into medium_orders values(order_id,order_name,amount)
when amount>50000 then
into big_orders values(order_id,order_name,amount)
select * from orders;

SQL> select * from small_orders;

ORDER_ID ORDER_NAME AMOUNT

---------- --------------- ----------
1001 SQL 10000
1002 PLSQL 10000
1003 DBA 20000
1004 JAVA 20000
1005 Python 25000
1006 C++ 15000

6 rows selected.

SQL> select * from medium_orders;

 ORDER_ID ORDER_NAME AMOUNT
---------- --------------- ----------
1007 DataScience 30000
1008 DevOps 50000

SQL> select * from big_orders;

ORDER_ID ORDER_NAME AMOUNT

---------- --------------- ----------
1009 Cloud 60000
1010 ML 80000

insert first
when amount<30000 then
into small_orders values(order_id,order_name,amount)
when amount between 30000 and 50000 then
into medium_orders values(order_id,order_name,amount)
when amount>50000 then
into big_orders values(order_id,order_name,amount)
select * from orders;

2)UPDATE:
----------
syntax:
1)UPDATE table_name SET col_name=value; Update all records in column to a new value

2)UPDATE table_name SET col_name=value where col_name=value; Updates only a

perticular record in a column to new value by taking reference of other column

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 BB
+10-02

SQL> update employee set year_of_exp=(interval '3-5' year to month);

3 rows updated.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +03-05
102 BB +03-05
+03-05

SQL> rollback;

Rollback complete.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 BB

SQL> update employee set name='AB',year_of_exp=(interval '3-3' year to month) where

empid=102;

1 row updated.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 AB +03-03

===================================================================================
=
3)DELETE:

syntax:

1)DELETE FROM table_name; delete all records from the table

2)DELETE FROM table_name WHERE col_name=value; delete only specific record from the
table by taking reference of other column value

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 BB
103 CC
104 DD
105 EE

SQL> clear scr

SQL> delete from employee where empid in(103,104,105);

3 rows deleted.

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800
20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300
30
 7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500
30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975
20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400
30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850
30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450
10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000
20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000
10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0
30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100
20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950
30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000
20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300
10

14 rows selected.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 BB

SQL> update employee set name=null where empid=101;

1 row updated.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 +02-05
102 BB

SQL> update employee set name='AALOK' where empid=101;

1 row updated.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AALOK +02-05
102 BB
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Creating table from other table

-------------------------------
syntax:
1)CREATE TABLE table_name AS SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE 1=0;
Create new table only with structure(columns,not null constraints)

2)CREATE TABLE table_name AS SELECT * FROM table_name [WHERE 1=1];

Creates new table along with structure and data

emp----------->empcopy
pk
u
nn------------>nn
fk

create table empcopy as select * from employees;

select * from empcopy;
desc empcopy;
drop table empcopy purge;

create table empcopy as select * from employees where 1=0;

select * from empcopy;
desc empcopy;

How to insert records in one table by taking records from other table
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Min req:Both table structure must be same
syntax:
insert into target_table_name select * from source_table_name;

ex:
insert into empcopy2 select * from emp;

MERGE:
------
One table retrieves data from other table by comparing which records are present
and which records are not present

present-------->update
not present---->insert

table1(most used) --------------------------------------->

table2
c1 c2 c1 c2
1 AALOK 1
HARSH
2 BB

Syntax:

MERGE INTO tableA a

USING tableB b ON(join condition)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
update a.col1=b.col2,....
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
insert into tableA values(val1,val2,...);

SQL> select * from dept;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

---------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

create table deptcp as select * from dept where 1=0;

insert into deptcp values(10,'DATABASE','IND');
commit;

SQL> select * from deptcp;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

---------- -------------- -------------
10 DATABASE IND

target table deptcp

source table dept--------------->gives data to---------------->target table deptcp

merge into deptcp t using dept s on (t.deptno=s.deptno)

when matched then
update set t.dname=s.dname,t.loc=s.loc
when not matched then
insert (t.deptno,t.dname,t.loc) values(s.deptno,s.dname,s.loc);

SQL> select * from deptcp;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

---------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

SQL> insert into employee values(101,'AA',interval '2-5' year to month);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
SQL> rollback;

Rollback complete.

