SAP ABAP ALL

IMP IQ'S

Shiva Kumar
9290508065
DATA DICTIONARY

DDIC Objects
1) What are the technical properties of a table and explain about them?
Ans:- There are 7 types of technical properties .They are
a) Delivery Class: - It is used to control the Transport of the table data.
It is used to specify the type of the table.
 We mostly use the delivery class 'C' (Customizing Table).
 In case of delivery class 'A' (Application Table) the table can maintain in any system
(Development, Quality, Production systems) using SM30.
b) Data Browser/table view maintenance: - This property is used to specify whether the
table can be maintained or not.
 We mostly use “Display/maintenance allowed” option.
 In case of the option Display/maintenance allowed with restrictions & Display or
maintenance not allowed, the custom table or Maintenance view can’t be maintained.
c) Data Class: - It is used to specify the type of the data to be maintained in the table.
 We mostly use APPL0 or APPL1.
 APPL0 – Master data – Access frequently & updated (changed) rarely. Ex: D.O.B
 APPL1 – Transaction data – Access frequently & updated frequently. Ex: Sal
 APPL2 - Organization & Customizing data – Updated rarely. Ex: Company Codes
d) Size Category: - It is used to specify the initial space required for the table in the data base.
 We mostly use '0' category. (0 – 7) -> [0 – 7100]
 If the user tries to enter a record over that the selected range, the system will increase
the size category into a next category (0 to 1).
e) Buffering: - It is used to control (reduce) the traffic in the data base when the table accessed
by the multiple users.
 We mostly use the mode “Buffering not allowed” – Table Can’t be buffered
 Buffering allowed but Switched Off – Buffering allowed but not activated
 Buffering Switched on – The table can be buffered. In case of this option any one of the
buffering types should be selected.
 Single record buffering: In case of this buffering type, record by record is buffered
from the database tables.
 Generic Area buffer: It is used to buffer the table data based on the specified key
fields. In case of this buffering type, the no. of key fields must be specified.
 Fully buffer: The entire table is buffered to application server.
f) Enhancement category: - It is used to enhance the particular fields of the table.
 We mostly use “Can be enhanced (DEEP)”
g) Table Maintenance generator: - It is used to maintain (Create, Change, Modify) multiple
entries & validate the custom table data using the T-code SM30.

2) What is table buffer? Which type of tables used this buffer?

Ans: Table buffering is used to improve performance of Open SQL statements. Buffer is nothing but

a Memory area. Table is buffered means that the table information is available on application
server. When you call the data from database table, it will come from application server.
Transparent tables & Pool tables are buffered while cluster tables cannot be buffered.
The frequently retrieved data from the database can be stored in application server as buffer data,
so it will not hit the database to get the data. So, the execution of the program will be fast. These
data can be defined as buffered data of table while creating a table.

3) What are the steps to create TMG?

Ans: - a) Execute SE11
b) Select the Radio button DB Table
c) Provide the Table name & click on change
d) Click on utilities menu item.
e) Click on Table Maintenance Generator.
f) Select the auth. group as &NC& (without authorization group)
 Authorization group is used to control the user access.
g) Provide the function group as your table name
 The function group must be specified. Since, the system generates the screen & the
corresponding source code for the table maintenance under the function group.
h) Select the one-step radio button.
 In case of one step maintenance, the system generates ‘Single’ overview screen to
maintain & display the data.
 In case of two step maintenance, the system generates 2 screens (Overview Screen &
Single Screen). The user can see the key fields in the first screen and create the data in
another screen. Two step maintenance is the default option.
i) Enter Overview screen number (could be any). [4 digits only]
j) Click on Create icon (F6) & Click on Save icon (Package: $TMP -> Save)
k) Press Enter button & Click on Local Object & Click on Back icon.

4) What are the events in TMG?

Ans: Validation can be done by Table events using SM30. Totally 38 events are there in TMG.
1. Before saving the data in the database.
2. After saving the data in the database.
3. Before deleting the data displayed.
4. After deleting the data displayed.
5. Creating a new entry.
5) What are the differences between Include Structure and Append Structure?

.INCLUDE Structure .APPEND Structure

1. It can be inserted at any position. 1. It can insert only at end of the table.
2. It is not possible with the standard tables 2. It is possible to insert structure for both
Standard & Custom Tables.
3. All the steps of Include structure must be 3. All the steps of Append structure must be
saved in either our own package or $TMP saved in our own package
4. It is possible to add the additional fields 4. It is not possible to add the additional fields
manually after Include structure manually after Append structure
5. It can be used for multiple tables 5. It is specific to particular table/structure
6. The table must be in change mode 6. It can be inserted in Display mode also

6) What are the differences between Check table and Value table?

Check table Value table

1. It is maintained at the TABLE level. 1. It is maintained at the DOMAIN level.
2. The Search Help is displayed from the Check 2. The Search Help is displayed on each field
table on the foreign key field of a foreign key which is linked with the same domain of the
table. Value table.
3. It forces the user to select any one of the 4. It does not force the user since it has empty
check table field entries value by default.
4. It can be used to extract the data in the 4. It can't be used to extract data since it is
programs. linked with the domain.

7) What are the difference between Table and Structure?

Table Structure
1.Table contains the data 1. Structure does not contain the data. It is filled
with single record at Run time.
2. It must contain at least 1 field as Primary field 2. It does not contain primary fields.
3.Database must contain Delivery class & 3.It does not contain Delivery class &
Technical settings. Technical settings.

8) Differences between the tables created using Data elements & Pre-defined types?

Data elements Pre-defined types

1. Data elements can be reused 1.Reusabilty is not possible
2. Foreign key relationship can be created since 2. Foreign key relationship in not be created.
it contains domains.
3. Field labels(Headings) are displayed while 3. ‘+’ symbols are appeared while maintaining the
maintain the table. table instead of field labels.

9) What are the types of data base tables and differences between them?
Ans: - There are 3 types of data base tables.
  We mostly use transparent tables.

Transparent Tables (VBAK) Pooled Tables (TTDTG) Cluster tables (BSEG)

1. They have one-one
Relationship with the data
base tables Many – One Many – One
2. Secondary indexes can be
Created. Not Possible Not Possible
3. Both Open & native SQL can
be used. Only Open SQL Only Open SQL
4.The Table name, fields name
and no. of fields are similar Table names and filed names Table names and filed names
in DDIC and Data base are different in Data base are different in Data base
5.It Follows both Binary and It follows Binary Search
Linear Search It follows Linear Search
6. It is mirror image of DB Table It is stored with another set of It is stored with another set of
(There is similar table in DB) tables called table pool tables called Cluster Pool

7. Foreign keys can be created Foreign keys can’t be created Foreign keys can be created
since key field names are since key field names are
different in DDIC & Table pool same in DDIC & cluster pool

8. Can be joined with other Can’t be used with Joins, Since Can’t be used with Joins
Transparent tables they are already set of tables

Open SQL: It is a set of statements which can interact with any kind of database (Select, Insert,
Update, Modify, Delete).
Native SQL: It is specific to the particular database & it hits the database directly (EXEC -
ENDEXEC)

10) When you create new entries in the table, the field values are always in Uppercase. How do you

get the data with mixed case?

Ans :- The reason for this is that the Domain for the Field in the table might have Lowercase
checkbox unchecked. Check the LOWERCASE CHECKBOX to preserve the case of your data.

 The checkbox Lower case is checked to make character fields as a case sensitive to accept
both Upper & Lower-case letters. Since the system takes the ‘Character’ data type as Upper-
case letters by default.

11) What is type group and explain?

Ans: - It is one of the data dictionary objects.

 It is used to define the Global types, Internal tables and constants which can be referred
anywhere in the system.
 The ABAP statement TYPE-POOLS is used to call/define the type group.

12) What is table type and explain?

Ans: It is one of the data dictionary object used to define the global internal table which can be
referred across the system.
13) What are the Search Help types and Explain about them?
Ans: - It is used to provide all the possible entries to the input variable as search help.
1) Elementary Search help: - It is created using one base table. It is used when we get the
data from a single table. Elementary search help is one where you can have used only one
field in the search help and mostly from one table. If you want Material & Description, then
you create search help from MARA table and fields MATNR & MAKTX. If you press F4 then
only that field will come with the help values.

2) Collective Search help: - It is the collection of Elementary Search help.

Collective search help is one where you can use more than one table and selection from
multiple tables. If you want Material from MARA & Plant from T001W then you combine
these 2 using collective search help. when you press F4, all the help values will come and
you can give the restriction also.
Search Help Exit: It is a Function module to filter possible entries of a search help.
It is used to modify the F4 values at run time.
 They are used to restrict the standard search help returned values according to user’s
requirement.
Ex: When User 1 require only material type as finished goods & User 2 require only material type as
Raw material. For this scenario we can use.

 To restrict the values for material by material type search help name is: MAT1T_E

14) What are the different ways to provide search helps?

Ans: - We can provide in 3 ways.

 Using value table at Domain level.

 Foreign key relationship.
 Elementary and Collective search help.
15) How many types of Indexes are there and explain about them?
Ans: - Indexes are used to avoid the duplicate data while accessing the table. Indexes can also be

used for better performance while extracting the data from the tables. There are 2 types of
Indexes.

1) Primary index: It is generated by the system using the key field of the tables. Key fields
holds the unique data (Implicit Indexes).
2) Secondary Index: These are created and maintained by the Technical Consultants/ABAP’er.
We can create 9 secondary indexes per table. We can create the secondary indexes for both
custom & standard tables. It can be defined by both key & non key filed combination.
16) How to make SELECT statement to make use of any particular secondary index?
Ans:TABLES: spfli.
DATA : t_spfli LIKE spfli OCCURS 0 WITH HEADER LINE.
SELECT * FROM spfli
  INTO TABLE t_spfli
  %_HINTS ORACLE 'INDEX("SPFLI" "SPFLI~001")'.
LOOP AT t_spfli.
  WRITE :/ t_spfli.
ENDLOOP.

17) What are the types of Views and explain about them?
Ans: - Views are the virtual/imaginary tables. It does not contain the data permanently.
View contains the data at Run time only.

1) Database View: - It is used to combine the multiple tables data by joining them. It can be
used to extract the data in the programs.
2) Maintenance View: - It is used to maintain multiple tables data using the T-code SM30 (TMG).
3) Help View: - It is used in the selection method in an Elementary Search Help to provide the
list of possible entries from the multiple tables.
4) Projection View: - It is used to HIDE the unwanted fields of the table. It can be defined using
one table only.
18) What are the Lock objects and explain about the different lock modes?
Ans:- They are used to control the parallel access for the same data accessed by the multiple users.

It avoids the concurrency access of multiple users on the same Database.

 The custom lock object name should start with 'E' followed by the table name.
Ex: - E < ZB16_Student >.
 Whenever we create a Lock Object, it will generate 2 function modules (ENQUEQE &
DEQUEQE). We have to call those function modules before and after open SQL
statements.
 ENQUEQE - Request for Lock
 DEQUEQE -To Release the Lock
Types of Locks:
1) Write/Exclusive: The locked data can be accessed by the single user only who locked it. All other
Lock requests are rejected.
2) Read/Shared: The multiple users can access the locked data at the same time in display
mode. A request for another Shared Lock is accepted, even if it comes from another user and
Exclusive Lock is rejected.
3) Exclusive but not Cumulative: Exclusive locks can be requested several times from the same
transaction Codes & are processed successfully but an Exclusive but not Cumulative locks can
be called only once from the same transaction. All other Lock requests are rejected.
SM12: This T-code is used to list out the locked objects & to delete the locked objects.
19) Explain about Currency or Quantity fields in DDIC?

 In SAP the Currency & Quantity fields are required Currency Key & Quantity Unit. Hence, the
reference table & the reference field must be specified for currency & quantity fields.
 The data type for the currency field is ‘CURR’ & the data type for the currency key is ‘CUKY’.
 The data type for the quantity field is ‘QUAN’ & the data type for the quantity key is ‘UNIT’.
 The reference table could be any table which has the currency key & quantity unit fields.
 The same table can also be used as a reference table if it has the currency key or quantity
unit fields.
20) How to identify the standard tables? (Indications)
Ans: 1) The tables which doesn't start with Z or Y.
2) The tables which can't be seen in the CHANGE mode.

21) How to see the relationship between the tables?

Ans:- 1) Using SQVI T-Code.
2) While maintain data in the child table (Foreign key relationship).

22) Explain about Data element & Domain.

Ans:- Data Element :- It is one of the data dictionary object which can be used to maintain the
field labels (descriptions) of the fields in the table or structure.

 Parameter ID’s are maintained at Data Element level under Further

Characteristics tab.
Domain: - It is one of the data dictionary object which can be used to maintain the
technical properties of the fields in the table such are Data types (char, numc etc.),

length of the data (10, 20...etc.)

 It can be used to maintain Value table to provide search help on the field.
 Conversion Routines are maintained at Domain Level.
23) Can we add/Enhance additional customer specific field vales to standard domains?
Ans: Yes, the standard domains can be enhanced to add, additional customer specific fixed values
and intervals using the Menu path: Go to -> Fixed Value Append at Domain level.

24) Is it possible to create a table/structure without creating any data element and domains?

Ans:- Yes , we can create using the predefined types.

It is used to create the table without using Data Elements/Domains.
 If the table or structure is created using predefined types, the ‘+’ symbols are appeared
while maintaining the table instead of field labels (Headings).
 Reusability is not possible with the Predefined Types.
 Foreign key relationship is cannot be created since it doesn’t contain Domains.
25) What is Foreign Key?
Ans: A key field is defined as a table field & is primary key of another table is called foreign key.

 The Check table field should be a primary key.

 The Domain name of the Check table & foreign key table should be same but field name is
different.
 A search help is displayed to see the possible entries of a check table on the foreign key
field when the foreign key table is executed.

26) What is a Client Dependent & Client Independent table?

Ans: The table which have the field MANDT field (Client no) is called Client Dependent table.
The table which don’t have the MANDT field (Client no) is called Client Independent table.

27) How to adjust the table/View?

Ans :- If there was any changes made at the table level the system will throw an error as
‘Structure change at field level’. The table must be adjusted to rectify this error.
  The T-Code SE14 or the path: Utilities --->Data base objects ---> Data base utility can be
used to adjust the table.
 If the key field is changed as non-key field, then the system throws an error ‘Convert
Table’: Structure changed at Table level.
28) I have a Z-Table, I wants to add one more field to the table without disturbing previous data,
what should I do?
Ans: While adjusting database table in SE14, select 'Save Data' radio button.

29) What is Where Used List?

Ans: It is used to list out all the dependent objects & know the usage of the particular object.

 The T-code SQVI(QuickViewer) is used to check the relationships between the tables.

30) If I have 6 fields in our Z table, but when I would like to display the contents, then only 4 fields
would be come up, how it will Handle?
Ans: In SE11, Display the table -> Select contents -> Select settings-> Select Format list -> choose
fields -> choose which fields you want to display (select check boxes)
By this, we can display which fields we want to display & the remaining fields will hide.

31) What is the Maximum No. of structures that can be included in a table or Structure?
Ans:- 9 ( Nine )

32) What is Data Dictionary/DDIC?

Ans: Data Dictionary is central & structured source of data. The data objects can be referred

anywhere in the system & the data definitions are maintained in the DDIC.

33) What is the difference b/w data dictionary and database?

Ans: Data dictionary is a central repository where the defined all the object related to database. It
holds the structure only, not the data. 
A database is an organized collection of data. It holds the data of the objects what we created
in data dictionary.

34) In which table are the programs, Tables, Development classes (packages) are stored in?
Ans:- The Programs details are stored in the table TRDIR, Data base tables in DD02L and DD02T and

the Development class packages in TDEVC.

35) Explain about the tables TADIR and TRDIR?

Ans: TADIR is a table which holds the Data Dictionary objects. i.e.; Data elements, Domains, Tables,
T-codes etc. & TRDIR stores all the client independent Programs details.
Actually TRDIR is not a table, it is a view of transparent table REPOSRC.
36) What are the Important Tables to store the Definitions of DDIC?

Table Short Text

DD01L Domains
DD01T Domain Texts
DD02L SAP Tables
DD02T SAP Table Texts – To find table names using Short Description
DD03L Table Fields
DD03T Texts for fields
DD04L Data Elements
DD04T Data Element Texts
 DD05S Foreign Key Fields
TSTC Transaction Codes
TFDIR Function Modules
37) What is the difference between package and development class??
Ans: We called development class in the version 4.6 and that we called Package in the 4.7E version.
There is no difference in between these 2 ones.

38) How data is stored in cluster table?

Ans: A cluster table contains data from multiple DDIC tables. It stores data as a name value pair
(varkey, vardata).

39) What is Transaction code?

Ans: They are the commands/shortcuts to execute corresponding application. In SAP each screen
is associated with T-Code.

a) Standard T code: They are the system provided to work with the pre-defined applications. The
standard T-codes could only be the combination of any alphabets/alpha-numeric.
Ex: SQVI, SE11, SE38 (SE-System Engineering, SM – System Machine, SQ-System query)

b) Custom T code: They are created & maintained by ABAP Technical Consultant.
SE93 is used to work with custom T-code.

 TSTC – It is the standard table which contains all the Transaction Codes in the system.
 TFDIR – Function Modules

40) What is the basic Difference between internal tables and database tables? How can we
differentiate by looking at the tables? And how Handling of Internal Tables?
Ans: - The basic Difference is database tables are Stored in DB Server and the internal tables are
virtual tables these are created run time only.

41) Explain about 3-Tier Architecture?

Ans: 1. Presentation Layer (GUI): It is an environment where all the users are sent for the services.

2. Application Layer: It receives requests from the presentation layer to get them processed.
It also sends back the services to the presentation layer. There are 4
types of components in application layer.

a. Dispatcher: It is a link between the presentation layer & the work process. It receives
the request from the presentation layer & sends them to an appropriate work process
to get them processed.
b. Gateway/Layer: It is a communication protocol of the cross application components
such are RFC, BAPI etc. It provides link between two SAP systems.
c. Shared Memory: It is a common memory which can be shared by all the work process.
d. Work Process: It is a component to execute the applications.

3. Database Layer: It is central repository of the data. It provides data base services to group of
clients.

42) What are Workbench objects/tools?

Ans: It is a collection of tools which can be used to develop the applications, change the existing

applications & implement the customer specific business requirements.

43) What is Object Navigator?
Ans: It is the central point of entry to work with any kind of work bench objects such as Programs,
DDIC objects, Function groups etc. The T-code is: SE80.

44) What is Command field?

Ans: It is used to execute the T-codes in SAP which is located on standard tool bar.
/o: It is used to execute the T-code in another new session.
/n: It is used to execute the T-code on the same session by closing current session.

45) What are Key field & Non-key fields?

Ans: The key fields don’t allow duplicates. It contains unique data. The key field check boxes are

checked to make the fields as primary key.

The non-key fields may/mayn’t allow duplicates. The key field check boxes are unchecked.

46) What is Initial Value Check box?

Ans: The Initial Value Check box is checked to take the default field values of the key fields for the

1st time.
47) What are different types of Data Dictionary Objects?

1. Database Tables
2. Domains
3. Data types
a. Data element
b. Structure
c. Table type
4. Search helps
a. Elementary search help
b. Collective search help
5. Views
a. Database view
b. Maintenance view
c. Help view
d. Projection view
6. Lock objects
a. Write/Exclusive Lock
b. Read/Shared Lock
c. Exclusive But not Cumulative
7. Type groups
 The Objects Views, Lock objects and Match Code are called Aggregate Objects because they
are formed from several related table.

48) Is it possible to create custom transaction code to maintain the table? If yes, how to create it?
Ans: Yes, we can create by using the custom T-Code using SE93.

49) What is Client & Server?

 Client: It is a software/hardware combination which can send the requests for services from
the central system.
  Server: It is a software/hardware combination which can provide the services to a group of
clients.

50) What is a Logical Database?

Ans: Logical Databases are ABAP programs that retrieve data and make it available to application
programs. Use of LDB – is used to read data from database tables by linking them to
executable ABAP programs.

51) What is Hotkey?

 This is used to select the elementary search help from the collective search help.
 To enter the restrictions in the dialog box for restricting values directly from the entry field.

Advantage: If the user often searches for values using the same search help, this procedure can
save time.

Fundamentals
 Fundamentals

1) Explain about ABAP Queries?

Ans: - It is the system provided tool to generate reports. It doesn't require any programming
knowledge.
2) What are the Transaction Codes associated with ABAP Queries?
Ans: - The T-Codes SQ03, SQ02, SQ01 are used to work with the ABAP Queries.
3) What are the purposes of SQ01, SQ02 and SQ03?
Ans: - SQ03: - It is used to maintain the user groups. A user group is a collection of Info sets and
Queries. User groups can also be used to control the user authorization to access the
corresponding queries.
SQ02: - It is used to maintain the Info sets. These are used to specify the different data
sources form which the data can be extracted.
SQ01: - It is used to maintain the Queries. It is used to select the Input (Selection fields) &
Output (List fields).
4) Is it possible to write an ABAP code in Queries?
Ans: - Yes. Using Code icon (shift+f8).
5) What is the difference between TYPE and LIKE?
Ans:- TYPE: - It is used to refer the both Elementary data types (I, F, P) & DDIC objects such as
Data elements, Tables, Structures, DB views, Fields etc.
 This Statement doesn't copy the existing properties of the objects.
Syntax: DATA: <gv-var> TYPE <I/D/F/C.....>.
LIKE: - It is used to refer only the data objects.
Syntax: DATA: <gv-field> LIKE <dbtab_field>.
 This Statement copies the existing properties of the objects.
6) What is the default type and length of the variable?
Ans: - The default type is Character (C) and length is one (1).
7). Differences between Write & Move Statement?
Ans: Write: It is used to move the data from the source data variable to destination variable without
missing conversations. i.e.; Currency & Quantity fields.
Move: It is used to move the data from the source data variable to destination variable with
missing conversations (may be missed out).
In case of Write In case of Move
<gv_currency><gv_dest> <gv_currency><gv_dest>
5,895.50 5895.50 5,895.50 5,89550

8) What are the differences between Normal Search (SELECT…ENDSELECT) and Pointer Search
(INTO TABLE)?

Normal Search(SELECT…..ENDSELECT) Pointer Search(INTO Table)

1. It hits the data base table for each record since it 1. It hits the data base table once to extract
is a loop statement all the required data since it is a statement
2.The ABAP statement 'APPEND' must be used to
append record by record into an internal table 2. No need to use 'APPEND'
3.Sometimes it may give runtime error while
Debugging 3.It doesn’t give any short dumps
4.Not advisable due to lack of performance & data 4. It is advisable since it extracts the data
base load faster & has good performance

9) What are the differences between PARAMETERS and SELECT-OPTIONS?

PARAMETERS SELECT-OPTIONS
1. It is used to define Check boxes, List boxes, 1. It is used to define Single & Range input
Radio buttons & Single I/P fields. Fields.
2.The ABAP statements TYPE/LIKE is used to
refer the Data types 2. The ABAP statement FOR is used.
3. The Operator 'EQ' or '=' is used in the WHERE 3. The operator 'IN' is used in the WHERE
condition. condition.
4. It is use as a single input data variable 4. It is system generated internal table with the
fields SIGN, OPTION, LOW & HIGH
5. It behaves as p_input = ‘= space’. 5. It behaves as s_input = ‘*’.

