Chapter 5

Chapter 5 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 235) 12. 6x + 7xy = 15

1. y6 ⋅y = y6 + 1 = y7
n4
2. —3 = n4 − 3= n1 = n
n
6x − 6x + 7xy = −6x + 15
7xy = −6x + 15
3. —
6 2
x
=—
x5
⋅x
6+2 x
x5 x6
x ⋅
4. —5 3x2 = x6 − 5 3x2 ⋅ 7xy −6x + 15
—=—
7x 7x
x5
= —8
x
= x 3x2 ⋅ −6x + 15
y=—
7x
= x5 − 8 = 3x2 + 1
= x−3 = 3x3
13. yes; Sample answer: When simplifying x3 ⋅ (x ) , you must
2 2

first apply the Power of a Power Property and then apply the
1
= —3 Product of Powers Property.
x
Chapter 5 Mathematical Practices (p. 236)
43(w3)3 64w3 ⋅ 3 8w9
5. —2( )
4w3
2z
3
=—
23(z2)3
=—
8z2 ⋅ 3
=—
z6 1. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the equation related to the
smallest triangle is 12 + 12 = a2. Solve the equation for a.

6. —
2 ( ⋅⋅ ) ( ⋅ )
3
m7 m
z m
2
= —
m7 + 1 2
z2 m3
12 + 12 = a2
1 + 1 = a2

(⋅ ) = —
z2 m3
m8 2
2 = a2
a = ±√2
—

( ) = —
z2
m8 − 3 2 Reject the negative—solution because length cannot be
negative, so a = √2 inches. Repeat this process to find b.

( ) = —
m5 2
z2
Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the — equation related to the
second triangle is 12 + a2 = 12 + ( √2 ) = b2. Solve the
2

(m5)2 equation for b.

=— — 2
(z2)2 12 + ( √2 ) = b2
m5 ⋅ 2 1 + 2 = b2
=—
z2 ⋅ 2
3 = b2
m10 —
=— b = ±√3
z4
Reject the negative—solution because length cannot be
7. 4x + y = 2 8. x − —13y = −1 negative, so b = √3 inches. Repeat this process to find
4x − 4x + y = −4x + 2 x − x − —13 y = −x − 1 c. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the equation related to
— 2
y = −4x + 2
1
−—3y = −x − 1 the third triangle is 12 + b2 = 12 + ( √3 ) = c2. Solve the
equation for c.
( 1
)
−3 −—3 y = −3(−x − 1) — 2
12 + ( √3 ) = c2
y = 3x + 3
1 + 3 = c2
9. 2y − 9 = 13 10. 2xy + 6y = 10 4 = c2
—
2y − 9 + 9 = 13 + 9 (2x + 6)y = 10 c = ±√4
10 c = ±2
2y = 22 y=—
2x + 6
Reject the negative solution because length cannot be
2y 22 5
—=— y=— negative, so c = 2 inches. Repeat this process to find
2 2 x+3
d. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the equation related
y = 11 2
to the last triangle is 12 + c2 = 12 + 2 = d 2. Solve the
equation for d.
11. 8x − 4xy = 3
12 + 22 = d 2
8x − 8x − 4xy = −8x + 3
1 + 4 = d2
−4xy = −8x + 3
5 = d2
−4xy −8x + 3 —
—=— d = ±√5
−4x −4x
−8x + 3 8x − 3 Reject the negative—solution because length cannot be
y=—=— negative, so d = √5 inches.
−4x 4x

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Chapter 5

2. From Question 1, the lengths of the sides are a ≈ 1.4 inches, c. 6253/4 = ( 6251/4 )3
b ≈ 1.7 inches, c = 2 inches, and d ≈ 2.2 inches. 4— 3
= ( √ 625 )
3. Sample answer: The measurements from a ruler = 53
7
are a ≈ 1—16
inches, b ≈ 1—34 inches, c = 2 inches, and = 125
1
d ≈ 2—4 inches. The fourth root of 625 is 5 and 53 is 125.
d. 493/2 = ( 491/2 )3
5.1 Explorations (p. 237) — 3
— — = ( √ 49 )
1. a. √ 9 = 3 = 91/2 b. √ 2 ≈ 1.4 ≈ 21/2
3— 3— = 73
c. √ 8 = 2 = 81/3 d. √ 3 ≈ 1.4 ≈ 31/3
4— 4— = 343
e. √ 16 = 2 = 161/4 f. √ 12 ≈ 1.9 ≈ 121/4
The square root of 49 is 7 and 73 is 343.
— 3
2. a. ( √ 5 ) = ( 51/2 )3 ( 4 — )2 = ( 41/4 )2
b. √ 4 e. 1254/3 = ( 1251/3 )4
3— 4
= 53/2 = 42/4 = ( √ 125 )
≈ 11.18 = 41/2 = 54
= 2.00 = 625
( 3 — )2 = ( 91/3 )2
c. √ 9 ( 5 — )4 = ( 101/5 )4
d. √ 10 The cube root of 125 is 5 and 54 is 625.
= 92/3 = 104/5 f. 1006/3 = 1002
≈ 4.33 ≈ 6.31 = 10,000
— 3 3— 4
e. ( √ 15 ) = ( 151/2 )3 f. ( √ 27 ) = ( 271/3 )4 The exponent reduces to 2 and 1002 is 10,000.
= 153/2 = 274/3
≈ 58.09 = 81 5.1 Monitoring Progress (pp. 238–240)
1. Because n = 4 is even and a = 16 > 0, 16 has two real
3. a. 82/3 = ( 81/3 )2 b. 65/2 = ( 61/2 )5 fourth roots. Because 24 = 16 and (−2)4 = 16, you can
3— 2 — 5 4—
= ( √8 ) = ( √6 ) write ±√ 16 = ±2 or ±161/4 = ±2.
= 4.00 ≈ 88.18
2. Because n = 2 is even and a = −49 < 0, −49 has no real
c. 123/4 = ( 121/4 )3 d. 103/2 = ( 101/2 )3 square roots.
4— 3 — 3
= ( √ 12 ) = ( √ 10 )
3. Because n = 3 is odd and a = −125 < 0, −125 has one
≈ 6.45 ≈ 31.62
real
—
cube root. Because (−5)3 = −125, you can write
e. 16 = ( 161/2 )3
3/2 f. 20 = ( 201/5 )6
6/5 3
√−125 = −5 or (−125)1/3 = −5.
— 3 5— 6
= ( √ 16 ) = ( √20 )
4. Because n = 5 is odd and a = 243 > 0, 243 has one
= 64.00 ≈ 36.41
real fifth root. Because 35 = 243, you can write
5—
4. A rational exponent can be rewritten as a power involving a √243 = 3 or 2431/5 = 3.
radical by taking the denominator as the index of the radical 1
5. 45/2 = ( 41/2 )5 = 25 = 32 6. 9−1/2 = ( 91/2 )−1 = 3−1 = —3
and the numerator as the exponent that is placed on the
radical. 7. 813/4 = ( 811/4 )3 = 33 = 27

5. a. 43/2 = ( 41/2 )3 8. 17/8 = ( 11/8 )7 = 17 = 1

— 3
= ( √4 )
9. 62/5 ≈ 2.05 10. 64−2/3 ≈ 0.06
= 23
=8 ( 4 — )5 = 165/4 = 32
11. √ 16 ( 3 — )2 = (−30)2/3 ≈ 9.65
12. √ −30
The square root of 4 is 2 and 23 is 8. 1
13. 8x3 = 64 14. —2 x5 = 512
b. 324/5 = ( 321/5 )4
5— 4 x3 = 8 x5 = 1024
= ( √ 32 )
x=2 x=4
= 24
The solution is x = 2. The solution is x = 4.
= 16
The fifth root of 32 is 2 and 24 is 16.

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Chapter 5

15. (x + 5)4 = 16 16. (x − 2)3 = −14 14. 813/4 = (811/4)3 = 33 = 27

x + 5 = ±2 x − 2 ≈ −2.41 15. (−243)1/5 = [ (−3)5 ]1/5 = −3

x = −5 ± 2 x ≈ −0.41
16. (−64)4/3 = [ (−64)1/3 ]4 = (−4)4 = 256
The solutions are The solution is x ≈ −0.41.
x = −7 and x = −3. 1 1
17. 8−2/3 = (81/3)−2 = 2−2 = —2 = —
2 4
17. The useful life is 10 years, so n = 10. The machine
depreciates to $6000, so S = 6000. The original cost is 18. 16−7/4 = (161/4)−7 = 2−7 = —7 = —
1 1
$50,000, so C = 50,000. So, the annual depreciation rate is 2 128

r=1− —
S 1/n
C ()=1− — (
6000 1/10
50,000 )
=1− —
3 1/10
25 ( )
≈ 0.191.
19. The cube root was calculated incorrectly.
272/3 = (271/3)2
The annual depreciation rate is about 0.191, or 19.1%.
= 32
5.1 Exercises (pp. 241–242) =9

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check 20. The index and exponent were switched.
3— 4
1 2564/3 = ( √256 ) ≈ 6.354 ≈ 1625.50
1. Rewrite the expression as a−s/t = —. The index of the
radical is t. (√t —a )s
21. B; The denominator of the exponent is 3 and the numerator
is 4.
2. For an integer n greater than 1, if bn = a, then b is an nth
root of a. 22. D; The denominator of the exponent is 4 and the numerator
is 3.
3. For the real fourth roots, if a is positive, then there are two
4—
real fourth roots, ±√a , and if a is negative, then there are no 23. A; The denominator of the exponent is 4 and the exponent is
real fourth roots. For fifth roots, if a is positive or negative, negative.
5—
then there is one real fifth root, √ a.
m — −n 24. C; The denominator of the exponent is 4 and expression is
4. The expression (√ a ) does not belong because it has a negative.
negative exponent.
5— 7—
m — −n 1 25. √32,768 = 8 26. √ 1695 ≈ 2.89
(√ a) = —
an/m
n— m 27. 25−1/3 ≈ 0.34 28. 851/6 ≈ 2.10
( a1/n )m = (√ a ) = am/n
29. 20,7364/5 ≈ 2840.40 30. 86−5/6 ≈ 0.02
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
5. Because n = 3 is odd and a = 8 > 0, 8 has one real cube
( 4 —)3 ≈ 50.57
31. √ 187 ( 5 — )8 ≈ 27.86
32. √ −8
3—
root. Because 23 = 8, you can write √8 = 2 or 81/3 = 2.
33. The formula for the volume of a sphere with radius r is
6. Because n = 5 is odd and a = −1 < 0, −1 has one real fifth V = —43π r 3. Substitute 216 for V in the equation and solve for r.
5—
root. Because (−1)5 = −1, you can write √−1 = −1 or 216 = —34π r 3
(−1)1/5 = −1.
162 = π r 3
7. Because n = 2 is even and a = 0, 0 has one real square root. 51.566 ≈ r3
—
Because 02 = 0, or you can write √ 0 = 0 or 01/2 = 0. 3.72 ≈ r
8. Because n = 4 is even and a = 256 > 0, 256 has two real So, the radius of the sphere is about 3.72 feet.
fourth roots. Because 44 = 256 and (−4)4 = 256, you can
4— 34. The formula for the volume of a cylinder with radius r and
write ±√256 = ±4 or ±2561/4 = ±4.
height h is V = π r 2h. Substitute 1332 for V and 9 for h in the
9. Because n = 5 is odd and a = −32 < 0, −32 has one equation and solve for r.
real
5—
fifth root. Because (−2)5 = −32, you can write
√−32 = −2 or (−32)1/5 = −2.
1332 = π r 2 9 ⋅
148 = π r 2
10. Because n = 6 is even and a = −729 < 0, −729 has no real 47.11 ≈ r2
sixth roots. 6.86 ≈ r
So, the radius of the cylinder is about 6.86 centimeters.
11. 641/6 = (26)1/6 = 2 12. 81/3 = (23)1/3 = 2

13. 253/2 = (251/2)3 = 53 = 125

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 237
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Chapter 5
4—
35. x3 = 125 36. 5x3 = 1080 47. The number √ 125 lies between 3 and 4 because 125 lies
x=5 x3 = 216 between 81 = 34 and 256 = 44.
The solution is x = 5. x=6 48. y
The solution is x = 6.

37. (x + 10)5 = 70 38. (x − 5)4 = 256 (1, 0)

(1 (1.52, 0)
x + 10 ≈ 2.33 x − 5 = ±4 x
Ea
Earth Mars
x ≈ −7.66 x=5±4
The solution is The solutions are x = 1
x ≈ −7.66. and x = 9. Because it takes Mars 1.88 years to orbit the Sun, substitute
1.88 into the equation for t and solve for d.
39. x5 = −48 40. 7x4 = 56
d 3 = 1.882
x ≈ −2.17 x4 = 8 3—
d = √ 1.882
The solution is x ≈ −2.17. x ≈ ±1.68
d ≈ 1.52
The solutions are x ≈ −1.68
and x ≈ 1.68. So, the distance Mars is from the Sun is about
1.52 astronomical units.
41. x6 + 36 = 100 42. x3 + 40 = 25
49. Because the length of the bottom is 20 feet, use ℓ = 20
x6 = 64 x3 = −15 and because the depth of the water is 5 feet, use h = 5.
x = ±2 x ≈ −2.47 So, Q = 3.367(20)(5)3/2 ≈ 753. So, there is about
The solutions are The solution is x ≈ −2.47. 753 cubic feet of water per second going over the spillway.
x = −2 and x = 2.
50. The equation that relates the particle mass to the speed of
1
43. —3 x4 = 27
1
44. —6 x3 = −36 the river is m = ks6, where m is the mass of the particle, s is
the speed of the river, and k is a constant. Because the k is a
x4 = 81 x3 = −216
constant, it does not change when the speed of the river or
x = ±3 x = −6 the mass of the particle changes. When the mass is doubled,
The solutions are The solution is x = −6. multiply each side of the formula by 2 and rewrite.
x = −3 and x = 3. 2m = 2ks6
45. The period of time for each case is 100 years, so n = 100. 2m = k 2s6⋅
Potatoes: The price in 1913 was $0.016 per pound, so 2m = k( 21/6s )6
p1 = 0.016. The price in 2013 was $0.627 per pound, So, the speed of the river must be 21/6 ≈ 1.12 times faster
so p2 = 0.627. So, the inflation rate is for a particle double the mass to be transported, or about
1.12 meters per second. Similarly, for a particle 10 times
( )
1/n 1/100
p 0.627
r = —2
p1( ) −1= —
0.016
− 1 ≈ 0.024. the mass, the speed needs to be 101/6 ≈ 1.47 times faster, or
about 1.47 meters per second, and for a particle 100 times
The inflation rate for potatoes is about 0.024, or 2.4%. the mass, the speed needs to be 1001/6 ≈ 2.15 times faster,
Ham: The price in 1913 was $0.251 per pound, so or about 2.15 meters per second.
p1 = 0.251. The price in 2013 was $2.693 per pound, so
p2 = 2.693. So, the inflation rate is Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

( )
1/n 1/100
p 2.693
r = —2
p1( ) −1= —
0.251
− 1 ≈ 0.037. 51. 5 ⋅5 4 = 54 + 1 = 55
42 1
52. —7 = 42 − 7 = 4−5 = —5
4 4
1
The inflation rate for ham is about 0.037, or 3.7%. 53. (z2)−3 = z2(−3) = z−6 = —6
z
Eggs: The price in 1913 was $0.373 per dozen, so
( 3x2 ) = (3x)2 = 316x = 81x16
4 4 4 4 4
p1 = 0.373. The price in 2013 was $1.933 per dozen, 54. — — — —
4
so p2 = 1.933. So, the inflation rate is
55. 5 × 103 = 5000 56. 4 × 10−2 = 0.04
( )
1/n 1/100
p 1.933
r = —2
p1( ) −1= —
0.373
− 1 ≈ 0.017.
57. 8.2 × 10−1 = 0.82 58. 6.93 × 106 = 6,930,000
The inflation rate for eggs is about 0.017, or 1.7%.

46. From the shape of the graph, n is an even number. The

number a is positive and has two real nth roots because the
graphs intersect at only two points.