SQL> select * from employee;

no rows selected

SQL> insert into employee values(101,'AA',interval '2-5' year to month);

1 row created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05

SQL> rollback;

Rollback complete.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05

SQL> insert into test1 values(101,'Aalok','20000',10,'DBA',NULL);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from test1;

ID EMPNAME SAL DEPTNO JOB COMM

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
101 Aalok 20000 10 DBA

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL>

SQL> insert into test1(id,empname,sal) values(102,'MJ',30000);

1 row created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.
SQL> select * from test1;

ID EMPNAME SAL DEPTNO JOB COMM

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
101 Aalok 20000 10 DBA
102 MJ 30000

SQL> insert into test1(deptno,job,comm) values(20,'DEVELOPER',500);

1 row created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> select * from test1;

ID EMPNAME SAL DEPTNO JOB COMM

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
101 Aalok 20000 10 DBA
102 MJ 30000
20 DEVELOPER 500

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05

SQL> insert into employee(empid,name) values(102,'BB');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 BB

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL>

create table emps(empno number(4),ename varchar(10),year_of_exp interval day to

second);

SQL> insert into emps values (1001,'Aalok',interval '10 5:40:40' day to second);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from emps;

EMPNO ENAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ----------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1001 Aalok +10 05:40:40.000000

SQL> commit;

SQL> update test1 set sal=25000;

5 rows updated.

SQL> select * from test1;

ID EMPNAME SAL DEPTNO JOB COMM

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
101 Aalok 25000 10 DBA
102 MJ 25000
25000 20 DEVELOPER 500
104 John 25000 30 NETWORK 1000
105 25000 150

SQL> rollback;

Rollback complete.

SQL> select * from test1;

ID EMPNAME SAL DEPTNO JOB COMM

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
101 Aalok 20000 10 DBA
102 MJ 30000
20 DEVELOPER 500
104 John 15000 30 NETWORK 1000
105 20000 150

SQL> update test1 set sal=25000,deptno=20,job='ADMIN' where id=102;

1 row updated.

SQL> select * from test1;

ID EMPNAME SAL DEPTNO JOB COMM

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
101 Aalok 20000 10 DBA
102 MJ 25000 20 ADMIN
20 DEVELOPER 500
104 John 15000 30 NETWORK 1000
105 20000 150

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL>

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
 102 BB
103 CC
104 DD +01-05

SQL> update employee set year_of_exp=interval '3-5' year to month;

4 rows updated.

SQL> update employee set year_of_exp=(interval '3-5' year to month);

4 rows updated.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +03-05
102 BB +03-05
103 CC +03-05
104 DD +03-05

SQL> rollback;

Rollback complete.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 BB
103 CC
104 DD +01-05

SQL> update employee set name='AALOK',year_of_exp=(interval '3-5' year to month)

where empid=103;

1 row updated.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 BB
103 AALOK +03-05
104 DD +01-05

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 BB
 103 AALOK +03-05
104 DD +01-05

SQL> delete from employee;

4 rows deleted.

SQL> select * from employee;

no rows selected

SQL> rollback;

Rollback complete.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 BB
103 CC
104 DD +01-05

SQL> delete from employee where empid=104;

1 row deleted.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05
102 BB
103 CC

SQL> delete from employee where empid in (102,103);

2 rows deleted.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID NAME YEAR_OF_EXP

---------- ---------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 AA +02-05

SQL> rollback;

Rollback complete.

SQL> select * from test1;

ID EMPNAME SAL DEPTNO JOB COMM

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
101 Aalok 20000 10 DBA
102 MJ 25000 20 ADMIN
 20 DEVELOPER 500
104 John 15000 30 NETWORK 1000
105 20000 150

SQL> update test1 set comm=NULL;

5 rows updated.

SQL> select * from test1;

ID EMPNAME SAL DEPTNO JOB COMM

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
101 Aalok 20000 10 DBA
102 MJ 25000 20 ADMIN
20 DEVELOPER
104 John 15000 30 NETWORK
105 20000

SQL> rollback;

Rollback complete.

SQL> select * from test1;

ID EMPNAME SAL DEPTNO JOB COMM

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
101 Aalok 20000 10 DBA
102 MJ 25000 20 ADMIN
20 DEVELOPER 500
104 John 15000 30 NETWORK 1000
105 20000 150

SQL>