10) Differences between Types & Field Strings?

Types Field Strings

1. They can be used as reference for Work area’s 1. They can be used to declare Work area’s &
& Internal tables Internal tables directly.
2. The ABAP statement TYPES is used to declare 2. The ABAP statement DATA is used to declare
Types. Field Strings.
3. It don’t hold the data since they are not data 3. It holds the data since they are data variables.
Objects.

11) What are the differences between Work Area and Field Symbol?
 Work Area Field Symbol
1. It is the data variable. 1. It is a Pointer.
2. The ABAP statement DATA is used to declare the 2. The ABAP statement FIELD-SYMBOLS
work areas, ITABs, Variables etc in application program is used to declare Field symbols.
3. The ABAP statement INTO is used to process 3. The ABAP statement ASSIGNING is
record by record through work area. used to assign the FIELD-SYMBOLS.
4. The ABAP statement MODIFY must be used to 4. No need to use MODIFY, since it is a
modify the internal table . Pointer.
5. It must be specify within the Angular
5. No need to specify within the Angular brackets (< >). brackets (< >).

12) Field symbol work as a pointer, but it stores address of value. My question is, it got address
from sap memory or ABAP memory or in database server? I mean that address indicate to which

memory?
Ans: It allocate ABAP Memory

13) Differences between Work area and internal tables?

Work Area Internal Tables

1. It Holds single record at a time. 1. Holds Multiple records.
2. It doesn't have BODY. 2. It has BODY [ ].
3. In case of internal table with header line the record by
3.The Record by record is processed
through the work area record is processed through header line.

14) What is difference between Internal Table without Header Line and Internal Table with Header

Line?

Ans: Internal Table without Header Line creates an internal table and work area separately. When
we use Internal Table with header line, table is created then the work area is created
automatically with the same name that of the internal table.

15) What is the main difference between header line and work area?

 Header line is created by default when we create the Internal table using "begin of" or
explicitly “with header line". Using header line, we can pass the value into the internal table.

 Work area should have the same structure as that of internal table. It should be created by
us, whereas the header line is created automatically. Work area it holds the single data
during the execution of the program.

 Function of work area and header line is same. Both are used to processed the data from
internal table.

16) Explain about Types.

TYPES: - It is used to club the multiple fields from the multiple tables as a single unit. It is used as a

reference to declare the Data variables, Work areas, Internal tables etc.
DATA: It is used to declare the data variables such as variables, work areas, internal tables etc. in
an application programs.
Syntax: - TYPES: BEGIN OF <typ_dbtab1_dbtab2>,
<F1> TYPE <data element1/dbtab1-F1/dbstr_F1>,
.
<F5> TYPE <data element5/dbtab1-F5/dbstr_F5>,
END OF <typ_dbtab1_dbtab2>.
DATA: <gs-dbtab1_dbtab2> TYPE <typ-dbtab1_dbtab2>. //declare the work area

17) What is the Size of the internal tables?

Ans: - Internal Tables have 2GB (Giga bytes) of memory space and the initial size is of 8 kb which
can be extend further.

18) What are the different ways to declare the Internal Table and which is preferable?
Ans: -There are two ways to declare the Internal tables.

1) Syntax: -
DATA: <gt_dbtab> TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF <dbtab/dbstr....>. //Preferable.
2) Syntax: -
DATA: <gt_dbtab> TYPE TABLE OF <typ_dbtab /dbtab/dbstr> WITH HEARDER LINE.

19) How to define SELECT-OPTIONS without specifying the table name?

Ans: - By declaring a Global Variable and use it as a reference while defining a select option
instead of TABLES statement.

TABLES: This statement is used to specify the database tables/database structure names
Which can be used as a reference while declaring the SELECT-OPTIONS
 This statement in not advisable since it creates unnecessary work areas.
 The Tables statement can be avoided by declaring the required data variable.

20) What are the different types of internal tables and explain about them?

Ans: - Internal Tables: - They are the intermediate tables to hold the multiple records at run time.
There are 3 types of internal tables.
Standard Internal Table Sorted Internal Table Hashed Internal Table
1. These are default internal 1. These are a special type of 1. These are used with logical
tables. internal tables, where data is databases i:e with all fields & all
already(automatically) sorted records. These are Non-Indexed
as you insert the record Tables
2. To read a record we use 2. To read a record we use 2. Here the index operation is not
either key or index either key or index operation. allowed, we only use key
operation. When you define the table, operation.
You cannot specify a we must specify either When you define the table, you
unique key. It has always UNIQUE or NON-UNIQUE Key must specify the key as UNIQUE
non-unique key. in the table definition.

3. To search for a record, we 3. To search for a record, we 3. To search for a record, we use
 can use either linear Use binary search as data is hashed algorithm.
search or binary search. already sorted.
4. We can use sort 4. We do not use sort as data is -
operation. already sorted.
5. We can use insert and 5. We only use insert, not 5. These are mainly used in ABAP
append to add records. append. with BI projects
6. It accepts the duplicate 6. It does not accept the -
records duplicate records.

21) Can we sort internal table without using SORT statement. Explain?
Ans: We can Sort internal table without using SORT statement by declaring sorted internal table.
Ex: DATA: IT_MARA TYPE SORTED TABLE OF MARA.

22) What is Pretty Printer?

Ans: This is used to align a program & convert the keywords/source code in upper/lower case.
It is preferable to convert the keywords in uppercase.

23) Explain few of the additions to PARAMTERS and SELECT-OPTIONS statements.

Ans :- Obligatory: It is the keyword to make the input field as mandatory

Default: It is the keyword to pass the default values to the input fields.

As checkbox: It is the keyword to define the checkboxes in the selection screen

Radio button group: It is the keyword to define the radio buttons in the selection screen

As list box: It is used to define the dropdown list in the selection screen

MATCHCODE OBJECT: It is used to specify DDIC search help to the input fields

MODIFID: It is used to assign all the screen elements to the modification group to format the
Selection fields dynamically.
LOWER CASE: It is used to make the input fields as case sensitive to accept both upper &
Lower case letters.
Memory ID: It is the keyword to access the field value from one session to another session

Additions of SELECT-OPTIONS

a) NO-EXTENSIONS: This addition is used to hide the multiple selection button in the
Selection screen.

b) NO INTERVALS: This addition is used to hide the higher limit of select-options in the
Selection screen.
c) DEFAULT…TO: This addition is used to pass the default values to lower & upper limits.

24) Differences between Ranges & SELECT-OPTIONS?

Ans: It is used to define range internal tables. It is similar to SELECT-OPTIONS.

 SELECT-OPTIONS are displayed in selection screen whereas Ranges doesn’t displayed in

the selection screen.
 The standard structure ‘SELOPT’ is referred for SELECT-OPTIONS/Ranges implicitly or
explicitly.

25) What are the differences between Classical Reports and ABAP Queries?
 ABAP Queries Classical reports
1. It is the system provided tool to generate the reports. 1. It is a Utility.
2. It doesn’t require any programming language. 2. It requires the programming language.
3. It is not possible to change the system generated 3. It can be change since it is in Custom
program without having Access key. name space (Z or Y).
4. Column Alignment is done by the system. 4.It is COMPLEX to Align the Columns

26) Some Keywords?

Append: It is the keyword used to append record by record from work area to at last record of
the internal table. APPEND creates always a new row in the internal table. It Allows
duplicates. Here it will not check whether the record is existed with the same field values
or not.
Syntax: APPEND <gs_dbtab> TO <gt_dbtab>.
INSERT: This statement is used to insert/add a new record from work area into internal table at the
specified location. INDEX keyword is used to specify the table index position where the
new row to be inserted.
Syntax: INSERT <WA> INTO <ITAB> INDEX <index_no>
UPDATE: This statement updates an existing record to the table. If the entry is not found it throws
an error.
MODIFY: If the key exists, modifies the record. If the key does not exist, adds the new record to the
table. An additional statement TRANSPORTING is used to modify an internal table data.
Syntax1: MODIFY <ITAB> FROM <WA> INDEX <INDEX NO> TRANSPORTING <FIELD1> <FIELD2>
Syntax2: MODIFY <ITAB> FROM <WA> TRANSPORTING <FIELD1> <FIELD2> WHERE <CONDITION>
DELETE: This statement is used to delete single or multiple records from an internal table from
work area based on some condition.
Syntax1: DELETE <ITAB> INDEX <INDEX NO>.
Syntax2: DELETE <ITAB> WHERE <FIELD1> = <FIELD1 VALUE>
<FIELD2> = <FIELD2 VALUE>.
Collect: It also used like an APPEND statement. Collect statement will remove the duplication
while adding the records. This statement is used to compare character/string fields data &
summarizes the numeric field data. It is used to display sub-totals.
Syntax: COLLECT <gs_source> INTO <gs_collect>.
Lines: It is the keyword which returns no of records available in the internal table.
Occurs: It is the keyword; it allocates 8KB of memory for the internal table by default. If the data in
the Internal table exceeds 8KB then it will bring one more 8KB of memory & so on up to
2 GB.
Clear: It clears the contents of the work area & internal table with header line ITAB [ ] & variables.
Refresh: It clears the contents of the internal table only.
Free: It clears the contents of internal table along with allocated memory.

27) Explain some of the useful additions of Selection-Screen?

SELECTION-SCREEN: - This statement is used to format the selection screen. The default
screen number for the selection screen is 1000.
Some of the useful Additions: -
 ......BEGIN OF BLOCK....WITH FRAME: - It is used to define the selection screen blocks
with frames.
 .... WITH FRAME TITLE: - An addition TITLE with the selection screen FRAMES is used
to define the TITLES for the selection screen Frames.
 .... SKIP: - It is used to keep the blank lines in the selection screen.
 .... ULINE: - To display horizontal lines in the selection screen.
 .... BEGIN OF LINE: - It is used to define the input fields, radio buttons, push buttons,
check boxes etc. in the same line.
 …PUSH BUTTON: It is used to define the push buttons in the selection screen.
 …LINE: It is used to define the Input fields, Radio buttons, Check boxes, Push buttons
etc. in the same line.
28) Explain Some Additions to Report statement?
Ans: 1. No standard page heading: This addition is used to hide the page heading in the output.
2. Line size: This addition is used to specify the width of a list in the output. The default width
of basic list is 255 characters.
3. Line count: This addition is used to specify the length of the output list in a page.
4. Message ID: This addition is used to specify the message class(SE91).

29) Explain some of the useful additions of WRITE statement?

 .... WRITE: / ----> It is used to display the data in a new line.

 .... WRITE: /n (m) ----->Displays 'm' characters form position 'n'.
 …UNDER OTHER OBJECT ---> To display the data under the previous displayed data.
 .... COLOR ----> It is used to display the data in different colors. color codes [0 – 7]
  …LEFT-JUSTIFIED/CENTERED/RIGHT-JUSTIFIED: These are used to adjust the data at
left hand side, center & right hand side.
 ....AS CHECKBOX ---->Display the checkboxes in the output.
 .... EDIT MASK ----> It is used to display the mask on confidential data.
 …INPUT: It is used to make output list as editable.
 ....NO_GAP ----> To remove the gaps in the data.
 …CURRENCY: It is used to specify the currency keys for the currency data variables.
 .... UNIT ----> It is used to specify the required units while displaying the quantity data.
 …HOTSPOT: It is used to display the hand symbols on the output data when the cursor
is placed.

30) Numeric Functions in ABAP?

Ans: Ex:5789.45

SIGN It returns Sign of the number such as -1 & 1 -> 1

TRUNC It returns Integer part of an argument -> 5789
FRAC It returns Decimal part of an argument -> 0.450
CEIL It returns Smallest integer that is not less than than argument(Nearest next Int)-> 5790
FLOOR It returns Largest integer that is not greater than argument(Returns exact value) ->5789
ABS It returns Absolute value of an argument without considering Sign -> 5789.450
SQRT It returns Square root value of an argument

31) Explain about String Comparison Operations and Mathematic Functions?

Ans: The below string comparison operators can be used to compare the string data variables.

Operator
Contains Any (CA)
Contains Not Any (NA)
Contains Only (CO)
Contains Not Only (CN)
Contains Pattern(CP)
Contains No Pattern(NP)
Contains String (CS)
Contains No String(NS)
CA: This condition becomes true when the source string contains any one of the character in
the target string.
NA: This condition becomes true in case of string comparison operator CA is false.
CO: This condition becomes true, when the source string contains only the similar string in the

target string including case.

CN: This condition becomes true in case of string comparison operator CO is false.
CP: This condition becomes true, when the source string contains the specified pattern in the
target string.
 NP: This condition becomes true in case of Logical expressions with a string operator CP is
false. (Opposite to CP)
CS: This condition becomes true, when the source string contains similar string in the target in
both Upper & Lower case (not a case sensitive).
NS: This condition becomes true in case of string operator CS is false (Opposite to CS).
Mathematic Functions: - The below Mathematical operators can be used on the numbers.
Statem
Operator ent
Equal To EQ
Not Equal To NE
Less Than LT
Greater Than GT
Less Than or Equal To LE
Greater Than or Equal To GE

32) Explain about the useful String Operations?

Operator Description
STRLEN Returns the no of chars/length of the string
CONCATENATE To combine the multiple strings into single target string
REPLACE To replace with one string to another target string
FIND Find the string in the source String
SPLIT Separate the source string into diff strings
CONDENSE It compresses the string without any gaps

TRANSLATE It translates the string into upper/lower case.

SHIFT It shifts specified no of places at Left/Right.

33) Explain about the System Fields with which you have worked?

INDEX Index of the loop

DATUM Current system date
UZEIT Current system time
SUBRC Return code of the ABAP keywords
TABIX Index of an internal table
DBCNT The no. of extracted records from the database
BATCH Program is running in back ground
REPID Current program name
34) Explain about Constants, Text Symbols, Selection Texts and Variants?
Constants: -They are used to avoid the hard-coded text in the programs and improve the reusability

in the program. The ABAP statement ‘CONSTANTS’ is used to define constants.

Text Symbols: - The ABAP Statement TEXT followed by the symbol number (XXX) can used to
define or call the text symbol.
Selection texts: - They are used to maintain the Field labels (descriptions) of the input fields of
the selection screen. The T-code SE63 is used to translate the text elements.
Variants: - They are used to save the input data for further execution in the selection screen. They
can also be used to avoid the data entry errors & schedule a program in the background.

35) What is the difference between SY-INDEX and SY-TABIX?

 SY-INDEX: SY-INDEX is a system variable which acts as a loop iteration counter, it stores
loop iteration number. When you use DO ENDDO / WHILE for looping, there is no table
involved. So, you use SY-INDEX.
Ex: DO 10 times. **SY-INDEX stores number of iterations of loop ENDDO.
 SY-TABIX: SY-TABIX is a system variable which stores the index current processing record
of an internal table. So, when you are looping over an internal table, you use SY-TABIX.
LOOP AT ITAB INTO WA. **SY-TABIX stores index number of internal table record
ENDLOOP.

36) How to retrieve the deleted program?

I recently deleted a custom program (which is already transported to production) accidentally &

was wondering if there is any method of retrieving the program back.

Ans: After some research, I found a way of getting back the program.
1) Create a program with the same name as earlier (which is deleted) and save it (you will be
prompted to create a new transport)
2) In the ABAP Editor, Click on "Utilities" --> "Versions" --> "Version Management"
3) Select the most recent version (obviously not today’s) and Click on the ‘Retrieve’ button.
4) Press the ‘Back’ button – you will see now that all your code has been restored
5) Press ‘Save’ and Activate.

37)  One of my users has access to SE38 transaction, and so he can run the program developed by
you. You have attached this report/transactional program to a particular Z* transaction. To restrict
the users to execute this program, what you do it from programming side?
Ans: Check for Authorization Object S_TCODE with value “Z—-” in initialization event.
(Code: Authority-check object ‘S_TCODE’ id ‘TCD’ field ‘ZBC_REQ’.)

38) What is the difference between SKIP and NEW-LINE?

Ans: SKIP generates a blank line, while the NEW-LINE causes the control to move to next line.
Modularization Techniques
 Modularization Techniques

1) What are the Modularization techniques which you follow?

Ans :- They are used to organize the ABAP code in the proper way , make the program more
understandable and make use of the code re-usable to avoid the duplicate data.
To divide the business processing logic into reusable block of statements.

 Following are the different types of Modularization techniques

o INCLUDES: These programs are part of another main/include programs. Include
programs can’t be executed independently whereas the same include program can be
included in any no of executable programs. The ABAP statement INCLUDE is used to
call or define the INCLUDE programs.
o Subroutines: These are statements local modularization techniques. The sub-routines
can be debugged at run time. Calling should be 1st & Definition should be next. The
ABAP statement PERFORM is used to call the sub-routines & FORM…ENDFORM is
used to define the sub-routines.
There are 2 types of sub-routines.
1. Internal Subroutine: These are defined & called in the same program.

2.External Subroutine: These are defined in one program & called in another program

Actual Parameters: The parameters which can be called while calling the
subroutines (with PERFORM statement).
Formal Parameters: The parameters which can be passed while defining the
subroutine (with FORM statement).
 The no of actual parameters should be similar to the no of formal parameters.
 The sub-routines definitions should not be nested (form within the form) but the
sub-routine can be called within the sub-routine.
 The statements between 2 sub-routines definitions cannot be accessed
o Macros: These are used for the complex write statements & for long calculations.
Macros can take up to 9 place holders (&1…. &9). In macros Definition should be 1st &
Calling should be next. The ABAP statement DEFINE…END-DEFINTION is used to
 define a macro. The macro definitions cannot be debugged at run time. The standard
table TRMAC pooled table is used to maintain macros.
o Function Modules: These are global modularization objects. The function modules
can be called anywhere in the same system & in another system also. The function
modules are defined in function builder.
The T-code SE37 is used to work with the function modules & SE80 is used to work
with the function group. The function modules should be assigned to a function group
& Function group is the collection of function modules.
 The standard table ‘TFDIR’ is used to find FMs since it contains the entire
Function module in the system.

 Normal Function Module: These are defined & called in the same system to
reuse the central source code.
 Remote Function Module: These are defined in one system & can be called
another system.
 Update Function Module: This is used for SAP LUW (Logic Unit of Work).
These function modules are triggered in case of implicit or explicit COMMIT
work is encountered. Commit Work is used to make changes in data base
permanently.
o Message class: This tool is used to maintain the Messages in the message pool.
They are used to give messages for instructing the users.
The standard T-Code SE91 is used to work with the message pool.
Different types of messages are Error, Success, Warning, Information, Abort, Exit.
Syntax: MESSAGE ‘<MSG Text>’ type ‘E/I/W/S’.

o Text symbols & Constants: The ABAP Statement TEXT followed by the symbol
number (XXX) can used to define or call the text symbol. Constants are used to avoid
the hard coded text and improve the reuse them in the program.
The T-code SE63 is used to translate the different types of text elements.

2) What are the differences between Subroutines and Function Modules?

Subroutines Function modules

1. These are local. We can access the 1. These are global. We can access the
Subroutine within the server only. function module within server as well
as Outside the server.
2. We can’t execute the subroutine independently 2. We can execute function module
independently using the T-code SE37
3. Subroutines can’t handle the Exceptions 3. Function module can handle the errors
through Exceptions.

3) What are the differences between Macro & subroutine?

 Macro Subroutine
1. Definition & calling in the same program 1.Definition & calling may/may not be in
the same program
2. Definition should be the 1st & calling should 2. Calling should be the 1st & Definition should
be the next be the next.
3. Macros can take up to 9 inputs. 3. Subroutines can take any no of inputs.
4. Macros cannot be debugged. 4. Sub-routines can be debugged at run time

4) What are the different parameters in Function Modules and Explain about them?
Ans: Following are the different types of Parameters in Function Modules

 Attributes:
It contains technical properties of a function module such are type of function module,
function group.
 Import parameters:
They are imported from the calling program to the function module.
 Export parameters:
These are used to export the data from the function module to the calling programs.

 Changing parameters:
These are imported from the calling program, changed them in the function modules &
exported/returned to the calling program. (Import -> Change -> Export)
 Tables:
These can be used to import & export only for internal tables.
 Exceptions:
They are used to raise/handle the messages in the function module based on return code
(SY-SUBRC).
 Source code: It is used to write central ABAP source code.

5) Explain about different methods to pass the parameters to sub routines?

Metho
d Description Effect
It is the default method. The pointer used the same memory The Actual
By allocation for both actual & formal parameters. From calling to parameters are
Refere definition & definition to calling, all parameter values are changed with the
nce passing along with the memory. Formal parameters.
The Actual
The system allocates new memory. The allocated memory is parameters are not
By freed once the subroutine ends. From calling to definition & changed with the
Value definition to calling, the parameter values only passing. Formal parameters.
By The Actual
Value parameters are
and It is almost similar to By value but only the difference is the change with the
Return Formal parameter values are returned to Actual parameters. Formal parameters.

6) How to convert Normal function module to RFC enabled Function Module?

Ans: In FM attribute, select the Remote Enabled Radio Button, to convert FM to RFC.

 COMMIT Work: This statement is used to make changes in database permanently

& complete current SAP LUW.
 ROLLBACK WORK: This statement is used to terminate current SAP LUW without
making changes in databases.

Debugger
 Debugger

1) Explain about Debugger, Break points and Watch points?

Ans:- Debugger :- This tool is used to check the program line by line & block by block for finding
and rectifying errors or bugs.

Break Points: - These are Statement based. They are used to stop the program in the
debugger tool for checking line by line or block by block.
 Break points are of 4 types. We can place up to 30 break points in the program.
1. Session Break Point: An icon set/delete breakpoint icon or click on statement line at
gray color vertical selection in the source code.
2. Static Break Point: The ABAP statement BREAK-POINT/BREAK <user_name> is used
to set the Static break point. The ABAP statement BREAK-POINT should not be used
since all the users are stopped.
3. Dynamic Break Point: They are used to check the program in case of not possible to
find a location. The command /H is used to set dynamic break points. The program is
stopped at the first statement line of the performed action.
4. External Break Point: They are used to check the cross-application components such
as RFC, BAPI from one system to another. An icon set or delete external breakpoints
is used to set or delete external breakpoints.
Watch Points: - These are Condition based. They are used to stop the program once the set
condition is reached. The Watch points can be set inside the debugger tool. We can place up
to 9 watch points in the program. We can reduce debugging time using watch points.

3) Differences between Classical & New debugger?

Classical debugger New debugger

1.It is the old debugger & it doesn’t have 1.It is introduced from the version ECC 5.0 & it
different desktops has different desktops
2.It runs on the same session to check & resolve 2.It runs on the separate session
the issues in the program
3. It has Lots of limitations such as 4 data 3. It is user friendly with much functionality. It is
variables can only be checked at a time very efficient tool to check lots of actions
4. It doesn’t have different tabs to capture Local, 4. It can have different tabs to capture Local,
Global variables etc. Global variables etc.
5. It is not possible to go back into the source 5. It is possible to get into the source code
code from debugger

Single Step F5: The function key F5 is used to check Line by Line of the program.
Execute F6: The function key F6 is used to check Block by Block of the program.
Return F7: The function key F7 is used to Return from the source code of the process blocks such
as sub-routines, function modules, methods etc.
Continue F8: The function key F8 is used to jump from one break point into the next break point
then execute once the last break point is reached.