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Chapter 5

⋅ √6 = √27 ⋅ 6
— — —
5.2 Explorations (p. 243) 5. a. √ 27
—
1
1. a. a−2 = —2 , a ≠ 0; D b. (ab)4 = a4b4; C = √162
⋅
—
a = √81 2
c. (a3)4 = a12; B d. a3 ⋅a 4 = a7; A = √81 √2
—

—
⋅
—

a3 a6
( ab ) = b , b ≠ 0; G
3
e. — —3 f. —2 = a4, a ≠ 0; F = 9√ 2
a
√240
3— —
g. a0 = 1, a ≠ 0; E
√240
b. —
—
= 3
—
3 15
√15
2. a. 52/3 ⋅5 4/3 = 52/3 + 4/3 b. 31/5 ⋅3 4/5 = 31/5 + 4/5 = √ 16
3—

= =
⋅
56/3 35/5 3—
= √8 2
= 52 = 31
⋅
3— 3—
= √8 √2
= 25 =3 = 2√ 2
3—

c. (42/3)3 = 4(2 ⋅ 3)/3 d. (101/2)4 = 104/2

c. (51/2 ⋅ 161/4)2 = ( 51/2 2 )2 ⋅
= 42 = 102 = (51/2)2 22 ⋅
= 16 = 100 = 52/2 ⋅4
85/2
e. —
81/2
= 85/2 − 1/2 f. —
5/3
72/3
7
= 72/3 − 5/3 =5 4 ⋅
= 20
= 84/2 = 7−3/3
5.2 Monitoring Progress (pp. 244–247)
= 82 = 7−1

= 64
1
=—
1. 23/4 ⋅2 1/2 = 2(3/4 + 1/2) = 25/4
7 3 31
2. — =— = 3(1 − 1/4) = 33/4
⋅ √12 = 3 ⋅ 12 ⋅ ⋅
— — — 1/4
3 1/4 3
3. a. √ 3 1/2 1/2 = (3 12)1/2 = √ 3 12
√3 ⋅ 12 = √36 = 6
—

b. √ 5 ⋅ √ 25 = 5 ⋅ 25
—
3. ( ) [( ) ]
201/2
—
51/2
3
=
20
—
5
1/2 3
= ( 41/2 )3 = (2)3 = 8
⋅ ⋅
3— 3— 3—
1/3 1/3 = (5 25)1/3 = √5 25
√5 ⋅ 25 = √125 = 5
3— 3— 4. ( 51/3 ⋅7 1/4 )3 = ( 51/3 )3 ( 71/4 )3 ⋅
c. √ 27 ⋅ √ 3 = 27 ⋅ 3 = 5(1/3) ⋅ 3 7(1/4) ⋅ 3 ⋅
⋅ ⋅
4— 4— 4—
1/4 1/4 = (27 3)1/4 = √27 3
√27 ⋅ 3 = √81 = 3
4— 4—
⋅ = 51 73/4
⋅
( 982 ) = √982
— — = 5 73/4
√98 981/2 1/2
d. — =— = — —
5. √ 27 ⋅ √ 3 = √ 27 ⋅ 3 = √ 81 = 3
— 1/2 2 4— 4— 4— 4—
√2

√
—
—

√2502 = √125 = 5
98 3—
— = √ 49 = 7 √250
—
3—
2 6. — = 3
—

( ) = √1024
4— — — 3
√4 41/4 4 4 1/4 √2
e. — = — = — 4
—
⋅ 13 = √8 ⋅ √13 = 2√13
4 — 1024 1/4 1024 3— 3— 3— 3— 3—
√ 1024 7. √ 104 = √ 8

√1024 =√
— —

√34 = √34 ⋅√88

4 1 1 — — —
= 4
— = 4
— — 5 5 5
256 4 8. — — —

=√
3—

=√ ⋅ =√ =
—
5—
√625 625 5—
f. ——
√5
3
=
5
=(
625
5
— )
1/3
1/3625
5
—
1/3 3
— 3 8
4 8
5
—
24 √ 24 √ 24
—
32 √ 32
=
2
— 5
—

— —
—
5
—

√6255 = √125 = 5
— —
3— 6 + √2
⋅ 6 + √2
3 3 3
— 9. ——
=—— ——
6 − √2 6 − √2
—
4. You can rewrite the radical with a rational exponent, and 3( 6 + √2 )
=— —
then use the properties of exponents to add or subtract
62 − ( √2 )2
exponents.
—
18 + 3√2
=—
36 − 2
—
18 + 3√2
=—
34

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Chapter 5
5— 5—
10. 7√ 12 − √ 12 = (7 − 1)√ 12
5— 9. ( 3−2/3 ⋅3 1/3 )−1
⋅
= ( 3−2/3 )−1 ( 31/3 )−1
= 6√ 12
5—
⋅
= 32/3 3−1/3
= 3(2/3) + (−1/3)
11. 4( 92/3 ) + 8( 92/3 ) = (4 + 8)( 92/3 )
= 31/3
= 12( 92/3 )
OR
= 12[ ( 92 )1/3 ]
= 12(811/3)
⋅
( 3−2/3 31/3 )−1 = ( 3−2/3 + 1/3 )−1
= ( 3−1/3 )−1
= 12[ (27 3)1/3 ]⋅ = 31/3
= 12(271/3 ⋅ 31/3)
= 12(3 ⋅ 31/3) 10. ( 51/2 ⋅5 −3/2 )−1/4 = [ 51/2 + (−3/2) ]−1/4
= 36( 31/3 ) = ( 5−2/2 )−1/4
3— = ( 5−1 )−1/4
= 36√ 3
= 51/4
⋅8
3— 3— 3— 3—
12. √ 5 + √ 40 = √ 5 + √ 5
⋅ ( 2 ⋅416 )
2/3
= √5 + √5 ⋅ √8
3— 3— 3— 22/3 162/3
11. —
2/3
= —
3— 3— 4
= √5 + 2√5
3— = 82/3 = (81/3)2 = (2)2 = 4
= (1 + 2)√ 5
= 3√5
3—
12. —
5/4
= ——
7 5/4
⋅
493/8 497/8
7
⋅
(72)3/8 (72)7/8

√ ⋅
— 5—
3— 3— x10 √x10 x2 =—
73/4 77/4
13. √27q9 = √33q9 = 3q3 14. 5
—
y5 — = —
=—
5 y 75/4
√y5 7 + 7/4)
(3/4
6xy3/4 =—
15. — = 2x[1 − (1/2)]y[(3/4) − (1/2)] = 2x1/2y1/4 75/4
1/2 1/2
3x y 7 10/4
— — — —
=—
75/4
16. √9w5 − w√w3 = √9w4w1 − w√w2w
— —
= 7(10/4 − 5/4)
= 3w2√w − w2√w
—
= 75/4
= (3w2 − w2)√ w
⋅ √72 = √2 ⋅ 72 ⋅ √32 = √16 ⋅ 32
— — — 3— 3— 3—
= 2w2√w
—
13. √ 2 14. √ 16
— 3—
= √ 144 = √ 512
5.2 Exercises (pp. 248–250) = 12 =8
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
⋅ √8 = √6 ⋅ 8 ⋅ √8 = √8 ⋅ 8
4— 4— 4— 4— 4— 4—
15. √ 6 16. √ 8
1. A radical expression with index n is in simplest form when 4— 4—
= √ 48 = √ 64
no radicands have perfect nth powers other than 1 as factors,
⋅
4—
⋅
4—
no radicands contain fractions, and no radicals appear in the = √ 16 3 = √ 16 4
4— 4—
denominator of a fraction. = 2√ 3 = 2√ 4

√— , does not belong with the other three

—

√4862 √
4 5— — — —
2. The first radical, √486
3
√2 2
5
because it is not in simplest form. 17. ——
= 5
— 18. —
—
= —
5
√32 32
√2
=√ =
—
5— 1 1
= √ 243 = 3 — —
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics 16 4
4. (122)1/4 = 12[2 ⋅ (1/4)] = 121/2
⋅ √ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
3. (92)1/3 = 92/3 3— 3— — 3— 3— 3—
√6 √72 6 72 √3 √18 √3 18
19. — = 3
— 20. — =—
√2 ⋅ √2 ⋅
— 3 2 —6— — 6 6
5. —
6
= 61 − (1/4) = 63/4 6. —
7
= 7[1 − (1/3)] = 72/3 √2 √2 2
61/4 71/3 3—
3— √54
= √ 216 = 6 =—
7. —4( )
84
10
−1/4
= [( ) ]
8 4
10
—
−1/4
8. —3( )
93
6
−1/3
= [( ) ]
9 3
6
—
−1/3 6—
√22
3—
8 4 ⋅ (−1/4) 9 3 ⋅ (−1/3) √54
( )
= —
10
= —
6() =—
3—
√2

√542
−1 —
9 −1
=( 8 )
10
— = —
6() = 3
—
10 = 5 6 2 3—
=— — = — =— = √ 27 = 3
8 4 9 3

240 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Worked-Out Solutions All rights reserved.
Chapter 5
—
4— 4— 5— 5— 3 + √2
⋅
21. √ 567 = √ 81 ⋅ 7 22. √ 288 = √ 32 ⋅ 9 5 5
31. ——
=—— ——
4— 4— 5— 5—
= √81 √7 = √32 √ 9 3 − √2 3 − √2 3 + √2
—
= 3√7
4—
= 2√9
5— 5( 3 + √2 )
=— — 2

3— 3— 4—
32 − ( √2 )
3— 4— 4—
√5 √5 √2 √4 √4 √3 —
23. —
—
=—
3
√4
— 3⋅—
√4 √2
3—
24. —
—
=—
—
4
√27
⋅—
4
√27 √3
4—
15 + 5√2
=—
9−2
3— 4— —
√10 √12 15 + 5√2
=— =— =—
3— 4— 7
√8 √81 —
9 + √6
⋅ 9 + √6
3— 4— 11 11
√10
=—
√12
=— 32. ——
=—— ——
2 3 9 − √6 9 − √6
—
11( 9 + √ 6 )
√38 = √√38 ⋅ √√22 √74 = √√74 ⋅ √√22
— — — — 3— 3—
=—
25. — — — 26. 3
— — — — 2
— — 3— — 3 92 − ( √ 6 )
—
— 3— 99 + 11√6
√6 √14 =—
=—— =— 81 − 6
3—
√16 √8 99 + 11√6
—
— 3— =—
√6 √14 75
=— =—
4 2 — —
√3 − √7
⋅
9 9
33. — =— —
√6449 = √√6449 ⋅ √√77 √1296
— 3— 3— — 4— 4— — — — — — —
√1296 √25
27. 3
— —
— 3
—
3—
28. 4
25
—= ⋅
√25 √25
—
—4
—
—
4
√3 + √7 √3 + √7 √3 − √7
— —
9( √3 − √7 )
3— 4— = ——
=—
4√ 7
=—
6√25 ( √—3 )2 − ( √—7 )2
3— 4— — —
√343 √625 9√3 − 9√7
3— 4— =—
4√7 6√25 3−7
=— =— — —
7 5 9√3 − 9√7
— =—
6√ 5 −4
=—
5 — —
√8 − √7
⋅
2 2
— 34. —
— —
=—
— — —
— —
1 − √3
⋅—
1 1 √8 + √7 √8 + √7 √8 − √7
29. ——
=—— — — —
1 + √3 1 + √3 1 − √3 2( √8 − √7 )
— = ——
1( 1 − √ 3 ) ( √—8 )2 − ( √—7 )2
=— — 2 — —
12 − ( √3 ) 2√8 − 2√7
— =—
1 − √3 8−7
=— — —
1−3 = 2√8 − 2√ 7
—
1 − √3 — —
=— = 4√2 − 2√ 7
−2
— — — — —
2 − √5
⋅ √6 √6 √3 + √5
1 1
30. ——
=——
2 + √5 2 + √5 2 − √5
—— 35. —
— —
√3 − √5
=—
— —
√3 − √5 √3 + √5
⋅ —
— —

— — — —
1( 2 − √ 5 ) √6 ( √3 + √5 )
=— — 2 = ——
22 − ( √5 ) ( √—3 )2 − ( √—5 )2
— — —
2 − √5 √18 + √30
=— =—
4−5 3−5
—
— —
2 − √5 √18 + √30
=— =—
−1 −2
— — —
= √5 − 2 3√2 + √30
=—
−2

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 241

All rights reserved. Worked-Out Solutions
Chapter 5
— — — —
√7 √7 √10 + √2
36. —
— —
=—
— —
√10 − √2 √10 − √2 √10 + √2
⋅ —
— — 46. 51/4 + 6(4051/4) = 51/4 + 6[ (81 ⋅ 5) 1/4 ]
— — — = 51/4 + 6(811/4 ⋅ 51/4)
√ 7 ( √ 10 + √ 2 )
= —— = 51/4 + 6(3 ⋅ 51/4)
( √— — 2
10 )2 − ( √ 2 ) = (1 + 18)(51/4)
— —
√70 + √14 = 19(51/4)
=—
10 − 2
— —
√70 + √14 47. The radicand should not change when the expression is
=—
8 factored.
3— 3— 3— 3—
3— 3—
37. 9√ 11 + 3√ 11 = (9 + 3)√ 11
3— 3√ 12 + 5√12 = (3 + 5)√12 = 8√ 12
3—
= 12√ 11 48. (A) (52/9)3/2 = 51/3
6— 6— 6— 53 53
38. 8√ 5 − 12√ 5 = (8 − 12)√ 5 (B) — = — = 53 − (8/3) = 51/3
6— 3— 8
= −4√ 5 ( √5 ) 58/3
3— 3—
(C) √ 625 = √54 = 54/3 = 5(51/3)
39. 3(111/4) + 9(111/4) = (3 + 9)(111/4)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
3— 3— 3— 3—
= 12(111/4) (D) √5145 − √ 875 = √5 3 73 − √ 53 7

40. 13(83/4) − 4(83/4) = (13 − 4)(83/4) 3— 3— 3—

⋅
= 7 31/351/3 − 5 71/3 ⋅
(E) √5 + 3√5 = 4√5 = 4(51/3)
= 9(83/4)
⋅ ⋅
4— 4— 4— 4—
(F) 7√ 80 − 2√405 = 7√16 5 − 2√81 5

⋅
— — — —
41. 5√ 12 − 19√ 3 = 5√ 4 3 − 19√ 3 = 14(51/4) − 6(51/4) = 8(51/4)
— — —
= 5√4 √ 3 − 19√3 So, (A), (B), (C), and (E) are like radicals.
— —
= 10√3 − 19√ 3
√81y8 = √3—4 ⋅ (y2—
4— 4—
— 49. )4
= (10 − 19)√3
= √ 3 ⋅ √(y2)4
4 4
4
—
= −9√3
= 3y2

⋅ 25
— — — —
42. 27√ 6 + 7√ 150 = 27√ 6 + 7√ 6 3— 3—
— — — 50. √64r3t6 = √43r3(t2)3
= 27√6 + 7√ 6 √25 3— 3— 3—
— — = √ 43 √ r3 √ (t2)3
= 27√6 + 35√ 6
— = 4rt2
= (27 + 35)√6
√ √
— —
— m10 (m2)5
= 62√6 51. 5
—5
= 5
—5
n n
⋅ 32 + 3√7
5— 5— 5— 5— 5—
43. √ 224 + 3√ 7 = √ 7 √(m2)5
=—
= √32 ⋅ √ 7 + 3√ 7
5— 5— 5— 5—
√n5
5— 5—
= 2√ 7 + 3√7 m2
=—
5— n
= (2 + 3)√ 7

√
5— — 4—
= 5√ 7 k16 √(k4)4
—4 = —
4
52. —
16z 4
√24z4
⋅
3— 3— 3— 3—
44. 7√ 2 − √ 128 = 7√ 2 − √ 64 2
3— 3—3— k4
= 7√ 2 − √64 √ 2 =—
3— 3— 2∣ z ∣
= 7√ 2 − 4√2

√ √g ⋅ hh
3— — —
= (7 − 4)√ 2 53. 6 g6h
— = 6 6 —7
3— h7
= 3√ 2
=√
—
g 6
—6
⋅
6
45. 5(241/3) − 4(31/3) = 5[ (8 3)1/3 ] − 4(31/3) h
⋅ = √( )
—
= 5(81/3 31/3) − 4(31/3) 6 g 6
—
=5 ⋅ 2(31/3) − 4(31/3) h
= (10 − 4)(31/3) =∣ ∣
g
—
= 6(31/3) h

242 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Worked-Out Solutions All rights reserved.
Chapter 5

√
—

⋅ √w
— 3— 4—
n18p7 8 —— √w 5
w1/3 ⋅ w5/2 √v6 v6/4
54. 8
—
2 −1
= √n(18 − 2) ⋅ p[7 − (−1)] 61. —
—
=—8
62. —
—
=—
5/7
np 5w
√v5 v3/2
7
√25w16
8—
= √n16p8 w1/3 + 5/2 v
=— =—
8— 8— 5w8 v5/7
= √(n2)8 √p8 w17/6
=— = v(3/2 − 5/7)
= n2∣ p ∣, n ≠ 0, p ≠ 0 5w8
w2 ⋅ w5/6
55. Because 6 is even, to ensure all variables are positive, =— = v11/14
5w8
absolute value should have been used: 6—
√w5 14 —
6— =— = √ v11 , v ≠ 0
√g = ∣ g ∣
6
5w6

√
— 6— 18w1/3v5/4 2
64h12 √64h12 63. — = —w(1/3 − 4/3)v(5/4 − 1/2)
6
—6
=—
—
4/3 1/2
27w v 3
g 6
√g6 2
= —w−3/3v3/4
6—
√2 (h )
6 2 6 3
= — 2 −1 3/4
— 6 = —w v
√g6 3
2h2 2v3/4
=— = —, v ≠ 0
∣g∣ 3w
— —
7x−3/4y5/2z−2/3 1 x1/2y5/2 − 1/4
56. Sample answer: √ x2 and √ x4 are two expressions involving
radicals.
64. ——
−1/2 1/4
56x y
=—
8 ⋅—
x3/4z2/3

⋅
1 x y9/4
— — — 1/2
√ x2 = ∣ x ∣ and√ x4 = √ (x2)2 = x2 =— —
8 x3/4z2/3
The first expression needs an absolute value because the 1 x1/2 + 1/4y9/4z0 + 1/3
variable x can be positive, negative, or zero. ⋅
= — ——
8 x3/4 + 1/4z2/3 + 1/3
The second expression does not need an absolute value x3/4y9/4z1/3
= —, y ≠ 0
because x2 is always positive. 8xz
— —— — — —
57. √ 81a7b12c9 = √ 92(a3)2a(b6)2(c4)2c
3
65. 12√ y + 9√
3
y = (12 + 9)√
3
y
—— —
= √ 92(a3)2(b6)2(c4)2 √ ac
— = 21√
3
y
—
= 9a3b6c4 √ ac — —
66. 11√ 2z − 5√ 2z = (11 − 5)√ 2z
—

—
3— 3 ——
58. √ 125r4s9t7 = √ 53r3r(s3)3(t2)3t = 6√2z
3 ——
3 3 3 3 2 3 3—
= √5 r (s ) (t ) √ rt 67. 3x7/2 − 5x7/2 = (3 − 5)x7/2
3—
= 5rs3t2 √rt = −2x7/2

√
— 5—
160m6 √(32)(5)m m
5 3—
68. 7√ m7 + 3m7/3 = 7m7/3 + 3m7/3
59. 5
—7
= ——
—
n 5
√n5n2 = (7 + 3)m7/3
5— 5—
√32m √5m
5 = 10m7/3
= ——
5—5—
√n5 √n2 4— 4— 4—
69. √ 16w10 + 2w√ w6 = √ 16 w10/4 + 2w1w6/4
5— 5—
2m√5m √ n3
=—
5—
n√ n2
—
5—
√n3
⋅ = 2w10/4 + 2w10/4
= (2 + 2)w10/4
5—
2m√5mn3 = 4w10/4
=—
5— = 4w5/2
n√ n2n3
—
5— = 4w2√w
2m√5mn3
=—
n n
2m 5 —3
⋅ 70. ( p1/2 ⋅p1/4) 4— 4—
− √ 16p3 = p3/4 − √ 16 p3/4
=— √5mn = p3/4 − 2p3/4
n2
= (1 − 2)p3/4

√
—
405x3y3 4 —— 4— — = (−1)p3/4
60. 4
—
−1
= √81x3 − (−1)y3 − 1 = √81x4y2 = 3x√y , y ≠ 0
5x y = −p3/4

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Chapter 5

71. P = 2(x3 + 2x2/3) ⋅

A = x3 2x2/3 76. a. m1 = 0.77, m2 = 0.03

= 2x3 + 4x2/3 = 2x[3 + (2/3)] 2.5120.77

— = (2.512)0.77 − 0.03 = (2.512)0.74 ≈ 1.98
0.03
2.512
= 2x11/3
——
Altair is about 1.98 times fainter than Vega.
72. P = 3x1/3 + 4x1/3 + √ (3x1/3)2 + (4x1/3)2 b. m1 = 1.25, m2 = 0.77
——
= (3 + 4)x1/3 + √ 9x2/3 + 16x2/3
2.5121.25
— — = (2.512)1.25 − 0.77 = (2.512)0.48 ≈ 1.56
= 7x1/3 + √(9 + 16)x2/3 0.77
2.512
—
= 7x1/3 + √25x2/3 Deneb is about 1.56 times fainter than Altair.
= 7x1/3 + 5x1/3 c. m1 = 1.25, m2 = 0.03
= (7 + 5)x1/3 2.5121.25
— = (2.512)1.25 − 0.03 = (2.512)1.22 ≈ 3.08
= 12x1/3 0.03
2.512
Deneb is about 3.08 times fainter than Vega.
⋅ ⋅
A = —12 4x1/3 3x1/3
= 2 ⋅ 3x
— —
(1/3 + 1/3) 77. Perimeter of triangle = √ 82 + 42 + √ 42 + 22
——
= 6x2/3 + √ 82 + (8 − 2)2
— — —
= √ 64 + 16 + √16 + 4 + √ 64 + 36
73. d = 1.9[ ( 5.5 × 10−4 )100 ]1/2 — — —
= √ 80 + √20 + √ 100
= 1.9[(0.00055)(100)]1/2
⋅ ⋅
— — —
= √ 5 16 + √5 4 + √102
= 1.9(0.055)1/2 — —
= 4√ 5 + 2√5 + 10
≈ 0.45 —
= 6√ 5 + 10
The optimum pinhole diameter for the camera box is about
—
0.45 millimeter. 78. f(x) = √ 64x2 = ∣ 8x ∣

74. a. m = 32 grams So, the graph of f is B.

