Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

AIM: To Study the construction of three 3-phase induction motor.

Practical Significance

Single phase and three phase Induction motors are widely used in various home
appliances and industries as drive motors for variety of machines due to its rugged
construction, smoother and efficient operation. Its construction is simple consisting Stator
&rotor as main parts.

Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.

PSO1: Maintain various types of electrical equipments.

THEORY: The induction motor essentially consists of two parts:

a. Stator
b. Rotor
The supply is connected to the stator and the rotor received power by induction
caused by the stator rotating flux, hence the motor obtains its name –induction
motor.The stator consists of a cylindrical laminated & slotted core placed in a frame
of rolled or cast steel. The frame provides mechanical protection and carries the
terminal box and the end covers with bearings. In the slots of a 3-phase winding of
insulated copper wire is distributed which can be wound for 2,4,6 etc. poles.
The rotor consists of a laminated and slotted core tightly pressed on
the shaft. There are two general types of rotors:
a. The squirrel-cage rotor,
b. The wound (or slip ring) rotor.

1
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

In the squirrel-cage rotor, the rotor winding consists of single copper or aluminum
bars placed in the slots and short-circuited by end-rings on both sides of the rotor.

In the wound rotor, an insulated 3-phasewinding similar to the stator winding and for
the same number of poles is placed in the rotor slots. The ends of the star-connected
rotor winding are brought to three slip rings on the shaft so that connection can be

made to it for starting or speed control.

2
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE:
1) Design the rotor according to the define ratings of the
machine with proper lamination & skewing slots.
2) Make sure the rotor must be closed with end rings if it is a squirrel cage rotor.
3) Properly design the 3-phase rotor winding as similar to the
stator with each phase 120 mechanically apart if it is a slip
ring rotor.
4) Design the stator periphery with internal slots.
5) Make sure the construction of stator & rotor are in such a way that
there must be an air gap between the stator & rotor for the rotation
of RMF.

3
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

CONCLUSION:

Sr. Marks allotted Marks obtained

Criteria
no
1 Attendance at regular practical 5
2 Preparedness for practical 10
3 Correct figures / diagrams 10
4 Observation tables 10
5 RESULT table / calculations / graphs 10
6 Safety / use of proper tools 5
Total 50

4
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

AIM: To reverse the direction of rotation of 3- induction motor.

Practical Significance
The three phase induction can be reversed by interchanging the phase sequences so
that it can be used for both direction work.

Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

 PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to
use the RESULTs to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems.

 PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with
an understanding of the limitations.

PSO1: Electrical Equipment: Maintain various types of electrical equipments.

APPARATUS:
1. Three phase Induction Motor-
2. DOL starter
3. Multi meter
4. Connecting Wires

5
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Phase sequence of supply Direction of rotation

THEORY:
If we interchange the three phase R-Y-B supply to the stator of the induction motor
such as making R-Y-B sequence R-B-Y or B-R-Y then dirrection of the current at
stator winding get reverse thus the direction of rotating magnetic field also get
opposite .

As we know that direction of rotor rotation is same as the dirrection of the rotating
magnetic field , so rotor rotation gets opposite by changing the phase sequence of
induction motor. Reversing the connections to any two of the three motor terminals
can reverse the direction of rotation of 3-phase induction motor

6
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

PROCEDURE
PRECAUTIONs to be followed
a. Make sure that main switch is in OFF position & motor is disconnected
from supply.
b. Select appropriate starter
c. Wires used for circuit connection have proper size & insulation cover.
d. All electrical connections should be neat and tight.

1) Reversal of squirrel cage Induction motor with DOL starter

a. Connect DOL starter to Induction motor with supply phase sequence RYB
b. Switch ON the 3 phase supply &Observe direction of rotation of Induction motor.
c. Switch off the supply &Reverse phase sequence of supply by interchanging any
2 supply lines
d. Switch ON the 3 phase supply &again Observe direction of rotation of Induction
motor
e. Note down changes in direction.

CONCLUSION : Thus, we have seen how to revere the direction of rotation of a 3-

phase induction motor.

Sr. Marks allotted Marks obtained

Criteria
no
1 Attendance at regular practical 5
2 Preparedness for practical 10
3 Correct figures / diagrams 10
4 Observation tables 10
5 RESULT table / calculations / graphs 10
6 Safety / use of proper tools 5
Total 50

7
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

EXPERIMENT NO.3

AIM: Perform Direct loading test on given 3- Slip-ring induction motor.

Practical Significance

Direct load test on the three phase induction motor is conducted by actually loading
the motor with the help of Braking arrangement or by coupling calibrated
generator to
understand the performance parameters like speed, power factor, efficiency & torque.

Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve

broad- based electrical engineering related problems.

PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to

use the RESULTs to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems

PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with
an understanding of the limitations.
PSO1: Electrical Equipment: Maintain various types of electrical equipments.