3) How to debug Background Jobs?

Ans: The Background jobs can be debugging using the command ‘JDBG’.

 Execute the T-code SM37

 Check the required background job to be debugged.
 Enter JDBG in the Command field & Press Enter
 Keep on pressing F7 until the required program is stopped.
 Use the Function keys F5/F6/F7 to check the program Line by line/Block by Block
once it is reached.

4) What are the steps to debug Pop-up window?

 Create a text file with the required statements & save it on Local PC/Desktop.
[FUNCTION]
COMMAND = ‘/H’
Title = ‘Debugger’
Type = ‘System Command’
 Minimize the SAP Pop-up window screen to appear both Text file & Pop-up window screen.
 Drag & drop the saved text file into Pop-up window screen.

Note: The system gives the success message as Debugging Switched ON.

 Perform the required action to stop the corresponding program (Yes button).

5) What are the types of execution modes?

Ans: There are 2 types of execution mode to execute a program or the transaction codes.

1. Foreground: It is used to execute the programs or the transaction codes directly by pressing
execute icon or F8 function key. It requires user interaction.

2. Background: This execution mode is used to execute the programs or the transaction codes
periodically such as Hourly, Daily, Weekly, Monthly etc. in background. It doesn’t
require any user interaction. The variants must be created before the programs are
scheduled in background.

 The T-code SM36 is used to define the background jobs &

  The T-code SM37 is used to check the status of the background jobs.

The standard function modules JOB_OPEN -> To open background job

JOB_SUBMIT -> To submit job in background

JOB_CLOSE -> To close scheduled job.

6) We go in debugging but Am in 5th line of debugging and I want to go again in 4th line of it then
how to do that?

Ans: Once you enter in the debugging screen put the cursor on particular line from menu
debugging selects go to statement.

Reports Events
 EVENTS
1) What are the Selection-Screen events, explain?
 AT SELECTION-SCREEN -> This event is triggered after providing Input to the selection
screen.
 AT SELECTION-SCREEN OUTPUT ->This event is triggered while performing any action in
the selection screen. It is used to modify (format) the selection screen.
 AT SELECTION-SCREEN ON -> This event is triggered after input values provided in the
selection screen based. It is used to validate/check the input data of the selection screen.
 AT SELECTION-SCREEN ON VALUE REQUEST FOR -> This event is triggered when the user
clicks on F4 button. The standard function module F4IF_INT_TABLE_VALUE_REQUEST can
be used to display the possible entries as search help.
 The function module DYNP_VALUES _READ is used to capture the selection field values
in the same selection screen for Dynamic search help
 AT SELECTION-SCREEN ON HELP-REQUEST FOR -> This event is triggered when the user
clicks on F1 button. The standard function module ‘HELP_OBJECT_SHOW’ can be used to
provide the Help document to the input variable. The T-code SE61/SO72 is used to maintain
the Help documentation as per the specification.
2) How many Times the Event INITIALIZATION Triggers while displaying the list of 20 pages and
also TOP-OF-PAGE?
Ans: - INITIALIZATION Triggers Only One time and TOP-OF-PAGE triggers 20 times.

3) What is the pre-requisite to use “FOR ALL ENTRIES”?

Ans :- The Base internal table which can be used in the 'FOR ALL ENTRIES' statement must be
checked whether it has data or not.

4) What are the Prerequisites for binary search?

Ans: The internal Table must be sorted before using binary search addition with READ table
statement for faster access.
Eg: 21, 3, 4, 2, 5

Search for 2 -> not found

2, 3, 7, 56, 133

Search for 2 -> found

5) Which of the following is not an EXIT command?

Options: BACK, CANCEL, STOP, EXIT?

A: STOP

6) What are Joins & types of Joins?

Ans: Joins are used to fetch the data from more than one table.
 Inner join: This statement is used to extract the data from the multiples tables by joining
them. Up to 2 tables can only be joined. For more than 3 tables is not advisable as it puts
heavy load on database.
 For all entries: This statement is used to extract the data from the data base table based on
the entries of the Base internal table. The load on data base will be very less.
7) Explain about Loop termination statements?

Ans :- The following statements are used to come out of the loops and continue with the next
loop statements.
 EXIT: - This statement is used to come out of the loop statement and continue with the
next statement line outside of the loop statements in the program. If this statement is
used outside of the Loop statement; the program will be stopped & display the output.
 STOP: - This statement is used to stop the Loop process along with the next part of the
loop statement. It doesn’t make any difference inside & outside of the Loops.
 CONTINUE: - This statement is used to stop the current loop process and continue with
the next loop process.
 CHECK: - This statement is used to check the specified conditions and continue with the
next loop process.
 CHECK = CONDITION + CONTINUE.
8) Standard structure SCREEN?

-> This structure is filled with all the properties of all Input fields in the selection screen.

-> It behaves like an ITAB since it holds each selection filed properties at a time.

Field Description
NAME Name of the selection field
GROUP Modification group names which are specified as addition ‘MODIFID’
REQUIRED Make Input/output fields mandatory
1 -> Mandatory, 0 -> Optional
INPUT Make Input fields as Editable/Non-editable mode
1 -> Input for editable mode
2 -> Display mode
ACTIVE To make selection screen fields Appear/Hide
1 -> Appear, 2 -> Hide
OUTPUT

LOOP AT SCREEN.
IF SCREEN-NAME = ‘<S_FIELD-HIGH>’.
SCREEN-ACTIVE = ‘<1/0>’.
MODIFY SCREEN.
ENDIF.

ENDFORM.

9) Explain about the events associated with Classical Reports?

 LOAD-OF-PROGRAM: This event triggers at the time of loading the program into a memory
for execution and this is the first event in execution sequence. We didn’t write in program
level.
 INITIALIZATION: This event is triggered before the selection screen is displayed. It is used to
clear & refresh the data variables and used to pass the default values to the selection fields.
 AT SELECTION-SCREEN: This event is triggered after providing the input in the selection
screen.
 START-OF-SELECTION: It is the default event & mandatory to execute any executable
program. It is used to fetch the data from the DB. If no event is used in the executable
program, the entire program will be triggered under Start-Of-Selection. Whenever you are
going to use any one of the event before select statement we must use start_of_selection
event.
 END-OF-SELECTION: This event is triggered after Start-Of-Selection event is processed. It is
used to specify the data process statements.
 TOP-OF-PAGE: This event is triggered with the first ULINE/WRITE/SKIP/NEW PAGE
statement in START_OF-SELECTION event in the program. It is used to display the column
headings.
 END-OF-PAGE: This event is triggered at the end of each page. It is used to display the
footer details of a page such as totals etc. The report addition
 LINE-COUNT must be specified to trigger this event.
10) Which is the default event?
Ans:-The default event is START-OF-SELECTION .If no event is used in the executable program, the
entire program will be triggered Start-Of-Selection. The main program begins with this event.
11). Is it possible to display previous drill down list from current one?
Ex: If suppose am in 10th drill down list. Is it possible to display 5th drill down list from current list?

 I have 1 basic list and 15 secondary lists in interactive report. If i am in 9th list, how can i
come directly to the basic list?

Ans: Yes. By re-setting list index = 5. i.e.; SY-LSIND = 5.

 System variable SY-LSIND stores the list number, by using this we can go to basic list.

12) In interactive report if user 19 times double clicked, again he wants to main screen. How can do
this?

Ans: If Sy-Ucomm ='BACK'.

Leave to screen 0.
End if.

13) If I double click on any sales order no it should take me to the transaction how?

Ans: Use AT USER-COMMAND.

CASE SY-UCOMM.
WHEN 'SONo'.

GET CURSOR FIELD FNAM VALUE FVAL.

SET PARAMETER ID 'VBE' FIELD VBELN.
CALL TR VA01 AND SKIP FIRST SCREEN.

14) What are the events associated with Interactive Reports?

Ans :- Following are the EVENTS associated with the Interactive Reports .
 AT LINE-SELECTION: This event is triggered whenever the user clicks on any record of any
list line. It is used to provide the detailed list based on the current list. The system field SY-
LSIND holds the Index of the next drill down list.
 AT USER-COMMAND: This event is triggered whenever user clicks on any custom buttons of
the GUI. This event is used to provide the additional functionality based on the selected push
button.
 TOP-OF-PAGE DURING LINE-SELECTION: This event is triggered with the first
WRITE/ULINE/SKIP of the drill down list. It is used to provide the column headings for the
drill down lists/secondary lists.
 AT PF: This event is triggered whenever the user clicks on any function key. This event is
used to provide the additional functionality based on the selected menu item.
 SET PF-STATUS: This event is triggered at the time of attaching our own GUI to the list. It is
used to call the menu status.
 Up to 35 Push buttons can be created on the Application tool bar.
15) What are differences between Classical & Interactive reports?
  The Classical reports are used to display the entire information in a single/ basic list
 The Interactive Reports are used to display the summarized information in the basic list
& detailed information in the next drill down list. Up to 20 secondary lists are provided &
the total no of lists are 21 (first list is called basic list with list number 0 and remaining
lists are called as secondary lists with list numbers 1,2,3,4...to...20).
16) Which techniques used to identify the record which was clicked by the user in the previous list?
Ans: HIDE & GET-CURSOR
HIDE: This statement is used to hide the selected field value which can be passed to the
corresponding drill down list to filter the unwanted records. It is used to capture the selected
field values to the next drill down list. Hide statement provides Single drill down list.
GET-CURSOR: This statement is used to capture the selected field values & field names based
on the cursor position. This statement provides drill multiple down lists.

17) What are the System Fields associated with Interactive Reports?

Field name Description

LSIND Index of the next drill down - contents of the current list Index no
LISEL Selected list line value - contents of the selected record
LILLI Selected list line number – contains the exact line no of the selected record
UCOMM Fun. Code of the selected push button/Menu item
PFKey Function Key

18) What are the Control Break Statements, explain about them?

Ans :-
Control Break statements: - They are used to control the data flow of an internal table.
 The Control break statements start with AT and ends with ENDAT.
 These statements should be used within the LOOP statements only
 Following are the different types of Control break statements.
 AT FIRST: - This event is triggered at the first record of an internal table. This is used to
display the Header information.
 AT NEW: - This event is triggered at the first record of each block. This is used to display the
individual headings.
 AT END OF: - This event is triggered at the last record of each block. This is used to display
the total/sub totals in the internal table.
 AT LAST: - This event is triggered at the last record of an internal table.
 ON CHANGE OF: - It is a special control break statement which can be used outside of the
loop statement also.
 It is almost similar to AT NEW statement, but it doesn't consider the preceding fields.
 It can be used on the multiple fields using SET operators (AND, OR, BETWEEN).
19) What is the difference between ATNEW and ONCHANGE OF?

AT NEW ON CHANGE OF
1. They must be used within the loop 1. It can be used within the loop statement &
statements. outside of the loop statements also
2. It considers preceding fields also 2. It doesn't consider preceding fields
3. It can’t be used on more than one field 3. It can be used on the multiple fields using
using the SET operator ‘OR’ the SET operator ‘OR’
4. The work area is impacted by replacing
with Asterisk (*******) marks 4. It doesn’t impact the Work Area

20) What are Conversion Routines?

 The conversion routines are the function modules used to convert the data from internal
format to an external format & external format to internal format.
 The conversion routines are maintained at the Domain level of a field.

21) What is the difference between AT New and On Change of inside a loop? I want inside a loop
difference not basic difference??

1. At new is always followed by single field.

Ex: AT NEW MATNR.

If any changes in MATNR occurs at new event triggers. at this case right side fields of MATNR
appears like this. Right side character fields appear like **** & numeric field become null in work
area.

2. On change of follows by single or more fields.

Ex: ON CHANGE OF MATNR OR LABST OR WERKS.

Here any change in any field on change of event triggers. Here we can see all fields in work area.

22) What are the differences between SELECT SINGLE and UPTO 1 ROWS?
SELECT SINGLE UPTO 1 ROWS
1. It extracts single record from the data base 1. It extracts all the records into a buffer and
table based on the condition you specified moves the first record in to an application
in the where clause. program
2. It doesn’t require END SELECT statement 2. It requires END SELECT
3. Use this one, in case of all key fields can be
3. Use this one, in case of not possible to use all
considered. To read exact record from the key fields. We can read appropriate record
database table we need to provide all key from database table; we may not need to
fields. provide all key fields.

4. It is slower because it is a construct to read 4. It is faster because you are not using all the
database records with primary key. In the primary key fields.

absence of the primary key, it might end up

 doing a sequential search

23) What are the differences between Normal Reports and ALV Reports?

Classical reports ALV Reports

1. Simple reports using the WRITE statements 1. The system generated Functions start with
within the loops. REUSE* are used to display the data.
2. Performance is not as good as ALV Reports 2. Performance is good since the data is
since the LOOP statement must be used to displayed using the function modules outside
display the data. of the loops.
3. It can be possible to edit the Fields in the
3. Not possible to edit the Fields in the Output. Output.
4. It is difficult to display the LOGOS in the 4. It is so EASY to display the LOGOS in the
Output. Output.
5. It is COMPLEX to Align the Columns. 5. Column Alignment is done by the system.

24) How to make the field editable in ALV Grid?

Ans :- By passing the field name EDIT = ‘X’ to the SLIS_T_FIELDCAT_ALV (with Header Line).
 WA_FIELDCAT- EDIT = ‘X’.
25) What is Field Catalog?
Ans: Field catalog is an internal table which is used to pass a list of fields to display in ALV report.

We can set different properties to fields which are going to display in ALV.

26) What are the events associated with ALV Reports?

Ans:- There are 17 events in ALV Reports .

 TOP_OF_PAGE: It is an event which is triggered at the top of each page. This event is used
to display the list headings & Logos.
 PF_STATUS_SET: This event is triggered at the time of attaching our own GUI to the
program. This event is used to call the menu status for adding menu items & push buttons.
 USER_COMMAND: This event is triggered whenever user clicks on any record of any list as
well as clicks on any menu item. This event is used to provide an interactive functionality
based on the selected record/push button/ menu item in ALV reports.
 END_OF_LIST: It is used to display the Footer details in ALV reports.

27) What are the Function Modules associated with ALV Reports?

 The standard ALV display Function module 'REUSE_ALV_LIST_DISPLAY' is used to display

the populated final internal table data in ALV LIST format.
 The Field values cannot be edited in case of ALV List format.
 Logos/Images cannot be displayed in ALV List format.
 The standard ALV display Function module 'REUSE_ALV_GRID_DISPLAY' is used to display

the populated final internal table data in ALV GRID format.

 The Field values can be edited in case of ALV GRID format.
  Logos/ Images can be displayed in ALV GRID format.
 The Blocked ALV’s are used to display the data from the multiple internal tables as separate
block in the output.
 The standard ALV display Function modules 'REUSE_ALV_BLOCK_LIST_INIT'
is used to initialize the different blocks in the output.
 'REUSE_ALV_BLOCK_LIST_APPEND' is used to append the internal tables as
separate blocks.
 'REUSE_ALV_BLOCK_LIST_DISPLAY’ is used to display the appended blocks
in the output.
 The standard ALV display Function module 'REUSE_ALV_HIERSEQ_LIST_DISPLAY' is used
to display the Header & corresponding item details in HIERARICHAL manner.

28) What are the ways to populate Field Catalog and which one do you prefer?
Ans:- There are two ways to populate the FILED CATALOG .

1. Using ALV Function Module 'REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE' // Not Advisable

2. Manual Population // Advisable
1. Steps to Populate Field Catalog using the Function Module:

 Define Data dictionary structure/Internal table with the required fields.

 Call ALV function module ‘REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE’ to populate field
catalog from the DDIC structure/Internal table.
 Modify the specified field catalog internal table ‘GT_FCAT’ as per the specification if
required.
 Pass the filled field catalog internal table to an Export parameter ‘IT_FIELDCAT’ of the
ALV Display function modules.

Steps to Insert Border Line for 72 Characters:

 Once the program is in change mode.

 Click on Utilities -> Settings -> Check the check box “Downwards compatible line
length (72) & Click on Yes button.
 One red color vertical border line is inserted at 72 characters’ position.

2. Steps to Populate Field Catalog Manually:

 Populate Field Catalog Internal table with the required field values.
 Pass the populated Field Catalog Internal table to an export parameter of ALV
display function module.

29) What are the different ways to populate events in ALV report?
1. Manual Population:

 Populate an internal table of the type ‘slis_t_event’ with the required events & corresponding
dynamic sub-routine.
 Define the dynamic sub-routine of an event with the required functionality.
 Pass the populated events internal table to Export, Import parameters of an ALV display
function module ‘it_event’.

2. By using ALV function module – REUSE_ALV_EVENT_GET:

 It is not advisable since it extracts all the events & loop is required.
 The dynamic sub-routine for each event can be populated with in the loop of event internal
table.
 Pass the populate event internal table to an export parameter.

3. The call back export parameter can also be used to specify the dynamic sub-routine name of ALV
events in ALV display function module.

30) Is it possible to develop the ALV reports without populating or using any FIELD CATALOG?
Ans :- Yes, We can develop.

 Create DDIC structure with the required fields.

 Extract the required data from the data base tables based on the given input.
 Populate the Final internal tables.
 Use the function module either ‘REUSE_ALV_GRID_DISPLAY’ or
‘REUSE_ALV_LIST_DISPLAY’ to display final data by exporting DDIC structure name &
the Final internal table.
31) Explain the steps to provide headings and logo in ALV reports? (Or)
Steps to work with an ALV event TOP_OF_PAGE?

 Use an ALV event ‘TOP_OF_PAGE’ with the corresponding dynamic subroutine name
into an internal table
 Populate the required header data into an internal table of the type (slis_t_list_header)
in between the definition of dynamic subroutine.
 Use the ALV Function module ‘REUSE_ALV_COMMENTARY_WRITE’ to display the
Populated header and Logos.
32) How to provide custom Function (Push) Button along with System generated Functions in ALV?
(Or) How to add push buttons to ALV?
(Or) Steps to work with PF STATUS SET in ALV?

 Copy the system provided generic functions/push buttons from the standard program
‘SAPLSALV’ & the status: STANDARD into custom program & menu status using SE41.
  Add additional customer specific ‘push buttons’ to the copied menu status.
 Use an ALV event ‘PF_STATUS_SET’ & call the copied menu status with in the dynamic sub
routine of PF_STATUS_SET.
 Call the copied menu status using the ABAP statement ‘SET_PF_STATUS’.

33) How to handle Interactive Functionality? (Double Click)

 An interactive functionality can be provided with in the dynamic sub-routine of an ALV Event
USER_COMMAND.
 Provide the interactive functionality such as to display another ALV drill down report/call
another program when the push buttons are selected.
 The function code for the double click in ALV reports is ‘&IC1’ and in Interactive classical
report in ‘PICK’.
34) How to provide search help on Layout Variants?

 Use selection screen event, AT SELECTION-SCREEN ON VALUE_REQUEST FOR on Layout

variant input field.
 Call the standard ALV function module ‘REUSE_ALV_VARIANT_F4’ by passing data
structure variable of the type ’DISVARIANT’ with current program name.
 Pass populated data structure variable to export parameter is_variant to ALV display
function module.

35) How to capture selected rows in ALV output (or)

What are the steps to get selected rows in the next drill down list in ALV (or)
Interactive functionality based on the selected rows?

 Add Single Character field to the Layout.

 Pass BOX single character filed name to the layout.
 Pass populated Layout to ALV display function modules.
 Copy final internal table into temporary internal table.
 Delete non selected entries from temporary internal table.

36) What are steps to display each row in different colors in ALV report?

 Add 4 Character field to the final internal table from which the data should be displayed.
 Populate color code dynamically.
 Pass color code field name to the field ‘info_fieldname’ of the layout.

37) How to display Traffic lights in ALV Report?

 Add 4-character field to the final internal table.

 Populate traffic lights based on the status.
 Populate Field Catalog with traffic lights field name.

Loop AT <gt_base> into <gs_base>.

IF <status> = ‘<P>’. “In Process

<gs_final-light> = ‘@09@’. “Yellow

ELSEIF <status> = ‘<F>’. “Finished

 <gs_final-light> = ‘@08@’. “Green

ELSEIF <status> = ‘<C>’. “Cancelled

<gs_final-light> = ‘@0A@’. “Red

ENDIF.

APPEND <gs_final> to <gt_final>.

ENDLOOP.

38) Explain about some of the useful types with which you have worked in SLIS Type Group.

Field
Name Description
Tab name Final Internal Name
Tab index Index no. of the selected record in the final internal table.
Value Selected field value
Field name Field name of a selected row

39) Explain some useful types in the type group ‘SLIS’?

I. SLIS_T_FIELDCAT_ALV: It is used to format the columns in ALV reports such as Populate

column headings, Edit the columns, Display hand symbols.
II. SLIS_LAYOUT_ALV: It is used to format the entire layout in ALV reports such as display data
in different colors. Instead of format statement we use layout.
III. SLIS_T__EVENT: It is used to populate an ALV event.
IV. SLIS_T__LIST_HEADER: It is used to display the List Headings & Logos in ALV.
V. SLIS_T__EXTAB: It is used to populate the function codes of the push buttons to be hidden
in ALV report/output.
VI. SLIS_T__SELFIELD: It is used to capture the selected row/line value in ALV.
VII. SLIS_KEYINFO_ALV: It is used to populate the key field’s information to display header & the
corresponding item data in Hierarchical ALV.
VIII. SLIS_T_SORT_INFO_ALV: It is used to provide sub totals & grand totals in ALV report.

40) What are the types of Memories, explain about them?

Ans :- The Memory concept is used to access the data across the internal or External Sessions.
 There are 2 types of memories.
 SAP Memory: - It is used to access the data from one session to another session through
Parameter ID or Memory ID.
 The ABAP statements SET PARAMETER ID and GET PARAMETER ID are used to work with
the SAP memory.
  SET PARAMETER ID is used to pass the field value from an application program into the
specified SAP Memory ID or Parameter ID.
 GET PARAMETER ID is used to get the data from the specified memory ID or Parameter ID
into filed of an application program.
 The Parameter ID’s are maintained at Data Element level under Further Characteristics.
 ABAP memory: - It is used to access the data across internal sessions. The ABAP
statements IMPORT & EXPORT are used to work with the ABAP Memory.
 The IMPORT statement is used to import the data from the specified memory ID
into data variable.
 The EXPORT statement is used to export the data from the program into the
specified memory ID.
41) Can we place More than one selection screen Element in one line, If Yes, How?

Ans :- Yes.

SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF LINE.

* List of PARAMETERS

SELECTION-SCREEN END OF LINE.

 42) How to transport a variant of an ABAP report to production in SAP?

Ans: Using program RSTRANSP

In real-time business applications, we need to transport variants of a programs to production, in

general variants will not be transported automatically along with program, we need to add them to a
TR to transport, to add transport to a TR we use program RSTRANSP.
Method1 to transport variant in SAP

Go to SE38, provide program name as RSTRANSP and execute.