3—
S= (57.5)(32)2/3 g(x) = √64x6 = 4x2
= (57.5)(25)2/3 So, the graph of g is A.
= (57.5)210/3 4
79. a. V = —π r3
= (57.5)2321/3 3
3—
= 460 √2 3V = 4π r3
≈ 579.56 3V
— = r3
The surface area of a bat is about 579.56 square centimeters. 4π

√43Vπ = r
—
b. m = 3.4 kilograms = 3.4 × 103 grams 3
—
S = (9.75)(3.4 × 103)2/3
= (9.75)(3.4)2/3(102) b. S = 4π r2

(√ )
— 2
≈ 2204.57 3V
= 4π 3
—
The surface area of a rabbit is about 2204.57 square centimeters. 4π
c. m = 59 kilograms = 59 × 103 grams
S = (11.0)(59 × 103)2/3
= 4π —[( ) ]
3V
4π
1/3 2

π( )
2/3
= (11)(59)2/3(102) =4
3V
—
≈ 16,670.96 π
4
The surface area of a human is about 16,670.96 square (4π)1
=— (3V)2/3
centimeters. (4π)2/3
= (4π)[1 − (2/3)](3V)2/3
75. Your friend is not correct. The second radical can be
simplified to 18√11 .
—
= (4π)1/3(3V)2/3

⋅
— — — —
7√11 − 9√44 = 7√11 − 9√11 4 c. Surface area of one balloon = S1 = (4π)1/3(3V)2/3
— — —
= 7√11 − 9√ 11 √ 4 Surface area of another balloon = S2 = (4π)1/3[ 3(2V) ]2/3
⋅
— —
= 7√11 − 18√ 11 = (4π)1/3(3V)2/3 22/3
—
= (7 − 18)√11 So, the surface area of one balloon is 22/3 ≈ 1.59 times the
—
= −11√11 surface area of the other balloon.

244 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

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Chapter 5
80. (x2)1/6 = x2/6 = x1/3 Step 3 Use a table of values to graph the equation. Notice
(x1/6)2 = x2/6 = x1/3 that it is easier to substitute y-values and solve for x.
Opposite y-values result in the same x-value.
The expressions are not equivalent for all values of x. When
x is negative, the first expression is always positive and the y 0 ±1 ±2 ±3 ±4
second expression is not a real number.
x 0 −1 −4 −9 −16
m
81. Absolute value is needed when n is an even number and —
n y
is an odd number. 1
x= —
4
3
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency 2
y=0
82. Step 1 Identify the focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry.
(−14— , 0) 1

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 x
1 1
The equation has the form y = —x2, where p = —. The −2
4p 8
−3
1
( )
focus is (0, p) or 0, — . The directrix is y = −p, or
8
−4

1
y = −—. Because x is squared, the axis of symmetry is 84. Step 1 Rewrite the equation in standard form.
8
the y-axis, x = 0. y2 = 4x
Step 2 Use a table of values to graph the equation. Notice 1
x = —y2
that it is easier to substitute x-values and solve for y. 4
Opposite x-values result in the same y-value. Step 2 Identify the focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry. The
1
equation has the form x = —y2, where p = 1. The focus
x 0 ±1 ±2 ±3 ±4 4p
is (p, 0) or (1, 0). The directrix is x = −p, or x = −1.
y 0 2 8 18 32 Because y is squared, the axis of symmetry is the x-axis,
y = 0.
y Step 3 Use a table of values to graph the equation. Notice
10
9 that it is easier to substitute y-values and solve for x.
8 Opposite y-values result in the same x-value.
7
6 y 0 ±1 ±2 ±3 ±4
5
1 9
4 x 0 —4 1 —4 4
3
2
1 (0, 18 ) x 6
y

−3 −2 1 5
−1 1 x = −1 4
y = − —8
−2
3
2
x=0
1 y=0
(1, 0)
83. Step 1 Rewrite the equation in standard form. −2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x

y2 = −x
x = −y2
Step 2 Identify the focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry. The
1 1
equation has the form x = —y2, where p = −—. The
4p 4

1
1
( )
focus is (p, 0), or −—, 0 . The directrix is x = −p, or
4
85. g(x) = −f(x)
= −(x4 − 3x2 − 2x)
86. g(x) = f(x) − 3
= (x3 − x) − 3
x = —. Because y is squared, the axis of symmetry is
4 = −x4 + 3x2 + 2x = x3 − x − 3
the x-axis, y = 0.
The graph of g is a The graph of g is a
reflection in the x-axis translation 3 units down
of the graph of f. of the graph of f.

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Chapter 5

87. g(x) = f(x − 2) 5.3 Monitoring Progress (pp. 253–255)

= (x − 2)3 − 4 1. Make a table of values and sketch the graph.

The graph of g is a translation 2 units right of the graph of f. x −1 0 1 2 3

88. g(x) = f(2x) y 0 1 1.41 1.73 2
= (2x)4 + 2(2x)3 − 4(2x)2
The radicand of a square root must be nonnegative. So, the
= 16x4 + 16x3 − 16x2
domain is x ≥ −1. The range is y ≥ 0.
The graph of g is a horizontal shrink by a factor of —12 of the
y
graph of f. 4
3 g
2
5.3 Explorations (p. 251)
1. a. D; The domain does not include negative x-values and
−4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 x
rises faster than graph A; The domain is x ≥ 0 and the
−2
range is y ≥ 0.
−3
b. C; The domain includes negative x-values and rises faster −4
than graph B; The domain is all real numbers and the
range is all real numbers. 3—
2. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = −√ x + k,
c. A; The domain does not include negative x-values and where k = −2. So, the graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis
rises slower than graph D; The domain is x ≥ 0 and the followed by a translation 2 units down of the graph of f.
range is y ≥ 0.
y
d. B; The domain includes negative x-values and rises slower 3
2
than graph C; The domain is all real numbers and the f
1
range is all real numbers.
−1 1 2 3 x
2. a. A; The function is a translation 2 units left of the parent −2
square root function; The domain is x ≥ −2 and the range −3
g
is y ≥ 0. −4
−5
b. D; The function is a translation 2 units right of the parent
square root function; The domain is x ≥ 2 and the range
is y ≥ 0. 3. N(d) = 2.4⋅ E(d)
= 2.4 ⋅ 0.25√d
—

c. B; The function is a translation 2 units left and 2 units down —

of the parent square root function; The domain is = 0.6√ d
x ≥ −2 and the range is y ≥ −2. Next, find N(25).
—
d. C; The function is a reflection in the x-axis and a N(25) = 0.6√ 25 = 0.6(5) = 3
translation 2 units to the left of the parent square root
It takes a dropped object 3 seconds to fall 25 feet on the Moon.
function; The domain is x ≥ −2 and the range is y ≤ 0.
4. The transformation is not the same if you perform the
3. To identify the domain and range of a radical function, use translation followed by the horizontal shrink. The rule for the
3—
the graph of the function. function when the order is changed is g(x) = √ 6x + 3 .

4. When the index is odd, the domain and range of a radical 5. Step 1 Solve for y.
function are all real numbers. When the index is even, the −4y2 = x + 1
domain is based on having the expression inside of the 1
y2 = −—4 (x + 1)
radical being greater than or equal to 0, and the range is
√
—
1
restricted as well. y = ± −—4 (x + 1)
—
y = ±—12 √−(x + 1)

246 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

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Chapter 5
Step 2 Graph both radical functions. 7. E; The function is a translation 3 units down and 3 units left
1 — of the parent square root function. The domain is x ≥ −3
y1 = √ —2 −(x + 1)
and the range is y ≥ −3.
1 —
y2 = √
−—2 −(x + 1)
8. C; The function is a translation 3 units up and 3 units right of
6
the parent square root function. The domain is x ≥ 3 and the
range is y ≥ 3.
−10 2
9. Make a table of values and sketch the graph.
y = ± −0.25x − 0.25
−6
x 0 1 2 3 4

The vertex is (−1, 0) and the parabola opens left. y 4 5 5.41 5.73 6

6. Step 1 Solve for y. y

8
x2 + y2 = 25 7
h

y2 = 25 − x2 6
— 5
y = ±√ 25 − x2 4
Step 2 Graph both radical functions using a square viewing 3
2
window.
1
—
y1 = √ 25 − x2 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
—
y2 = −√ 25 − x2 −2

6 The radicand of a square root must be nonnegative. So, the

domain is x ≥ 0. The range is y ≥ 4.
−9 9
10. Make a table of values and sketch the graph.

x 0 1 2 3 4
−6
y = ± 25 − x2
y −5 −4 −3.59 −3.27 −3
The radius is 5 units. The x-intercepts are ±5. The
y-intercepts are ±5. y
2
1
5.3 Exercises (pp.256–258)
−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check −2 g
1. Square root functions and cube root functions are examples −3
−4
of radical functions.
−5
3— −6
2. When graphing y = a√ x − h + k, translate the graph of
3—
y = a√x h units horizontally and k units vertically. The radicand of a square root must be nonnegative. So, the
domain is x ≥ 0. The range is y ≥ −5.
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics 11. Make a table of values and sketch the graph.
3. B; The function is a translation 3 units left of the parent
square root function. The domain is x ≥ −3 and the range is x −4 −2 0 2 4
y ≥ 0.
y 2 1.59 0 −1.59 −2
4. D;The function is a translation 3 units up of the parent square
y
root function. The domain is x ≥ 0 and the range is y ≥ 3. 3
2
5. F; The function is a translation 3 units right of the parent
square root function. The domain is x ≥ 3 and the range is y −3 −2−1 1 2 3 x
≥ 0. −2 g
−3
6. A; The function is a translation 3 units down of the parent
square root function. The domain is x ≥ 0 and the range The radicand of a cube root can be any real number. So, the
is y ≥ −3. domain and range are all real numbers.

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 247

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Chapter 5
12. Make a table of values and sketch the graph. 15. Make a table of values and sketch the graph.

x −4 −2 0 2 4 x 0 1 2 3 4

y 2.71 2.15 0 −2.15 −2.71 y 3 5.45 6.46 7.24 7.89

y y
4 10
f
f 9
3
2 8
7
6
−4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 x 5
−2 4
−3 3
−4 2
1

The radicand of a cube root can be any real number. So, the −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
domain and range are all real numbers. −2

13. Make a table of values and sketch the graph.

The radicand of a square root must be nonnegative. So, the
x 3 4 5 6 7 domain is x ≥ 0. The range is y ≥ 3.

y 0 0.2 0.28 0.35 0.4 16. Make a table of values and sketch the graph.

y x −4 −2 0 2 4
4
3
y 4.32 3 −3 −4.32 −5.13
2 g
1
y
10 30 50 x 6
−1 5
4
The radicand of a square root must be nonnegative. So, the 3
domain is x ≥ 3. The range is y ≥ 0. 2
1

14. Make a table of values and sketch the graph. −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

x −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 −3
−4
y −0.63 0 0.63 0.79 0.90 1 1.08 −5
g

−6
y
4
3
The radicand of a cube root can be any real number. So, the
2 domain and range are all real numbers.
f

17. Make a table of values and sketch the graph.

−6 −4 −2 x

−2 x 0 1 2 3 4
−3
−4 y 0 −1 −1.19 −1.32 −1.41

The radicand of a cube root can be any real number. So, the y
domain and range are all real numbers. 1

−1 1 2 3 4 x

−2
h
−3
−4

The radicand of a fourth root must be nonnegative. So, the

domain is x ≥ 0. The range is y ≤ 0.

248 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

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Chapter 5
18. Make a table of values and sketch the graph. 3—
22. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = √ x − h + k,
where h = −4 and k = −5. So, the graph of g is a
x −4 −2 0 2 4 translation 4 units left and 5 units down of the graph of f.
y −1.52 −1.32 0 1.32 1.52 y
4
3
y
4 2
f
3 1
h
2
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 x
1
−2
−4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 x −3
g
−2 −4
−3 −5
−4 −6
−7
−8
The radicand of a fifth root can be any real number. So, the
domain and range are all real numbers.
23. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = a(−x)1/2,
—
19. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = √ x − h + k, where a = —14. So, the graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis
where h = −1 and k = 8. So, the graph of g is a translation followed by a vertical shrink by a factor of —14 of the graph of f.
1 unit left and 8 units up of the graph of f. y
4
y 3
12 f
g 2
11 g
1
10
−4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 x
8
7
6 24. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = ax1/2 + k, where
5
4
a = —31 and k = 6. So, the graph of g is a vertical shrink by a
3
f factor of —31 followed by a translation 6 units up of the graph of f.
2
y
1 9
8
−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x
7
−2 g
5
4
20. Notice that the function is of y 3
—
the form g(x) = a√x − h , 6 2
5 g f
where a = 2 and h = 1. So, 4
1

the graph of g is a translation 3 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

f
1 unit right followed by a 2
−2
vertical stretch by a factor 1
−3
of 2 of the graph of f. −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
4—
−2 25. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = a√x − h + k,
where a = 2, h = −5, and k = −4. So the graph of g is a
vertical stretch by a factor of 2 followed by a translation
21. Notice that the function is of y 5 units left and 4 units down of the graph of f.
— 4
the form g(x) = −√ 3
x + k,
3 y
where k = −1. So, the graph 2 3
f
of g is a reflection in the 1 2
f
x-axis followed by a 1
−4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 x x
translation 1 unit down −5 −4 −3 −2−1
−2 g
of the graph of f. g
−3 −2
−4 −3
−4

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Chapter 5
5— 32.
26. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = √ ax + k, 4

where a = −32 and k = 3. So, the graph of g is a horizontal

1
shrink by a factor of —
32
and a reflection in the y-axis followed
by a translation 3 units up of the graph of f. −6 6

y −2
8
7
The domain is all real numbers. To find the range, find the
6
g x-coordinate of the vertex of the polynomial under the radical.
b (− 1) 1
4 x = −— = −— = —
3 2a 2(3) 6
Substitute into the function to find the vertex.

√( )( )
2
f — —— 3—

( ) √( ) √144
1 3 2 1 144
1 1 1
f — = 3 — −—=
−— — = −—
3
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 6 6 6 12 144 12
3—
−2 √144
−3
So, the range of the function is y ≥ −—.
12
−4

33. 6
27. The graph was translated y
2 units left but it should be 2

translated 2 units right.

−2 2 6 8 x −4 4

−2 −2

−4 The domain is all real numbers. To find the range, find the
x-coordinate of the vertex of the polynomial under the radical.
28. The function is a horizontal stretch, not a horizontal shrink. b 1 1
x = −— = −— = −—
“The graph of g is a horizontal stretch by a factor of 2 and a 2a 2(2) 4
translation 3 units up of the parent square root function.” Substitute into
——
the function to find the vertex.
— —
29. 8 30. 8
( ) √( ) ( )
1 1 2 1
f −— = 2 −— + −— + 1 = — — = —
4 4 4
7 2
8 2 √()
√ 14
4
—
√ 14
So, the range of the function is y ≥ —.
4
−6 −6 6
6 34. 4

−2 −2

The domain is x ≤ −1 and The domain is x ≤ 0 and

x ≥ 0. The range is y ≥ 0. x ≥ 2. The range is y ≥ 0. −6 6

−2
31. 4

The domain is all real numbers. To find the range, find the
x-coordinate of the vertex of the polynomial under the radical.
−6 6 b (−3)
x = −— = −— = 3
2a
−2
2 1 (—)
2
Substitute into the function to find the vertex.
The domain is all real numbers. To find the range, find the —— —
3—

√ √( )( ) √4
x-coordinate of the vertex of the polynomial under the radical. 3 1 3 1 4
h(3) = —(3) − 3(3) + 4 = −— — = −—
b 1 1 2 2 4 2
x = −— = −— = −—
2a 2(1) 2 √3 4 —

Substitute into the function to find the vertex. So, the range of the function is y ≥ −—.

( ) √( ) ( ) √ ( )( )
—— — 3— 2
1 1 2 1 3 1 2 √2
f −— = −— + −— = −— — = −—
3
—
2 2 2 4 2 2 35. The domain of the function y = a√ x is always x ≥ 0.
3—
√2 —
36. The range of the function y = a√ x is sometimes y ≥ 0.
So, the range of the function is y ≥ −—.
2 3—
37. The domain and range of the function y = √ x − h + k are
always all real numbers.
—
38. The domain of the function y = a√ (−x) + k is never x ≥ 0.