APPARATUS:
1. Three phase Induction Motor-
2. DC Generator
3. DOL starter
4. Wattmeter
5. Voltmeter
6. Ammeter
7. Multi meter
8. Connecting Wires

8
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

OBSERVATION TABLE :
Induction Motor side DC Generator side
Sr. Motor Motor Input Speed Generato Generato
No. Voltag Curren Power 𝐍𝐫rpm r voltage r Current
e t I1Amp W V2Volt I2Amp
V1Volt Watts

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.
Calculation

Generator efficiency ηg =
Ns =

9
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

Gene
rator Motor
Gener Motor
Inpu efficie Torque =
Moto a tor outpu Pf=
Sr t ncy = Slip = Motor
r output t W/(√𝟑
. = Motor (𝐍𝐬 − output x
input V2 = xV1 x
No Gene outpu 𝐍𝐫)/𝐍𝐬 60/(2π𝐍𝐫
W xI2 gener I1)
. rator t )
Watts watt a tor
outp /
s input
u t/ηg moto
r
input

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

THEORY:

By conducting the load test on three phase induction motor, the

performance of the motor viz. slip, power factor, efficiency, torque etc. at various
loads can be studied. The induction moto load test is carried out by any of the
following methods:
10
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

1. Brake test

2. By connecting a d.c. generator

a. In case of loading by connecting a d.c. generator, the induction motor is

connected to a d.c. generator. The generator is loaded by a lamp bank.
Thus intern an induction motor is loaded.

b. The variation of Efficiency & Power factor wrt output/ motor current, torque
wrt slip/speed can be studied by actually loading the motor. Load on motor
may be generator or Braking system.

c. Efficiency of motor is zero at no load as shaft output is zero. As motor is

loaded output increases so efficiency also increases & reaches maximum at
about 80 to 95% of load. If motor is loaded beyond this, efficiency
decreases as losses increases at faster rate than output.

d. Power factor of motor is between 0.1 to 0.3 (poor) low & lagging at no load.
As load increases power factor also increases. It is 0.85 to 0.9 at 80 to 90% of FL
Output.

e. As motor is loaded, Speed decreases/Slip increases & Torque developed

increases to supply load torque. Torque is directly proportional to slip, this
is stable region of torque slip characteristic. At start slip is one & torque
is starting torque. Maximum Torque will be at 80 to 90 % of full load.
Then motor is unstable, torque decreases with increase in slip.

PRECAUTIONS to be followed
1. Make sure that main switch is in OFF position while making connection
2. Wires used for circuit connection have proper size & insulation cover.
3. All electrical connections should be neat and tight.
4. At start keep resistance in generator field winding in maximum position.
5. Check that lamp load is OFF at start.
6. Provide shunt for ammeter & current coil of wattmeter at start before switching
on motor by DOL starter.

PROCEDURE
1) Select the instruments and meter ranges as per the resources required table.
11
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

2) Make the connections as per the CIRCUIT DIAGRAM shown in Fig.

3) Set generator field rheostat to its maximum value.
4) Switch on the 3 phase supply & start motor with the help of starter.
5) Excite generator to its rated voltage at rated speed by varying generator field
rheostat

6) Note down all meter readings &speed of motor.

7) Switch ON electrical load on generator side, increase load in steps upto full load
& note down corresponding all meter readings & speed of motor.
8) Reduce load, increase generator field rheostat &Switch OFF the power supply.
9) plot the characteristics for i) efficiency versus Motor output, ii) power factor
versus Motor output, iii) power factor versus motor current and iv) torque –
slip/speed.

CALCULATIONS:

12
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

RESULTs:

From Graph

Efficiency is maximum at % of full

load Torque is maximum at % of full load
Starting torque =
No load pf = & Full load pf =

CONCLUSION:-

Sr. Marks allotted Marks obtained

Criteria
no
1 Attendance at regular practical 5
2 Preparedness for practical 10
3 Correct figures / diagrams 10
4 Observation tables 10
5 RESULT table / calculations / graphs 10
6 Safety / use of proper tools 5
Total 50

13
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

14
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

15
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM: Conduct No-load test and Blocked-rotor test on given 3- squirrel cage induction
motor and plot the Circle diagram.

Practical Significance
No load testis similar to the open circuit test on a transformer. It is performed to
obtain the magnetizing branch parameters (shunt parameters) in the induction
machine equivalent circuit. Blocked rotor test is similar to the short circuit test on a
transformer. It is performed to calculate the Leakage reactance & winding resistance
(series parameters) in the induction machine equivalent circuit.

Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve

broad- based electrical engineering related problems.

PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the RESULTs to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems

PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.

PSO1: Electrical Equipment: Maintain various types of electrical equipments.

APPARATUS:

1. Three phase Induction Motor

2. Voltmeter

3. Ammeter

4. Wattmeter

5. Load

16
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
No Load Test

Blocked Rotor Tests on Three Phase Induction Motor

17
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

OBSERVATIONS:

No - Load test:

V (Vats) Io (ANPS) W1 (Watts) W2 (Watts)

Blocked rotor test:

V (Vats) I (AMPS) W1 (Watts) W2 (Watts)

PROCEDURE:
NO LOAD TEST:
1. Make the connections as per the CIRCUIT DIAGRAM.

2. Close the main switch and gradually increase the voltage applied to the
stator through the auto transformer.
3. At rated voltage, take the values of the two watt meters (W1 & W2), stator current
I0, Stator voltage

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

1. For the second figure Block the rotor and vary supply voltage until rated
current flows through the circuit.
2. Note the readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter’s.

3. Tabulate the observations and calculate the power input and power factor for each
reading.

4. Measure the stator resistance and make the necessary temperature correction.

Calculations:-
The input Power = W1 + W2 = P0 Stator copper loss = 3I02 R1
We have no load input power

18
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

P0=√3 VI0 cosΦ0 cosΦ0 =P0 / (√3

VI0)
In phase component of load current= I0 cosΦ0
Magnetizing component of load current = I0 sinΦ0
Resistance in Magnetizing circuit= voltage per phase/ I0 cosΦ0
Magnetizing reactance = voltage per phase/ I0 sinΦ0

CIRCLE DIAGRAM PROCEDURE:

Tests Required No-load Test

Run the induction motor on no-load at rated supply voltage. Observe the supply
line voltage V0, No-load line current I0 and no-load power P0.