Provide program name and variant name, execute, it will ask for a TR.

You cannot transport variants of a local ($tmp) program (program saved in local object).

Method2 to transport variant in SAP

Go to SE38, provide your program name, and select variant and display.
Go to utilities -> transport request, provide variant name and execute, it will ask for TR.
 Module Pool Programming/Screen Painter

Module Pool Programming/Screen Painter

 This concept is used to maintain different types of screens & corresponding flow logic.
 This concept contains mainly 2 parts.
 Module pool program
 Screen painter
1) What is the Screen Painter (Layout) and explain different components in screen painter?
Ans: Screen painter: - It is a tool used to maintain different types of screens.
 The T-code SE51 is used to work with screen painter.
a) Normal screen:
 The normal/main screens which can be called through transaction codes/using
ABAP statement ‘CALL SCREEN’.
b) Sub screen:
 The sub screens are part of main screens (normal)
 The sub screen can’t be executed independently
 The flow logic ABAP statement ‘CALL SUBSCREEN’ is used to call the sub screen
areas in the normal screens
 The push buttons/menu status is not possible on the sub screen
 It is not possible to call sub screen with in the sub screen
c) Modal dialog screen:
  It is used to populate/display the data on pop dialog box with some generic
functions (To display icons at bottom)
d) Selection screen:
 The selection screen is reserved for Reports/Executable programs.
 The screen number 1000 is reserved for selection screen.
 Different Components/Elements: -
1. Attributes: It contains the technical details of the screen such are type of the
screen, next screen number, package etc.
2. Element List: It contains the screen elements, attributes & properties of the screen
elements in the normal screen & sub screen & attributes such are general attributes,
texts or input output templates, special attributes, display attributes, modification
groups.
 Make an input list as drop-down list by selecting, option under the tab
input/output.
 This component is used to make the screen elements visible, invisible, change
the
dimensions etc.
 The modification groups which can be used to format the screen dynamically are
specified by using modification groups.
3. Flow Logic:
 This component is used to provide the link between the module pool
program & screens.
 It can also be used to control the data flow between the screens
 The screen related ABAP statements such are modules, MODULE, CALL
SUBSCREEN, CHAIN etc. statements can be used in flow logic.
4. Layout: It is used to design the screens with different screen elements
a. Text fields: To define the text fields for screen field labels on the screen.
b. Input/output field: It is used to define input/output fields on the screen.
c. Checkbox: To define the check box on the screen.
d. Push button: It is used to define the push button on the screen.
e. Tab strip control: It is used to define the tab strip control to work with the different
subareas on the screen.
f. Tab strip (with wizard): it is used to define the tab strip control using the wizard.
g. Sub screen area: It is used to define the sub screen areas on the main screen/on
the tab strip control.
h. Table control: It is used to define the table controls to maintain multiple line items
or records on the screen.
i. Table control with wizard: It is used to define the table controls using wizards.
j. Custom control: It is used to define the custom controls in the screens.
k. Status icon: It is used to define the status icons on the screen.
 l. Box: it is used to define the boxes around screen elements in the screens.

2) What are the Screen painter attributes?

Ans: They are used to maintain different attributes/settings of a screen elements such are function

code, function type, drop down list etc.

a) Drop down: There are 2 types of drop-down options

I. List Box: To list out only the values.
II. List box with key: To list out the values with corresponding keys when the drop-down
icon is pressed
 There must be foreign key relationship between value & text fields of a text table.
b) Groups: They are used to specify the radio button group name or modification group name.
c) FCT code: Function code of a push buttons or menu items.
d) Dictionary Attributes:
 It is used to maintain the attributes of the data dictionary objects such are table or structure
fields.
 Some of the data dictionary objects are date format, search help, conversion exit etc.
e) Program Attributes:
 It is used to maintain the different attributes of input or output fields.
I. Required: To make the screen input field as mandatory
II. Possible: It is default icon to accept the input values at run time.
III. Not possible: In case of this option, input is not possible, but the field can be used as
output field.
IV. Recommended: To make the input field as optional. The symbol question mark is
appeared in the input or output field.
 Check the check box output only to restrict the input data.
V. Display Attributes: To maintain different attributes such are invisible, output styles,
2D display etc.

3) What is the difference between Flow Logic and Module Pool program?

 Flow Logic is used to define the Flow Logic of the screen elements. The modules are used to
communicate with the Module Pool Program.
 Module Pool Program is used to define the modules of the Flow Logic in screens. The T-code
SE38/SE80 is used to develop & create the M.P.P.
 It can have 4 Include programs such are *TOP, *F01, *I01, *O01.
4) What are the systems generated Include programs in Module Pool program?
Ans :- There are 4 Include programs in module pool programs.
a) TOP Include: It is used to declare global data declarations which can be accessed
across the screens.
b) F01 Include: It is used to define the FORMS (Subroutines) which can be used in
module definitions.
c) O01 Include: It is used to define the PBO (Process Before Output) modules.
 d) I01 Include: It is used to define the PAI (Process After Input) modules.
 The module pool name & screen program name must be similar.
5) What are the events associated with Screen Painter?

1. PROCESS BEFORE OUTPUT (PBO):

 This event is triggered before the screen is displayed.

 It can also be triggered while performing any action on the screen.
 This is used to provide the default values to the screen fields.
 It can also be used to format the screen elements dynamically.
2. PROCESS AFTER INPUT (PAI):

 This event is triggered after the Input values are provided to the screen.
 This event is used to validate the input data on the screens.
 It can also be used to process the screen data based on the performed action
(pressed push button menu item etc.)
3. PROCESS ON HELP-REQUEST (POH):

 This the function event is triggered when key F1 or help icon (?) is pressed.
 This event is used to provide the help documentation on the screen fields.
 The T-code: SE61/SO72 is used to maintain help documentation.
 The standard function module ‘HELP_OBJECT_SHOW’ is used to display the maintain
help documentation.

4. PROCESS ON VALUE-REQUEST (POV):

 This event is triggered in case of in case of function key F4 or search help icon is
pressed.
 This event is used to populate & display the custom search help on screen input
fields.
 The standard function module “F4IF_INT_TABLE_VALUE_REQUEST” is used to
display the populated internal table data as search help.

6) What are the steps to provide Search Help?

I. Use an Event PROCESS ON VALUE-REQUEST.

II. Specify or define the Module on the required Screen Field.
III. Use the Standard Fn. Module F4IF_INT_TABLE_VALUE_REQUEST to display the
Populated data in the search help Window.

7) What are the steps to provide Help Documentation?

a) Use the Flow logic event ‘PROCESS ON HELP-REQUEST’.

b) Specify the module name on the particular screen field.
c) Use the standard function module HELP_OBJECT_SHOW (with technical description) or
DSYS_SHOW_FOR_F1HELP (without technical description) to display the maintained Help
Documentation.
8) What are the different ways to execute the Screens?
Ans: - There are 2 ways to execute the screens.
1. Using the T code: The screens can be executed through the T-codes to which the
Module pool program & the screen no is assigned.
2. Using an Executable program: The screens can be called & defined using the
Statement ‘CALL SCREEN’. CALL SCREEN is used to call the specified screen
number.
9) How to validate/check the fields (screen) in Module Pool program?

Ans: - a) Use an event Process After Input to validate the Input//screen field values.
b) Once the Flow logic is in Change mode, define the module with the field statement between
CHAIN…ENDCHAIN screen statement.
c) Fetch the data from the database & give the proper message if data doesn’t exist.
 The statement CHAIN…. ENDCHAIN is sued to make all the screen input fields enables to
enter input data.
 The screen validations without CHAIN…. ENDCHAIN statements make the screen input fields
grayed out (display mode).
10) How to make screen field as mandatory in Screen painter?
Ans: - In screen painter double click the screen field 
Go to ATTRIBUTES -> PROGRAM 
There Select input as REQUIRED
Required: To make the screen input fields as mandatory.

11) How to make the Screen fields invisible based on certain conditions dynamically and which
Event should be used?
Ans: The event AT SELECTION SCREEN OUTPUT is used to format the selection screen
dynamically by setting a loop to screen table (field Active can be used to Hide/Appear the
screens).
12) What are the steps to work with Table Control?
 It is used to maintain multiple entries in tabular format. Multiple rows are processed using
Loop with control.
 Define or declare tab strip control in Module Pool program.
 Define or create Table control on screen by filling all necessary fields.
 Make necessary code changes in flow logic & write process logic in MPP.
13) What are the steps to work with Tab Strip Control?
 It is a set of pages & used to place different sub screens of application on single screen.
 Each tab page contains title & its page area.
 Create tab strip control with title on Main screen.
 Assign sub screen area to the corresponding tab.
 Make the necessary code changes in flow logic.
 Write processing logic in Module Pool Program.
14) Module screen flow statements?
Ans: This statement is used in flow logic to call the define process module pool programs.
Syntax: [FIELD<screen-field>] MODULE<module-name>.
Additions:

I. ….AT EXIT-COMMAND: This command is used to trigger the dialogue module in case of
push button or menu item with the function type ‘E’ exit is pressed.
II. …AT CURSOR-SELECTION: This addition is used to trigger the corresponding module when
the cursor is placed on the input field of a screen. It can also be used to trigger
corresponding module in case of a push button or menu item with f-type ‘S’ (system) or CS
(cursor selection) is pressed.
III. CHAIN…ENDCHAIN: This statement is used in flow logic to define the process chains. It can
be used to make all the screen input fields enables to enter input data.

Useful additions to CHAIN…ENDCHAIN statement:

I. MODULE ON CHAIN-REQUEST: The module with ON CHAIN-REQUEST is used to trigger the
corresponding module on the specified screen fields (in the sequence).
II. MODULE ON CHAIN INPUT: The module ON CHAIN INPUT is used to check the individual
conditions of the screen fields in the sequence.
15) What is the use of at exit command in MPP?
Ans: At exit Command is mainly used to quit the program.
This command is used to trigger the dialogue module in case of push button or menu item with the
function type ‘E’ exit is pressed.
Scenario:
I have five input fields in my screen, all the five fields are mandatory
I have to go back to the program (LEAVE PROGRAM).
Normally if there are any one mandatory fields in screen if am triggering any event,
that time the system automatically throws an error like “Please fill in the mandatory fields”.
In that case the AT EXIT COMMAND will be used.
 SAP SCRIPTS

SAP SCRIPTS
1) What are the Components of SAP Script (Form Painter/Layout set)?
Ans: SAP Script form contains 2 parts.
1. Form painter (Layout Set) 2. Print Program
1. Header: It is used to maintain the Administrative & basic settings data.
a. Administrative data:
 It contains the technical details such are Package name, Changed by, Created by etc.
b. Basic data:
 It is used to maintain the default settings which can be applied across the forms.
 The Basic settings are page format, orientation, font size etc.
 The first page & the default paragraph names must be specified once they are created.

2. Pages:
 They are the rectangular format of the documents.
 This element is used to maintain the next page, print mode, page counter mode etc.
 3. Windows:
 They are the small components on the pages.
 We can place the same window in any no of pages.
 The windows are not positioned on the pages unless they are assigned to the pages.
4. Page window:
 They are used to position the window on the pages.
 Different position attributes Left margin, upper margin, Window width, Height are
maintained. It is used to place the window on the page with co-ordinates.
5. Paragraph format:
 They are used to print/format the entire paragraph with a required format & style.
a. Standard Attributes: It is used to maintain the standard attributes such are alignment,
line spacing, left margin, right margin etc.
b. Font Attributes: They are used to maintain the font setting such are font family, font
size, bold, italic etc.

6. Character format:
 They are used to print/format the particular text/string with the required font & style.
 They can also be used to select the Bar codes.
a. Standard Attributes: It is used to select barcode, super script, sub scripts etc.
b. Font Attributes: They are used to maintain the font type, font size, bold, italic etc.

2. Print Program or Driver Program:

 The Driver program is used to extract the data from the database tables or views,
process the extracted data & pass the processed data to SAP Script form to
display/print on the document.

2) What are the difference types of Windows?

Ans: Windows: - They are used to define the different types of windows.
 Main Window: It is the default widow. It is used to display the continuous text on the pages.
Without main window we can’t design SAP scripts. The system generates the pages
dynamically for main window. Up to 99 main windows can be created in a form. The window
type is ‘MAIN’.
 Constant Window: This window contains the static content which can be formatted only
once to print/display the same contents on all the pages.
 Variable Window: It is used to print the data based on the window size. It can be formatted
for each page to print/display the different contents. Without a variable window also, we can
design the SAP script.
 Graphic Window: It is used to print/display the graphics/logos on the page.
3) What are the different types of Symbols in Scripts?
Ans: - The Symbols are the constants which can be inserted in the page windows to display/print
the corresponding contents/data. Symbols are of 3 Types.
1. System Symbols: They are used to display the system data such as date, time etc …
Ex: &DATE&, &DAY&, &MONTH&
Symbol Description
&DATE& System Date
&DAY& Day of the System
&MONTH& Month of the System
&YEAR& Year of the system
&TIME& System Time
&HOURS& System Hours (HH)
&ULINE& Horizontal Line

 The system provided standard structure SAPSCRIPT contains some of the SAP Script
system fields.

Note: Number of pages like “1 of 10” can be displayed using the system symbols PAGE &
FORM PAGE as below.

Ex: &PAGE& of &SAPSCRIPT-FORMPAGES&

Current Page number, Total no of pages

2. Standard Symbols: They are the predefined symbols. The pooled table TTDTG is used to
maintain the standard symbols.

3. Application Symbols: These are used to display/print the processed data from the print
program or database. Ex: &WA_T001-BUKRS&

4) What are the different TAG columns in SAP Script form?

Tag Meaning
* Default paragraph format
= Extended Line
/: Command Line
/* Comment Line
/E Text Element -> Display multiple entries of an internal table
P Paragraph format
/= Line feed & Extended line

5) What are the Function Modules associated with Scripts?

1. OPEN_FORM: (*)
 This function module is used to provide the link between the print program &
SAP script form.
  The global data variables of the print program can be accessed in SAP Script form
after this function module is called to open a form/used.
2. START_FORM:

 This function module is used to specify the starting page from where the document to be
printed or displayed.
3. WRITE_FORM: (*)

 This function module is used to pass the multiple entries of an internal table into the SAP
Script form to print/display the multiple entries or line items through the Text Elements.
4. END_FORM:

 It is an optional function module which is used to End the started Form.

5. CLOSE_FORM: (*)

 This function module is used to close the Opened Form & send the Spool Request/Print to
the device.
 It can also be used to get the SAP Script form data into OTF (Other Text) format.
Note: The standard function module ‘CONVERT_OTF’ or ‘CONVERT_OTF_2_PDF’ can be used to
convert the SAP Script OTF Data into PDF format.
 The standard function module SO_NEW_DOCUMENT_ATT_SEND_API1 is used to
send an Email with the required attachments in different formats.
6. CONTROL_FORM:

 This function module is used to control the form by creating the pages or
windows dynamically.
Note: An icon Transport (Lorry icon) or in the menu path, Graphic -> Transport is used to generate
transport request to release LOGO’s form one system to another system.

6) Some of the useful Control commands/Statements in SAP scripts?

1. /: Address…End address: It is used to display the address details of the given address number
in the standard format.
Syntax: /: ADDRESS
/: ADDRESS number &GS_KNA1-ADRNR&.
/: ENDADDRESS
2. /: Set Date mask: This command is used to print/format the system Date in the required format.
Syntax: SET DATE MASK = ‘<DD.MMMM. YYYY>’.
* Date: &DATE&
3. /: Set Time Mask: This command is used to print/format the system Time in the required format.
Syntax: /: SET TIME MASK = ‘SS: MM: HH’.
Note: Pass blank spaces to the formatted date & time to format them into default format.
  There are no loop statements in SAP Script forms, but the text elements can be used to
communication with the function module WRITE_FORM used within the loop of the print
program to display the multiple entries.
Text Element:
 Text Element is the name given to the block of statements in the page window. If we pass the
text element name to the WRITE_FORM function module, then the WRITE_FORM function
module transfers the data from driver program to all the statements which are available
under Text Element.
 Whenever we are working with main window, then we must provide Text Element name,
otherwise the 1st information printed twice.
4. Protect…End protect: It is used to print the continuous text without any page breaks in SAP
Script forms.1st the system checks each & every page which page is having the enough place

to print the continuous text. If no page is having enough space it simply breaks the text &
printing in different pages.
Syntax: /: PROTECT
/E ELE
/: ENDPROTECT
5. Define: This command is used to define/declare the symbols in SAP Script.
Syntax: /: Define &GV_SYMBOL&
6. Box: This command is used to draw the Boxes/Frames on the page windows.
Syntax: /: BOX XPOS <**> cm/mm YPOS <yy> cm/mm
/: WIDTH <ww> cm/mm HEIGHT <yy> cm/mm
/: FRAME <FF> TW INTENSITY <yy> TW
Note: An addition INTENSITY is used to gray out the boxes.
 The command position & size can also be used to define the box position & sizes.

7. Top…End Top: This command is used to display/print the contents at the Top portion/Header
of the specified window.
Syntax: /: TOP
/* Display/Print at Top of page window.
/: ENDTOP
8. Bottom…End bottom: This command is used to display/print the contents at the Bottom or
Footer portion of specified window.
Syntax: /: BOTTOM
/* Display/Print at Bottom of page window.
/: ENDBOTTOM
9. New-Page: This command is used to generate the next pages.
Syntax: /: NEW-PAGE.
 10. New-Window: This command is used to generate the new windows.
Syntax: /: NEW-WINDOW.

7) What are the different ways to debug the Script?

Ans: - There are two ways to debug the Script Form.

 The path SE71 ---> from menu bar select Utilities --->Activate debugger, then go to SE38
execute the print program, it automatically goes to debugging mode.
 By executing Standard Program/ Report 'RSTXDBUG' in SE38. A message will show that
debugger is activated. Now open the print program in SE38 and execute, you will notice
that the print program is automatically diverted to debugging mode.
8) Differentiate between Page1 & Page2 format in sap script?
Ans: Page1 format: In this all pages have the same format.
Page2 format: In this there is variation in page format i.e. first page has different format than
second page.
9) How to add, additional functionality to script without modifying the print (driver) program?
Ans: - The Form Routines (PERFORM ......END PERFORM) are used to add the additional
functionality to the SAP Script form without making any changes in the print program.

10) What are client dependent objects in abap/sap?

Ans: SAP Script layout, text element, and some DDIC objects.
11) Can we call another Form from same print program in sap script?
Ans: Yes, we can call other forms in the same print program/driver program.
12) How to copy the Standard Script and make the changes?
Ans:- The path SE71--->Utilities---> Copy From Client can be used and make the necessary
changes.

13) How to convert the language from DE to our required language?

Ans: In SE71, Utilities ->Convert Original Language, Provide the, To Language & press Enter
14) How to transport text elements in SAP ABAP?
Ans: If it is first time, they will automatically transport along with the program, if you change them
next time, it will ask for TR, you can move that TR.

15) What are the Standard Texts?

Ans:- The Standard texts are used to maintain the Long text using the T-Code 'SO10'.
 The command INCLUDE…. OBJECT is used to insert the standard text on page window.
Syntax: /: INCLUDE <ZSTP_TEXT_NAME> OBJECT <obj-name>
ID <id_name> LANGAUGE <EN/.>
 The standard function module ‘READ_TEXT’ can also be used in the programs to read
standard text & application text.
 By Default, the System doesn't generate any transport request for standard texts.
 The standard Report 'RSTXTRAN' is used to generate the Transport Request number for
Standard texts.
16) Tell some of the Standard Scripts and Print programs?
 Form name Print program Form routine Application
MEDRUCK SAPFM06P Entry_new Purchase order only
RVOROADDRS RVADOR01 ENTRY Sales order
RVDELNOTE RVADDN01 ENTRY Shipping
RVADIN01 RVINVOICE01 ENTRY Billing

17) How to execute the program in background?

 Execute SE38, provide the program name & Execute, provide the Input
 In the Menu bar, click on program -> Execute in Background
 Provide the output device LP01/LOCL & Click on enter
 Click on Immediate & save.
18) How to copy the SAP script from 800 client to 810 client?
Ans: Execute the T-code SE71: Utilities Menu -> Copy from Client (or program RSTXFCPY).
Provide the Form name, Source client 800, Target Form name & Execute.
 All the standard script forms are available in the client 000.
19) Explain about some of the Symbol Formatting Options in Scripts?
SYMBOL FORMAT DESCRIPTION
&SYMBOL& Displays/Print the contents of symbols without any format
&SYMBOL(C)& To compress the content without spaces
&SYMBOL(Z)& To remove the unwanted preceding zeros
&SYMBOL(R)& Displays the contents by justifying the Right hand side
&SYMBOL(K)& To avoid Conversion Routine
&SYMBOL(<)& To display the symbols sign at Left hand side
&SYMBOL(S)& Display/Print the sign of the numbers
&SYMBOL(N)& Display/Print ‘N’ no of characters
&SYMBOL+N(M)& Display/Print ‘M’ no of characters form the Nth position
&SYMBOL(.D)& Display/Print ‘D’ no of Decimals

20) How to format the date, time and country in Scripts?

Ans: - The commands SET DATE MASK, SET TIME MASK, SET COUNTRY can be used to format
the date, time and country.
21) What are the fields in ITCSY Structure?
Ans: -
Field Description
NAME Name of the Program Symbol (without &)
VALUE Text Symbol Value
It is a standard structure having 2
fields, Name & Value and can be used to transfer the data
22) How do we create/maintain different styles in Scripts?
Ans: - The T-Code SE72 is used to maintain the SAP Script Form Styles such are Paragraph
Formats, Character formats. Barcodes are maintained in the Character Format.
23) What are the ways to upload the Logos and display?
Ans: - The T-Code SE78 (or) the standard report 'RSTXLDMC' is used to upload the LOGOS/IMAGES
 Whenever we are working with .BMP image then we must convert .BMP to graphics by
using SE78 T-code.
  Whenever we are working with .TIFF image then we must convert TIFF to text image by
using RSTXLDMC standard program.
24) How can you pass the data to the Script from the Print program without using WRITE_FORM?
Ans: - After Accessing the Function Module 'OPEN_FORM' we can declare the Global data.
25) How to develop the SAP Scripts in Diff. languages?
Ans: - In SE63, Click Translation --->Long Texts --->Sap scripts---> Forms.
26) How to convert sap script spools request to PDF?
Ans: - RSTXPDFT4.
27) How to convert/migrate sap scripts to Smart Forms?
Ans: - Execute SMARTFORMS & Enter the New Smart Form name
The path SMARTFORMS --->Utilities --->Migration ---> Import SAP script Form
Enter the Existing SAP script Form name & click on Yes button.
28) How to set the output device LP01 by default in our own pc?
Ans: Execute SU01 & provide the user name as: SAPUSER, click on change mode
Click on Default tab & provide the output device LP01
Select the required decimal notation (1,234,576.89) & date format & click on save.
29) How to identify the driver program based on the form name?
Ans: Execute SE11, open the Table TTXFP & Click on Display & Click on Contents
Provide the Form name & Execute, Identify the Driver program.
30) How do we display the Application Texts?
Ans: - Using the Function Module 'READ_TEXT'.
31) How to split the line into the next line in Scripts?
Ans: - The Function Module ' RKD_WORD_WRAP' is used to split the text into multiple lines.
32) What are the Transaction Codes associated with Scripts?