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Chapter 5

39. M(n) = 0.75 ⋅ E(n) 44. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the

= 0.75 ⋅ 1.22
— translations of f.
√n
— h(x) = f ( x − 5 ) − 1
= 0.915√n 1 4—
Next, find M(10,000).
(
= −—2√ x − 5 + —32 − 1 )
1 4— 1
—
M(10,000) = 0.915√10,000 = 0.915(100) = 91.5 = −—2√ x − 5 + —2

A pilot at 10,000 feet can see about 91.5 miles on the Moon. Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the reflection

√
— of h.
v(K) 643.855 K
40. s(K) = — = — — g(x) = −h(x)
1.944 1.944 273.15
1 4—
Next, find s(305). (
= − −—2√ x − 5 + —12 )
√ 1 4—
— 1
643.855 305 = —2√ x − 5 − —2
s(305) = — — ≈ 350 4—
1.944 273.15 The transformed function is g(x) = —12√ x − 5 − —12.
The speed is about 350 meters per second when the air
temperature is 305 kelvin. 45. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the vertical
shrink of f.
41. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the vertical
h(x) = 2f(x)
stretch of f. —
= 2√x
h(x) = 2f(x)
— Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation
= 2( √ x + 3 ) of h.
—
= 2√ x + 6
g(x) = h(x + 1)
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation —
= 2√(x + 1)
of h. —
= 2√x + 1
g(x) = h(x) + 2 —
— The transformed function is g(x) = 2√x + 1 .
= (2√ x + 6) + 2
—
= 2√ x + 8 46. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the reflection
—
The transformed function is g(x) = 2√ x + 8. of f.
h(x) = f(−x)
42. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the reflection of f.
—
=√
3
−x
h(x) = f(−x)
3— Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation
= 2√(−x) − 1
3— of h.
= 2√−x − 1
g(x) = h(x − 2)
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation 3—
= √ −(x − 2)
of h.
3—
g(x) = h(x + 1) = −√x − 2
3—
3 ——
= 2√(−x + 1) − 1 The transformed function is g(x) = −√ x − 2 .
—
= 2√
3
−x 47. The graph of g is a translation 3 units left of the graph of f.
—
The transformed function is g(x) = 2√
3
−x .
g(x) = f(x + 3)
—
43. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the horizontal = 2√x + 3
shrink of f.
( )
h(x) = f —32x 48. The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a
translation 9 units up of the graph of f.
= √6 ( —x )
—
3
2 g(x) = −f(x) + 9
—
1 —
= √ 9x = −—3√ x − 1 + 9
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation
of h.
g(x) = h(x + 4)
—
= √ 9(x + 4)
—
= √ 9x + 36
—
The transformed function is g(x) = √ 9x + 36 .

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Chapter 5

49. The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis and a vertical 53. Step 1 Solve for y.
stretch by a factor of 2 followed by a translation 5 units left −8y2 + 2 = x
of the graph of f.
−8y2 = x − 2
g(x ) = −2f(x + 5) 1
—— y2 = −—8(x − 2)
= −2( −√(x + 5)2 − 2 )
√
—
—— 1
= 2√(x + 5)2 − 2 y = ±—12 −—2(x − 2)
——
= 2√ x2 + 10x + 25 − 2 Step 2 Graph both radical 2
—— 2−x
y=±
= 2√x2 + 10x + 23 functions. 8
√
—
1
y1 = —12 −—2 (x − 2) −3 3
50. The graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis and a vertical
√−—(x − 2)
—
1 1
shrink by a factor of 4 followed by a translation 6 units up y2 = −—2 2
of the graph of f. −2
The vertex is (2, 0) and the
g(x) = f(−x) + 6 parabola opens left.
3 ——
= —14√(−x)2 + 10(−x) + 6
54. Step 1 Solve for y.
3—
= —14√x2 − 10x + 6 2y2 = x − 4
51. Step 1 Solve for y. y2 = —12x − 2
√
1 —
—4 y2 = x y = ± —12x − 2
y2 = 4x
— Step 2 Graph both radical 4
y = ±2√x x−4
functions. y=±
2

√
Step 2 Graph both radical —
5
functions.
y = ±2 x y1 = —12 x − 2 −1 11

√
—
— 1
y1 = 2√ x y2 = − —2 x −2
−1 5
—
y2 = −2√ x The vertex is (4, 0) and the −4

The vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola opens right.

−5
parabola opens right.
55. Step 1 Solve for y.
52. Step 1 Solve for y. x + 8 = —15y2
3y2 =x 5x + 40 = y2
—
y2 = —13x y = ±√5x + 40
√
—
y = ± —13 x Step 2 Graph both radical 8

Step 2 Graph both radical functions.

2 x —
functions. y=±
3 y1 = √5x + 40 −10 6
—
√
—
y1 = 1
—3 x
y2 = −√5x + 40
−1 5

√
— The vertex is (−8, 0) and the y = ± 5x + 40
y2 = − —13x parabola opens right.
−8

The vertex is (0, 0) and the −2

parabola opens right. 56. Step 1 Solve for y.

1
—2 x = y2 − 4
1
—2 x + 4 = y2

√
—
y = ± —12x + 4
Step 2 Graph both radical 4
1
functions. y=± x+4
2

√
—
y1 = —12 x + 4 −10 2

√
—
1
y2 = − —2 x +4
The vertex is (−8, 0) and the −4
parabola opens right.

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Chapter 5
57. Step 1 Solve for y. 61. Step 1 Solve for y.
x2 + y2 =9 −y2 = x2 − 36
y2 = 9 − x2 y2 = 36 − x2
— —
y = ±√ 9 − x2 y = ±√36 − x2
Step 2 Graph both radical 4 Step 2 Graph both radical 8
functions using a square functions using a
viewing window. square viewing
— −6 6 −12 12
y1 = √ 9 − x2 window.
—
—
y2 = −√ 9 − x2 y1 = √36 − x2
y = ± 9 − x2 — y = ± 36 − x2
−8
The radius is 3 units.
−4 y2 = −√36 − x2
The x-intercepts are ±3. The y-intercepts are ±3. The radius is 6 units. The x-intercepts are ±6. The
y-intercepts are ±6.
58. Step 1 Solve for y.
x2 + y2 = 4 62. Step 1 Solve for y.

y2 = 4 − x2 x2 = 100 − y2
—
y = ±√ 4 − x2 y2 + x2 = 100
—
y = ±√100 − x2
Step 2 Graph both radical 4
functions using a square Step 2 Graph both radical 12
viewing window. functions using a square
— −6 6
y1 = √ 4 − x2 viewing window.
— −18 18
—
y2 = −√ 4 − x2 y = ± 4 − x2 y1 = √100 − x2
—
The radius is 2 units.
−4 y2 = −√100 − x2 2
−12 y = ± 100 − x
The x-intercepts are ±2. The y-intercepts are ±2. The radius is 10 units.
The x-intercepts are ±10. The y-intercepts are ±10.
59. Step 1 Solve for y.
1 − y2 = x2 63. T
5
y2 + x2 = 1 4
— 3
y = ±√ 1 − x2 2
1
Step 2 Graph both radical 4
functions using a square 1 2 3 4 5 ℓ
viewing window. The length of a pendulum that has a period of 2 seconds is
— −6 6
y1 = √ 1 − x2 about 3 feet. Sample answer: Locate the T-value 2 on the
— graph and estimate the ℓ-value.
y2 = −√ 1 − x2 y = ± 1 − x2
−4
The radius is 1 unit. 64. The graph represents a square root function because there is
The x-intercepts are ±1. The y-intercepts are ±1. no left half. The domain of the function is x ≥ −3. The range
of the function is y ≥ 1.
60. Step 1 Solve for y.
65. s
64 − x2 = y2 250
— 200
y = ±√ 64 − x2
150
100
Step 2 Graph both radical 10
50
functions using a
400 800 p
square viewing
−15 15
window.
— a. When the speed of a 3500-pound car is 200 miles per
y1 = √ 64 − x2 hour, the power is about 2468 horsepower.
2
−10 y = ± 64 − x
—
y2 = −√ 64 − x2 b. The average rate of change is
The radius is 8 units. s(1500) − s(1000) 169.4 − 148
The x-intercepts are ±8. The y-intercepts are ±8. —— ≈ —— ≈ 0.04.
1500 − 1000 500
So, the average rate of change in the speed from
1000 horsepower to 1500 horsepower is about
0.04 mile per hour per horsepower.

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Chapter 5
—
66. Sample answer: f can be written as f(x) = √ −x + 4 or 71. ∣ 2x − 6 ∣ = ∣ x ∣
—
f(x) = −√ x − 3 + 1. 2x − 6 = x or 2x − 6 = −x
——
g(x) = √−(x + 2) + 4 + 1 x=6 or 3x = 6
—— —
= √−x − 2 + 4 + 1 = √ −x + 2 + 1 x=6 or x=2
— —
h(x) = −√x + 2 − 3 + 1 + 1 = −√ x − 1 + 2 So, the solutions are x = 6 and x = 2.
67. a. Create a table of values for the 140-pound skydiver. 72. ∣ x + 8 ∣ = ∣ 2x + 2 ∣
Compare the values to the table for the 165-pound
x + 8 = 2x + 2 or x + 8 = −(2x + 2)
skydiver.
−x = −6 or x + 8 = −2x − 2
A 1 3 5 7
x=6 or 3x = −10
10
Vt 398.7 230.2 178.3 150.7 x=6 or x = −—
3
10
The 165-pound skydiver has a greater terminal velocity So, the solutions are x = 6 and x = −—
3.
for each value of A.
73. First, write and solve the equation obtained by replacing < with =.
b. When A = 1, the diver is most likely vertical. When
x2 + 7x + 12 = 0
A = 7, the diver is most likely horizontal.
(x + 3)(x + 4) = 0
68. a. S = πr + πr2 x = −3 or x = −4
πr + πr2 = S The numbers −3 and −4 are critical values of the original
1
r + r 2 = —S inequality. Plot −3 and −4 on a number line, using open
π dots because the values do not satisfy the inequality. The

()
1 2 1
r2 + r + — = —S + —
2 π
1 2
2 () critical x-values partition the number line into three intervals.
Test an x-value in each interval to determine whether it

( )
1 2 1
r + — = —S + —
2 π
1
4
satisfies the inequality.
Test x = −5. Test x = 0.
1
r+—=—
2 √—
1 —
π
S+—
π
4
√ −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
1 — π 1
√
7
Test x = −2 .
r=— — S+—−—
√π 4 2
(−5)2 + 7(−5) + 12 < 0
Notice only the positive form is used because r represents
a length, which cannot be negative. (−— )
7 2
2 ( ) 7
+ 7 −—2 + 12 < 0
(0)2 + 7(0) + 12 < 0
b. 1
So, the solution is −4 < x < −3.

y=
1
x+ −
1 74. First, write and solve the equation obtained by replacing ≥ with =.
4 2
x2 − 10x + 25 = 4
0 2π
0 x2 − 10x + 21 = 0
3π (x − 3)(x − 7) = 0
When the surface area is — square units, the radius is
0.5 unit.
4 x=3 or x=7
The numbers 3 and 7 are critical values of the original
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency inequality. Plot 3 and 7 on a number line, using closed dots
69. ∣ 3x + 2 ∣ = 5 because the values do satisfy the inequality. The critical x-values
3x + 2 = 5 or 3x + 2 = −5 partition the number line into three intervals. Test an x-value in
each interval to determine whether it satisfies the inequality.
3x = 3 or 3x = −7
7
x=1 or x = −—3 Test x = 0. Test x = 4. Test x = 8.
7
So, the solutions are x = 1 and x = −—3.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
70. The equation has no solution because the left-hand side is 02 − 10(0) + 25 ≥ 4
positive and the right-hand side is negative. 42 − 10(4) + 25 ≥ 4
82 − 10(8) + 25 ≥ 4
So, the solution is x ≤ 3 and x ≥ 7.

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Chapter 5

75. First, write and solve the equation obtained by replacing > with =. 4. π r 2 is the area of the circular base and π r is the lateral
2x2 + 6 = 13x surface area.
2x2 − 13x + 6 = 0
5.1–5.3 Quiz (p. 260)
(x − 6)(2x − 1) = 0
1. Because n = 4 is even and a = 81 > 0, 81 has two real fourth
x=6 or x = —12 roots. Because 34 = 81 and (−3)4 = 81, you can write
4—
1
—2
The numbers 6 and are critical values of the original ±√ 81 = ±3 or ±811/4 = ±3.
inequality. Plot —12 and 6 on a number line, using open dots
2. Because n = 5 is odd and a = −1024 < 0, −1024 has one
because the values do not satisfy the inequality. The critical
real fifth root. Because (−4)5 = −1024, you can write
x-values partition the number line into three intervals. Test an 5—
x-value in each interval to determine whether it satisfies the
√−1024 = −4 or (−1024)1/4 = −4.
inequality. 3. a. 163/4 = (161/4)3 = 23 = 8
Test x = 0. 1 Test x = 7. The fourth root of 16 is 2 and 23 is 8.
2 163/4 = (161/4)3 = 23 = 8
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 b. 1252/3 = (1251/3)2 = 52 = 25
Test x = 1. The cube root of 125 is 5 and 52 is 25.
2(0)2 + 6 > 13(0) 4. 2x6 = 1458 5. (x + 6)3 = 28
2(1)2 + 6 ≥ 13(1) x6 = 729 x + 6 ≈ 3.04
2(7)2 + 6 > 13(7) x = ±3 x ≈ −2.96
So, the solution is x < —12 and x > 6. The solutions are The solution is x ≈ −2.96.
x = −3 and x = 3.
76. First, write and solve the equation obtained by replacing ≤ with =.

( ) [( ) ]
6 1/4 6
⋅ √432 = √3 ⋅ 432
1
—8 x2 + x = −2 6. —
481/4
= —
48 4—
7. √ 3
4— 4—
1/4 6 6
1
—8 x2 + x + 2 = 0 4—
= [ (8)1/4 ]6 = √1296
x2 + 8x + 16 = 0
= 86/4 =6
(x + 4)2 = 0
= 83/2
x+4=0
—
x = −4 3 − √2
⋅ 3 − √2
1 1
8. ——
=—— ——
The number −4 is a critical value of the original inequality. 3 + √2 3 + √2
Plot −4 on a number line, using a closed dot because —
3 − √2
the value does satisfy the inequality. The critical x-value = ——
partitions the number line into two intervals. Test an ( 3 + √—2 )( 3 − √—2 )
—
x-value in each interval to determine whether it satisfies the 3 − √2
inequality. =— — 2
32 − ( √2 )
Test x = −5. Test x = 0. —
3 − √2
=—
9−2
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 —
3 − √2
1 =—
—8 (0)2 + 0 < −2 7
1
—8 (−5)2 + (−5) < −2
⋅ 2 − 5√2
3— 3— 3— 3—
9. √ 16 − 5√ 2 = √ 8
So, the solution is x = −4. = √ 8 ⋅ √2 − 5√ 2
3— 3— 3—

3— 3—
= 2√ 2 − 5√2
5.1–5.3 What Did You Learn? (p. 259) 3—
= −3√2
1. Use the definition of a rational exponent to rewrite each
expression on the left. 8— 8— 8— 8—
10. √x9y8z16 = √x √y √z 9 8 16

2.512m1 8— 8— 8—
2. Rewrite — as 2.512m1 − m2 to simplify the expression. = √ xx8 √ y8 √ z16
2.512m2
3. Find the distance a pilot can see to the horizon on Earth from = x∣ y ∣z2 √
8—
x
the same altitude as on Mars and compare the results.

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Chapter 5

√216p9 = √216 ⋅ √p9

3— 3— 3— Step 2 Graph both radical
11. x+6 4
functions. y=±
3
= 6p3
√
—
5— y1 = —13 x + 2 −8 4
√32 2
√
—
12. — =— y2 = − 1
+2
— 53 1/5 (m ) —3 x
√m3
−4
2 The vertex is (−6, 0) and the
=—
m3/5 parabola opens right.
=—
2 m2/5
—
m3/5 m2/5 ⋅ 19. Substitute 161 for V in the equation and solve for s.
2m2/5 161 = 0.47s3
=—
m 342.6 ≈ s3
5—
2√m2 s≈7
=—
m When the volume of the octahedron is 161 cubic millimeters,
4— — — — the side length is about 7 millimeters.
13. √n4q + 7n√4 q = n√4 q + 7n√4 q
—
= 8n√
4
q 20. s Find the speed of the car
when d = 90.
14. Make a table of values and sketch the graph. 45 —
40 s = 4√90 ≈ 38
x −4 −2 0 2 4 35
So, when the skid mark is
30
90 feet, the speed of the
y −2.17 −1.52 1 3.52 4.17 25
20 car was about 38 miles per
y 15 hour. Therefore, the car
6 10
was going faster than the
5 5
4 posted speed limit of
f 10 30 50 70 90 d
3 35 miles per hour.
2
1

−5 −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 x 5.4 Explorations (p. 261)

−2 1. a. C; The domain of the equation is x ≥ 1. The graph crosses
−3 the x-axis at x = 2.
−4
— ?
Check: √2 − 1 − 1 = 0
The radicand of a cube root can be any real number. So, the — ?
domain and range are all real numbers. √1 − 1 = 0
?
15. The graph of g is a translation 1 unit left of the parent square 1−1=0
root function. 0=0✓
g(x) = f (x + 1) So, the solution is x = 2.
—
= √x + 1 b. E; The domain of the equation is x ≥ −1. The graph
crosses the x-axis at x = 2.
16. The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a — — ?
translation 1 unit up of the parent cube root function. Check: √2(2) + 2 − √ 2 + 4 = 0
— — ?
g(x) = −f (x) + 1 √6 − √6 = 0
—
= −√
3
x+1 0=0✓
17. The graph of g is a translation 1 unit right and 2 units down So, the solution is x = 2.
of the parent square root function. c. B; The domain of the equation is −3 ≤ x ≤ 3. The graph
g(x) = f (x − 1) − 2 touches the x-axis at x = −3 and x = 3.
— — ? — ?
= √x − 1 − 2 Check: √9 − (−3)2 = 0 √9 − 32 = 0
— ? — ?
18. Step 1 Solve for y. √9 − 9 = 0 √9 − 9 = 0
— ? — ?
x = 3y2 − 6 √0 = 0 √0 = 0
x + 6 = 3y2 0=0✓ 0=0✓
1
—3 x + 2 = y2 So, the solutions are x = −3 and x = 3.
√
—
y = ± —13x + 2