Phase angle for no load condition Φ 0 =

Blocked Rotor Test

Block the rotor firmly and apply a reduced voltage to obtain rated current at the motor terminals. Ob
VSC, No-load line current ISC and no-load power Psc.

Phase angle for blocked rotor condition Φ SC

=

Current drawn if rated voltage is applied at blocked rotor condition I SN =

Power input at rated voltage and motor in the blocked rotor condition P SN =

Resistance Test:

By voltmeter-ammeter method determine per phase equivalent stator

resistance, R1. If the machine is wound rotor type, find the equivalent
rotor resistance R2′ also after measuring rotor resistance and required
transformations are applied.

19
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCLE DIAGRAM:

1. Draw horizontal axis OX and vertical axis OY. Here the

vertical axis represents the voltage reference.
2. With suitable scale, draw phasor OA with length
corresponding to I0 at an angle Φ0 from the vertical axis.
Draw a horizontal line AB.
3. Draw OS equal to ISN at an angle ΦSC and join AS.

4. Draw the perpendicular bisector to AS to meet the horizontal line AB

at C.

5. With C as centre, draw a semi circle passing through A and S.

This forms the circle diagram which is the locus of the input
current.
6. From point S, draw a vertical line SL to meet the line AB.

7. Fix the point K as below.

For wound rotor machines where equivalent rotor resistance

R2′ can be found out: Divide SL at point K so that SK: KL =
equivalent rotor resistance: stator resistance.
For squirrel cage rotor machines: Find Stator copper loss using ISN
and stator winding resistance R1. Rotor copper loss = total copper
loss – stator copper loss.

Divide SL at point K so that SK: KL = rotor copper loss: stator copper

loss

Note: If data for separating stator copper loss and rotor copper loss
is not available then assume that stator copper loss is equal
to rotor copper loss. So divide SL at point K so that SK= KL

20
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

MODEL GRAPHS:

CONCLUSION:

Sr. Marks allotted Marks obtained

Criteria
no
1 Attendance at regular practical 5
2 Preparedness for practical 10
3 Correct figures / diagrams 10
4 Observation tables 10
5 RESULT table / calculations / graphs 10
6 Safety / use of proper tools 5
Total 50

21
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

22
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

EXPERIMENT NO. 5

AIM: Study of DOL starter, Star-delta starter, rotor resistance starter.

Practical Significance
Most of the small induction motors are started directly on line, but when very large
motors are started that way, the high starting current will produce a severe voltage
drop and will affect the operation of other equipment connected to the same line. To
limit this starting current surge, large induction motors are started at reduced voltage
and then have full supply voltage when they start to accelerate.

Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

 PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to
use the RESULTs to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems.

 PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with
an understanding of the limitations.

PSO1: Electrical Equipment Maintain various types of electrical equipments.

THEORY:

NECESSITY OF STARTER:

In a three phase induction motor, the magnitude of an induced e.m.f. in the

rotor circuit depends on the slip of the induction motor. This induced e.m.f.
effectively decides the magnitude of the rotor current. The rotor current in the
running condition is given by,
sE2
I2r
R22 + (s 2)
2

But at start, the speed of the motor is zero and slip is at its maximum i.e.
unity. So magnitude of rotor induced e.m.f. is very large at start. As rotor conductors
are short circuited, the large induced e.m.f. circulates very high current through rotor
23
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

at start.
The condition is exactly similar to a transformer with short circuited
secondary. Such a transformer when excited by a rated voltage, circulates very high
current through short circuited secondary. As secondary current is large, the primary
also draws very high current from the supply.
Similarly in a three phase induction motor, when rotor current is high,
consequently the stator draws a very high current from the supply. This current can
be of the order of 5 to 8 times the full load current, at start.
Due to such heavy inrush of current at start there is possibility if damage of
the motor winding. Similarly such sudden inrush of current causes large line voltage
drop. Thus other appliances connected to the same line may be subjected to voltage
spikes which may affect their working. To avoid such effects, it is necessary to limit
the current drawn by the motor at start. The starter is a device which is basically used
to limit high starting current by supplying reduced voltage to the motor at the time of
starting. Such a reduced voltage is applied only for short period and once rotor gets
accelerated, full normal rated voltage is applied.
Not only the starter limits the starting current but also provides the protection
to the induction motor against overt loading and low voltage situations. The
protection against single phasing is also provided by the starter. The induction motors
having rating below 5
h.p. can withstand starting currents hence such motors can be started directly on line.
But such motors also need overload, single phasing and low voltage protection which
is provided by a starter.

24
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig.4.1Stator Resistance Starter

Fig.4.2 Autotransformer Starter

25
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

Fig.4.3 Star-Delta Starter

Fig.4.4. Rotor Resistance Starter

26
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

Fig.4.5 Direct On Line Starter

STATOR RESISTANCE STARTER:

In order to apply the reduced voltage to the stator of the induction motor,
three resistances are added in series with each phase of the stator winding. Initially
the resistances are kept maximum in the circuit. Due to this large voltage gets
dropped across the resistances. Hence a reduced voltage gets applied to the stator,
which reduces the high starting current. The schematic diagram showing stator
resistances is shown in the Fig.4.1.
When the motor starts running, the resistances are gradually cut off from
the stator circuit. When the resistances are entirely removed from the stator circuit
i.e. rheostats in RUN position then rated voltage gets applied to the stator. Motor
runs with normal speed. The starter is simple in construction and cheap. It can be
used for both star and delta connected stator. But there are large power losses due to
resistances. Also the starting torque of the motor reduces due to reduced voltage
applied to the stator.

AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER:
A three phase star connected autotransformer can be used to reduce the
voltage applied to the stator. Such a starter is called an autotransformer starter. The
schematic diagram of autotransformer starter is shown in the Fig.4.2 It consists of a
27
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

suitable change over switch. When the switch is in the start position, the stator
winding is supplied with reduced voltage.
This can be controlled by tapping provide with autotransformer. When
motor gathers 80% of the normal speed, the change over switch is thrown into run
position. Due to this, rated voltage gets applied to stator winding. The motor starts
rotating with normal speed. Changing of switch is done automatically by using
relays. The power loss is much less in this type of starting. It can be used for both
star and delta connected motors. But it is expensive than stator resistance starter.

STAR – DALTA STARTER:

This is the cheapest starter of all and hence used very commonly for the
induction motors. It uses triple pole double throw (TPDT) switch. The switch
connects the stator winding in star at start. Hence per phase voltage gets reduced by
the factor 1 / 3. Due to this reduced voltage, the starting current is limited. When
the switch is thrown on other side, the winding gets connected in delta, across the
supply. So it gets normal rated voltage. The windings are connected in delta when
motor gathers sufficient speed.
The agreement of star – delta starter is shown in the Fig.4.3. The operation
of the switch can be automatic by using relays which ensures that motor will not
start with the switch in Run position. The cheapest of all and maintenance free
operation are the two important advantages of this starter. While is limitations are, it
is suitable for normal delta connected motors and the factor by while voltage change
is 1 3 which cannot be changed.

ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER:

To limit the rotor current which consequently reduces the current drawn
by the motor from the supply, the resistance can be inserted in the rotor circuit
at start. This addition of the resistance in rotor is in the form of 3 phase star
connected rheostat. The arrangement is shown in the Fig.4.4. The external
resistance is inserted in each phase of the rotor winding through slip ring and
brush assembly.
Initially maximum resistance is in the circuit. As motor gathers speed,
the resistance is gradually cutoff. The operation may be manual or automatic.
28
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

We have seen that the starting torque is proportional to the rotor resistance.
Hence important advantage of this method is not only the starting current is
limited but starting torque of the motor also gets improved. The only limitation
of the starter is that it can be used only for slip ring induction motors as in
squirrel cage motors, the rotor is permanently short circuited.

DIRECT ON LINE STARTER (D.O.L):

In case of small capacity motors having rating less than 5 h.p., the
starting current is not very high and such motors can withstand such starting
current without any starter. Thus there is no need to reduce applied voltage, to
control the starting current. Such motors use a type of starter which is used to
connect stator directly to the supply lines without any reduction in voltage.
Hence the starter is known as direct on line starter. Though this starter does not
reduce the applied voltage, it is used because it protects the motor from various
severe abnormal condition like over voltage, single phasing etc. The Fig.3.5
shows the arrangement of various components in direct on line starter. The NO
contact is normally open and NC is normally closed.
At start, NO is pushed for fraction of second due to which coil gets
energized and attracts the contactor. So stator directly gets supply. The
additional contact provided, ensures that as long as supply in ON, the coil gets
supply and keeps contactor in ON position. When NC is pressed, the coil circuit
gets opened due to which coil gets de-energized and motor gets switched OFF
from the supply. Under over load condition, current drawn by the motor
increase due to which there is an excessive heat produced, which increase
temperature beyond limit. Thermal relays get opened due to high temperature,
protecting the motor from overload conditions.

29
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

CONCLUSION:-

Sr. Marks allotted Marks obtained

Criteria
no
1 Attendance at regular practical 5
2 Preparedness for practical 10
3 Correct figures / diagrams 10
4 Observation tables 10
5 RESULT table / calculations / graphs 10
6 Safety / use of proper tools 5
Total 50

30
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

EXPERIMENT NO.6
AIM: Speed control of 3- squirrel cage induction motor by Pole changing method.

Practical Significance
A Speed of Induction motor can be controlled from stator side or Rotor side. From
stator side we can vary supply voltage, supply frequency or number of poles. For
changing number of poles, one of the method is to connect coils in series or in
parallel.
Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve

broad- based electrical engineering related problems.

PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to

use the RESULTs to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems
PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations
APPARATUS:-
1. Three phase Induction motor
2. Tachometer
3. Voltmeter

31
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Switch Supply L1, Measure Nearest No of Remark

position L2& L3 d Rotor Synchronous poles
Connected to speed Nr speed Ns rpm =
rpm 120 f/Ns
Coils are
U1, V1& W1
1SLOW connected in
keeping U2,
Series/Parallel
V2& W2 Open
to supply lines
2 star
U2, V2& W2 connected
2HIGH withU1, V1& Coils are
W1 Shorted connected in
Series/Parallel
to supply lines

THEORY:
Pole Changing Method is one of the main methods of the speed control of an induction
motor. This method of controlling the speed by pole changing is used mainly for cage motor only
because the cage rotor automatically develops a number of poles, which is equal to the poles of the
stator winding. The number of stator poles can be changed by the following three methods. They

32
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

are known as multiple stator windings, method of consequent poles and pole amplitude
modulation (PAM).
Multiple Stator Winding

In the multiple stator winding method, two windings are provided on the stator which are
wound on the two different numbers of pole. One winding is energized one at a time. Let us
consider that the motor has two windings for 6 and 4 poles. For the frequency of 50 hertz, the
synchronous speeds will be 1000 and 1500 revolutions per minute respectively. This method of
speed control is less efficient and more costly.