T-
Code Description
NACE To maintain Output types
SE71 Form painter
SE72 Form Style
SE73 To Maintain different types of forms & Barcodes
SE78 Graphics or LOGO
Translations to translate the text symbols & text elements
SE63 in different languages
SO10 Standard texts
 Bar codes can
 The T-code SLXT is used to generate Transport Request for Translations
33) Standard reports associated with SAP scripts?
RSTXDBUG Activate/Deactivate form debugger
RSTXLDMC To upload Graphics/Logo
RSTXSCRP Download/Upload the Forms, Styles & Standard Text
RSTXPDFT4 To convert the spool job of the SAP script into PDF format
RSTXFCPY Copy the SAP script from one client to other
RSTXTRAN To create Transport Request for standard text
RSTRANSP to transport a variant of an ABAP report to production in SAP

34) What are the tables associated with Scripts?

Ans:- TNAPR

35) How to generate Transport Request for Translations?

Ans:
 Execute the T-code SLXT
 Select the required target language (DE)
 Enter the required text element/text symbol name (%TEXT1) in description
 Select a radio button workbench request
 Click on execute

36) In scripts we have standard layouts like MEDRUK, in SMARTFORM do we have any? If I copy the

standard script in ZScript and migrate will it work?

Ans: In Smart forms also have standard Forms.
Go to Smart form -> Form -> F4
You can find all the standard smart forms.

37) Whenever you copied standard script you have to change the configuration in NACE then it will
work?

SELECT with BYPASSING BUFFER in SAP ABAP programming language, bypassing buffer in SAP
Select statements.

Whenever we use open SQL statements to get fetch data in SAP, it will get data from buffer area
(depends on table buffer settings) for better performance, but in real world scenarios some tables
may updated very frequently(milliseconds), we may need to bypass buffer to get real-time data, in
that case we will bypass buffer using 'BYPASSING BUFFER' keyword.

Syntax for SELECT WITH BYPASSING BUFFER in SAP ABAP

select * FROM <TABLE> INTO TABLE <ITAB> BYPASSING BUFFER.

Example for SELECT WITH BYPASSING BUFFER in SAP ABAP

The below example is used to fetch data from MARA (Material Master) table bypassing buffer.

TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_mara,

matnr TYPE mara-matnr,
mtart TYPE mara-mtart,
END OF ty_mara.
DATA: it_mara TYPE TABLE OF ty_mara,
wa_mara TYPE ty_mara.

START-OF-SELECTION.
SELECT matnr
mtart FROM mara
INTO TABLE it_mara
BYPASSING BUFFER.

LOOP AT it_mara INTO wa_mara.

WRITE:/ wa_mara-matnr, wa_mara-mtart.
ENDLOOP.
 SMARTFORMS

SMARTFORMS
1) What are the major differences between Scripts and Smart Forms?
SAP Script SMART FORMS
1. They are Client dependent. 1. They are Client Independent.
2. The Background Images are not 2. Background Images are possible
possible.
3. It is not possible to create SAP Script 3. It Can be created without Main Window also.
without Main Window.
4. Multiple page Formats are not possible. 4. Multiple page Formats are possible.
5. It cannot be executed without 5. It can be executed without Driver Program by
Print/Driver Program. executing the system generated Function Modules
6. Color fonts cannot be displayed. 6. Color fonts can be maintained.
7. The data extract logic (ABAP CODE) 7. The data extract logic (ABAP CODE) can be written
can't be written. under INITIALIZATION and program lines node.
8. The Tables & Templates are not possible 8. The Tables & Templates can be drawn to display
but the Command box is used to draw static or dynamic data.
the boxes.
9. By using RSTXDBUG standard program 9. By using BREAK-POINT keyword we can debug
we can debug the SAP script. the smart form.

2) Why the Scripts are Client dependent and Smart Forms are Client independent?
  SAP scripts are client dependent that means, if we design the SAP script in one client
that is not reflected to other clients in the same server.
The Scripts are client dependent because the contents or data displayed using
the text elements. The text elements are client dependent hence the scripts are Client
dependent.
 SMART FORMS are client independent that means if we design the Smart forms in one
client that is automatically reflected to all other clients in the same server.
The Smart forms are client independent because one UNIQUE FUNCTION MODULE is
generated by the system while activating the smart forms. The generated function
module is client independent hence the smart forms are client independent.
3) What are the Transaction Codes associated with Smart Forms?
Ans :- 1. SMARTFORMS - To maintain SMARTFORMS.
2. SMARTSTYLES - To maintain the styles for smart forms.
3. SMARTFORM_TRACE - To debug the SMARTFORMS and activate the database tracer.
 Text module is used to maintain the long texts.
4) How to display Address window dynamically?
Ans :- The Path %PAGE ---> CREATE ---> ADDRESS ---> Type DETERMINE DYNAMICALLY

5) How to print Logos in Smart Forms?

Ans: The Path %PAGE ---> CREATE ---> GRAPHIC --->LOGO

6) What are the components of Smart Form?

Ans: 1. Smart Form Layout 2. Function Module 3. Print Program

7) What are the main components in Smart Form?

Ans: The main components are, 1. Global Settings 2. Pages & Windows

1. Global Settings: It is used to maintain the global settings, definitions which can be applied
across the mart forms. It is collection of Form Attributes, Form Interface & Global Definition
I. Form Attributes: These are used to maintain the smart form attributes & output such
are page format, style name etc. The default style for smart form is ‘SYSTEM’.
II. Form Interface: These are used to declare the variables, work areas & internal tables
which are needed to transfer the data from print program to layout. It is the system
generated function module with all the parameters except changing parameters.
III. Global Definitions: It is used to maintain the global definitions which can be used across
the different Global definitions.
a) Global Data: It is used to maintain the global data definitions such are variables, work
areas, Internal Tables etc.
b) Types: It is used to define the types which can be referred to declare internal tables &
work areas.
c) Field Symbols: It is used to define the field symbols.
 d) Initialization: It is processed before the smart form pages & windows are processed. It
is used to extract all the required data from the database table &
process the extracted data. Import & Export parameters must be
specified before they are used.
e) Form routines: It is used to define the subroutines which can be called across the
smart form. It is used to define the currency/quantity fields as like the
DDIC tables/structures.
f) Currency/Quantity Field: It is used to define the Currency/Quantity Fields as like the
DDIC tables/structures.
2. Pages & Windows: It is used to design the different page formats & windows. Following
are the different nodes in smart forms.
a) Windows: They are positioned on the pages. Following are different type of windows.
 Main Window: It is used to display the continuous text on the pages. This window is
the default widow. Without main window also we can design Smart forms.
 Secondary window: It is used to print the different contents on each page (similar to
variable window in SAP Scripts).
 Copies window: It is used to the print the same document with multiple copies with
different headings.
 Final window: This is used to print the total amount after all the lines or line items
are printed.
b) Graphics: It is used to create a graphic node (window) to display the graphics/logos.
c) Address: It is used to define the address node/window to display/print the
organization address/personal address/work place address.
 The address can be determined dynamically also using an option Determine
Dynamically.
d) Text: It is used to display/print the contents of the different symbols/fields.
e) Table: A table is used to print the multiple entries/dynamic data of an internal table.
The Table node can be used as template to display static record by un-checking the
checkbox internal table. Line types can be created under Table node.
f) Template: A Template is used to display the static data (single record). This node
does not have the separate header, main area & footer whereas, the table node
contains the different sessions such are header, main area & footer. The template
node can be used as table by defining it under loop node to display the dynamic data
as like the table node.
g) Flow logic: The flow logic nodes are used to control the nodes & define the program
lines in smart forms. Following are the different flow logic nodes.
I. Loop: It is used to process the corresponding nodes based on the number of
entries of an internal table.
II. Program lines: It is used to write ABAP source code. Input & Output
parameters must be filled with the data variables before they are used.
 III. Alternative: It is used to control the corresponding nodes based on the
specified condition. It is used to process the alternative either True/False
process blocks based on the SET conditions.
IV. Command: This node is used to go to a new page based on the specified
conditions. This is used to break the page based on the condition.
8) What are the differences between Template and Table?

 A Table is used to print the multiple entries/dynamic data of an internal table. The Table
node can be used as template to display static record by un-checking the checkbox
internal table. Line types can be created under Table node.
 A Template is used to display the static data (single record). This node does not have the
separate header, main area & footer whereas, the table node contains the different
sessions such are header, main area & footer. The template node can be used as table
by defining it under loop node to display the dynamic data as like the table node.

9) What are the Smart Form events?

Ans:- 1. Only on First Page: To Print/Display the data on the 1st page only.
2. Not on First Page: The corresponding contents are not to Print/Display on the 1st page.
3. Only after end of Main Window: To Print/Display the corresponding contents after the
MAIN window is processed.
4. Only Before end of Main Window: To Print/Display the corresponding contents of the node
or text node before the MAIN window is ended.
5. Only On page: To print/Display the data on the specified page.

10) What are the ways to debug the Smart Form?

1st Way: - By setting the Session Break point in the Generated Function module.
 The SMARTFORMS can be debug by setting the Session Break points at the required
statement line in the system Generated Function module.
 The system generated internal table %TEXT contains the following fields which are filled

with the text node contents at Run time to debug text elements.
Field name Description
TDFORMAT Tag column of the text elements
TDLINE Contents of the text element/text node

2nd Way: - By setting the Static Break points in the SMARTFORMS.

 The SMARTFORMS can be debug by setting the Static Break points in the required
program lines /initialization node under global definitions of the SMARTFORM. The
statement BREAK followed by username can be used.
11) How to find the system generated function module?
 I. Execute the T-code ‘SMART FORMS’.
II. Enter the required smart form & click on Display button.
III. Click on Environment menu item.
IV. Click on function module name.
 The system generated function module name for smart forms could be different from system
to system [R3D -> R3Q -> R3P].
 Hence capture the system generated function module name dynamically through an Export
parameter ‘FM_NAME’ = lv_name to the function module ‘SSF_FUNCTION_MODULE_NAME’.

12) How to find the system generated function module of the smart form?
Ans: Execute T-code …> SMARTFORMS, Enter the Form name & click in Display button
Click on Environment …> Function module name.

13) How to display Background images in smart forms?

Ans: 1. Enter the T-Code: SMARTFORMS
2. Click on the Page, You Want to Display the Background Image.
3. Select background picture tab.
4. Press F4 and place your background image and
5. Select the output mode option as "Print Preview and Print" then activate.

14) Can you move a Smart form from one SAP system to another without using transports?
Ans: Yes, this can be achieved using the Upload/Download feature for Smart forms.
One can download the Smart form from one system and save it as an XML file.
Once that is done, the XML file can be used to upload the Smart form in another system.

15) How to upload the smart form?

I. Execute the T-code SMART FORMS.
II. Click on utilities menu item & click on upload form.
III. Enter new form name to be created by uploading the existing downloaded smart form.
IV. Click on yes button.
V. Select the required downloaded smart form file (xml format)
VI. Click on open button
VII. Enter package name & click on save icon.
VIII. Create the ‘Transport request’ number by pressing create request icon.
IX. Click on yes button & click on change button.
X. Make the necessary changes if required.
XI. Click on activate icon & click on back icon.

16) What are the System Fields associated with Smart Forms?

Ans :- SFSY is the system provided structure which contains a smart form system fields.
Field Description
 PAGE Current page Number
FORMPAGE
S Total No. of pages
JOBPAGES Total No. of pages of print job
DATE Current date of Application Server
TIME Current Time of Application Server
SUBRC Return value
USERNAME user name
PAGENAME page name + variant
Note:
 Smart Styles are used to create the paragraph & character formats. The T-code is
SMARTSTYLES.
 SSF_FUNCTION_MODULE_NAME is the function module which is used to generate the
smart form function module no based on the smart form name.
 SPELL_AMOUNT is the function module which is used to convert the amount in words.
 The button SWAP is used to change the Source language to Target Language.
 The T-code SOST is used to check the send mails & push them.
17) What is the role of TNAPR table in SAP?
Ans: It Stores all the forms and driver programs and as well as all NACE settings.

18) What is the role of NAST table in SAP?

Ans: After the final selection of the output is done and the application document is saved, entries
are created in the NAST table with application ID, Application document number, output type,
output medium, output timing and Status code.

19) How to find print program and form if an ‘output type’ is given?
Ans :- The T-code NACE/ NACO or the standard table TNAPR is used to find the form details or
output type details in the system.

20) Explain about NACE transaction code?

Ans: - NACE: - It is used to maintain the Output types and find the form name and print program
names. If you create the output type using NACE, then it will be automatically

visible in table NAST and TNAPR.

The standard program TNAPR can also be used to find the form & print program name.
 Execute the T-code NACE.
 Select an appropriate required application (EF -> Purchase Order).
 Click on Output Types button on tool bar.
 Click on position button.
 Enter the required Output type: NEU & Press Enter button.
 Select the found Output type (NEU).
 Double click ON processing routines folder.
 Click on display/change icon.
 Change processing routine details such are print program, form routine, form name etc.
  Click on save & click on create request icon.
 Enter short description as per the project standards.
 Click on save icon & click on Yes button.
21) What are the steps to send a FORM/REPORT as PDF/XLS/.TXT attachment through an E-Mail?
Ans:
 Pass flag ‘X’ to field ‘GETOTF’ of export parameter control_parameters.
 Get the form data in OTF format using the system generated function module of the SMART
FORM.
Note: Use the standard function module ‘CLOSE_FORM’ to get SAP Script form data in OTF
format.
 Convert the OTF data of the forms into a PDF format using the function module
CONVERT_OTF.
 Populate the mail subject, mail body, receivers list etc.
 Use the standard function module ‘SO_NEW_DOCUMENT_ATT_SEND_API1’ to send an
email with an attachment such as PDF or Excel etc.

22) How do you achieve Page Protection in Smart form?

Ans: While one can use the PROTECT....... ENDPROTECT command for SAP-Scripts, for Smart
forms the Page-Protection checkbox can be used to ensure page protection
 You have Page-protection property only for Text Elements in the Main Window.
 File Handling Techniques

File Handling Techniques

1) What are the Function Modules associated with Local PC/Front End system/Presentation Server?
Ans:- GUI_UPLOAD - To upload the flat file from the specified file path of Local PC/ Front End into
internal table.
GUI_DOWNLOAD - To download the data from an internal table into the specified file path of
Local PC/Front End.
2) How to handle the files in Application Server?
Ans: -
 It is used to maintain files securely.
 The T-Code ‘AL11’ is used to work with Application server.
In the application server each file is called one Dataset. We can’t create the file directly in the
application server. Through program only we can create the file in the application server
(download the data into application server). It can be used to handle files in background.
3) What are the steps involved in handling Application server?
Ans: - The T-Code AL11 is used to work with the Application server.
 The below ABAP statements are used to Download/Transfer the data from an internal
table into the specified file path of an application server.
1. OPEN DATASET FOR OUTPUT: This statement is used to open the required files in
write mode in application server.
2. TRANSFER: This statement is used to transfer the concatenated data into the opened file.
3. CLOSE DATASET: It is used to close the opened file in the server.
 The below ABAP statements are used to Upload/Read the data from file in application
server into an internal table of the program.
1. OPEN DATASET FOR INPUT: This statement is used to open files in read mode. An
additional statement ‘MESSAGES’ is used to capture the messages (Errors) into string
variable.
2. READ DATA SET: This statement is used to read record by record from the opened file in
Application server.
3. CLOSE DATASET: This statement is used to close the opened file.
4) How to upload the file from presentation server (Front end) to Application server manually?
 The Code 'CG3Z' is used to upload the files from the Front-end system into the specified
file path of an application server.
 Once the file is open in 'AL11'.
 Execute the T-Code 'CG3Z'.
 Enter the source file name on the Front-end system.
 Enter the Target file name on an application server.
 Select the required file type and file name on the Front-end system by pressing the
search help icon (BIN/ASC).
 Click on Upload icon.
Note: ALSM_EXCEL_TO_INTERNAL_TABLE is the function module which is used to upload the
excel sheet information into internal table.
 The T-code CG3Y is used to download the files from the Application server/Back end into
the specified file path of the Presentation server/Front end.
 The T-code CG3Z is used to upload the files from the Presentation server/Front end into
the specified file path of the Application server/Back end into.

5) What are the Function Modules to provide Search Help on Presentation server/local PC and
Application Server as well?
Ans:-
 The Function module ‘F4_FILENAME’ is used to provide the search help to select the
required file path of the presentation server/Local PC.
 The Function modules 'F4_DXFILENAME_TOPRECURSION ' OR
'/SAPDMC/LSM_F4_SERVER_FILE' is used to provide the search help to choose the files
 from the Application server.
NOTE: - The function module 'F4_DXFILENAME_TOPRECURSION ' can be used for both
Presentation and Application server.

6) How to convert logical file in to corresponding physical file path?

Ans:- Using File transaction code.
 The function module ‘FILE_GET_NAME’ can be used to get the logical file path of the
physical file path.
 DATA MIGRATION/CONVERSION

DATA MIGRATION/CONVERSION
1) What are the tools available for data migration in SAP?
Ans: BDC, LSMW, CATT (Computer Aided Test Tool), IDOC (IDOC generally used to migrate data
from the sap system.

->LSMW is basically for standard SAP application while BDC basically for customized application.

2) What are the common steps involved in Data Migration/BDC?

Common steps involved in Data Migration: -
 Record the Screen Flow of the required functional T-code using the T-Code ‘SHDB’.
 Convert the recorded screen Flow into a temporary program.
 Upload the Flat file data from the Legacy System (Local PC /Al11) into an Internal Table.
 Convert the uploaded flat file data within the loop of flat file internal table (gt_flat_file).
 Copy the system generated subroutines which starts with BDC_DYNPRO & BDC-FIELD
from the temporary program & paste them within the loop of Flat file internal table.
  Comment screen default values & pass the flat file data.
 Use any one of the method either session/call transaction to update/migrate the data.
Note: An icon export is used to download the recording into local pc.
An icon read form file is used to generate a program using the given recording file.

3) What is LSMW?
Ans: - Legacy System Migration Workbench .
 It is the system provided tool to migrate or convert the legacy system data.
 The T-Code 'LSMW' is used to work with this tool.
 An icon export is used to download the recording into Local PC.
 An option read from file is used to generate a program using the given recording file.
 ABAP source code can be written by pressing Edit icon that appears beside field name.
4) What are the steps for LSMW?
Ans: There are totally 14 steps in LSMW.

1. Maintain object attributes

2. Maintain source structures
3. Maintain source fields
4. Maintain structure relations
5. Maintain field mapping & conversion rules
6. Maintain fixed values, translations & user-defined routines
7. Specify files
8. Assign files
9. Read data
10. Display read data
11. Convert data
12. Display converted data
13. Create batch input session
14. Run batch input session

5) What are the differences between LSMW and BDC?

LSMW BDC
1. It is the system provided tool. 1. It is the Utility to develop a program.
2. Doesn’t require any programming
knowledge. 2. It requires programming knowledge.
3. The data can be imported in different import
methods such are Batch Input Recording, 3. The data is processed or migrated in Batch
BAPI and IDOC. Input Method only
4. The Field mapping is done automatically by 4. The Field mapping should be done manually by
the System. passing the Flat data.
5. The T-Code SM35 is used to develop BDC
5. The T-Code LSMW is used. program
6. Mostly used for both Huge & small amount
(Master) of data. 6. BDC can be used for Small amount of data only.
7. LSMW is possible only for Standard 7. BDC is possible for either standard/custom
T-Codes T-Codes
SHDB: It is the T-code used to record the screen flow as the T-codes.

6) What is a Batch Input Session?

Ans: In this method transfer data from internal table to database table through sessions.

Session is intermediate step between internal table & database table. Unless session is processed,
the data is not transferred to the database table.

Data along with the action is stored in session i.e. data for screen fields, to which screen it is
passed, program name behind it, and how next screen is processed.

7) Batch Input & Direct Input?

Ans: Direct Input (DI) programs work exactly similar to BI programs. But the only difference is,
instead of processing screens they validate fields and directly load the data into tables using
standard function modules. For this reason, DI programs are much faster (RMDATIND -
Material Master DI program works at least 5 times faster) than the BDC counterpart and so
ideally suited for loading large volume data. DI programs are not available for all application
areas.

8) Is it possible to write an ABAP code in LSMW?

Ans: - Yes, by clicking on the change(pencil) icon that appears beside the recording structure field.

9) Can you set up background processing using CALL TRANSACTION?

Ans: Yes, Using No Screen Mode in 'CALL TRANSACTION'.

10) LSMW can be run in two ways; Foreground and Background

Ans: If you choose Foreground and execute LSMW,

Wherever there is an issue, system will ask you to correct that error and only after you input the
correct data, system will proceed to next data.

If you run in background all errors will be stored and it keeps on continuing till end of the last
record. Once it is completed, you can check how many records are incorrect by selecting the
Analysis tab. You have to correct your records accordingly.

11) What are the Events in LSMW?

Ans: LSMW Events:
1. GLOBAL_DATA: Global Data Definitions & Declarations.
2. BEGIN_OF_PROCESSING: Before the beginning of Data processing.
3. BEGIN_OF_TRANSACTION: Before the beginning of Transaction data processing.
    -BEGIN_OF_RECORD: Before applying the conversion rules for a source structure.
    -END_OF_RECORD: After applying the conversion rules for a source structure.
4. END_OF_TRANSACTION: After finishing Transaction processing.
5. END_OF_PROCESSING: After finishing Data processing.
6. FORM_ROUTINES: In this you can write all the form routine ABAP Routines.
We can see all the above events in ‘Maintain Field Mapping & Conversion Rules’. You can double
click on them & write the code within. If you are not able to see the above LSMW events, then you
have to click on the Layout button and check mark the Processing Times option.

12) What are the Function Modules associated with BDC Session Method?
Ans :- The System provided Functional Modules are

 'BDC_OPEN_GROUP’: It is used to create the session using the T-code SM35.

 'BDC_INSERT’: It is used to insert the flat file data of the structure ‘BDCDATA’ with
transaction into session.
Note: An export parameter “CTUPARMS” is used to handle the screen resolution in case of table
control to process the multiple line items in session method.

 'BDC_CLOSE_GROUP’: It is used to close the opened batch input session.

13) What are the problems in processing batch input sessions? How is batch input process
different
from processing online?

Ans: 1) If the user forgets to opt for keep session then the session will be automatically removed
from the session queue (log remains). However, if session is processed we may delete it
manually.

2) If session processing fails, data will not be transferred to SAP database table.

14) How to Debug LSMW?

Ans: LSMW can be debugged in two ways.
1. By hard coding ‘BREAK-POINT’ in the Code section of ‘Change Field Mapping & Conversion
Rules’.
2. By setting breakpoints in the Display Read Program/ Display Conversion program which are
automatically generated by SAP.
By hard coding ‘BREAK-POINT’ in the Code section of ‘Change Field Mapping and Conversion
Rules’. 
1. Execute the ‘Change Field Mapping and Conversion Rules’ Step.
2. Open the Fields Folder.
3. Double Click on Code option.