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Chapter 5

d. D; The domain of the equation is x ≥ −2. The graph 5.4 Monitoring Progress (pp. 262–265)
crosses the x-axis at x = 2. 3— 3— ?
1. √ x − 9 = −6 Check: √ 27 − 9 = −6
— ? ?
Check: √ 2 + 2 − 2 = 0 3—
√x =3 3 − 9 = −6
— ? 3— 3
√4 − 2 = 0 ( √x ) = 33 −6 = −6 ✓
? x = 27 The solution is x = 27.
2−2=0
0=0✓ — — ?
2. √x + 25 = 2 Check: √−21 + 25 = 2
So, the solution is x = 2. — ?
e. F; The domain of the equation is x ≤ 2. The graph crosses
( √—
x + 25 ) = 22
2
√4 = 2
the x-axis at x = 1. x + 25 = 4 2=2✓
— ? x = −21 The solution is x = −21.
Check: √ −1 + 2 − 1 = 0
— ? 3— 3— ?
√1 − 1 = 0 3. 2√x − 3 = 4 Check: 2√11 − 3 = 4
? 3— 3— ?
1−1=0 √x − 3 = 2 2√8 = 4
0=0✓ ?
So, the solution is x = 1.
( √3 —
x − 3 ) = 23
3
2 2=4⋅
x−3=8 4=4
f. A; The domain of the equation is all real numbers. The
x = 11 The solution is x = 11.
graph does not cross the x-axis, so the equation has no
—
solutions. 4. v(p) = 6.3√ 1013 − p
—
2. a. Sample answer: Use the equation in Exploration 1(c). 48.3 = 6.3√1013 − p
—
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 7.67 ≈ √1013 − p
— 2
— — — — — 7.672 ≈ ( √ 1013 − p )
√ 9 − x2 0 √5 √8 3 √8 √5 0
58.78 ≈ 1013 − p
The solutions are x = 3 and x = −3. −954.22 ≈ −p
—
b. Sample answer: √9 − x2 =0 954.22 ≈ p
9− x2 =0 The air pressure at the center of the hurricane is about
954 millibars.
x = ±3
—
Isolate the radical; square both sides. 5. √10x + 9 = x + 3
— 2
( √10x + 9 ) = (x + 3)2
3. To solve a radical equation, isolate the radical on one side.
Use the index to determine to what exponent each side of the 10x + 9 = x2 + 6x + 9
equation is to be raised to eliminate the radical. 0 = x2 − 4x
0 = x(x − 4)
4. Sample answer: For the given equation, an analytical
approach is preferred because it gives the most accurate x=0 or x−4=0
solution. x=0 or x=4
— —
— ?
√x + 3 − √x − 2 = 1 Check: √10(0) + 9 = 0 + 3
— —
√x + 3 = 1 + √x − 2 — ?
√9 = 3
( √— 2 — 2
x + 3 ) = ( 1 + √x − 2 )
— — 2 3=3✓
x + 3 = 1 + 2√ x − 2 + ( √ x − 2 )
— — ?
x + 3 = 1 + 2√ x − 2 + x − 2 √10(4) + 9 = 4 + 3
— — ?
x + 3 = 2√ x − 2 + x − 1 √49 = 7
—
3 = 2√ x − 2 − 1 7=7✓
—
4 = 2√ x − 2 The solutions are x = 0 and x = 4.
—
2 = √x − 2 — — — ? —
— 2 6. √2x + 5 = √x + 7 Check: √2(2) + 5 = √2 + 7
22 = ( √ x − 2 ) — ?
4=x−2 ( √— — 2
2x + 5 ) = ( √ x + 7 )
2 —
√9 = √9
6=x 2x + 5 = x + 7 3=3✓
So, the solution is x = 6. x=2 The solution is x = 2.

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Chapter 5
— —
7. √ x + 6 − 2 = √ x − 2 b. Solve for x.
— — 3—
√x + 6 = √x − 2 + 2 4√ x + 1 < 8
3—
( √— —
x + 6 ) = ( √x − 2 + 2 )
2 2 √x + 1 < 2
— 2 —
x + 6 = ( √x − 2 ) + 4√x − 2 + 4 x+1<8
—
x + 6 = x − 2 + 4√x − 2 + 4 x<7
—
6 = 4√ x − 2 + 2 So, the solution is x < 7.
—
4 = 4√ x − 2 5.4 Exercises (pp. 266–268)
—
1 = √x − 2 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
— 2
12 = ( √x − 2 ) 1. The equation is not a radical equation because the radicand
1=x−2 does not contain a variable.
3=x
2. First, subtract 10 from both sides of the inequality. Then
—? —
Check: √3 + 6 − 2 = √ 3 − 2 square each side. Eliminate any solutions that would make
— ? — the radicand negative.
√9 − 2 = √1
?
3−2=1 Monitoring Progress and Modeling With Mathematics
1=1✓ — — ?
3. √5x + 1 = 6 Check: √5(7) + 1 = 6
The solution is x = 3. — ?

?
( √—
5x + 1 ) = 62
2
√36 = 6
8. (3x)1/3 = −3 Check: [ 3(−9) ]1/3 = −3 5x + 1 = 36 6=6✓
?
[ ]
(3x)1/3 3 = (−3)3 −271/3 = −3 5x = 35
3x = −27 −3 = −3 ✓ x=7 The solution is x = 7.
x = −9 The solution is x = −9. — — ?
4. √3x + 10 = 8 Check: √3(18) + 10 = 8
9. (x + 6)1/2 =x — ?
( √—
3x + 10 )2 = 82 √64 = 8
[ (x + 6)1/2 ]2 = x2 3x + 10 = 64 8=8✓
x + 6 = x2
3x = 54
0 = x2 − x − 6
x = 18 The solution is x = 18.
0 = (x − 3)(x + 2)
3— 3— ?
x−3=0 or x + 2 = 0 5. √x − 16 = 2 Check: √ 24 − 16 = 2
x=3 or x = −2 ( √3 —
x − 16 ) = 23
3 3— ?
√8 = 2
? ?
Check: (3 + 6)1/2 = 3 (−2 + 6)1/2 = −2 x − 16 = 8 2=2✓
? ? x = 24 The solution is x = 24.
91/2 = 3 41/2 = −2
3=3✓ 2 ≠ −2 ✗ 3—
6. √ x − 10 = −7
3— ?
Check: √ 27 − 10 = −7
The solution is x = 3. 3— ?
√x =3 3 − 10 = −7
? 3— 3
( √x )
10. (x + 2)3/4 =8 Check: (14 + 2)3/4 = 8 = 33 −7 = −7 ✓
? x = 27 The solution is x = 27.
[ (x + 2)3/4 ]4/3 = 84/3 163/4 = 8
x + 2 = 16 8=8✓ —
7. −2√ 24x + 13 = −11 Check:
x = 14 The solution is x = 14. — — ?
−2√24x = −24 −2√24(6) + 13 = −11
11. a. Solve for x. — — ?
√24x = 12 −2√144 + 13 = −11
—
2√ x − 3 ≥ 3 ?
—
( √—
24x ) = 122
2
−2(12) + 13 = −11
2√ x ≥ 6 ?
— 24x = 144 −24 + 13 = −11
√x ≥3
x=6 −11 = −11 ✓
x≥9
The solution is x = 6.
Consider the radicand: x ≥ 0
So, the solution is x ≥ 9.

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Chapter 5

√ ( )
—
3— 64 ? —
8. 8√ 10x − 15 = 17 Check: 8 3 10 —
10
− 15 = 17 15. x − 6 = √3x
— 2
3— 3— ? (x − 6)2 = ( √3x )
8√10x = 32 8√ 64 − 15 = 17
? x2 − 12x + 36 = 3x
⋅
3—
√10x = 4 8 4 − 15 = 17
? x2 − 15x + 36 = 0
( √3 —
10x ) = 43
3
32 − 15 = 17
(x − 12)(x − 3) = 0
10x = 64 17 = 17 ✓
x − 12 = 0 or x−3=0
x = 6.4 The solution is x = 6.4.
x = 12 or x=3
√(
—
13— ? Check:
9. —5√ 3x + 10 = 8 Check: 1
—5 3
3
1000
−—3 )
+ 10 = 8
? — ? —
13— 1 3— ? 12 − 6 = √3(12) 3 − 6 = √3(3)
—5√ 3x = −2 —5√ −1000 + 10 = 8
? ? — ? —
3—
√3x = −10 1
—5 (−10) + 10 = 8 6 = √36 −3 = √9
3— 3 ? 6=6✓ −3 ≠ 3 ✗
( √3x ) = (−10)3 −2 + 10 = 8
The solution is x = 12.
3x = −1000 8=8✓
—
x = −—
1000
The solution is −—
1000 16. x − 10 = √9x
3 3 . — 2
(x − 10)2 = ( √9x )
√()
—
— 2 ?
10. √ 2x − —3 = 0 Check: 2 —29 − —23 = 0 x2 − 20x + 100 = 9x
√
—
— 2 ? x2 − 29x + 100 = 0
√2x = —23 4
—9 − —3 = 0
— 2 2 ? (x − 4)(x − 25) = 0
( √2x ) ()
= —23
2 2
—3 − —3 = 0
x−4=0 or x − 25 = 0
2x = —49 0=0✓
x=4 or x = 25
x = —29 The solution is x = —29.
Check:
5— 5— ? ? — ? —
11. 2√ x + 7 = 15 Check: 2√ 1024 + 7 = 15 4 − 10 = √9(4) 25 − 10 = √9(25)
?
5
2√
5—
—
x=8 ⋅
2 4 + 7 = 15 ? —
−6 = √36
? —
15 = √225
√x =4 15 = 15 ✓ −6 ≠ 6 ✗ 15 = 15 ✓
( √5 —x )5 = 45 The solution is x = 25.
x = 1024 The solution is x = 1024. —
17. √44 − 2x = x − 10
4—
12. √ 4x − 13 = −15 ( √— 2
44 − 2x ) = (x − 10)2
4—
√4 x = −2 44 − 2x = x2 − 20x + 100
The equation has no real solution. 0 = x2 − 18x + 56

13. h = 62.5√ t + 75.8

3— 0 = (x − 4)(x − 14)

250 = 62.5√ t + 75.8

3— x−4=0 or x − 14 = 0

174.2 = 62.5√ t
3— x=4 or x = 14

2.79 ≈ √t
3— Check:
3 —3
— ?
(2.79)3 ≈ √t √44 − 2(4) = 4 − 10
— ?
21.7 ≈ t √36 = −6
The age of a male Asian elephant that is 250 centimeters tall 6 ≠ −6 ✗
is about 21.7 years.
— ?
14. v = √2gh
— √44 − 2(14) = 14 − 10
— ?

⋅
—
v ≈ √2 9.8h √16 = 4
—
v ≈ √19.6h 4=4✓
—
15 ≈ √19.6h The solution is x = 14.
— 2
(15)2 ≈ ( √19.6h )
225 ≈ 19.6h
11.5 ≈ h
The height at the top of the swing ride is about 11.5 meters.
Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 259
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Chapter 5
— — —
18. √2x + 30 = x + 3 21. √4x + 1 = √x + 10 Check:
?
( √— 2
2x + 30 ) = (x + 3)2 ( √— 2 — 2
4x + 1 ) = ( √x + 10 )
— —
√4(3) + 1 = √3 + 10
— —
2x + 30 = x2 + 6x + 9 4x + 1 = x + 10 √13 = √13 ✓
0 = x2 + 4x − 21 3x = 9
0 = (x + 7)(x − 3) x=3 The solution is x = 3.
x+7=0 or x−3=0 — —
22. √ 3x − 3 − √ x + 12 = 0
x = −7 or x=3 — —
√3x − 3 = √x + 12
Check: — 2 — 2
— ? — ? ( √3x − 3 ) = ( √x + 12 )
√2(−7) + 30 = −7 + 3 √2(3) + 30 = 3 + 3 3x − 3 = x + 12
— ? — ?
√16 = −4 √36 = 6 2x = 15
4 ≠ −4 ✗ 6=6✓ 15
x=—2
The solution is x = 3.
√3( — ) − 3 − √— + 12 =? 0
— —
15 15
3— Check: 2 2
19. √8x3 − 1 = 2x − 1
√ √— =? 0
— —
39 39
3— 3 — −
( √8x3 − 1 ) = (2x − 1)3 2 2
0=0✓
8x3 − 1 = 8x3 − 12x2 + 6x − 1 15
The solution is x = —2
.
0 = −12x2 + 6x
3— 3—
0 = −6x(2x − 1) 23. √ 2x − 5 − √ 8x + 1 = 0
3— 3—
−6x = 0 or 2x − 1 = 0 √2x − 5 = √8x + 1
x = 0 or x = —12 ( √3 — 3 3— 3
2x − 5 ) = ( √ 8x + 1 )
Check: 2x − 5 = 8x + 1

√()
—
3— ? ? −6x = 6
√8(0) − 1 = 2(0) − 1
3 3
()
8 —12 3 − 1 = 2 —12 − 1
x = −1
3— ? — ?
√−1 = −1 √1 − 1 = 1 − 1
3— 3— ?
−1 = −1 ✓ 0=0✓ Check: √2(−1) − 5 − √8(−1) + 1 = 0
3— 3— ?
The solutions are x = 0 and x = —12 . √−7 − √−7 = 0
4— 0=0✓
20. √3 − 8x2 = 2x
The solution is x = −1.
( √4 —
3 − 8x2 ) = (2x)4
4
3— 3—
3 − 8x2 = 16x4 24. √x + 5 = 2√2x + 6
0 = 16x4 + 8x2 − 3 ( √3 — 3— 3
x + 5 ) = ( 2√2x + 6 )
3

0 = (4x2 − 1)(4x2 + 3) x + 5 = 8(2x + 6)

0 = (2x + 1)(2x − 1)(4x2 + 3) x + 5 = 16x + 48
2x + 1 = 0 or 2x − 1 = 0 or 4x2 +3=0 −15x = 43
1
x = −—2 or x = —12 or No real solution x = −—
15
43

√−— + 5 =? 2√2( −— ) + 6
— —
Check: 43 43

√3 − 8( ) √
—
? —
? Check: 3
15
3
15
4 1 2
−—2 ( )
1
= 2 −—2 4
3−8 ()
1 2
= 2 —12
—2 ()
√— =? 2√—
— —
3 32 3 4
4—? 4— ? 15 15
√1 = −1 √1 = 1
2√— = 2√— ✓
— —
3 4 3 4
1 ≠ −1 ✗ 1=1✓ 15 15
43
The solution is x = —12 . The solution is x = −—
15 .

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Chapter 5
— — ?
25. √3x − 8 + 1 = √x + 5 28. 4x3/2 = 32 Check: 4(4)3/2 = 32
— 2
( √—
3x − 8 + 1 ) = ( √ x + 5 )
2
x3/2 = 8 ⋅
?
4 8 = 32
— 2 —
( √3x − 8 ) + 2√ 3x − 8 + 1 = x + 5 (x3/2)2/3 = 82/3 32 = 32 ✓
—
3x − 8 + 2√ 3x − 8 + 1 = x + 5 x=4 The solution is x = 4.
—
3x − 7 + 2√ 3x − 8 = x + 5 ?
— 29. x1/4 + 3 = 0 Check: 811/4 + 3 = 0
2√ 3x − 8 = −2x + 12 ?
— x1/4 = −3 3+3=0
√3x − 8 = −x + 6
( √— (x1/4)4 = (−3)4 6≠0✗
3x − 8 ) = (−x + 6)2
2

x = 81 The equation has no real solution.

3x − 8 = x2 − 12x + 36
0 = x2 − 15x + 44 30. 2x3/4 − 14 = 40 Check:
?
0 = (x − 11)(x − 4) 2x3/4 = 54 2(81)3/4 − 14 = 40
?
x − 11 = 0 or x−4=0 x3/4 = 27 2(27) − 14 = 40
x = 11 or x=4 (x3/4)4/3 = 274/3 40 = 40 ✓
— ? — x = 81 The solution is x = 81.
Check: √3(11) − 8 + 1 = √ 11 + 5
— ? — 31. (x + 6)1/2 = x
√25 + 1 = √16
5+1=4
? [ (x + 6)1/2 ]2 = x2
x + 6 = x2
6≠4✗
0 = x2 − x − 6
— ? —
√3(4) − 8 + 1 = √4 + 5 0 = (x − 3)(x + 2)
— ? —
√4 + 1 = √9 x−3=0 or x+2=0
? x=3 or x = −2
2+1=3
3=3✓ Check:
? ?
The solution is x = 4. (3 + 6)1/2 = 3 (−2 + 6)1/2 = −2
? ?
26.
—
√x + 2 = 2 − √x
— 91/2 = 3 41/2 = −2
— 2
( √x + 2 ) = ( 2 − √—x )2 3=3✓ 2 ≠ −2 ✗

x + 2 = 4 − 4√x + ( x )
— —
√ 2
The solution is x = 3.
—
x + 2 = 4 − 4√x + x 32. (5 − x)1/2 − 2x = 0
—
2 = 4 − 4√x (5 − x)1/2 = 2x
—
−2 = −4√x [ (5 − x)1/2 ]2 = (2x)2
1 —
—2 = √x 5 − x = 4x2
1 2 —
() —2 = ( √ x )2 0 = 4x2 + x − 5
1
—4 =x 0 = (x − 1)(4x + 5)
x−1=0 or 4x + 5 = 0
√— + 2 =? 2 − √—
— —
1 1
Check: 4 4 x=1 or x = −—4
5

√ ?
—
1
= 2−
9
—4 —2 Check:
? 5 ?
3
—2
3
= —2 ✓ (5 − 1)1/2 − 2(1) = 0 ( 5 − ( −— ) )
5
4
1/2
( )
− 2 −—4 = 0
? ?
The solution is x = —14 . 41/2 − 2 = 0 ( ) 25 1/2
—4
+ —52 = 0
? 5 5 ?
2−2=0 —2 + —2 = 0
27. 2x2/3 = 8 Check:
? ? 0=0✓ 5≠0✗
x2/3 =4 2(8)2/3 = 8 2(−8)2/3 = 8
The solution is x = 1.
? ?
(x2/3)3/2 = 43/2 2 4=8⋅ ⋅
2 4=8
x = ±8 8=8✓ 8=8✓
The solutions are x = ±8.