Method of Consequent Pole

In the method of consequent poles, a single stator winding is divided into few coil groups.
The terminals of all these groups are brought out. By simply changing the coil connections, the
number of poles can be changed. In practice, the stator windings are divided only in two coil
groups. The number of poles can be changed in the ratio of 2:1.

The figure below shows the single phase of a stator winding which consist of 4 coils. The coils are
divided into two groups named as a-b and c-d.

33
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

Group a-b consists of an odd number of coils that is (1, 3) whereas group c-d consists of an
even number of coils (2,4). The two coils are connected in series. The terminals a, b, c, d are taken
out as shown in the above figure. The coils are carrying current in the given directions by
connecting coil groups either in series or in parallel as shown in the figure below.

There are total four poles which are giving a speed of 1500 rpm for a 50-hertz system. If
the current through the coils of group a-b is reversed as shown in the figure below. All the
coils will produce north (N) poles.

The flux of the poles group should be passed through the given space between the pole
group to complete the magnetic path. Thus, a magnetic pole of opposite polarity (S pole) is
34
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

induced. These induced poles are known as Consequent Poles. Thus, the machine has twice as
many poles as before (i.e., 8 poles), and the synchronous speed becomes half of the previous speed
(i.e., 750 rpm).

The above principle can be extended to all the three phases of an induction motor. By
choosing a combination of series and parallel connections between the coil groups of each phase.
Also, the star or delta connections between the phase speed change can be obtained with constant
torque and constant power operation or variable torque operation.

Pole Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Technique

Pole amplitude modulation is a flexible method of pole changing which can be used in
applications where speed ratios other than 2:1 are required. The motors designed for speed
changing based on the poled amplitude modulation scheme are known as PAM motors.

PRECAUTIONs to be followed
1. Make sure that main switch is in OFF position while making connection
2. Wires used for circuit connection have proper size & insulation cover.
3. All electrical connections should be neat and tight.

PROCEDURE
1) Connect the motor through pole changing switch as shown in circuit.
2) Switch ON 3 phase supply
3) Switch is thrown in SLOW position.
4) Measure speed of motor by tachometer
5) Throw Switch in HIGH position without allowing motor to come to rest
6) Measure speed of motor by tachometer

35
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

CONCLUSION:-

Sr. Marks allotted Marks obtained

Criteria
no
1 Attendance at regular practical 5
2 Preparedness for practical 10
3 Correct figures / diagrams 10
4 Observation tables 10
5 RESULT table / calculations / graphs 10
6 Safety / use of proper tools 5
Total 50

36
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

EXPERIMENT NO.7

AIM: To find regulation and efficiency of an alternator by direct loading.

Practical Significance
Determination of voltage regulation of 3 phase alternator is one of the prime
requirements to understand the performance and efficient working of alternators
which are widely used in generating stations. Direct loading test gives accurate
RESULTs of regulation of alternator.

Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical Engineering knowledge to solve
broad based Electrical Engineering related problems.

PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the RESULTs to solve broad-based Electrical Engineering problems.
PSO1 :Maintain various types of electrical equipments
APPARATUS:
1. Three phase alternator with shunt exciter
2. D.C. Shunt motor
3. Exciter
4. Ammeter
5. Rheostat
6. Voltmeter
7. Starter for D.C. motor or any prime mover
8. Load bank

37
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

38
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Synchronous speed of alternator = _ rpm (constant) Field
current of alternator = Amp (constant)
Rated terminal voltage of alternator = Volts
1. For Resistive load
Sr. Load Current Terminal Voltage Regulatio
No. (IL) (V) n
Amperes Volts %

2. For Inductive load :

Sr. Load Current Terminal Voltage Regulatio
No. (IL) (V) n
Amperes Volts %

3. For capacitive load

Load Current Terminal Voltage Regulatio

Sr. (IL) (V) n
No.
Amperes Volts %

39
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

THEORY:
The voltage regulation of a synchronous generator [Alternator] can be determined by various
methods. In case of small capacity alternators, direct loading test used to determine regulation,
while in case of large capacity Alternators Synchronous Impedance method is used. The
Synchronous Impedance method has some disadvantages.
Another method which is popularly used is ampere-turns method. But this method also have
some disadvantages. The disadvantages of above both methods are overcome by another method
called Zero Power Factor method. Another important method which gives accurate RESULTs is
Blondel's two Reaction theory.
Here are some methods below used to determine voltage regulation of an alternator.
1.Direct Loading method
2.Synchronous Impedance method or E.M.F method
3.Ampere-turns method or M.M.F method
4.Zero Power Factor method or Potier triangle method
5.A.S.A modified form of M.M.F method
6.Two Reaction Theory [Blondel's Theory]
1.Voltage Regulation of alternator by Direct Loading method:

The below figure shown is three phase alternator on which Direct Loading test is
conducted. A three phase load is connected to star connected armature with the help of
TPST [Triple Pole Single Throw] switch. By using an external D.C supply, the field winding is
excited.A rheostat is connected in series with the field winding, to control the flux i.e. current in
the field winding. In the below figure, the prime mover shown is used to drive the alternator at
Synchronous speed.

PRECAUTIONs to be followed
1. Do not switch on the supply without the connections checked thoroughly by the
competent staff.

40
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

2. Ensure that the field rheostat in the D.C. motor side is kept at minimum resistance
position and the field rheostat in the shut exciter side at maximum resistance
position when the supply is switched on.
3. Do not touch/make/alter any connection when the circuit is live.
4. All the load connected to the alternator stator winding should be in off position
initially when the circuit is given supply.