4.  Add a new line of code ‘BREAK-POINT'.

By setting breakpoints in the Display Read Program/ Display Conversion Program which are
automatically generated by SAP.
1. In order to set the breakpoints, first we have to enable the check boxes of Display Read Program/
Display Conversion Program in the ‘User Menu’ of LSMW Screen where we execute the steps (Initial
Screen).

2. Now execute the Display Read Program Steps.

3. A Report will be displayed, set the break points at the required places.

4. Execute Read Data Step.

5. As soon as you execute the Read Data Step you will enter the debugging mode.

If you are facing the problem in Converted Data then you can set the Breakpoints in ‘Display
Conversion Program’ after that execute the ‘Convert Data’ Step, you will enter the debugger.

15) How to Transport LSMW Object’s?

You can transport LSMW in several ways.
 File export and import.
 Transport using transport request.
File Export and Import
Go to transaction LSMW in your source client and select the project.
Select "Extras>Export Project" from main menu area.

Select the objects you intend to transport. You can select which recordings; sub-projects you want
to transport by clicking on node area or by selecting "select/deselect" option.

Select "Export" option.

Save.

Now execute transaction LSMW in your target client. 

Select the exported file in the previous step using "Extras>Import Project" menu option.

Transport using Transport Request

You have to attach the project to transport request using menu area "Extras>Generate Transport
Request".

16) What are the fields in BDCMSGCOLL structure?

Ans: BDCMSGCOLL is one structure in DDIC which contains the below fields

Field Description
TCODE BDC Transaction code
DYNAME Screen program name
**DYNUMB Screen number
**MSGTYP Message Type (E/W/I/S….)
**
MSGSPRA Message language.
MSGID Message ID
 MSGNR Message Number

17) What are the fields in BDC DATA structure?

Ans :- It is a structure in DDIC which contains 5 fields.

Field Description
PROGRAM BDC Module pool
DYNPRO BDC Screen number
DYNBEGIN BDC Screen Start
FNAM field Name of the screen
FVAL BDC Field Value(flat file)

18) If BDC is developed in Development system with no data, where do we do the recording?
Ans: We can do the recording in QA system that has data and export the recording from QA system

to notepad and import it into development system's transaction recorder.

19) Which method do you prefer to migrate the data if the method is not mentioned?
Ans: - CALL TRANSACTION. Since it has less error handling facility & fast compared to session.
20) You are given functional specs for a BDC program and you need to decide whether to write a

method call transaction or a session. How u will decide?

Ans: Based on the amount of data (number of records to update), I will decide what method to use.

Ex: If data is less than 10,000 records, I will use call transaction.
If data is more than 5000 records I prefer session method.

21) Can we use call transaction and session method in the same program? Explain?
Ans: Yes, we can call, call transaction and session method in same program, generally we use call
transaction for updating and session method for logging errors in the same program.

22) How to run the Session in Background?

Ans:- The standard report program RSBDCSUB is used to schedule the Batch Input Sessions in
Background. (OR)
We can also SUBMIT the program RSBDCSUB within the BDC session program itself.

23) Can you call a BDC program from report program?

Ans: Yes, we can call a BDC program from a report using SUBMIT key word for standard program

RSBDCSUB.

24) What Is BDCRECCX1?

Ans: In a standard program, Generated from recording which contains all the re-usable
declarations and also the re-usable Subroutine Definitions for all the BDC Programs.

25) How can you PRINT a session log file?

Ans: Execute RSBDCLOG.

26) How to Export the Session?

Ans: From SM35 ---> Utilities ---> Export Session.
27) While Uploading a flat file through BDC Call Transaction, the system (not SAP Server
i.e. the currently working Machine) suddenly get CRASHED. How do i know how many records?
have been updated?
Ans: Even though it is BULK Data Processing but updating the data base is always record by
record only. So, After Calling the Transaction, Maintain the status of the calling transaction
into one custom table including the record details. So that we can know the custom table for
the latest details.

28) After running a BDC program in background, next day morning when you see the results, few

records are not updated (error records). What will you do then?

Ans: We will look into incorrect session, analyze the error screen, and reprocess the session after

correcting the data.

29) While running BDC call transaction method for user defined table, all the records are saved
except the last record. What’s the problem? Can anybody clarify me?
Ans: First analyze the transaction by using SM35 and find the error and reprocess the same from
where the error has occurred.

30) How does you know that updating is successful in BDC?

Ans: Using BDCMSGCOLL we can find out it is success or not
After running the BDC PROGRAM (CREATING BATCH SEESION).

Using SM35 you can proceed batch session, if updating is successfully done then status showing
green tick. if any error over there then it’s showing red tick.

31) What is the syntax to make use of Call Transaction?

Ans: CALL TRANSACTION '<T-CODE>' USING <gt_bdcdata> MODE <A/N/E> UPDATE<S/A>
MESSAGES INTO <GT_BDCMSGCOLL>.

 Here <T-CODE> is the required transaction code through which the flat file data to be
migrated.
 <gt_bdcdata> is an internal table of type “BDCDATA” structure
 <A/N/E> are different data process modes
A = All screens (Foreground)
N = No screens (Background)
E = Error screens (Only error screens will be displayed)
 <S/A> are the different update modes
Synchronous: In this mode, the data is not continuously updated in case of error records, Once the
update is finished, then it continues to process the next record.
Asynchronous: It is used to update the data continuously by skipping the error records.
32) What are the differences between Session Method and Call Transaction Method?

Call Transaction Session

1. The ABAP statement CALL TRANSACTION 1. The standard Function modules
is used. 'BDC_OPEN_GROUP’ - Used to create session,
CALL TRANSACTION <tcode> 'BDC_INSERT' - Used to insert batch input data
   USING <it_bdctab> 'BDC_CLOSE_GROUP' - Used to close session
   MODE  <A/N/E> are used to work with the session method.
   UPDATE  <S/A>
2. The database is updated in both 2. The database is updated in Synchronous
Synchronous and Asynchronous modes. mode (Record by Record) & flat file data is
We can specify the mode in the program. processed Asynchronously.
Flat file data is processed Synchronously.
3. Immediate database updating. 3. After processing the session through SM35
only, the database is updated.
4. The messages/errors are handled explicitly 4. An Error LOG File is generated by the system
using the structure BDCMSGCOLL & the to handle the errors.
function module 'FORMAT_MESSAGE’
5. Call Transaction can process only one 5. Session method can process any no of
transaction at a time. transactions at a time.
6. Call transaction method is faster 6. Session method is slower.
7. We can’t schedule the call transaction in 7. We can schedule the session method in
background. background.
8. This method is used for transferring less 8. This method is used for transferring
amount of data(<10,000 records). transfer huge amount of data.

33) Explain about the Parallel Cursor Method?

This Method is used for better Performance in case of the nested loops (Loop within the loop).

 Read the 2nd internal table (Item table) within the loop of the Base/Main internal table
(gt_header) with the required keys and get the index of the current record.
 Set the loop to the 2nd internal table (ITEM internal table) to process the data from the SET
INDEX (lv_index).
 Use an ‘EXIT’ statement to come out of this 2nd loop for the unmatched records.
SORT: zemployee_basic, zemployee_salary.
LOOP AT zemployee_basic INTO wa_employee_basic.
*Process Header Data
READ TABLE zemployee_salary INTO wa_temp WITH KEY
employee_id = wa_employee_basic-employee_id BINARY SEARCH.
IF SY-SUBRC = 0.
lv_index = SY-TABIX.
LOOP AT zemployee_salary INTO wa_employee_salary FROM lv_index.
IF wa_employee_basic-employee_id <> wa_employee_salary-employee_id.
EXIT. “Comes out of Loop
ENDIF.
*Process Item Data
Write: wa_employee_basic-employee_id, wa_employee_salary-month, wa_employee-salary-amount.
ENDLOOP.

ENDIF.
ENDLOOP.

34) How to handle messages in Call Transaction Method?

 Get the message details such are message type, message number into an internal table
(gt_bdcmsgcoll) of the type BDCMSGCOLL using an addition “…. MESSAGES INTO” with
CALL TRANSACTION statement.
 Set a loop into an internal table (gt_bdcmsgcoll) of the type “BDCMSGCOLL.
  Use any of the function modules “FORMAT_MESSAGE to get the corresponding message
text, since the structure “BDCMSGCOLL” does not have any message text field.
 Display the populated messages with message text either list or ALV.
Note: The standard table ‘T100’ can also be used to populate the message text.

35) How to handle Screen Resolution?

 Declare a structure data variable of the type ‘CTU_PARAMS’.

 Pass the required data such as default size, display mode, update mode etc to the
defined ctu_params structure variable.
 Use the populated structure variable of type ‘ctu_params’ with CALL TRANSACTION
using an addition ‘OPTIONS’.

36) How to handle Table Control in BDC?

Ans: Table control is used to migrate/update the multiple records(line items) in BDC.

 Press Page Down in the table control to record the function code for page down.
 The next item no is the 1st item no when the Page Down is pressed.
 Record the Screen flow with line items using the T-Code “SHDB”.
 Convert the recording into a program using the button program.
 Make the changes in the original main program like,
 Upload the flat file data which contains both Header & Item data.
 Split the uploaded Flat file data into the Header and Item tables, using
the Control Break Statements.
 Set a loop to Header internal table then process the Header related data by copy & paste
the system generated header related sub-routines from the temporary recording program
 Set a loop to Item table data to process the multiple line items.
 Make the Item number as dynamic by concatenating the screen field name with the
screen number.'
 Use the function code “P+” to handle page down in table control.
 Use any one of methods with BDC_INSERT(Session) or CALL TRANSACTION to migrate
the data from internal table GT_BDCDATA.
Note: The Header & Item data can be processed separately using the control break statements
without splitting the flat file data.

 The control break statements can also be used to process Header & Item data separately by
avoiding nested loops.
 ENHANCEMENTS

Enhancements
1) What are Enhancements and what are the different techniques and explain them?
Ans: Enhancements are used to add some additional customer specific functionality to the
standard applications/programs.
  Customer Exits: These are the Function Modules available in most of the functional areas
such as SD, MM, FICO etc. They are used to add the additional functionalities in the standard
applications/programs without using access key to break them. The access key is the unique
key provided by the BASIS consultant to break the standard applications. The application
will become custom development once they are broken.
 Field Exits: These are used to change the field labels of the standard data elements.
 Function Exits: These are used to add the additional functionality to the standard programs
without breaking them. Each Function Exit contain a custom include program which starts
with Z* to implement the customer specific additional business logic. The Function Exit is
the 3-digit no which is called using the ABAP statement CALL CUSTOMER_FUNCTION.
 Menu Exits: These are used to add the custom specific menu items & corresponding
additional functionality based on the selected menu item.
 Screen Exits: These are used to add the additional screen elements & the corresponding
additional functionality to the standard screens/transaction.
 T-Code SMOD: It is used to find the customer exits of the standard package.
 T-code CMOD: It is used to assign an enhancement/exit to project.
 User Exits: These are the Sub-routines which start with USEREXIT_* & these are defined in
the standard Include programs. They are mostly used in SD functional area. The Access key
is required to break the standard Include programs of the User Exits for the first time. The T-
code SPRO is used to find the User Exits.
 BTE (Business Transaction Events): These are the Source code plug-ins to add an additional
functionality in the standard program.
 T-code BERE: It is used to find the BTE’s.
 T-code FIBF: It is used to work with BTE’s.
 Enhancement Framework: The enhancement framework is advanced to user exits for adding
an additional functionality without breaking the standard programs. It is used to attach/hook
the source code plug-ins such as enhancement section or enhancement points in the
standard programs.
 In User-exits we write code only in the form routines (i.e. in Form...End Form). and
When we go for upgrade the versions, we again need to change the code in the user-exit
which we written in previous versions but with Enhancement Framework there is not much
code change is required when we go for upgrades.
 BADI: These are new enhancement technique to add the additional customer specific
business logic to the standard programs.

2) What are the ways to find the Exits?

I. Using the Package name of the applications

II. Using the T-code SE84
 Find the package name of the required T-code.
  Execute the T-code SE84.
 Expand Enhancement folder
 Double click on enhancements
 Enter the required package name/Exit name
 Click on execute icon
III. Using the Find function in standard programs.
IV. Using the standard Tables MODSAP & MODACT

3) What are the types of Enhancement Framework?

 It is an advanced enhancements concept introduced from the version ECC6.
 It is used to attach/hook the source code plug-ins such as enhancements section or
enhancement points in the standard programs.
1. Implicit Enhancement Section: They are provided implicitly at the particular locations by
SAP. They are mostly presented at the beginning & end of the sub routines
(FORM-ENDFORM), beginning & end of the function modules, beginning & end of the
programs.
2. Explicit Enhancement Section: They are pre coded by SAP & provided at the specific
location in the standard programs. There are 2 types of Explicit Enhancement.
 Enhancement-Section: It is used to replace a set of statements with custom code. If you
return the code using Enhancement Section, only your custom code will be executed by
replacing standard code & standard code will not be executed. The ABAP statement
ENHANCEMENT-SECTION is used to specify the Enhancement Sections.
 Enhancement-Point: Enhancement Point is one which can be provided at a specific place.
If you have written code using enhancement point your custom code will be executed
along with the standard code.

4) What are the differences between Customer Exits and User Exits?

Customer Exits User Exit

1. These are the Function modules 1.These are the subroutines
2. The Customer Exit have different type such as 2.User Exit do not have different types
 function exit, menu exit, screen exit & field exit
3. These are available under most of the 3.These are mostly available in SD functional
functional areas such as SD, MM, FI etc. Area
4.Access key is not required to add the additional 4.Access key is required to break the standard
functionality since Customer exits are program since User Exits are Implemented as
Implemented as Function Modules within Z subroutines within includes (any include
includes. Anybody can change it except y or z includes). 
5.The Customer Exits are called using 5. The User Exit starts with USEREXITS
CALLCUSTOMER_Functions (subroutines in standard include)
6. The global data can’t be accessed but the 6. The global data can be accessed.
parameters IMPORT & TABLES can be accessed
7. To activate a function exit, you need to create a 7. User Exit will be activated automatically
project in CMOD and activate the project. whenever you activate the application
(program).

5) What are the types & sub types of BADIs and explain about them?

Ans: It is used to add the additional customer specific business logic to the standard programs.
1. Classic/Old BADI: These are mostly used in the functional areas like SD, MM, FI/CO. The
standard method “GET_INSTANCE” of the standard class “CL_EXIT_HANDLER” is used to
work with the classic BADI’s.
2. Kernel/New BADI: The ABAP statements “GET BADI & CALL BADI” are used to work with
New BADI’s. It is faster than Classical BADI’s.
GET BADI: This statement is used to generate a New BADI object & sets the BADI
reference to the objects in the BADI reference variables.
CALL BADI: This statement is used to call the Methods of the New BADI’s.
Subtypes:

a. Single use BADI: The single use BADI can’t be implemented for multiple times. This BADI
can have only one implementation.
b. Multiple use BADI: The multiple use BADI’s can be implemented for the multiple times.
c. Filter Dependent BADI: It is used to control the BADI implementation based on the
specified filter value. The system generates an Import parameter ‘FLT_VAL’ to pass the
filter values for controlling the business logic of the BADI implementation.
 Interface: It is a separate structure which can be used to extend the scope of a
class.

6) What are the differences between Exits and BADIs?

Exits BADIs
1. They are procedural ABAP based, so it takes 1. They are Object Oriented ABAP based, so it
some extra time to enhance the program. takes very less time to enhance the existing
functionality.
 2. It is not possible to assign an Exit to more 2. The multiple use BADI can be implemented
than one project for multiple times
3. The Filter values can’t be set to the Exits 3. The Filter values can be set for Filter
Dependent BADI’s
4. The T-codes SMOD & CMOD are used 4. The T-codes SE18 & SE19 are used

7) What are the ways to find BADIs?

 Most of the Standard BADI’s are classic BADI’s.

 They are used to add the additional customer specific functionality/business logic to the
standard programs/T-codes.
 There are 4 ways to find the BADI’s
I. Using the standard class CL_EXITHANDLER
 Execute the T-code: SE24 to maintain the global class.
 Enter the standard class name CL_EXITHANDLER
 Click on display button.
 Double click on the method GET_INSTANCE
 Set a session break point on the method GET_CLASS_NAME_BY_INTERFACE
 Execute the required functional T-code in separate session Ex: MM02
 Perform the required action Ex: save material
 Double click on a passing parameter (EXT_NAME) to list out the corresponding
BADI. Ex: BADI_MATERAIL_CHECK
II. Using the T-code SE84
III. Using the T-code ST05 (SQL Tracer)
IV. Using the T-code SPRO
8) What are the Transaction Codes associated with BADIs?
T-code SE18 & SE19: are used to work with the BADI’s

T-code SE18: used to define the BADI’s

T-code SE19: used to implement the BADI’s
9) What are the statements not be used in Exits and BADIs?
Ans: The ABAP statements COMMIT work & ROLLBACK work should not be used in EXITS.
The ABAP statements STOP & EXIT are also not advisable.

 COMMIT Work: This statement is used to make changes in database permanently & complete
current SAP LUW.
 ROLLBACK WORK: This statement is used to terminate current SAP LUW without making
changes in databases.

10) What are the differences between Classic (Old) BADI and Kernel (New) BADI?

Ans :-
Classic or Old BADI Kernel or New BADI
1. The standard method GET_INSTANCE of the 1. The ABAP statements GET BADI & CALL
standard class CL_EXIT_HANDLER is used to call BADI are used to work with New BADI’s.
2. An interface of a BADI referred to create the 2. The definition of a BADI is referred to create
 Reference object the Reference object
3. It is not faster because by using 3. It is faster because by using GET_BADI key
cl_exithandler~get_instance we will instantiate word we will instantiate the object for the BADI

the object for the BADI

4. It can be a multiple use BADI 4. It must be a single use BADI
5. The Fall back class can’t be defined. If there is 5. The Fall back class can be defined. It will
no active implementation present in BADI, by avoid the program from Dumping if there is
default this class implementation will be trigger no active implementation present in the class
6. It can be a Filter Dependent BADI 6. It is not possible to maintain the Filter values

11) What is FALL BACK class in BADI?

Ans: If a BADI doesn’t have any active implementations, the program goes to run time error.
The Fall back classes are used to call the default methods in case of a BADI doesn’t have
any active Implementations.
 The exceptions can also be raised to avoid such kind of errors.
12) What are the Enhancement Spots?

 The enhancement spots are used to manage explicit enhancement options that means you
can add your code in standard ABAP code without need of access key, which implies that
the standard code is not disturbed.
 Enhancement spots specify the places where we can add our code in standard SAP.
 Each enhancement spot element definition must be assigned to at least one enhancement
spot.
 Enhancement spots carry information about the positions at which enhancement options
were created. One enhancement spot can manage several enhancement options of a
Repository object. Conversely, several enhancement spots can be assigned to one
enhancement option.

13) What are the steps to insert the Enhancement Spot and work?

 Implicit enhancement Spots are available in every program on some predefined spots as a
begin of FM, end of FM, begin of some event and so on. It means that you can easily modify
any program, FM, subroutine with some limitations.

 If you want to see all implicit spots in program,

go to SE80 -> Edit -> Enhancement Operations -> Show Implicit Enhancement Options
Cross Applications/Interfaces
(RFC, BAPI, IDOC)

Cross Applications (RFC, BAPI, IDOC)

1. What is the Cross Application/Interfaces concept?

Ans: This concept is used to distribute the data between SAP to SAP systems
(SAP R/3 <-> SAP CRM) & SAP to Non-SAP systems (SAP <-> .NET, JAVA)
2) What is Remote Function Call (RFC) & types of RFC’s?
Ans:
 It is a SAP specific protocol to provide communication between different systems.
 It is the process of calling Function modules from another system.
 SAP Uses CPIC (Common Programming Interface for Communication) Protocol to transfer
data between Systems.
Types:

1. Synchronous RFC: In case of this RFC both the Sender/Source and Receiver/Target
systems should be available while distributing the data. The next part of calling program isn’t
continued until call function is completed.  The calling program continues the execution only

after the called function is complete.

2. Asynchronous RFC: In case of this RFC both the Sender/Source and Receiver/Target
systems should not be available while distributing the data. The next part of calling program
is continued without completing call function. The calling program continues the execution
without waiting for return from the called function.
3. Transactional RFC (TRFC): It is almost similar to Asynchronous RFC. The Transactional
RFC is executed only once in an RFC server & save the corresponding data under unique
transaction ID in the Database.
4. Queued RFC: In case of this RFC the multiple transactional RFC’s are serialized in the
sequence using the Function module ‘TRFC_SET_QUEUE_NAME’.
 An additional statement ‘Destination’ is used while calling Remote Enabled Functions.

3) How to Debug RFC Function module?

Ans:

 SE38 -> Utilities -> Settings -> ABAP Editor -> Debugging activate the external debugging
and choose the New Debugger option in ABAP debugger.
 Go to the particular place in the code and put break point, pop will appear then choose the
HTTP break point.
 If you are triggering the RFC from SAP portal make sure that both the user ID should be
same If the users are different then provide the XI/Portal User ID in the user’s field.

4) How do you connect to the remote server if you are working from the office for the client in
remote place?
Ans: WAS web application server or ITS (Internet Transaction Server) are generally used for this
purpose. If you are sitting at your office with a server which is in the system and the other server is
at the clients place you can generate IDOC, intermediate documents which carry the data you want
to transfer or the documents you want to transfer, these IDOC are interpreted by the system at the
receiving end with the message class with which it is bound with. If you want to logon a system
which is very distant, then remote login can be used this depends on the internet speed.

5) What are the steps to work with Remote Enabled Function/maintain RFC connection?

Ans: An additional statement ‘Destination’ is used while calling remote enabled functions.

1. Define RFC Destination: 2. Creation of Remote Enabled Function: SE80

 Execute the T-Code: SM59

  Select the required RFC connection such as ABAP connections/Type 3 connections.
 Click on create icon
 Enter RFC destination name & Description: SAP R/3 to SAP CRM
 Enter the target application server name/address in the target host field: CRM system
 Enter the target system number Ex: 33
 Click on “Logon & Security” tab
 Enter the logon credentials of the Receiver/Target system

Note: The check box Current user can be checked to make use of the same User name & password
for the target system

 Click on save icon & click on yes button

 Click on ‘Connection Test’ button to test RFC destination
 Click on ‘Remote Logon’ button to test the remote connection

6) How to make Destination (system-id) as dynamic?

Ans: IF Sy-sysid EQ ‘CMD.

<gv_dest> = ‘R3D’.

ELSEIF Sy-sysid EQ ‘CMQ.

<gv_dest> = ‘R3Q’.

ELSE Sy-sysid EQ ‘CMP.

<gv_dest> = ‘R3P’.

*Call RFC

CALL FUNCTION ‘ZRFC/RFC’

DESTINATION <gv_dest> “R3D

7) What are the ways to find Standard BAPIs?

Ans :- There are 2 ways to find BAPI.