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Chapter 5
3— 3—
33. 2(x + 11)1/2 = x + 3 37. 2√ x − 5 ≥ 3 38. √x − 4 ≤ 5
[ 2(x + 11)1/2 ]2 = (x + 3)2 3
2√
—
x ≥8 ( √3 —
x − 4 ) ≤ 53
3

3—
4(x + 11) = x2 + 6x + 9 √x ≥4 x − 4 ≤ 125
3— 3
4x + 44 = x2 + 6x + 9 ( √x ) ≥ 43 x ≤ 129
0= x2 + 2x − 35 x ≥ 64 The solution is x ≤ 129.
0 = (x + 7)(x − 5) The solution is x ≥ 64.
x+7=0 or x−5=0
39. Solve for x. 40. Solve for x.
x = −7 or x=5 — —
4√x − 2 > 20 7√ x + 1 < 9
Check: — —
? ? √x − 2 > 5 7√x < 8
2(−7 + 11)1/2 = −7 + 3 2(5 + 11)1/2 = 5 + 3 —
x − 2 > 25 √x < —87
? ?
2(4)1/2 = −4 2(16)1/2 = 8 x > 27 64
x<—
49
? ?
⋅
2 2 = −4 2(4) = 8 Consider the radicand. Consider the radicand.
4 ≠ −4 ✗ 8=8✓ x−2 ≥ 0 x≥0
The solution is x = 5. x≥2 So, the solution is
64
So, the solution is x > 27. 0 ≤ x<— .
34. (5x2 − 4)1/4 = x 49

[ (5x2 − 4)1/4 ]4 = x4 41. Solve for x.

3—
42. √ x + 7 ≥ 3
5x2 −4= x4 —
2√x + 3 ≤ 8 ( √3 —
x + 7 ) ≥ 33
3

0 = x4 − 5x2 + 4 —
2√x ≤ 5 x + 7 ≥ 27
0= (x2 − 1)(x2 − 4) —
√x ≤ 5
—2 x ≥ 20
0 = (x + 1)(x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 2) x≤ —
25
The solution is x ≥ 20.
4
x+1=0 or x−1=0 Consider the radicand.
x = −1 or x=1 x≥0
or 25
So, the solution is 0 ≤ x ≤ — .
4
x+2=0 or x−2=0 3—
43. −2√ x + 4 < 12 44. Solve for x.
x = −2 or x=2 3— —
√x + 4 > −6 −0.25√x − 6 ≤ −3
Check:
? ? ( √3 —
x + 4 ) > (−6)3
3
−0.25√x ≤ 3
—

[ 5(−1)2 − 4 ]1/4 = −1 [ 5(1)2 − 4 ]1/4 = 1 x + 4 > −216 √x

—
≥ −12
? ?
11/4 = −1 11/4 =1 x > −220 Consider the radicand.
1 ≠ −1 ✗ 1=1✓ The solution is x > −220. x≥0
? ? So, the solution is x ≥ 0.
[ 5(−2)2 − 4 ]1/4 = −2 [ 5(2)2 − 4 ]1/4 = 2
? ? 45. ℓ= 54d 3/2
161/4 = −2 161/4 = 2
2 ≠ −2 ✗ 2=2✓ 3 = 54d 3/2
0.056 ≈ d 3/2
The solutions are x = 1 and x = 2.
(0.056)2/3 ≈ (d 3/2)2/3
35. The right-hand side was 36. When raising each side to 0.15 ≈ d
not cubed. an exponent, the 8 was
The diameter of a standard nail that is 3 inches long is about
not included.
3—
0.15 inch.
√3x − 8 = 4 8x3/2 = 1000
( √3 —
3x − 8 ) = 43
3
(8x3/2)2/3 = 10002/3 46. a. Snowboarder:
—
Kangaroo:
—
3x − 8 = 64 4x = 100 1.21 = 0.5√h 0.81 = 0.5√h
— —
3x = 72 x = 25 2.42 = √h 1.62 = √h
x = 24 5.9 ≈ h 2.6 ≈ h
The height of the The height of the kangaroo
snowboarder is about is about 2.6 feet.
5.9 feet.

262 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC.

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Chapter 5
b. Snowboarder: Kangaroo: — 49. Substitute x − 2 for y in Equation 1 and solve for x.
—
2.42 = 0.5√h 1.62 = 0.5√h
— — x2 + (x − 2)2 = 4
4.84 = √ h 3.24 = √ h
x2 + x2 − 4x + 4 = 4
23.4 ≈ h 10.5 ≈ h
2x2 − 4x + 4 = 4
The height of the The height of the kangaroo
2x2 − 4x = 0
snowboarder is about is about 10.5 feet.
23.4 feet. 2x(x − 2) = 0
c. no; When the time is doubled, the height increases by a 2x = 0 or x−2=0
factor of 4. x=0 or x=2
Substitute the values for x into Equation 2 and solve for y.
47. Substitute y for x − 3 in Equation 1 and solve for y.
x = 0: y = 0 − 2 x = 2: y = 2 − 2
y2 = y
y = −2 y=0
y2 − y = 0
The solutions are (0, −2) and (2, 0).
y(y − 1) = 0
y
y=0 or y−1=0 3

y=0 or y=1
1 (2, 0)
Substitute the values for y into Equation 2 and solve for x.
−3 −1 1 3 x
y = 0: 0 = x − 3 y = 1: 1 = x − 3
(0, −2)
3=x 4=x
The solutions are (3, 0) and (4, 1).
3 25
y 50. Substitute −—4 x + —
4
for y in Equation 1 and solve for x.
4 2

2
(
25
x2 + −—4 x + —4
3
) = 25
9 2 75 625
+— x2
16
x −—8
x+—16
= 25
(3, 0) (4, 1)
4 6 x 16x2 + 9x2 − 150x + 625 = 400
25x2 − 150x + 225 = 0
x2 − 6x + 9 = 0
48. Substitute x + 5 for y in Equation 1 and solve for x. (x − 3)2 = 0
(x + 5)2 = 4x + 17 x−3=0
x2 + 10x + 25 = 4x + 17 x=3
x2 + 6x + 8 = 0 Substitute the value for x into Equation 2 and solve for y.
(x + 2)(x + 4) = 0 25
x = 3: y = −—4 (3) + —
3
4
x+2=0 or x+4=0 y=4
x = −2 or x = −4 The solution is (3, 4).
Substitute the values for x into Equation 2 and solve for y.
y
x = −2: y = −2 + 5 x = −4: y = −4 + 5 6
5
y=3 y=1 4
(3, 4)

The solutions are (−2, 3) and (−4, 1). 3

2
y 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 x
(−2, 3)
2
(−4, 1)

−4 −2 x

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Chapter 5
51. Use the elimination method, then solve for y. 53. a. Dry asphalt: Wet asphalt:
⋅ ⋅
— —
x2 + y2 =1 45 = √30 0.75d 45 = √30 0.30d
— —
−(x2 − 2 = 2y) 45 = √22.5d 45 = √9d
— 2 — 2
y2 + 2 = 1 − 2y 452 = ( √22.5d ) 452 = ( √9d )
Solve for y. 2025 = 22.5d 2025 = 9d
y2 + 2 = 1 − 2y 90 = d 225 = d
y2 + 2y + 1 = 0
Snow: Ice:
(y + 1)2 = 0
⋅ ⋅
— —
45 = √30 0.30d 45 = √30 0.15d
y+1=0 — —
45 = √9d 45 = √4.5d
y = −1 — 2 — 2
452 = ( √9d ) 452 = ( √4.5d )
Substitute the value for y into Equation 1 and solve for x.
2025 = 9d 2025 = 4.5d
x2 + (−1)2 = 1 y
2 225 = d 450 = d
x2 + 1 = 1
The greatest stopping distance is 450 feet on ice. On wet
x2 = 0 −2 2 x asphalt and snow, the stopping distance is 225 feet. The
(0, −1)
x=0 −2 least stopping distance is 90 feet on dry asphalt.
The solution is (0, −1). b. Let s be 35 and f be 0.15 in the equation and solve for d.

⋅
—
35 = √30 0.15d
52. Use the elimination method, then solve for x. —
35 = √4.5d
x2 + y2 =4 —
(35)2 = ( √4.5d )2
−(y2 = x + 2)
1225 = 4.5d
x2 = 4 − x − 2
272.2 ≈ d
Solve for x.
The deer needs to be more than 272.2 feet away to stop
x2 = 4 − x − 2 safely.
x2 + x − 2 = 0 —

(x + 2)(x − 1) = 0 54. a. B = 0: 0 = 1.69√s + 4.25 − 3.55

—

x+2=0 or x−1=0 3.55 = 1.69√s + 4.25

—

x = −2 or x=1 2.1 ≈ √s + 4.25

— 2

Substitute the values of x into Equation 2 and solve for y. (2.1)2 ≈ ( √s + 4.25 )

x = −2: y2 = −2 + 2 x = 1: y2 = 1 + 2 4.41 ≈ s + 4.25

y2 = 0 y2 = 3 0.16 ≈ s

y=0 y = ±√ 3
—
The wind speed is about 0.16 mile per hour when B = 0.
—
—
The solutions are (−2, 0), ( 1, √ 3 ), and ( 1, −√ 3 ).
—
B = 3: 3 = 1.69√s + 4.25 − 3.55
—
6.55 = 1.69√s + 4.25
y —
4
3.876 ≈ √s + 4.25
3 (1, √3) — 2
(3.876)2 ≈ ( √s + 4.25 )
(−2, 0) 15.02 ≈ s + 4.25
−4 −3 1 3 4 x
10.77 ≈ s

−3
The wind speed is about 10.77 miles per hour when B = 3.
(1, −√3) —
−4 b. B = 12: 12 = 1.69√s + 4.25 − 3.55
—
15.55 = 1.69√s + 4.25
—
9.201 ≈ √s + 4.25
— 2
(9.201)2 ≈ ( √s + 4.25 )
84.66 ≈ s + 4.25
80.41 ≈ s
From part (a), when B = 0, the wind speed is about
0.16 mile per hour and when B = 12 the wind speed is
about 80.41 miles per hour. So, the range of the wind
speeds is 0.16 ≤ s ≤ 80.41.
264 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC
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Chapter 5
—
55. Solve x − 4 = √ 2x . 57. You know there is no real solution because the square root of
—
x − 4 = √2x a quantity cannot be negative.
— 2
(x − 4)2 = ( √ 2x ) 58. The solution of the equation is x = 5. The solution is the
x2 − 8x + 16 = 2x x-value of the point of intersection of the graphs.
x2 − 10x + 16 = 0
59. If the price is raised, then the demand on the number of units
(x − 8)(x − 2) = 0 will decrease.
x−8=0 or x−2=0
60. The area of the circle must be at least 6P. For a circle with
x=8 or x=2
radius r, this means πr 2 ≥ 6P. Solve the inequality for r.
Check:
? — ? —
πr 2 ≥ 6P
8 − 4 = √2 ⋅ 8
? —
2 − 4 = √2 2
? —
⋅ 6P
r2 ≥ —
4 = √ 16 −2 = √ 4 π
√
—
4=4✓ −2 ≠ 2 ✗ 6P
r≥ —
π
The solution is x = 8.
—
61. Set r equal to 3 in the equation and solve for s.
Solve x − 4 = − √2x .
√
—
— 1 S
x − 4 = − √ 2x . 3=— —
— 2 2 π
(x − 4) = ( −√ 2x )
√
—
S
6= —
x2 − 8x + 16 = 2x π

(√ )
—
x2 − 10x + 16 = 0 S 2
62 = —
π
(x − 8)(x − 2) = 0 S
36 = —
x−8=0 or x−2=0 π
x=8 x=2 36π = S
Check: 113.1 ≈ S
? — ? — The surface area of the Moetaki Boulder is about
8 − 4 = −√ 2(8) 2 − 4 = −√ 2(2)
113.1 square feet.
? — ? —
4 = −√16 −2 = −√ 4
62. Letℓ be 5, b1 be 2, and b2 be 4 in the equation and solve
4 ≠ −4 ✗ −2 = −2 ✓ for h.
√
——
The solution is x = 2. 5 = h2 + —14(4 − 2)2
a. When solving the first equation, the solution is x = 8
5 = √h
—

with x = 2 as an extraneous solution. When solving the

2 + —14(2)2
—
second equation, the solution is x = 2 with x = 8 as an 5 = √h2 + 1
extraneous solution. —
52 = ( √h2 + 1 )2
b. y
8 25 = h2 + 1
7
6 24 = h2
5 —
4 y = x − 4 + √2x ±√24 = h
3
2
±4.9 ≈ h
1 Reject the negative solution because height cannot be negative.
(2, 0) (8, 0)
−3 −2 −1 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 x So, the height of the truncated pyramid is about 4.9 feet.

√
−2 —
kt kt
−3 63. a. r= — b. h = h0 − —2
−4 π(h0 − h) πr
−5 y = x − 4 − √2x
kt 0.04(45)
−6 r2 = — = 6.5 − —2
π(h0 − h) π(0.875)
kt
56. The friend is incorrect; Sample answer: It is possible to have h0 − h = —2 ≈ 5.75
πr
two extraneous solutions, for example, when the radical is a kt
fourth root. h = h0 − —2 After 45 minutes, the
πr
height of the candle is
about 5.75 inches.

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Chapter 5
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency 5.5 Explorations (p. 269)
64. (x3 − 2x2 + 3x + 1) + (x4 − 7x) 1. a. y
8
= x4 + x3 − 2x2 + (3 − 7)x + 1 7

= x4 + x3 − 2x2 − 4x + 1 6
5
4
65. (2x5 + x4 − 4x2) − (x5 − 3) = (2 − 1)x5 + x4 − 4x2 + 3 3 f+g
= x5 + x4 − 4x2 + 3 2
1

66. (x3 + 2x2 + 1)(x2 + 5) −6 −5 −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

= (x3 + 2x2 + 1)(x2) + (x3 + 2x2 + 1)(5) −2

−3
= x5 + 2x4 + x2 + 5x3 + 10x2 + 5
−4
= x5 + 2x4 + 5x3 + 11x2 + 5
b. y
4
x3 + 11x − 8
)
‾‾‾
67. x + 2 x + 2x3 + 11x2 + 14x − 16
4
3
2
x4 + 2x3 1

0x3 + 11x2 + 14x −6 −5 −4 −3 3 4 5 6 x

11x2 + 22x −2
−3
−8x − 16 −4 f+g
−5
−8x − 16
−6
0 −7
−8
x4 + 2x3 + 11x2 + 14x − 16
——— = x3 + 11x − 8
x+2
2. Measure to find y-values of one function and add to the
68. g(x) = f (−x) + 4 corresponding y-values of the other function.
= [ (−x)3 − 4(−x)2 + 6 ] + 4 3. a. The equation for the function f in Exploration 1(a) is
= −x3 − 4x2 + 10 f(x) = 0.25(x − 2)2 and g is g(x) = x − 1. The sum
The graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis followed by a of the functions is
translation 4 units up of the graph of f. f(x) + g(x) = 0.25(x − 2)2 + (x − 1)
1 = 0.25(x2 − 4x + 4) + x − 1
69. g(x) = —2 f (x) − 3
= 0.25x2 − x + 1 + x − 1
= —12(x3 − 4x2 + 6) − 3
= 0.25x2.
= —12x3 − 2x2 b. The equation for the function f in Exploration 1(b) is
The graph of g is a vertical shrink by a factor of —12 followed f(x) = −0.25(x − 2)2 and g is g(x) = −x + 1. The sum
by a translation 3 units down of the graph of f. of the functions is
f(x) + g(x) = −0.25(x − 2)2 + (−x + 1)
70. g(x) = −f (x − 1) + 6
= −0.25(x2 − 4x + 4) − x + 1
= −[ (x − 1)3 − 4(x − 1)2 + 6 ] + 6
= −0.25x2 + x − 1 − x + 1
= −(x − 1)3 + 4(x − 1)2
= −0.25x2.
The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a
translation 1 unit right and 6 units up of the graph of f.

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Chapter 5
5.5 Monitoring Progress (pp. 271–272) 5.5 Exercises (pp. 273–274)
1. (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
= −2x2/3 + 7x2/3 1. You can add, subtract, multiply, or divide f and g.
= 5x2/3
2. Any x-values not in the domains of both functions and any
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real
x-values that result in the denominator being equal to 0 are
numbers. So, the domain of f + g is all real numbers. When
not included in the domain of the quotient of two functions.
x = 8, the value of the sum is
(f + g)(8) = 5(8)2/3 Monitoring Progress and Modeling With Mathematics
= 5(4) 4— 4—
3. (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = −5√ x + 19√ x = 14√ x
4—

= 20. The functions f and g each have the same domain: x ≥ 0. So,
( f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x) the domain of f + g is x ≥ 0. When x = 16, the value of the
sum is
= −2x2/3 − 7x2/3 4—
(f + g)(16) = 14√16 = 14(2) = 28.
= −9x2/3
(f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x)
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real — — —
numbers. So, the domain of f − g is all real numbers. When = −5√
4
x − 19√
4
x = −24√
4
x
x = 8, the value of the difference is The functions f and g each have the same domain: x ≥ 0. So,
( f − g)(8) = −9(8)2/3 the domain of f − g is x ≥ 0. When x = 16, the value of the
difference is
= −9(4) 4—
(f − g)(16) = −24√16 = −24(2) = −48.
= −36.
3— 3— 3—
4. (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = √ 2x − 11√ 2x = −10√ 2x
2. ( fg)(x) = f(x)g(x)
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real
= (3x)(x1/5)
numbers. So, the domain of f + g is all real numbers. When
= 3x6/5 x = −4, the value of the sum is
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real 3—
(f + g)(−4) = −10√2(−4)
numbers. So, the domain of fg is all real numbers. When 3—
= −10√ (−8) = (−10)(−2) = 20.
x = 32, the value of the product is
(f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x)
( fg)(32) = 3(32)6/5 = 3(64) = 192. 3— 3— 3—
= √ 2x + 11√ 2x = 12√2x

()
f
— (x) = —
g
3x
1/5
x
= 3x4/5 The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real
numbers. So, the domain of f − g is all real numbers. When
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real x = −4, the value of the difference is
f 3—
numbers. So, the domain of — is all real numbers except 0. (f − g)(−4) = 12√2(−4) = 12(−2) = −24.
g
When x = 32, the value of the quotient is
5. (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = (6x − 4x2 − 7x3) + (9x2 − 5x)

()
f
— (32) = 3(32)4/5 = 3(16) = 48.
g = −7x5 + 5x2 + x
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real
3. Enter the functions y1 = 8x and y2 = 2x5/6 in a graphing numbers. So, the domain of f + g is all real numbers. When
calculator. On the home screen, enter y1(5) + y2(5). The first x = −1, the value of the sum is
entry on the screen shows that y1(5) + y2(5) ≈ 47.65, so ( f
+ g)(5) ≈ 47.65. Enter the other operations. (f + g)(−1) = −7(−1)3 + 5(−1)2 + (−1) = 11.