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the CIRCUIT DIAGRAM with proper wires,
meters, and equipments as per the rating of D.C. motor and alternator.
2. Ensure that all the load switches on alternator are in off position.
3. Set the rheostat on the alternator exciter winding at maximum resistance position.
4. Set the rheostat on the D.C. motor field winding at minimum resistance position.
5. Switch ON the supply of D.C. motor and move the starter to zero resistance
position smoothly and gradually.
6. Adjust the speed of prime mover to the synchronous speed of alternator using
field rheostat of D.C.motor.
7. Close the switch so that rotor winding of alternator is connected to D.C. shunt
exciter.
8. Decrease the resistance of the field rheostat of shunt exciter so that current will
start to flow in the field winding of alternator. Adjust the field current so that
alternator will build up voltage upto rated terminal voltage.
9. Start to switch on the load of the alternator in steps so that the load current
increases upto rated load current keeping the speed of the set constant for each
loading and note down load current and terminal voltage readings at each load
conditions in the observation table.
10. Switch “OFF” complete load keeping the speed and field current constant. Note
down alternator terminal voltage at no load.
11. Repeat the steps 3-10 for inductive load and capacitive load.
12. Switch off supply and remove connections.

13. Plot the graph between terminal voltage V and load current IL for resistive,
inductive and capacitive load on same graph paper.

41
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

14. The nature of graph for different load will be as shown in figure.

Calculations (Sample calculation)

1. For Resistive load (unity PF)

% voltage regulation ‘UP’ = Eo – V x 100 = %
V
%Voltage regulation ‘Down’ = Eo – V x 100 = %
Eo

2. For inductive load (lagging Pf) = x 100

= %

3. For capacitive load (Leading PF) = x 100

= %

42
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

RESULTS:
The voltage regulation of alternator at full load is found to be.
For Resistive load = %
For Inductive load = %
For Capacitive load = %

CONCLUSION:

Sr. Marks allotted Marks obtained

Criteria
no
1 Attendance at regular practical 5
2 Preparedness for practical 10
3 Correct figures / diagrams 10
4 Observation tables 10
5 RESULT table / calculations / graphs 10
6 Safety / use of proper tools 5
Total 50

43
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

44
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

EXPERIMENT NO.8
AIM: Determination of regulation and efficiency of an alternator from OC and SC tests
(Synchronous impedance method)

Practical Significance
Predetermination of voltage regulation of 3 phase alternator is one of the prime
requirements to understand the performance and efficient working of alternators
which are widely used in generating stations. Predetermination of regulation by
synchronous impedance method gives higher value of regulation than obtained from
actual loading.

Relevant Program Outcomes (Pos)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical Engineering knowledge to solve
broad based Electrical Engineering related problems.

PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the RESULTs to solve broad-based Electrical Engineering problems.

PSO1 :Maintain various types of electrical equipments

APPARATUS:
1. Three phase alternator
2. Motor

3. Ammeter

4. Rheostat

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
L F A
DC Supply

A
A1 F1
DC Supply

F1 V
M
F2

Alternator
A2
F2

Fig. 1 Experiment set up for performing Open circuit test

45
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

L F A

A
A1 F1
F1 A
M
F2
Alternator
A2
F2

FIG 2 : Experimental set-up for performing Short Circuit test

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Open-circuit Test Short-circuit Test

SL Field Current Terminal Voltage Field Current Short-circuit Current
NO If Vt If Isc
(amp) (volt) (amp) (amp)
1
2
3
4
5

Armature resistance per phase = Ω

Effective value of armature resistance = Ω
THEORY:
Synchronous impedance is predetermination method of calculating regulation of an
alternator which gives higher value of regulation than obtained from actual loading. This
method is indirect method of finding out regulation. In this method O.C. and SC.
Characteristics are plotted by conducting the o.c and s.c test and synchronous
impedance is calculated from it. Measure the value of stator resistance Ra by voltmeter
ammeter method.
Then Xs can be calculated using the values of Z s and Ra. Then induced emf of alternator
E0 can be calculated for any load current and at any power factor using the values of X s
and Ra. The percentage regulation of alternator can be obtained knowing the value of E 0
and rated terminal voltage V. All the above values should be per phase values.
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.
2) Switch ON the dc power supply and start the motor with the help of three
point starter keeping the field rheostat at its minimum value.
46
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

3) Now adjust the speed of motor equal to the synchronous speed of

alternator with the help of field rheostat. Maintain this synchronous speed
throughout the experiment.
4) Increase alternator field current by varying the field voltage gradually.
Note down the voltmeter reading connected across the alternator
terminals for various values of alternator field current. Go up to 10 %
above the rated voltage of alternator.
5) Switch OFF the dc supply.
6) Short the alternator output through ammeter as shown in Fig. 2 and repeat
steps 2 and 3 above.
7) Increase alternator field current by varying the field voltage gradually.
Note the ammeter readings connected across the alternator terminals for
various values of alternator field current.
8) Switch OFF the dc supply and disconnect all connection.
9) Measure per phase armature resistance and field resistance with the help of multi-
meter.
10) Plot the O.C.C. and S.C.C. curves.
11) Calculated the value of synchronous reactance and regulation of alternator.