 Using the T-code: BAPI
 Using the T-code: SE37

8) What are the differences between RFC and BAPI?

RFC BAPI
1. The T-code SE37 can be used to find RFC’s. 1. The T-code BAPI &SE37 can be used to find the

BAPI.
2. There are no standard Remote Enabled 2. Some of the standard BAPI’s can be used to
Functions to migrate the data. migrate the data from Legacy system.
3. RFC doesn’t generate any methods. They 3. BAPI generates the unique method in BOR to
can’t be used in all 3rd party systems such as use in the external system directly. You create
VB, JAVA etc. business objects and those are then registered
in your BOR which can be accessed outside
the SAP system by using some other
applications (Non-SAP) such as VB or JAVA
4. RFC is used to transfer data from one SAP 4. BAPI is used to transfer data from SAP to SAP
system to another SAP system. and SAP to Non-SAP.
5. RFC doesn’t not have any return parameter 5. BAPI have return parameter, it contains
to handle the Errors. Success and Error messages

Standard BAPI’s are GetList (), GetDetail(), GetStatus() , ExistenceCheck() used for Reading Data.
Note: Both RFC & BAPI are Remote Enabled Functions & the T-Code SWO1 – Object Repository is
used to place the BAPI-RFC in BOR (Business Object Repository)

9) What are the steps involved in creating Custom BAPI?

Ans:1. Create the BAPI structure (SE11) starts with ZBAPI*.

2. Create the BAPI function module (SE37) starts with ZBAPI* which is
a) Remote Enabled
b) All parameters are pass by value
c) Must contain Return parameter
3. Create method & object for the BAPI remote enabled function in BOR using the T-code ‘SWO1’
4. Generate, implement & release the created BAPI to the outside using the T-code - ‘SQO1’.
10) How to find/check the Standard BAPIs?

Ans :- 1. Execute the T-code BAPI

2. Expand the required Hierarchy. Ex: Sales & Distribution etc
3. Expand the required sub-functional area. Ex: Sales/Billing etc
4. Double click on the required BAPI
 Corresponding BAPI details such as method name, business object name, BAPI
function module & etc. are displayed under details tab
 The tab Documentation is used to know more details about the BAPI’s (standard)
 The tab Alphabetic can also be used to find the BAPI’s in the alphabetical order
5. Click on back
11) What are the steps to work with standard BAPI?
Ans:
 Upload the flat file data from legacy system into an internal table.
 Validate the flat file data by setting a loop to flat file internal table.
 Convert the flat file data into BAPI compatible Work area’s/internal tables with in the loop of
the flat file internal table.
  Call the BAPI function module & pass the BAPI internal tables to migrate the flat file data.
 Display the messages in case of internal tables (Return table gt_return) is filled.

12) How to handle exceptions in RFCs and BAPIs?

Ans :- You can handle the exceptions by using a structure BAPIE1RET2 which returns the
messages captured in BAPI. In Tables parameter of your BAPI, you can create a structure as
of type BAPIE1RET2 so that you can capture the ‘RETURN’ parameters from BAPI.
Note:
 The Pattern functions can’t be used to call Remote Enabled Functions/BAPI’s in the
Destination/Target system.
 The Remote Enabled Functions can be used as Normal Function Module, but Normal
Function Module can’t be used as Remote Enabled Function.
 The External break points can be used to debug cross application components such as
RFC, BAPI across the system.
 Exceptions are not raised in the 3rd party system. Hence, we have to maintain RETURN
parameters to hold.
13) How to handle error messages in standard BAPI’s?
Ans:
1. Get all the message details into a written table of the type BAPIRET such as Message ID,
Message type, Message variable etc.
2. Use the standard function modules,
 MESSAGE_INITIALIZE (Initialize messages),
 MESSAGE_STORE (To store messages) &
 MESSAGES_SHOW (To display messages in the Dialog box/Model dialog)

14) What is Extended BAPI?

Ans:
 Standard BAPI’s can be extended to add the customer specific additional field.
 Standard BAPI contains table’s parameter EXTENSIONIN, EXTENSIONOUT in case they are
extended BAPI’s.
 BAPI extensionin is used to update custom fields of a table (ex: MARA).
 BAPI extensionout is used to retrieve custom fields of a table.

15) What are the differences between BDC and BAPI?

BDC BAPI
1.BDC’s are used to upload the data from flat 1. BAPI’s are used to upload the data from
file to SAP system via screens hence it is the flat file to SAP system directly hence it
slower. is faster.
2. BDC will process a Transaction to update the 2. BAPI will not process screens to update
screens using Session or Call transaction the data. It will update the Database Tables
Method directly
3. BDCs would be preferred for large volumes of 3. BAPI would generally use for small data
data upload since background processing uploads.
option is available.

4. In BDC, recording is required 4. In BAPI, recording is not required

5. Errors can be processed in SM35 for 5. BAPI never cause to terminate the program.
session method and in the batch input Whenever an error occurred in the BAPI, it
program for Call Transaction method. returns those errors through Return
parameter. This parameter returns exception
messages or success messages to the
calling program.
6. Background and Foreground processing 6. No such processing options are available in
options are available for BDC. BAPI.

16) What are Authorization Objects?

Ans:

 These are used to protect/prevent user access to the data & T-codes/Tables.
 The authorization objects are maintained by BASIS consultants.
 The T-code: SU24 is used to find authorization objects in the system.
 The ABAP statement ‘AUTHORITY_CHECK’ or the standard Function Modules
‘AUTHORITY_CHECK*…’ are used to check the authorizations.

17) What is ALE & EDI?

 ALE stands for Application Link Enabling. It is used to distribute the data between two
different SAP systems/Servers.
 EDI stands for Electronic Data Interchange. It is used to distribute the data between SAP &
non-SAP systems/servers.
18) What is an IDOC?

 IDOC stands for Intermediate Document.

 IDOC is the collection of segments & each segment is the collection of fields.
 IDOC is the carrier to carry the data between the distributed systems in electronic form
without user interaction.

19) What is an IDOC Structure?

Ans: Each IDOC has 3 records
I. Control Record:
 It contains IDOC type & Message type information, Partner information such as partner
system number, Port number of the sender & receiver system.
  It is also containing technical & address information of sender & recipients.

II. Data Record:

 These are collection of segments. The data record of an IDOC contains segment.
 Segment is collection of fields which can be distributed the data between the systems.

III. Status record:

 It contains the status of the processed IDOC to know where an IDOC has been
successful/failed.
 The standard table EDIDC contains an IDOC information such as control records, different
statuses etc.

Note:

 The Sender/Source system is also called as ‘Outbound system’.

 The Receiver/Target system is also called as ‘Inbound system’.
 The T-code ‘WE30’ is used to maintain different types of IDOC’s such as Basic IDOC,
Extended IDOC.
 The T-codes WE02/WE05 are used to list out the generated IDOC’s.
 The T-code ‘WE19’ is used to test/check the IDOC.

Custom Segments:

 The custom segments are starts with Z*/Y* & they are maintained by technical & functional
consultants

Standard Segment:

 These are system provided segments

 The T-code: WE31 is used to maintain the segments

Message Types:

 These are identifiers of the application data to be distributed between the systems
 The T-code WE81 is used to create & WE82 is to assign the message types to the IDOC (Data
carrier)
 The standard table EDIDC contains all available message type

System provided standard message types.

Message Type Description

MATMAS Material Master
DEBMAS Customer Master
CREMAS Vendor Master

Partner Profiles:

 These are used to maintain the partner system details with which data to be distributed such
as partner number, Partner type & Message type of outbound parameters.
 The T-code WE20 is used to maintain partner profiles
Ports:

 These are used to specify the way in which data to be distributed through an IDOC
 The system generates one unique port number
 The T-code WE21 is used to maintain ports for IDOC process

Customer Distribution Model:

 It is used to define data distribution model to exchange the messages between two logical
systems (SAP – SAP/SAP – Non-SAP)
 The T-code BD64 is used to define/maintain customer distribution model

Process codes;

 It is used to identify type of the data to be distributed through an IDOC interface.

 The T-code WE41/WE42 is used to work with the process code

20) What are the Transaction Codes/Reports to send/generate and receive the data to IDOCs?
T-code Description
BD10 Send Material
BD11 Get Material
BD12 Send Customer
BD13 Get Customer
BD14 Send Vendor
BD15 Get Vendor
BD16 Send Cost center
BD17 Get Cost center
BD87 Reprocess IDOC

21) How to check the IDOCs?

Ans: - WE19 is the T-code to check the IDOC’s.
1. Execute WE02/WE05
2. Provide the Message type: CREMAS (Logical Sys), Partner no: LS810 & Click on Execute
3. After we get the status code 03, if we want to know the IDOC is reached to destination or
not then we execute RBDMOIND standard program.
4. The status of an IDOC (3) use in Green color (turn 10 to12) means it is delivered
Successfully. Yellow traffic light indicates/the status code remains same, IDOC is in
Progress or in the Transaction RFC & Red traffic light/the status code turns 10 to 11
indicates the Error/the IDOC is damaged.
5. Expand the Data Records folder & click on each segment to see the data to be distributed.
22) What are the Transaction Codes associated with ALE, IDOCs?
T-code Description
SALE Basic configuration of ALE/IDOC
WE30 Maintain (create & display) IDOC’s
WE31 Maintain (create & display) Segments
WE20 Maintain partner profiles
WE21 Maintain ports in IDOC processing
 WE41 Maintain process codes (Outbound system)
WE42 Maintain process codes (Inbound system)
WE81 Maintain Logical Message Types
WE82 Assign message type to IDOC type
NACE Maintain output type
 Most of the T-codes which are related to ALE/IDOC starts with WE* & BD*.
 The T-code WE30 is used to create & display the different types of IDOC’s such as Basic
IDOC & Extended IDOC.
 The T-Code WE05/WE02 is used to list out the IDOC.
 The T-code WE19 is used to check the IDOC.
23) What is the Transaction Code to create/maintain the segments?
Ans: - The T-code WE31 is used to create & display the segments.
24) What is the Transaction Code to create a Custom IDOC?
Ans: - Create Segment (WE31)
Create Idoc Type (WE30)
Create Message Type (WE81)
Assign Idoc Type to Message Type (WE82)
25) What are the Partner profiles and its Transaction Codes?
Ans: - Partner profiles are maintained/created to specify the partner details (system) to which the
data to be transmitted. The T-code WE20 is used to create the partner profile.
26) What are the Message Types and the Transaction Code?
 The message type is the data identifier of an application.
 The control record of an IDOC contains the Message Type.
 The T-code WE81 is used to Create & WE82 is to assign the Message Type to the IDOCS.
27) How to add Segments to an Existing IDOC?
 You can do that using WE30 and WE31.WE30 you can create extension to the existing Idoc
type and WE31 you can add the fields to the sub segment. So first develop the segment
using WE31.you need to create the extension first & then add it to the segment which ever
you want using WE30 with extension option.
 Here you have to create enhanced idoc type. In we31 create the segment type as per your
requirement and go to we30 and create enhanced Idoc type by copying the standard Idoc.
After that you will select the segment under which you want to add the new segment and
press create button on the application tool bar and give the details of your new segment and
save it.
28) What are the advantages of ALE, IDOCs and EDI?
 The data is distributed between the systems in electronic form without user interaction.
 It reduces the data errors, manpower & paperwork.
 It is used to distribute the data between SAP & NON-SAP systems.
29) How to reprocess error IDOC's?
Ans: We can reprocess error IDOC's (status 51) using program RBDAGAIN.

30) How to reprocess edited IDOC’s?

Ans: We can reprocess edited IDOC's using program RBDAGAIE (SE38 program).
31) How do we generate IDOC in SAP?
Ans: The function module MASTER_IDOC_DISTRIBUTE is used to generate the IDOC in the custom
report.

32) What are the steps need to setup before creating an IDoc?
Ans: Communication Settings:

1) Create and Assigning Logical Systems -- SALE

2) Maintain RFC destination -- SM59

3) Maintain TRFC Port -- WE21

(Above configuration required irrespective of sending or receiving an IDOC).

Mandatory Outbound Configuration:

Maintain Distribution Model -- BD64

Maintain Partner Profile -- WE20

33) How do you get output from IDOC?

Ans: Data in IDOC is stored in segments; the output from IDOC is obtained by reading the data
stored in its respective segments.

34) Requirement: All the student’s data will be created in 800 client and same will be send to 810
client using IDOCS.

Steps to be done in 800 client

Login to 800 client and do following.

1. Create a table (client dependent) : SE11

2. Create segments : WE31
3. Create IDOC type : WE30
4. Create message type : WE81
5. Assign message type to IDOC type : WE82
 6. Define logical system : SALE
7. Assign logical system to client.
8. Create RFC destination : SM59
9. Create port : WE21
10. Check partner profiles : WE20
11. Create outbound program.

Steps to be done in 810(Target System) client.

1. Create a table (client dependent).

2. Create segments.
3. Create IDOC type.
4. Create message type.
5. Assign message type to IDOC type.
6. Define logical system.
7. Assign logical system to client.
8. Create inbound function module SE37.
9. Register function module characteristics.
10. Assign function module to message and IDOC type.
11. Create process code WE42.
12. Check partner profiles for inbound.

1. Create a table (client dependent). – SE11 : ZSTUDENT and click on create

2. Create segments. - WE31 : provide segment as ZSTUDENT and click on create

Go to t-code WE31, provide as segment ZSTUDENT and click on create.

Just click enter if you find any information message and add fields as below.

Save it in a local object.

3. Create IDOC type. Go to WE30, provide name as ZSTUDENT and click on create

Provide description and press enter.

 Select ZSTUDENT and click on create.

Provide a segment name (which we have created in step2), maximum and minimum numbers & enter.

Save it in a local object.

4. Create message type. Go to t-code WE81 and click on change icon.

Provide message type as ZSTUDENT and description.

5. Assign message type to IDOC type. Go to t-code WE82, click on change and click on new
entries.
Provide message type, IDOC type and release as below.

Save it in a transport request.

6. Define logical system.

This is the most confusing step in ALE configurations, try to understand carefully.
What is logical system?
'Logical system' is used to identify an individual client in a system, for ALE communication
between SAP systems. That's why you see a field for ‘logical system’ in the client master
data in SCC4 (table T000). You use logical systems in ALE configuration - this should be
documented further in the IMG guide, or SALE transaction.
 Before creating a logical system please follows below steps.

 In a blind way logical system assigned in target system client (in our example 810 client)
Should be in logical system definition in source client.

Step1: Go to target system (In our example 810 client).

(Get logical system from t-code SALE ->Basic Settings ->Logical Systems -> assign logical system
to client -> 810 (double click and copy logical system)).

Step2: Go to SALE.
Expand basic settings -> define logical system.

Check for logical system existence (which we get from 810 client) if it is there, no need to add, if it is
not there add it.

7. Assign logical system to client. For now skip this.

8. Create RFC destination.

Go to T-code SM59, select ABAP connections and click on create.

 Provide RFC destination, description, hostname and system number.

Click on logon and security tab, provide client, user name, password and save.

Click on connection test to test connection.

Click on remote logon to logon to remote client (you will go to 810 client).

Step9: Create PORT in WE21.

Go to t-code WE21, select transactional RFC and click on create.

Select generate port name and enter.

Provide RFC destination, which we created in step8.

Save.
10. Check partner profiles in WE20.

Go to WE20, expand partner type logical system and search for logical system (Get logical
system from t-code SALE ->Basic Settings ->Logical Systems -> assign logical system to client ->
810 (double click and copy logical system)).
 If logical system is already available in partner profiles in WE20, we don`t need to create partner
profile again instead we will add message type at out bound parameters level. In my case, logical
system is already available in partner profiles so I will add ZSTUDENT message type to it. To add
message type, select logical system, click on add icon (see below image).

Provide message type, receiver port (which we have created in step9), select transfer IDOC
immediately, basic type and save.

If logical system is not available in partner profile in WE20, select partner type logical system and
click on create.

Provide partner no as T90CLNT810 (Get logical system from t-code SALE ->Basic Settings ->
Logical Systems -> assign logical system to client -> 810 (double click and copy logical system).
Save and add message type at out bound partner level.
Steps to be done in 810 (Target System) clients.
Continue 1 to 7 steps as same as 800 client.

1. Create a table (client dependent).

2. Create segments.
3. Create IDOC type.
4. Create message type.
5. Assign message type to IDOC type.
6. Define logical system.
7. Assign logical system to client.
8. Create inbound function module SE37.

Every inbound IDOC will have process code, every process code is associated with a inbound process
Ex: Function Module or Work Flow Task.

Follow below steps to create inbound function module.

1. Create a function group in SE80.

2. Copy Function module IDOC_INPUT_MATMAS01.
 3. Add your own code.

Step1: Go to SE80, select function group, provide a name ZSTUDENT_IDOC, and enter.

Save and activate function group.

Step2: Go to SE37, provide function module name as IDOC_INPUT_MATMAS01, click on copy, provide
function module name as function group and enter.

Step3: Add your own code in function module. Go to Se37, provide name as
ZSAPN_IDOC_INPUT_STUDENT, and click on change. Remove all code and add below code.

FUNCTION ZSAPN_IDOC_INPUT_STUDENT.
*"----------------------------------------------------------------------
*"*"Local Interface:
*" IMPORTING
*" VALUE(INPUT_METHOD) LIKE BDWFAP_PAR-INPUTMETHD
*" VALUE(MASS_PROCESSING) LIKE BDWFAP_PAR-MASS_PROC
*" VALUE(NO_APPLICATION_LOG) LIKE SY-DATAR OPTIONAL
*" VALUE(MASSSAVEINFOS) LIKE MASSSAVINF STRUCTURE MASSSAVINF
*" OPTIONAL
*" VALUE(KZ_TEST) LIKE MDAT1-KZ_TEST DEFAULT SPACE
*" VALUE(ONLY_MAPPING) LIKE MDAT1-KZ_TEST DEFAULT SPACE
*" EXPORTING
*" VALUE(WORKFLOW_RESULT) LIKE BDWF_PARAM-RESULT
*" VALUE(APPLICATION_VARIABLE) LIKE BDWF_PARAM-APPL_VAR
*" VALUE(IN_UPDATE_TASK) LIKE BDWFAP_PAR-UPDATETASK
*" VALUE(CALL_TRANSACTION_DONE) LIKE BDWFAP_PAR-CALLTRANS
*" TABLES
*" IDOC_CONTRL STRUCTURE EDIDC
*" IDOC_DATA STRUCTURE EDIDD
*" IDOC_STATUS STRUCTURE BDIDOCSTAT
*" RETURN_VARIABLES STRUCTURE BDWFRETVAR
*" SERIALIZATION_INFO STRUCTURE BDI_SER
*" EXCEPTIONS
*" WRONG_FUNCTION_CALLED
*"----------------------------------------------------------------------
SORT IDOC_DATA BY DOCNUM.
SORT IDOC_CONTRL BY DOCNUM.
DATA : T_EDIDD TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF EDIDD, "Data Record
T_EDIDC TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF EDIDC, "Control Record
T_EDIDS TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF BDIDOCSTAT. "Status Record
*----------*Global Work Area Declarations *------------------------*
DATA : W_EDIDC LIKE EDIDC,
W_EDIDD TYPE EDIDD,
W_EDIDS TYPE BDIDOCSTAT.
DATA: W_IDOC_DATA TYPE EDIDD.
DATA : L_INDX TYPE SYTABIX.
DATA: IT_STUDENT TYPE TABLE OF ZSTUDENT.
DATA : WA_STUDENT TYPE ZSTUDENT.
DATA : ERROR_MESSAGE TYPE STRING.
DATA : T_STUDENTS TYPE TABLE OF ZSTUDENTS.
DATA : W_STUDENTS TYPE ZSTUDENTS.
DATA : ERROR_FLG TYPE CHAR1.
* Go through all IDocs
LOOP AT IDOC_CONTRL.
CLEAR W_EDIDC.
W_EDIDC = IDOC_CONTRL.
READ TABLE IDOC_DATA INTO W_IDOC_DATA WITH KEY DOCNUM = IDOC_CONTRL-DOCNUM BINARY SEARCH.
IF SY-SUBRC = 0.
L_INDX = SY-TABIX.
LOOP AT IDOC_DATA FROM L_INDX.
IF IDOC_DATA-DOCNUM = IDOC_CONTRL-DOCNUM.
APPEND IDOC_DATA TO T_EDIDD.
CLEAR IDOC_DATA.
ELSE.
RETURN.
ENDIF.
ENDLOOP.
ELSE.
 CONTINUE.
ENDIF.
SORT T_EDIDD.

CLEAR W_EDIDD.
LOOP AT T_EDIDD INTO W_EDIDD.
IF W_EDIDD-SEGNAM = 'ZSTUDENT'.
CLEAR WA_STUDENT.
WA_STUDENT = W_EDIDD-SDATA.
IF WA_STUDENT IS NOT INITIAL.
APPEND WA_STUDENT TO IT_STUDENT.
ENDIF.
CONTINUE.
ENDIF.
ENDLOOP.
IF IT_STUDENT IS NOT INITIAL. "if data is there in segement
LOOP AT IT_STUDENT INTO WA_STUDENT.
MOVE-CORRESPONDING WA_STUDENT TO W_STUDENTS.
MODIFY ZSTUDENTS FROM W_STUDENTS. "update data base table
IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
ERROR_FLG = 'X'.
ERROR_MESSAGE = 'Error occured in updating ZSTUDENT table'.
ENDIF.
ENDLOOP.
ENDIF.
IF ERROR_FLG = 'X'. "add error status to IDOC
IDOC_STATUS-STATUS = '51'.
IDOC_STATUS-DOCNUM = W_EDIDC-DOCNUM.
IDOC_STATUS-MSGTY = 'E'.
IDOC_STATUS-MSGID = '00'.
IDOC_STATUS-MSGNO = '398'.
IDOC_STATUS-MSGV1 = ERROR_MESSAGE+0(25). "t_return_ecm-message
IDOC_STATUS-MSGV2 = ERROR_MESSAGE+25(25).
IDOC_STATUS-MSGV3 = ERROR_MESSAGE+50(25).
IDOC_STATUS-MSGV4 = ERROR_MESSAGE+75(25).
CLEAR ERROR_MESSAGE.
APPEND IDOC_STATUS TO IDOC_STATUS .
CLEAR IDOC_STATUS .
 else. "add success status to IDOC
IDOC_STATUS-STATUS = '53'.
IDOC_STATUS-DOCNUM = W_EDIDC-DOCNUM.
APPEND IDOC_STATUS TO IDOC_STATUS .
CLEAR IDOC_STATUS .
ENDIF.
ENDLOOP.
ENDFUNCTION.

Save and activate.

9. Register function module characteristics.

Go to BD51, click on change and click on new entries.

IMP Note: If you don`t find change icon or if you find a message like ‘You are not allowed
to cross client customization’ log on to 800 client and do this step.
Add an entry as below.

Save it in a transport request.

10. Assign function module to message and IDOC type.

Go to WE57, click on change and new entries.

IMP Note: If you don`t find change icon or if you find a message like ‘You are not allowed
to cross client customization’ log on to 800 client and do this step.