( f − g)(5) ≈ 32.35 ( fg)(5) ≈ 305.89 (f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x) = (6x − 4x2− 7x3) − (9x2 − 5x)
= −7x3 − 13x2 + 11x
()
f
— (5) ≈ 5.23
g
— f
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real
numbers. So, the domain of f − g is all real numbers. When
4. g(3) = √ 9 − 32 = 0, so 3 is not in the domain of —. x = −1, the value of the difference is
g
(f − g)(−1) = −7(−1)3 − 13(−1)2 + 11(−1) = −17.
5. (rs)(1.7 × 105) = (1.446 × 109)(1.7 × 105)−0.05
≈ 791,855,335
The white rhino’s heart beats about 791,855,335 times.

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Chapter 5

6. (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) 10. ( fg)(x) = (11x3)(7x7/3) = 77x16/3

= (11x + 2x2) + (−7x − 3x2 + 4) The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real
= −x2 + 4x + 4 numbers. So, the domain of fg is all real numbers. When
x = −8, the value of the product is
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real
numbers. So, the domain of f + g is all real numbers. When (fg)(−8) = 77(−8)16/3 = 77(65,536) = 5,046,272.
x = 2, the value of the sum is
(f + g)(2) = −(2)2 + 4(2) + 4 = 8. ()
f
g
11x3 11
— (x) = — = —x2/3
7x7/3 7
(f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x) The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real
f
= (11x + 2x2) − (−7x − 3x2 + 4) numbers. So, the domain of — is x ≠ 0. When x = −8, the
g
= 5x2 + 18x − 4
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real
f
() 11 11
value of the quotient is — (−8) = —(−8)2/3 = —(4) = —.
g 7 7
44
7
numbers. So, the domain of f − g is all real numbers. When
x = 2, the value of the difference is 11. ( fg)(x) = f (x)g(x) = (7x3/2)(−14x1/3) = −98x11/6

( f − g)(2) = 5(2)2 + 18(2) − 4 = 52. The domain of f is x ≥ 0 and the domain of g is all real
numbers. So, the domain of fg is x ≥ 0. When
3—
7. ( fg)(x) = (2x3)( √ x ) = 2x10/3 x = 64, the value of the product is
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real (fg)(64) = −98(64)11/6 = −98(2048) = −200,704.
numbers. So, the domain of fg is all real numbers. When
x = −27, the value of the product is ()
f
g
f (x)
— (x) = — = —
g(x)1/3
7x3/2
= −—x7/6
−14x
1
2
( fg)(−27) = 2(−27)10/3 = 2(59,049) = 118,098. The domain of f is x ≥ 0 and the domain of g is all real
2x3 f
numbers. So, the domain of — is x > 0. When x = 64, the
()
f
— (x) = —
g —
3
√x
= 2x8/3
value of the quotient is
g
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real
f
numbers. So, the domain of — is x ≠ 0. When
g
()
f
g
1
2
1
— (64) = −—(64)7/6 = −—(128) = −64.
2
x = −27, the value of the quotient is 12. ( fg)(x) = (4x5/4)(2x1/2) = 8x7/4

()
f
— (−27) = 2(−27)8/3 = 2(6561) = 13,122.
g
The functions f and g each have the same domain: x ≥ 0.
So, the domain of fg is x ≥ 0. When x = 16, the value of the
—
8. ( fg)(x) = (x4)(3√ x ) = 3x9/2 product is (fg)(16) = 8(16)7/4 = 8(128) = 1024.
The domain of f is all real numbers and the domain of g is
x ≥ 0. So, the domain of fg is x ≥ 0. When x = 4, the value of ()
f f (x) 4x5/4
— (x) = — = —
g g(x) 2x1/2
= 2x3/4

the product is ( fg)(4) = 3(4)9/2 = 3(512) = 1536. The functions f and g each have the same domain: x ≥ 0. So,

()
g
f
— (x) = —
x4
3√ x
— = —
x7/2
3
f
the domain of — is x > 0. When x = 16, the value of the
g
The domain of f is all real numbers and the domain of g is
f
x ≥ 0. So, the domain of — is x > 0. When x = 4, the value
g
()
f
quotient is — (16) = 2(16)3/4 = 2(8) = 16.
g
13. Enter the functions y1 = 4x4 and y2 = 24x1/3 in a graphing
()f
g
47/2 128
of the quotient is — (4) = — = —.
3 3 calculator. On the home screen, enter y1(5) + y2(5). The first
entry on the screen shows that y1(5) + y2(5) ≈ 2541.04. So,
9. ( fg)(x) = (4x)(9x1/2) = 36x3/2 (f + g)(5) ≈ 2541.04. Enter the other operations.
The domain of f is all real numbers and the domain of g is (f − g)(5) ≈ 2458.96
x ≥ 0. So, the domain of fg is x ≥ 0. When x = 9, the value of (fg)(5) ≈ 102,598.56
the product is ( fg)(9) = 36(9)3/2 = 36(27) = 972.

()
g
f 4x
— (x) = — = —x1/2
9x1/2 9
4 ()
f
— (5) ≈ 60.92
g

The domain of f is all real numbers and the domain of g is 14. Enter the functions y1 = 7x5/3 and y2 = 49x2/3 in a graphing
f
x ≥ 0. So, the domain of — is x > 0. When x = 9, the value calculator. On the home screen, enter y1(5) + y2(5). The first
g entry on the screen shows that y1(5) + y2(5) ≈ 245.62. So, (f
+ g)(5) ≈ 245.62. Enter the other operations.
f
() 4 4 4
of the quotient is — (9) = —(9)1/2 = —(3) = —.
g 9 9 3
( f − g)(5) ≈ −40.94 (fg)(5) ≈ 14,663.04
f
()
— (5) ≈ 0.71
g

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Chapter 5

15. Enter the functions y1 = −2x1/3 and y2 = 5x1/2 in a graphing 25. r(x) = (area of square) − (area of triangle)
calculator. On the home screen, enter y1(5) + y2(5). The first
entry on the screen shows y1(5) + y2(5) ≈ 7.76. So,
= x2 − —12x x⋅
= x2 − —12x2
( f + g)(5) ≈ 7.76. Enter the other operations.
= —12x2
( f − g)(5) ≈ −14.60 (fg)(5) ≈−38.24
f
()
— (5) ≈ −0.31
g
1.1w0.734
26. r(w) = ——
16. Enter the functions y1 = and y2 =
4x1/2 6x3/4
in a graphing b(w) − d(w)
calculator. On the home screen, enter y1(5) + y2(5). The first 1.1w0.734
= ——
entry on the screen shows that y1(5) + y2(5) ≈ 29.01. So, 0.007w − 0.002w
(f + g)(5) ≈ 29.01. Enter the other operations.
1.1w0.734
=—
( f − g)(5) ≈ −11.12 (fg)(5) ≈ 179.44
f
()
— (5) ≈ 0.45
g
0.005w
220w0.734
=—
17. Because the functions have an even index, the domain is w
restricted; The domain of (fg)(x) is x ≥ 0. 220(6.5)0.734
When w = 6.5: r(6.5) = —— ≈ 133.7
6.5

numbers except x = 2 and x = −2.

()
f
18. The domain is incorrect; The domain of — (x) is all real
g 220(300)0.734
When w = 300: r(300) = —— ≈ 48.3
300
19. a. (F + M)(t) = F(t) + M(t) 220(70,000)0.734
When w = 70,000: r(70,000) = —— ≈ 11.3
= (−0.007t2 + 0.10t + 3.7) 70,000
—
+ (0.0001t3 − 0.009t2 + 0.11t + 3.7) 20 − x √ x2 + 144
27. a. r(x) = —, s(x) = —
= 0.0001t3 − 0.016t2 + 0.21t + 7.4 6.4 0.9
—
b. The sum represents the total number of employees (in 20 − x √ x2 + 144
b. t(x) = r(x) + s(x) = — + —
millions) from the ages of 16 to 19 in the United States 6.4 0.9
from 1990 to 2010. c. 30

20. a. (W − F)(t) = W(t) − F(t)

= (−5.8333t3 + 17.43t2 + 509.1t + 11,496)
− (12.5t3 − 60.29t2 + 136.6t + 4881) Minimum
0 X=1.7044372 Y=16.325839 20
= −18.3333t3 + 77.72t2 + 372.5t + 6615 0

b. The difference represents the number of cruise ship From the graph, x ≈ 1.7 minimizes t. If Elvis runs along
departures (in thousands) from around the world except the shore until he is about 1.7 meters from point C then
for Florida. swims to point B, the time taken to get there will be a
minimum.
21. Your friend is correct. The addition and multiplication
of functions are commutative because addition and Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
multiplication of real numbers is commutative, and the order 28. 3xn − 9 = 6y 29. 5z = 7n + 8nz
in which they appear does not matter. 3xn = 6y + 9 5z = n(7 + 8z)
6y + 9 5z
22. B; A; The y-intercept in A is less than in B. n=— —=n
3x 7 + 8z
23. ( f + g)(3) = f(3) + g(3) = 10 − 31 = −21 2y + 3
n=—
( f − g)(1) = f(1) − g(1) = −4 − (−3) = −1 x
3 + 4n
( fg)(2) = (0)(−13) = 0 30. 3nb = 5n − 6z 31. — = 7b
n
−2 3nb − 5n = −6z 3 + 4n = 7bn
()
f
— (0) = — = 2
g −1 n(3b − 5) = −6z 3 = 7bn − 4n
−6z 6z
24. It is possible to write a sum of two functions containing a n=—=— 3 = n(7b − 4)
radical, but whose product does not. This can happen when, 3b − 5 5 − 3b 3
—=n
for example, both functions are radical functions with the 7b − 4
— —
same radicand. An example is f(x) = √x and g(x) = 2√x .
32. The relation is a function because every input has exactly
one output.

33. The relation is not a function because −1 has two outputs.

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Chapter 5
34. The relation is a function because every input has exactly d. y g
6
one output.
5
4
35. The relation is not a function because 2 has two outputs. 3
2 f
5.6 Explorations (p. 275) 1

1. a. −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3 5 6 x
y f
−2
5
−3
4
−4
3
−5
g −6

−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 3 4 5 6 The graph of g is a reflection in the line y = x of the graph

−2
of f.
−3 2. a. y f
−4 8
−5 g
−6 4

The graph of g is a reflection in the line y = x of the graph −8 4 8 x

of f.
b. y f
6 −8
5
4 The graph of g is a reflection in the line y = x.
3
g b. y
2 8 g

4 f
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 2 3 4 5 6 x

−2
−3 −8 −4 4 8 x
−4 −4
−5
−6 −8

The graph of g is a reflection in the line y = x of the graph The graph of g is a reflection in the line y = x.
of f. c. y f
8
c. y
12 g g
11 4
10
9 −8 4 8 x
8
7 −4
6
5 −8
4
3
f The graph of g is a reflection in the line y = x.
2
d. y
1 8
f
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x
4 g
The graph of g is a reflection in the line y = x of the graph
of f. −4 −2 4 8 x

−4

−8

The graph of g is a reflection in the line y = x.

3. To graph the inverse of a function, graph the original

function and then reflect the graph in the line y = x to form
the graph of the inverse function.

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Chapter 5
4. The operations in one equation are the inverses of the Method 2 Set y equal to f(x). Switch the roles of x and y
x+3 and solve for y.
operations in the other. So, g(x) = —.
2
y = 2x
y
8 x = 2y
x+3 x
g(x) =
2 —=y
2
x
−8 4 8 x The inverse of f is g(x) = —.
2
y f
f(x) = 2x − 3 3
g
−8 2
1

−3 −2−1 1 2 3 x
5.6 Monitoring Progress (pp. 276–280)
−2
1. y=x−2 −3

y+2=x
Find the input when y = 2. 5. Method 1 Use inverse operations in the reverse order.

x=2+2 f(x) = −x + 1
=4 To find the inverse, apply inverse operations in
the reverse order.
So, the input is 4 when the output is 2.
g(x) = −(x − 1)
2. y = 2x2 The inverse of f is g(x) = −(x − 1) or
y g(x) = −x + 1.
— = x2
2 Method 2 Set y equal to f(x). Switch the roles of x and y
√
—
y and solve for y.
± —=x
2
y = −x + 1
Find the input when y = 2.

√
— x = −y + 1
2
x=± — x − 1 = −y
2
—
= ±√ 1 −(x + 1) = y
= ±1 −x + 1 = y
The inverse of f is g(x) = −x + 1.
So, the input is −1 or 1 when the output is 2.
y
3
3. y = −x3 + 3 f
2
y − 3 = −x3 1

−y + 3 = x3 −3 −2−1 1 3 x
3— g
√−y + 3 = x −2
−3
Find the input when y = 2.
3— 3—
x = √−2 + 3 = √1 = 1
So, the input is 1 when the output is 2.

4. Method 1 Use inverse operations in the reverse order.

f(x) = 2x
To find the inverse, apply inverse operations in
the reverse order.
x
g(x) = —
2
x
The inverse of f is g(x) = —.
2

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Chapter 5
6. Method 1 Use inverse operations in the reverse order. 8. f(x) = −x3 + 4
1
f(x) = —3 x −2 y = −x3 + 4
To find the inverse, apply inverse operations in x = −y3 + 4
the reverse order.
x − 4 = −y3
g(x) = 3(x + 2)
−x + 4 = y3
The inverse of f is g(x) = 3(x + 2) or 3—
g(x) = 3x + 6. √−x + y = y
So the inverse of f is y
3— 6
Method 2 Set y equal to f(x). Switch the roles of x and y g(x) = √−x + 4 . f
5
and solve for y.
3
y = —13 x − 2
1
x= —3 y −2 1
1
x+2= —3 y −3 −2−1 1 3 5 6 x
g
3(x + 2) = y −2
−3
3x + 6 = y
The inverse of f is g(x) = 3x + 6. —
9. f(x) = √ x + 2
—
y y = √x + 2
—
g
3 x = √y + 2
2
1
x2 = y + 2
x
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −1 1 2 3
x2 − 2 = y
f Because the range of f is y ≥ 0, the domain of the
−3 inverse must be restricted to x ≥ 0. So, the inverse
−4 of f is g(x) = x2 − 2, x ≥ 0.
−5
−6 y g
6
−7
5
−8
4
f
3
7. f (x) = −x2, x ≤ 0 2

y = −x2
−3 −2−1 2 3 4 5 6 x
x = −y2
−2
−x = y2 −3
—
±√ −x = y
The domain of f is restricted to nonpositive values of x. So, 10. Step 1 Show that f(g(x)) = x.
the range of the inverse must also be restricted to nonpositive f (g(x)) = f(x − 5)
—
values. So, the inverse of f is g(x) = −√ −x .
= (x − 5) + 5
y
1 =x−5+5
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 1 x =x✓
g
−2 Step 2 Show that g( f(x)) = x.
−3
−4
g( f (x)) = g(x + 5)
f
−5 = (x + 5) − 5
−6
=x+5−5
=x✓
The functions are inverse functions.

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Chapter 5

11. Step 1 Show that f (g(x)) = x. 7. y = —12 x − 3

3— y + 3 = —12 x
f(g(x)) = f ( √ 2x )
3— 3
2(y + 3) = x
= 8( √2x )
2y + 6 = x
= 8(2x)
Find the input when y = −3.
= 16x ✗
x = 2(−3 + 3)
The functions are not inverse functions.
= 2(0)
12. Step 1 Find the inverse of the function. =0
d = 4.9t2 So, the input is 0 when the output is −3.
d 2
y = −—3 x + 1
— = t2 8.
4.9

√
2
— y − 1 = −—3 x
d
—=t 3
4.9 −—2(y − 1) = x
Step 2 Evaluate the inverse when d = 50. 3y − 3
−— = x
√
—
50 2
t= — Find the input when y = −3.
4.9
3
≈ 3.19 x = −—2 (−3 − 1)
It takes an object about 3.19 seconds to fall 50 meters. = −—2 (−4)
3

5.6 Exercises (pp. 281–284) =6

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check So, the input is 6 when the output is −3.
1. Inverse functions are functions that undo each other. 9. y = 3x3
y
2. The horizontal line test can be used to determine whether the — = x3
inverse of a function is a function. 3

√
—
3 y
—=x
3. Functions f and g are inverses of each other provided that 3
f (g(x)) = x and g( f(x)) = x. Find the input when y = −3.

√−33
—
4. “Write an equation that represents a reflection of the graph x= 3
—
of f(x) = 5x − 2 in the x-axis” is different from the others.
3—
The result of this is y = −5x + 2; The other answer is = √ −1
y = —15(x + 2). = −1
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics So, the input is −1 when the output is −3.
5. y = 3x + 5
10. y = 2x4 − 5
y − 5 = 3x
y + 5 = 2x4
y−5
—=x y+5
3 — = x4
2
Find the input when y = −3.
√
—
y+5
−3 − 5 8 ±4—=x
x = — = −— 2
3 3
8 Find the input when y = −3.
So, the input is −—3 when the output is −3.
√
—
−3 + 5
x=± —
6. y = −7x − 2 2
√
—
y + 2 = −7x 2
=± —
y+2 2
—=x —
−7 = ±√ 1
Find the input when y = −3. = ±1
−3 + 2 −1 1 So, the input is −1 or 1 when the output is −3.
x=—=—=—
−7 −7 7
So, the input is —17 when the output is −3.

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Chapter 5

11. y = (x − 2)2 − 7 Method 2 Set y equal to f(x). Switch the roles of x and y
and solve for y.
y + 7 = (x − 2)2
— y = −3x
±√y + 7 = x − 2
— x = −3y
±√y + 7 + 2 = x 1
−—3 x = y
Find the input when y = −3. 1
— The inverse of f is g(x) = −—3 x.
x = ±√−3 + 7 + 2
— y
= ±√4 + 2 3

= ±2 + 2
= 0 or 4
−3 −2−1 3 x
So, the input is 0 or 4 when the output is −3. g
−2
−3
12. y = (x − 5)3 − 1 f

y + 1 = (x − 5)3 15. Method 1 Use inverse operations in reverse order.