Calculations:

47
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

RESULT :
Synchronous reactance per phase = Ω
Voltage regulation at 0.8 power factor lagging = %
Voltage regulation at 0.8 power factor leading = %
Voltage regulation at zero power factor = %

CONCLUSION:

Sr. Marks allotted Marks obtained

Criteria
no
1 Attendance at regular practical 5
2 Preparedness for practical 10
3 Correct figures / diagrams 10
4 Observation tables 10
5 RESULT table / calculations / graphs 10
6 Safety / use of proper tools 5
Total 50

48
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

EXPERIMENT NO.9
AIM: To draw ‘V’ curves and inverted ‘V’ curves on No-load of 3- synchronous motor

Practical Significance
The effect of excitation on armature current and power factor of 3 phase
synchronous motor shall be studied by obtaining ‘V’ curves and inverted ‘V’
curves. Since synchronous motor acts as a synchronous condenser while operating
with leading power factor it is important to study about these curves.

Relevant Program Outcomes (Pos)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve

broad- based electrical engineering related problems.
PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to
use the RESULTs to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems
PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.
PSO1 :Maintain various types of electrical equipments
APPARATUS:
1. DC motor
2. Synchronous motor
3. Ammeter
4. Voltmeter
5. Wattmeter
6. Rheostat
7. Load bank

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

49
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

OBSERVATION TABLE
At Full load

S.No If (A) Ia (A) W (Watts) Cos Φ

1
2

Half full load

S.No If Ia (A) W (Watts) Cos Φ

(A)
1
2

At No Load

S.No If Ia (A) W (Watts) Cos Φ

(A)
1
2

THEORY:-
V curve is a plot of the stator current versus field current for different constant
loads. The Graph plotted between the armature current Ia and field current If at
no load the curve is obtained known as V Curve. Since the shape of these curves is
similar to the letter “V”, thus they are called V curve of synchronous motor.

The power factor of the synchronous motor can be controlled by varying the field current
If. As we know that the armature current I a changes with the change in the field current I f.
Let us assume that the motor is running at NO load. If the field current is increased from
this small value, the armature current Ia decreases until the armature current becomes
minimum. At this minimum point, the motor is operating at unity power factor. The motor
operates at lagging power factor until it reaches up to this point of operation.

If now, the field current is increased further, the armature current increases and the
motor start operating as a leading power factor. The graph drawn between armature current
and field current is known as V curve. If this PROCEDURE is repeated for various
increased loads, a family of curves is obtained.

50
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

The V curves of a synchronous motor are shown below.

The point at which the unity power factor occurs is at the point where the armature
current is minimum. The curve connecting the lowest points of all the V curves for various
power levels is called the Unity Power Factor Compounding Curve. The compounding
curves for 0.8 power factor lagging and 0.8 power factor leading are shown in the figure
above by a red dotted line.

The loci of constant power factor points on the V curves are called Compounding
Curves. It shows the manner in which the field current should be varied in order to
maintain constant power factor under changing load. Points on the right and left of the
unity power factor corresponds to the over excitation and leading current and under
excitation and lagging current respectively.

51
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

The V curves are useful in adjusting the field current. Increasing the field current If
beyond the level for minimum armature current RESULTs in leading power factor.
Similarly decreasing the field current below the minimum armature current RESULT
RESULTs in lagging power factor. It is seen that the field current for unity power factor at
full load is more than the field current for unity power factor at no load.

The figure below shows the graph between power factor and field current at the different loads.

It is clear from the above figure that, if the synchronous motor at full load is
operating at unity power factor, then removal of the shaft load causes the motor to operate
at a leading power factor.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connections are avoided.
2. Note down all meter readings without any parallax error.
3. If the watt meter reading shows negative reading (Kick backs), then interchange
the connection of
M and L of the wattmeter.
PROCEDURE:

52
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

4. Make the connections as per the CIRCUIT DIAGRAM.

5. Switch on the AC supply feeding to 3-phase synchronous motor and start the
motor using 3- phase variac.
6. Ensure that the motor is running at no-load and synchronous Speed.
7. Now the field winding of the synchronous motor is exited with excitation unit.
8. Set the Rheostat of the field winding of the motor to the position of the normal
excitation. (Here the armature current will draw the minimum current from the
mains.)
9. Note down all meter readings at this position.
10. Decrease the excitation current in steps an note down ammeter and wattmeter
readings. (Excitation current may be reduced till the rated armature current
flows in the armature circuit of the synchronous motor) (I f as Ia ).
11. Again set back rheostat position to normal excitation position, now increase the
excitation in steps and note down all meter readings.
12. Repeat the step - 5, 6, 7, and 8 for half load and full load.
13. Decrease the load on the motor and switch of the supply.

Note:
1. Keeping fixed load on the dc machine (DC Generator), the data for a V-curve is
obtained by varying the field current and note down the armature current as
suggested earlier. The V-curves are drawn for no load, Full load and one
intermediate load.
2. For same data inverted V- curves are drawn between Cos (p.f) and If.

CALCULATIONS:-

53
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS:-

Sr. Marks allotted Marks obtained

Criteria
no
1 Attendance at regular practical 5
2 Preparedness for practical 10
3 Correct figures / diagrams 10
4 Observation tables 10
5 RESULT table / calculations / graphs 10
6 Safety / use of proper tools 5
Total 50

54
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

55
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

56
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

EXPERIMENT NO. 10

AIM: STUDY OF CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF 1- INDUCTION MOTORS.

Practical Significance
Single phase motors are widely used in various home appliances and industries as drive
motors for variety of machines due to its rugged construction, smoother and efficient
operation. Its construction is simple consisting Stator &rotor as main parts.
Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)
PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.
PSO1 :Maintain various types of electrical equipments

THEORY:
There are two basic reasons for the use of single-phase motors rather than 3-phase motors.