Save it in a transport request.

11. Create process code WE42.

Go to WE42, click on change and click on new entries.

Provide a process code, descriptions.

Click Save, create a transport request. Select function module from drop down and save it in transport
request.

12. Check partner profiles for inbound.

Go to WE20, expand logical system and select logical system (Get logical system from t-code
SALE ->Basic Settings ->Logical Systems -> assign logical system to client -> 800 (double click
and copy logical system)). & Click on add icon under inbound parameters.

Add entries as below.

Save.

Testing the development

1. Create entries in ZSTUDENTS table in 800 client.
2. Create outbound program.
3. Execute the program and send students from 800 to 810 clients.
Create entries in 800 client.
Go to SE11, provide name as ZSTUDENTS and click on display.

Go to utilities -> table entries -> create entries.

Similarly add some more entries.

Go to SE38, create a program to send students to 810 client.

Create a program with name ZSAPN_SEND_STUDENTS and add below code.

REPORT ZSEND_STUDENTS.

DATA: ZSTUDENTS TYPE TABLE OF ZSTUDENTS.

DATA : WA_STUDENTS TYPE ZSTUDENTS.

TYPES : BEGIN OF TY_ZSTUDENT. "STRUCTURE FOR SEGMENT DATA

INCLUDE STRUCTURE ZSTUDENT.
TYPES : END OF TY_ZSTUDENT.
DATA : ZSTUDENT TYPE TY_ZSTUDENT.
DATA: BEGIN OF T_EDIDD OCCURS 0.
INCLUDE STRUCTURE EDIDD.
DATA: END OF T_EDIDD.

DATA: BEGIN OF F_EDIDC.

INCLUDE STRUCTURE EDIDC.
DATA: END OF F_EDIDC.

DATA: BEGIN OF T_EDIDC OCCURS 0.

INCLUDE STRUCTURE EDIDC.
DATA: END OF T_EDIDC.
SELECT-OPTIONS: S_STD FOR WA_STUDENTS-STUDENT_ID.
START-OF-SELECTION.
SELECT * FROM ZSTUDENTS INTO TABLE ZSTUDENTS WHERE STUDENT_ID IN S_STD.
LOOP AT ZSTUDENTS INTO WA_STUDENTS. "send students on eby one
MOVE-CORRESPONDING WA_STUDENTS TO ZSTUDENT.
CLEAR T_EDIDD.
 T_EDIDD-SEGNAM = 'ZSTUDENT'. "segment name
T_EDIDD-SDATA = ZSTUDENT. "IDOC data record
APPEND T_EDIDD.
* Fill control record
CLEAR F_EDIDC.
F_EDIDC-MESTYP = 'ZSTUDENT'. "Message type
F_EDIDC-DOCTYP = 'ZSTUDENT'. "IDOC type
F_EDIDC-RCVPRT = 'LS'. "Partner type
F_EDIDC-RCVPRN = 'T90CLNT810'. "Receiver partner
CALL FUNCTION 'MASTER_IDOC_DISTRIBUTE'
EXPORTING
MASTER_IDOC_CONTROL = F_EDIDC ">>>>>
TABLES
COMMUNICATION_IDOC_CONTROL = T_EDIDC "<<<<<
MASTER_IDOC_DATA = T_EDIDD ">>>>>
EXCEPTIONS
ERROR_IN_IDOC_CONTROL = 1
ERROR_WRITING_IDOC_STATUS = 2
ERROR_IN_IDOC_DATA = 3
SENDING_LOGICAL_SYSTEM_UNKNOWN = 4
OTHERS = 5.
COMMIT WORK.
CLEAR : WA_STUDENTS, ZSTUDENT.
REFRESH : T_EDIDD.
ENDLOOP.

Execute the above program and provide students ids to send.

Now go to WE09 and check status in 800 client.

Go to 810 client and check table ZSTUDENTS for entries (entries should be created).
PROJECT
 PROJECT
1) What is System Landscape?

Ans: Landscape is an arrangement of servers.

a) Development system: It is an environment where all the developments, configurations &

Changes are done. This system contains at least 2 clients & an optional sand box client.
 Development client: It is used to develop the objects, change the existing objects &
maintain configuration changes.
 Unit test client: It is used to perform unit test for preparing Unit Test Document.

Sandbox system: It is an environment to develop the objects, make the changes & maintain
configurations at initial stages of the projects. All the consultants are authorized for any
transaction code in this system. This system is an optional system.

b) Quality system: It is an environment where all the developments, configurations & changes
are tested without any errors by the functional, technical consultants & end users.

c) Production system: It is an environment where all the end uses work. It is the live system
Where all the original data is maintained. This system contains a single client.

2) What is Package & Transportable Objects?

 Package: It is a collection of transportable objects. The package is used to save all

the transportable objects.
 Transportable Objects: They must be saved under the required package. The system
generates the unique Transport Request number while saving the objects under the
package. The transportable objects can be released from one system to another system.

3) Explain about Correction and Transportation System (CTS) or Transport Organizer?

Ans: - This tool is used to record the changes made in the system.

 It is also used to release the Transport Request (TR) from one system to another system
(Dev --->Quality ---->Production).
 When the change request is created either manually or automatically the system assigns a
number to it automatically and this number is known as change request number. The change
request records all modifications made to development object. When the changes have been
made and the change tasks have been released, the change request can be released
 The T-Codes SE01/SE09/SE10 is used to work with this tool (CTS).
Note: The T-code SE03 is used to find TR of objects

The T-code STMS is used to Import TR’s

 This documentation provides you with an overview of how to manage changes with the CTS
and essential information on setting up your system and client landscape and deciding on a
transport strategy. Read and follow this documentation when planning your development
project.
4) What are the differences between SE01, SE09 and SE10?
Ans: SE01 - Correction & Transport Organizer
SE09 - Workbench Organizer
SE10 - Customizing Organizer

5) How to import the Client dependent/Script changes/Table entries into the Unit Test system?
 Execute the transaction code SCC1 in the test client (120)
 Enter the TR no from which the client dependent changes to be imported.
 The source client no (100) is appeared by default
 Check the check box Including Request Sub Tasks
 Click on Start Immediately button & press Enter button.
6) What are types of Transport Requests (TR) and Explain about them?

Ans: Transport request: - It is a unique request number generated by the system while saving the
object under the package name. The TR’s are generated in development client only & release
them from development client. The TR no is starts with development system id followed by
K- series. Ex: <R3d>k9<****>
The Transport requests of 4 types.
 Customizing Requests: These are used to record & release the configuration changes in
the system.
 Work bench requests: They are used to record the changes/workbench objects such as
DDIC objects (Tables, Structures, Transaction codes), Programs, Function modules etc &
release them from one system to other.
 Transport of Copies: They are created to transport the configurations, developments &
changes from one system into another system.
 Relocations: They are used to change the objects from one package to another package.
7) How to generate Transport Request (TR)?

 Enter the package name at the time of saving with objects Ex: ZDEV/ZSD/ZMM…
 Click on save icon
 Click on create request icon
 Enter short description as per the project standards Ex: <CR547895 – Sales Report>
 Click on save icon & click on yes button

8) How to change short description of TR?

Ans: Once the transport requests are displayed in transport organizer,

 Double click on the required TR -> click on properties tab

 Click on display/change
 Change short description as per the project standards -> click on save & back
9) How to release Transport Request?

 Execute the T-code: SE09/SE10/SE01.

 Check all the check boxes
o Customizing requests
o Workbench requests
o Modifiable
o Released
 Click on display button.
 Expand the required TR no under modifiable status.
 Place your cursor on the task number.
 Click on release directly or F9.

Note:

 The objects under the TR must be activated before the transport requests are released.
 The tick marks are appeared beside the task numbers once they are released.
 Place a cursor on the TR number after all the corresponding tasks are releases.

10) How to delete Transport Request/Object from TR?

 Execute the T-code SE09/SE10/SE01

 Click on display button.
 Expand the required TR under modifiable status
 Expand the corresponding task number -> right click on object name -> click on delete ->
click on yes button -> click on yes button.

Note: Follow the similar steps to remove any number of objects from the task/TR.

 Place the cursor on the task number after all the corresponding objects are deleted.
 Click on delete & click on yes button
 Place the cursor on TR after all the corresponding tasks are deleted
 Click on delete icon -> click on yes button.

11) How to change package name of an object?

 Execute the required T-code: SE38, SE11 Etc.

 Click on ‘Go to’ from menu
 Click on ‘object directory entry’
 Click on display/change icon
 Change the package number Ex: $TMP -> ZPACK
 Create the TR by pressing create request
 Click on tick (yes)

12) What is Technical Specification (TS)?

Ans: It is a document prepared by technical consultant (ABAP’er). This contains all the technical
details such as the technical solution for the requirement. The detailed TS contains all the
details such as starting from designing the selection screen, declarations, all the function
modules used & the processing logic to meet the customer requirements, unit test cases etc.
13) How to change Ownership of TR?

 Execute the Transaction code: SE09/SE10/SE01.

 Enter the required Username Ex: Shiva (Up to 12 characters)
 Click on Display button.
 Expand the required TR under modifiable status.
 Place a cursor on the task number -> Click on Change Owner icon (F5)
Ex: Previous user: Shiva & Current user: Shiva@238
 Click on Tick mark.
 Right click on the TR.
 Click on the change owner.

Note:

1. The transport request is moved from the previous owner into new owner list.

2. Change the previous owner in initial screen of transport organizer (SE09) into new username
then release the tasks & transport requests.

3. The system proposes new task number in case of the TR is already created by another user on
same subject.

4. The system proposes new TR to make the changes in the objects in case of the existing TR is
released to Quality system.

5. Multiple TR can be merged using the function Ctrl+F12 by right clicking on corresponding TR.

13) What is a Functional Specification?

Ans: Functional Specification is the official document for a developer which describes the features
and design of expected functionality; it contains the technical expectations and required data
for the design and development. The FS is also called as GAP. This can be prepared only after
discussing with the end users & understand their requirements & document the End user’s/
client’s requirement.

14) How do you get functional specs when you are assigned some object?
Ans: Generally Functional Specifications will be sending through emails (In support process, they
may come in a specific tool like: Remedy, Radix).

15) How do you receive Functional Specifications?

Ans: In general, a functional specification will be sent to a consultant through organizational email like:
Outlook, IBM Lotus etc.

Functions of Functional Specifications:

 Requirement
 Design Summary
 Desired Functionality
 Finished Product
 Test Cases
Functional Specification format/contents may differ from company to company, every company
follow their own formatting style.
16) Who prepares Functional Specifications?
Ans: As per standard Organizational structure, functional consultants will prepare functional
specifications, in some cases Techno-Functional consultants will prepare them (In some
companies Senior-Technical Consultants may prepare).

17) What is the next step after Functional Specifications?

Ans: Once Functional Specification is prepared, the document will be sent for approval to functional

head or project manager, once approved, it will send to technical lead. The technical lead will
distribute the Functional Specification to any developer.
18) What are the useful Tools in projects?
Ans: The below 3rd party security gateway tools are used to connect into client desktop/SAP system
 VPN/Cisco VPN – Virtual Private Network is used to connect into client SAP systems.
 Citrix – It is used to connect into client system desktop
19) What are the useful Tools for Ticket Handling?
 Remedy
 SAP IMS (Incident management System)
 Lotus – IBM
 SMS - Accenture
Note: The data migration toll ‘Panaya’ is used for migration/up gradation projects
 The task/work is assigned through mails (M.S Outlook) by Team Lead/Functional Consultant.
Q) what are the tools used to maintain Documentation?
Ans: SharePoint, Document Explorer, TFS - .Net
20) Roles & responsibilities for Implementation & Support project?
Ans: Implementation Process:

 Getting the business Requirement document from functional consultant / functional analyst.
 Analyze the functional specification.
 Give proper estimations to complete the objects/developments.
 Interact with a functional consultant/onsite coordinator for clarifications to get the
requirement finalized.
 Prepare Technical Specifications/Technical Designs.
 Develop the objects as per the project programming standards.
 Perform self-test & prepare UTD (Unit Test Documents).
 Perform code reviews/peer check & performance tuning.
 Releasing the object to testing environment.

Support Process:

 Receiving the tickets/issues from the business.

 Analyzing the ticket.
 Resolving the issue in time.
 Submitting the code for review & testing the objects in Unit test client.
 Prepare the UTD (Unit Test Document).
 Delivering the objects within the time & support the objects till getting the UAT (User
Acceptance Test).
  Developer unit testing and transporting the object to production.

21) SLA - Service Level Agreement.

 It is an agreement between the Client and Service Provider.
Ex: - One of the clients (Company) what to give their Production Support to the Service Provider for
which both will go for this Agreement. Here the Response Time and Resolving Time Plays a Vitol
Role. These are will be written / set in SLA's.
If Response time as well the Resolving Time is missing is called Missing of SLA's and the will be
Escalated. This varies from Client to Client.

Priority Severity Response Time Resolving Time Coverage

1 Critical 2 Hours 8 Hours Business Hours
2 High 4 Hours 2 Days Business Hours
3 Medium 1 Day 4 Days Business Hours
4 Low 3 Days 6 Days Business Hours

22) What are the performance tips do you follow while developing an object? (Or)
What are the performance tips do you follow to improve the performance in the given program?
Ans:

1) Don’t use Select * while extracting data since it extracts all fields including unwanted fields &
Use Select followed by the required fields in the similar order of the database tables.
2) Don't use Select - End select loop (Normal search) since it hits the database for each record &
Use INTO table statement (Pointer search) to extract all the required data into an internal table in

single step.
3) The internal Table must be must sorted before using control break statements.
4) The internal Table must be sorted before using binary search addition with READ table statement

for faster access.

5) The internal Table must be sorted before using DELETE ADJACENT DUPLICATES statement.
6) Copy and delete internal tables/DB tables outside of loop statements for better performance.
7) The Base internal table must be checked whether it has data or not before using the
FOR ALL ENTRIES Statement Otherwise Select statement extracts all the records from the
database without considering FOR ALL ENTRIES.
8) The TABLES statement is not advisable since it creates lot of unwanted Work Areas.
9) Prefer Parallel Cursor method in case of Nested Loops.
10) Up to 2 tables can be joined then use For All Entries while extracting the data from the next
required tables.
11) For All Entries with Inner Joins are advisable Since For All Entries are another extra filter
criteria as like Select-Options.
12) Don’t use Select statements within the Loops. Use For All Entries outside of the loop statements

then use Read Table statement with Loop statements.

13) Use key fields as many as much possible in indexes order in WHERE conditions for better
performance.
14) Use Select Single to extract single record in case of all the key fields can be considered &
Prefer Up to 1 Rows in case of not possible to use all the key fields.
15) Nested SELECT statements & INTO CORRESPONDING FILDS OF is not advisable while
extracting data.
16) Modify, Update, Insert & Delete data base tables outside of loops for better performance.
17) Declare internal tables without HEADER LINES & without OCCURS statement.
18) Declare types with the required fields, declare Work areas or field symbols & internal tables by
referring the defined types.
19) Secondary Indexes are not advisable Since the data is filtered at data base level for all the users.

23) Client concept: If there are two clients in development server. Ex: Client 200 for development and
Client 300 for configurations, what does it actually mean?
Ans: Even if there are two clients 200 and 300, 200 for development and 300 is for configuration,
you
cannot access 200 client data in 300 client.
Actually, functional people need accurate data to test business configuration (SD/MM/FI etc.), when
it comes to technical people, they may create junk data to test their application (Creating material,
junk master data, junk transaction data etc.), so they maintain one separate client (200) for
development activities and separate client for configurations.

Note: Transport path will be same for two clients (200 - QA) and (300 - QA) i.e.; same QA client.
24) What are the performance tools do you perform before the object is released (or) once the
development is completed?

Ans: They are used to release the objects without errors, warnings and with better performance.

1. Extended program check (SLIN or program -->Check -->Extended program check).

This tool is used to list out the performance related errors, warnings & messages in the program
& rectify them.

Steps to perform Extended program check:

 Execute the t-code – SLIN/ through Menu path

 Enter the required program Ex: ZALV_REPORTS
 Check the check of ‘Character String’
 Click on F8 icon then all the corresponding errors, warnings, messages are listed.

2. Code Inspector (SCI or program -->Check -->Code Inspector).

This tool is used to perform different types of checks such as Performance checks, Security
checks, and Syntax checks.

Steps to perform Code Inspector:

 Enter the required program name in SE38

 Click on program menu item -> Check -> Code inspector
 Expand appropriate checks such as Syntax checks/Performance checks/Security checks.
 Read & understand the system given messages & rectify them

3. Runtime Analysis (SE30 or System-->Utilities-->Runtime Analysis).

This tool is used to know Execution time or run time of the program/T code. It can also be used to

know performance tips & tricks.

Steps to perform Runtime Analysis:

 Execute the T-code: SE30

 Enter program/T-code/Function Module
 Click on execute button
 Fill the required fields
  Click on execute icon
 Click on ‘Back’
 Click on “Evaluate” button in runtime Analysis screen

4. SQL Tracer (ST05 or System  Utilities  Performance trace).

This tool is used to know the indexes either primary/secondary which are consider while

extracting the data.

25) Explain SD (Sales & Distribution) Flow?

Flow T-Codes Tables

Inquiry VA11, VA12, VA13 VBAK, VBAP
Quotation VA21, VA22, VA23 VBAK, VBAP
Purchase Order ME21N, ME22N, ME23N EKKO, EKPO
Sales Order VA01, VA02, VA03 VBAK, VBAP
Delivery VL01, VL02, VL03 LIKP, LIPS
Shipping VT01 VTTK, VTTP
Billing VF01, VF02, VF03 VBRK, VBRP
Invoice VF21 VBRK, VBRP

 Customer enquiries about the Products services that were sold by a company.
 Company Gives a Quotation for the products and Services to a Customer.
 Customer gives a Purchase Order to the company against which a Sales Order will be raised
to customer in SAP.
 Delivery -> Picking, Packing, Post Goods & Shipment.
 Company sends the material after picking it from Go down & packing it in a Handling unit
(Box) & issue the Goods.
 Every bill has invoice...next provide invoice. Company bills to the customer for those
deliverables.
 Invoice end of sales flow.

26) MM (Material Management) Flow?

Flow T-Codes Tables

Purchase Requisition ME51, ME52, ME53 EKPO, EINE
Request For Quotation ME41, ME42, ME43 EKKO, EKPO
Quotation ME47 EINE, EINA
Price Comparison ME49 EKKO, EKPO
Purchase Order (PO) ME21, ME22, ME23 EKKO, EKPO
Goods Receipts (GR) MIGO EKKO, EKPO
Invoice Verification MIRO EKKO, EKPO

 Purchase Requisition: First The customer prepares the purchase requisition with required
goods.
 Request for Quotation: As a customer we need to send RFQ to different vendors.
 Price Comparison: Once we receive the quotations from different vendors as a customer, we
analysis all the quotations and finally we select one vendor.
 Purchase Order: After vendor evaluation as a customer we need to raise the purchase order.
 Goods Receipt: Here we receive the goods with goods receipt as a customer we need to
analysis the goods receipt.
  Invoice Verification: Once we receive the goods and bills from the vendor as a customer, we
need to verify all the goods. if there is any problem in the goods then the customer informs
to vendor.
 Finance: Once we receive the goods with billing customer finance guy will interact with the
vendor finance guy for finance settlements.

27) What are the Phases in SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle)?
1. Waterfall Methodology:
 It is also called sequential methodology.
 In this methodology phase by phase is performed.
 It is not possible to go back previous phase unless the testing is done.
 Process starts with the below phases in the same order.

Requirement
Analysis

Design

Implementation

Testing

Installation

Maintenance

2. Agile Methodology:

 In case of this methodology the customers can change their requirements without impacting
timelines.
 It is more flexible to prioritize requirements.
 It is better interactive methodology.

CONCEPTION
 INITIATION

ANALYSIS

DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION
29) What are the different methodologies in SAP streamlined projects?
TESTING
Ans: The below methodologies used for SAP streamlined projects such as Implementation & Up
gradation.
DEPLOYMENT
1. ASAP Methodology:
ASAP stands for “Accelerated SAP Methodology”. It is the SAP provided standard methodology to
implement or upgrade SAP projects.
Different phases in SAP methodology are,
i) Project Preparation
ii) Business Blueprints
iii) Realization
iv) Final Preparation
v) Go live & Support
vi) Run
i) Project Preparation: In this phase, the below actives are performed.
 Documentation of the current business process.
 System landscape
 Identify & Recruit resources
ii) Business Blueprints: In this phase, the below actives are performed.
 All the Configurations, Customizations, Developments, Enhancements are identified.
 The business process documents with the proposed solutions are prepared.
 Fit gap analysis is done.
iii) Realization: In this phase, the below actives are performed.
 Prepared functional specifications for configurations & developments are separately.
 Technical specifications are prepared.
 All the configuration & customization work is done.
 All developments & enhancements are done.
 The different types of testing such as self-testing(UTP), User Acceptance Testing(UAT).
Note: The technical consultants are mostly involved in this phase.
iv) Final Preparation: In this phase, the below actives are performed.
 All the final documentation work & test scripts are prepared.
 User training on different applications is provided.
Note: Functional consultants will provide the application training to customers & end users.
v) Go live & Support: In this phase, the below actives are performed.
 Hand over the implemented business process in SAP.
 Release all the configurations, customizations, developments & enhancements.
 Provide the limited post-production support.
Run: The implemented business process is shown by running it in the live system.

2. Scrum Agile:
 In this methodology the customers or end users are also part of each phase of the project.
 The customers may change the requirement while implementing also.
The phases are involved in scrum agile are,
i) Sprint Planning: In this phase the task or work is assigned for 2 weeks or one month based on the

resources availability.
Note: Resources availability will be considered 65% to 70% during sprint planning.
Ex: 9 * 6.5 = 58.5 Hours.
The actual productive hours for team lead & above are considered 50% to 55% of their total
availability.
ii) Daily standup calls:
 The standup calls are conducted daily to know the progress on the configurations,
customizations, changes & developments and to know the problems or issues.
 The daily standup calls are conducted by “Scrum Master” at onsite or offsite.
iii) Sprint Retrospective: In this phase each resource is asked for their comments.
 What went wrong or god?
 What are the improvements?
Note: This methodology can be used for both Implementation & Support or Maintenance projects.

28) What are the types of Projects?

1. Implementation: In case of this implementation project, customers or clients they will go for SAP
software newly Since they might be used in different software.
Ex: MS OFFICE / JAVA / VB / -- -> SAP.
2. Support & Maintenance: The Customers or End users need support in their day to day issues. In
this kind of projects, the consultants provide support to resolve the issues of the customers.
3. Up gradation: In case of this project, customers or clients will go for new versions of SAP since
they might be using older versions.
Ex: SAP 4.6 / SAP 4.7 / SAP ECC 5.0 / -> SAP ECC 6.0
Note: The T-codes “SPDD & SPAU” are used to compare 2 different versions in up gradation project
Note: Any one of the tools such as “PANAYA” or “SAP SOLMAN” is used in up gradation project.
4. Roll Out: In this kind of projects the existing SAP implemented business process will be extended

into another Country or Company Code or Plant.