1. For reason of economy, most houses, offices and also rural areas are supplied with
single phase a.c, as power requirements of individual load items are rather small.
2. The economics of the motor and its branch circuit.
 Fixed loads requiring not more than 0.5KW can generally be served most
economically with single phase power and a single phase motor.
 Single phase motors are simple in construction, reliable, easy to repair and
comparatively cheaper in cost and therefore, find wide use in fans, refrigerators,
vacuum cleaners, washing machines, other kitchen equipment, tools, blowers,
centrifugal pumps, small farming appliances etc.

Because of above reasons motors of comparatively small ratings (mostly in fractional

KW ratings) are manufactured in large number to operate on single phase ac at standard
frequencies. An indication of the number of such motors can be had from the fact that the
sum of total of all fractional kilowatt motors in use today far exceeds the total of integral
kilowatt motors of all types.

TYPES OF SINGLE-PHASE MOTOR:

The Single phase motors may be of the following types:

1. Single-phase Induction Motors:

A. Split-phase motors
57
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

(i) Resistance-start motor

(ii) Capacitor-start motor
(iii) Permanent-split (single-value) capacitor motor
(iv) Two-value capacitor motor.
B. Shaded-pole induction motor.
C. Reluctance-start induction motor.
D. Repulsion-start induction motor.

2. Commutator-Type, Single-Phase Motors:

A. Repulsion motor.
B. Repulsion-induction motor.
C. A.C series motor.
D. Universal motor.
3. Single-phase Synchronous Motors:
A. Reluctance motor.
B. Hysteresis motor.
C. Sub-synchronous motor.
SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
Applications and Disadvantages:
Applications:
 Single phase induction motors are in very wide use in industry especially in fractional
horse-power field.
They are extensively used for electrical drive for low power constant speed
APPARATUS such as machine tools, domestic APPARATUS and agricultural
machinery in circumstances where a three-phase supply is not readily available.
 Single phase induction motors sizes vary from 1/400 kw to 1/25 kw are used in toys, hair
dryers, vending machines etc.
 Universal motor is widely used in portable tools, vacuum cleaners& kitchen equipment.
Disadvantages:
Though these machines are useful for small outputs, they are not used for large powers as
they suffer from many disadvantages and are never used in cases where three-phase machines
can be adopted.
The main disadvantages of single-phase induction motors are:
1. Their output is only 50% of the three-phase motor, for a given frame size and
58
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

temperature rise.

1. They have lower power factor.

2. Lower efficiency.
3. These motors do not have inherent starting torque.
4. More expensive than three-phase motors of the same output.
5. Low overload capacity.

CONSTRUCTION OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:

Single phase induction motor is very simple and robust in construction. The stator
carries a distributed winding in the slots cut around the inner periphery. The stator
conductors have low resistance and they are winding called Starting winding is also
mounted on the stator. This winding has high resistance and its embedded deep inside the
stator slots, so that they have considerable inductance. The rotor is invariably of the
squirrel cage type. In practice, in order to convert temporarily the single phase motor into
two-phase motor, auxiliary conductors are placed in the upper layers of stator slots. The
auxiliary winding has a centrifugal switch in series with it. The function of the switch is to
cut off the starting winding, when the rotor has accelerated to about 75% of its rated
speed. In capacitor-start motors, an electrolytic capacitor of suitable capacitance value is
also incorporated in the starting winding circuit.

The main stator winding and auxiliary (or starting) winding are joined in parallel,
and there is an arrangement by which the polarity of only the starting winding can be
reversed. This is necessary for changing the direction of rotation of the rotor.

A 1-phase induction motor is similar to a 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor in

59
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

physical appearance. The rotor is same as that employed in 3-phase squirrel cage induction
motor. There is uniform air gap between stator and rotor but no electrical connection between
them.

Although single phase induction motor is more simple in construction and is

cheaper than a 3-phase induction motor of the same frame size, it is less efficient and it
operates at lower power factor.

WORKING OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:

A single phase induction motor is inherently not self-staring can be shown easily.

Consider a single phase induction motor whose rotor is at rest. Let a single phase a.c. source be
connected to the stator winding (it is assumed that there is no starting winding). Let the stator be
wound for two poles.

When power supply for the stator is switched on, an alternating current flows through
the stator winding. This sets up an alternating flux. This flux crosses the air gap and links with
the rotor conductors. By electromagnetic induction e.m.f.’s are induced in the rotor conductors.
Since the rotor forms a closed circuit, currents are induced in the rotor bars. Due to interaction
between the rotor induced currents and the stator flux, a torque is produced.

It is readily seen that if all rotor conductors in the upper half come under a stator N
pole, all rotor conductors in the lower half come under a stator S pole. Hence the upper half of
the rotor is subjected to a torque which tends to rotate it in one direction and the lower half of
the rotor is acted upon by an equal torque which tends to rotate it in the opposite direction. The
two equal and opposite torques cancel out, with the RESULT that the net driving torque is zero.
Hence the rotor remains stationary. Thus the single phase motor fails to develop starting torque.

This argument holds good irrespective of the number of stator poles and the polarity
of the stator winding. The net torque acting on the rotor at standstill is zero.

If, however, the rotor is in motion in any direction when supply for the stator is
switched on, it can be shown that the rotor develops more torque in that direction. The net
torque then, would have non-zero value, and under its impact the rotor would speed up in its
direction.

60
Manual of AC Rotating machine (TYEE)

CONCLUSION:- Thus we have studied construction of single phase induction motor.

Sr. Marks allotted Marks obtained

Criteria
no
1 Attendance at regular practical 5
2 Preparedness for practical 10
3 Correct figures / diagrams 10
4 Observation tables 10
5 RESULT table / calculations / graphs 10
6 Safety / use of proper tools 5
Total 50

61