3—
√y + 1 = x − 5 f(x) = −2x + 5
3—
√y + 1 + 5 = x To find the inverse, apply inverse operations in
Find the input when y = −3. the reverse order.
3—
x = √−3 + 1 + 5 1
g(x) = −—2(x − 5)
3— 1
= √−2 + 5 The inverse of f is g(x) = −—2 (x − 5) or
1
3— g(x) = −—2x + —52 .
So, the input is √−2 + 5 when the output is −3.
Method 2 Set y equal to f(x). Switch the roles of x and y
13. Method 1 Use inverse operations in reverse order. and solve for y.
f(x) = 6x y = −2x + 5
To find the inverse, apply inverse operations in x = −2y + 5
the reverse order. x − 5 = −2y
1
g(x) = —6x 1
−—2 (x − 5) = y
1
The inverse of f is g(x) = —6 x. 1
The inverse of f is g(x) = −—2 (x − 5) or
1
Method 2 Set y equal to f(x). Switch the roles of x and y g(x) = −—2x + —52 .
and solve for y.
y
y = 6x 8
f
7
x = 6y
1 5
—6 x = y
4
The inverse of f is g(x) = —16x.
2
y f 1

2 −2−1 1 2 4 5 7 8 x
g
1 g
−2
−1 1 2 3 x

16. Method 1 Use inverse operations in reverse order.

f(x) = 6x − 3
14. Method 1 Use inverse operations in reverse order. To find the inverse, apply inverse operations in
the reverse order.
f(x) = −3x
1
To find the inverse, apply inverse operations in g(x) = —(x + 3)
6
the reverse order. 1
1 The inverse of f is g(x) = —(x + 3) or
g(x) = −—3 x 6
x+3
1
The inverse of f is g(x) = −—3 x. g(x) = —.
6

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Worked-Out Solutions All rights reserved.
Chapter 5
Method 2 Set y equal to f(x). Switch the roles of x and y Method 2 Set y equal to f(x). Switch the roles of x and y
and solve for y. and solve for y.
y = 6x − 3 y = —13x − 1
x = 6y − 3 x = —13y − 1
x + 3 = 6y x + 1 = —13y
x+3
—=y 3(x + 1) = y
6
x+3 The inverse of f is g(x) = 3(x + 1), or
The inverse of f is g(x) = —.
6 g(x) = 3x + 3.
y y g
5
f
4 4
3 3
2 g
f
1

−3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 −5 −4 −3 −2 3 4 5 x

−2 −2
−3 −3
−4
−5
17. Method 1 Use inverse operations in reverse order.
1
f(x) = −—2 x + 4 19. Method 1 Use inverse operations in reverse order.
To find the inverse, apply inverse operations in f(x) = —23 x − —13
the reverse order.
To find the inverse, apply inverse operations in
g(x) = −2(x − 4) reverse order.
The inverse of f is g(x) = −2(x − 4) or g(x) = —32 x + —3 ( 1
)
g(x) = −2x + 8.
Method 2 Set y equal to f(x). Switch the roles of x and y
The inverse of f is g(x) = —32 x + —3 , or ( 1
)
and solve for y. g(x) = —32 x + —12 .
1 Method 2 Set y equal to f(x). Switch the roles of x and y
y = −—2 x + 4
and solve for y.
1
x = −—2 x + 4
y = —23x − —13
1
x−4= −—2 y x = —23y − —13
−2(x − 4) = y
x + —13 = —23y
The inverse of f is g(x) = −2(x − 4) or
g(x) = −2x + 8.
3
(
—2 x + —3 = y
1
)
y
The inverse of f is g(x) = —32 x + —13 , or ( )
g g(x) = —32 x + —12 .
7
6 y g
4
5 f
f 3
2
3
1
2
1 −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 x
x
−2−1 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 −2
−3
−2
−4

18. Method 1 Use inverse operations in reverse order.

f(x) = —13 x − 1
To find the inverse, apply inverse operations in
the reverse order.
g(x) = 3(x + 1)
The inverse of f is g(x) = 3(x + 1), or
g(x) = 3x + 3.

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Chapter 5
20. Method 1 Use inverse operations in reverse order. 23. f(x) = 4x2, x ≤ 0
4 1
f(x) = −—5x + —5 y = 4x2
To find the inverse, apply inverse operations in x = 4y2
reverse order. x
— = y2
5
g(x) = −—4 x − —15 ( ) 4
—
The inverse of f is g(x) = −—4 x − —15 , or
5
5
( ) √x
±— = y
2
g(x) = −—4 x + —14.
The domain of f is restricted y
Method 2 Set y equal to f(x). Switch the roles of x and y 6
to nonpositive values of x. So,
and solve for y. 5
4
the range of the inverse must f
4
y = −—5 x + —15 also be restricted to nonpositive 3
4
x = −—5 y + —15 values. So, —the inverse of f is
4 √x
1
x − = −—5 y
—5 g(x) = −—.
2 −3 −2−1 4 5 6 x
5
(
−—4 x − —15 = y ) −2
g
The inverse of f is g(x) =
5
5
−—4 ( x − ), or
1
—5 −3
g(x) = −—4 x + —14.
24. f(x) = 9x2, x ≤ 0
y
3 y = 9x2
2
x = 9y2
x
−3 −2−1 2 3 x — = y2
9
f —
−2 √x
−3 ±— = y
g 3
The domain of f is restricted f y
21. Switching the variables: to nonpositive values of x. So,
y = −3x + 4 the range of the inverse must
x = −3y + 4 also be restricted to nonpositive
values. So, —the inverse of f is
x − 4 = −3y √x
1 g(x) = −—. x
−—3(x − 4) = y 3 −2−1
1 g
The inverse function of f is g(x) = −—3(x − 4). Reversing the −2
operations:
1
g(x) = −—3(x − 4) 25. f(x) = (x − 3)3
1
The inverse function of f is g(x) = −—3(x − 4). y = (x − 3)3
Sample answer: The method of using inverse operations in x = (y − 3)3
reverse order is preferred because there is no computation. 3—
√x =y−3
3—
22. a. The functions are inverses because the coordinates switch √x +3=y
—
roles. The inverse of f is g(x) = √
3
x + 3.
b. The functions are not inverses because the coordinates did y f
6
not switch roles.
5
g
c. The functions are not inverses because the coordinates did 4
not switch roles. 3

−4 −3 −2−1 1 3 4 5 6 x

−2
−3
−4

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Chapter 5

26. f(x) = (x + 4)3 29. When switching x and y, the negative should not be switched
with the variables.
y = (x + 4)3
f(x) = −x + 3
x = (y + 4)3
3— y = −x + 3
√x =y+4
3— x = −y + 3
√x −4=y
— x − 3 = −y
The inverse of f is g(x) = √
3
x − 4.
−x + 3 = y
f y
4 —
3 30. The inverse should only be y = √ 7x because the domain of f
2 is x ≥ 0.
1
f(x) = —17x2, x>0
−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 x
1
−2
y= —7 x2
g
−3 1
x= —7 y2
−4
−5 7x = y2
−6 —
−7
√ 7x = y
−8
−9 31. f does not have an inverse function because the graph of f
−10 does not pass the horizontal line test.

32. f does not have an inverse function because the graph of f

27. f(x) = 2x4, x ≥ 0 does not pass the horizontal line test.
y = 2x4
33. f does not have an inverse function because the graph of f
x = 2y4
does not pass the horizontal line test.
x
— = y4
2 34. f does have an inverse function because the graph of f passes
√
—
x the horizontal line test.
±4—=y
2
The domain of f is restricted y 35. Graph the function.
6
to nonnegative values of x. f Notice that no horizontal line
5 y
So, the range of the inverse 4 intersects the graph more than
must also be restricted to 3 once. So, the inverse of f is a 20
nonnegative values. So, the 2 g function. Find the inverse. 10
inverse of f is 1
y = x3 − 1
√
—
x −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
g(x) = 4 — . x = y3 − 1 −4 −2 2 4 x
2
−10
x + 1 = y3
28. f(x) = −x6, x ≥ 0 3—
√x + 1 = y −20
y = −x6
So, the inverse of f
x = −y6 3—
is g(x) = √x + 1 .
−x = y6
6—
±√−x = y 36. Graph the function.

The domain of f is restricted Notice that no horizontal y

y
to nonnegative values of x. So, g 2 line intersects the graph 20
the range of the inverse must more than once. So, the
also be restricted to nonnegative −5 −4 −3 −2−1 2 x inverse of f is a function. 10

values. So, the inverse of f is −2

Find the inverse.
6— f
g(x) = √ −x . −3 y = −x3 + 3 −4 −2 4 x
−4
x= −y3 +3 −10
−5
x − 3 = −y3 −20

−x + 3 = y3
3—
√−x + 3 = y
3—
So, the inverse of f is g(x) = √ −x + 3 .

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Chapter 5
37. Graph the function. 41. Graph the function.
Notice that no horizontal line y y
intersects the graph more than 30
4
once. So, the inverse of f is a 20
function. Find the inverse.
—
y = √x + 4 10
— −4 −2 2 4 x
x = √y + 4
−2 −2 2 x
x2 = y + 4
Notice that a horizontal line can intersect the graph more
x2 − 4 = y
than once. So, the inverse is not a function. Find the inverse.
Because the range of f is y ≥ 0, the domain of the
y = x4 + 2
inverse must be restricted to x ≥ 0. So, the inverse
of f is g(x) = x2 − 4, x ≥ 0. x = y4 + 2
x − 2 = y4
38. Graph the function. 4—
±√ x − 2 = y
Notice that no horizontal line y
6
intersects the graph more than 42. Graph the function.
once. So, the inverse of f is 4 y
a function. Find the inverse.
— 20
y = √x − 6 2
—
x = √y − 6 10
4 8 12 x
x2 = y − 6
−4 −2 2 4 x
x2 +6=y
Because the range of f is y ≥ 0, the domain of the
inverse must be restricted to x ≥ 0. So, the inverse −20

of f is g(x) = x2 + 6, x ≥ 0.
Notice that no horizontal line intersects the graph more than
39. Graph the function.
once. So, the inverse of f is a function. Find the inverse.
Notice that no horizontal line y
4 y = 2x3 − 5
intersects the graph more than
once. So, the inverse of f x = 2y3 − 5
2
is a function. Find the inverse. x + 5 = 2y3
3—
y = 2√ x − 5 −4 12 x x+5
4 8
— = y3
3— 2
x = 2√ y − 5
√
−2 —
3— 3 x + 5
x
— = √y − 5 —=y
−4 2
√x +2 5 .
2 —

x3 So, the inverse of f is g(x) = 3

—
—=y−5
8
x3 43. Graph the function.
—+5=y
8 Notice that no horizontal line y
x3
So, the inverse of f is g(x) = — + 5. intersects the graph more than 8
8
once. So, the inverse of f 4
40. Graph the function. is a function. Find the inverse.
3—
Notice that a horizontal line y y = 3√ x + 1 −4 −2 2 4 x
can intersect the graph more 3—
12 x = 3√ y + 1 −4
than once. So, the inverse is
x 3—
not a function. Find the inverse. 8 — = √y + 1 −8
3
y = 2x2 − 5 x
x = 2y2 − 5
4
( ) =y+1
—
3
3

x + 5 = 2y2 x3
−4 −2 2 4 x —−1=y
x−5 27
— = y2 x3
2 So, the inverse of f is g(x) = — − 1.
27
√
—
x−5
± —=y
2

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Chapter 5
44. Graph the function. 46. Graph the function.
y y
4
2
2

−4 −2 4 x
−4 2 4 x
−2
−2
−4
−4

Notice that no horizontal line intersects the graph more than Notice that no horizontal line intersects the graph more than
once. So, the inverse of f is a function. Find the inverse. once. So, the inverse of f is a function. Find the inverse.

√ √
—
2x + 4
—
4x − 7
y=− — 3 y = −3 —
3
√
3 —

√
— 4y − 7
3 2y + 4 x = −3 —
x=− — 3
√
3 —
4y − 7
√
— x
2y + 4 —= —
−x = 3 — −3 3
3 x 2 4y − 7
2y + 4
−x3 = —
( )
— =—
−3 3
3
−3x3 = 2y + 4
x2
()
3 — = 4y − 7
9
x2
−3x3 − 4 = 2y — + 7 = 4y
3
−3x3 − 4 x2 7
—=y —+—=y
2 12 4
−3x3 − 4 x2 + 21
So, the inverse of f is g(x) = —. —=y
2 12
45. Graph the function. Because the range of f is y ≤ 0, the domain of the inverse
y must be restricted to x ≤ 0. So, the inverse of f is
x2 + 21
20 g(x) = —, x ≤ 0.
12
10 47. B; The function has a reciprocal slope and positive y-intercept.

−4 −2 2 4 x 48. C; The inverse operations are in the reverse order.

−10
49. Step 1 Show that f(g(x)) = x.
−20 x
(
f (g(x)) = f — + 9
2 )
Notice that no horizontal line intersects the graph more than x
once. So, the inverse of f is a function. (
=2 —+9 −9
2 )
Find the inverse. = x + 18 − 9
y = —12x5 =x+9 ✗

x = —12y5 The functions are not inverses.

2x = y5
5—
√2x = y
5—
So, the inverse of f is g(x) = √ 2x .

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Chapter 5

50. Step 1 Show that f (g(x)) = x. 53. Step 1 Find the inverse of the function.
—
f (g(x)) = f (4x + 3) v = 1.34√ ℓ
v —
(4x + 3) − 3 — = √ℓ
= —— 1.34
4
v 2
=—
4x + 3 − 3
4
( )
— =ℓ
1.34
4x Step 2 Evaluate the inverse when v = 7.5.
=—
4
=x ✓
7.5
ℓ= —
1.34( ) ≈ 31.32

Step 2 Show that g( f(x)) = x. The hull length is about 31.3 feet.
x−3
g( f(x)) = g —
4 ( ) 54. Step 1 Find the inverse of the function.
x−3 R = —38 L − 5
=4 — +3
4 ( ) R + 5 = —38 L
=x−3+3
8
=x ✓ —3 (R + 5) = L

The functions are inverses. Step 2 Evaluate the inverse when R = 19.

L = —83 (19 + 5)
51. Step 1 Show that f (g(x)) = x.
= —83 (24)
f (g(x)) = f(5x5 − 9)

√ = 64
——
(5x5 − 9) + 9
= 5
—— The length of the stretched band is 64 inches.
5

√
——
5x5 −9+9 55. B; When you reflect the graph in the line y = x, you get the
= 5
——
5 graph shown in B.
√
—
5x5
= — 5
56. C; When you reflect the graph in the line y = x, you get the
5
5— graph shown in C.
= √ x5
=x ✓ 57. A; When you reflect the graph in the line y = x, you get the
Step 2 Show that g( f(x)) = x. graph shown in A.

(√ )
—
x+9 58. D; When you reflect the graph in the line y = x, you get the
g( f(x)) = g 5
—
5 graph shown in D.

(√ )
— 5
5 x + 9
=5 — −9 59. If the number is n, then the final number is given by
5
√
—
r−3
x+9 r = 2n2 + 3. The inverse function is n = — . So,
=5 — −9
5 ( ) —

√
53 − 3
the original number was n = — = 5.
2
=x+9−9 2
=x ✓ 60. Your friend is incorrect. In order to guarantee that a quadratic
The functions are inverses. function has an inverse function, restrict the domain to
values greater than or equal to the x-coordinate of the
52. Step 1 Show that f (g(x)) = x. vertex. For example, y = (x − 1)2, x ≥ 0 does not have an
inverse function but y = (x − 1)2, x ≥ 1 does have an inverse
f (g(x)) = f (( ) )
x + 4 3/2
7
—
function.

=7 — [( ) ]
x + 4 3/2 3/2
7
−4 61. a. First, find the inverse function.

x + 4 9/2 ℓ= 0.5w + 3
=7 — (
7 )
−4 ✗
ℓ− 3 = 0.5w
The functions are not inverses. 2(ℓ− 3) = w
The function represents the weight of an object on a
stretched spring of length ℓ.
b. Letℓ be 5.5 in the inverse from part (a).
w = 2(5.5 − 3) = 5
The weight is 5 pounds.
280 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC
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Chapter 5

c. Step 1 Show that ℓ(w(ℓ)) =ℓ. Step 2 Show that h(A(h)) = h.

ℓ(w(ℓ)) =ℓ(2(ℓ− 3)) h(A(h)) = h(0.2195h0.3964)

= 0.5[ 2(ℓ− 3) ] + 3
= ℓ− 3 + 3
(
0.2195h0.3964
= ——
0.2195 )
1/0.3964

= (h0.3964)1/0.3964
=ℓ✓
Step 2 Show that w(ℓ(w)) = w. =h ✓
w(ℓ(w)) = w(0.5w + 3) 65. B; When you reflect the
3—
66. C; When you reflect the
3—
graph of f (x) = √ x − 4 graph of f (x) = √ x + 4
= 2[ (0.5w + 3) − 3 ]
in the line y = x, you get in the line y = x, you get
= 2(0.5w + 3 − 3) the graph shown in B. the graph shown in C.
= 2(0.5w) y
y
=w✓ 4
2

62. y = xm/n has an inverse function except when m is even and n 2

is odd; Sample answer: Use a graphing calculator to graph −6 −2 x

y = x2/3, y = x3/2, y = x2/6, and y = x3/5 to see that only −2 2 6 x −2
y = x2/3 does not pass the horizontal line test.

63. a. First, find the inverse. −4

C = —59 (F − 32)
9 —
—5 C = F − 32 67. A; When you reflect the graph of f (x) = √ x + 1 − 3 in the
9
—5 C + 32 = F line y = x, you get the graph shown in A.
The function converts temperatures from degrees Celsius y
to degrees Fahrenheit. 2

b. The temperature at the start of the race was x

F = —95(5) + 32 = 41°F and at the end of the race was −2 2

F = —95(−10) + 32 = 14°F.
c. 100 −4
9
F = 5 C + 32
—
−100 100
68. D; When you reflect the graph of f(x) = √ x − 1 + 3 in the
line y = x, you get the graph shown in D.
5
C = 9 (F − 32)
y
−100 6

The temperature is the same at −40°.

4

64. a. Step 1 Find the inverse. 2

A = 0.2195h0.3964
A 2 4 6 x
— = h0.3964
0.2195
1/0.3964 69. a. false; All functions of the form f (x) = xn, where n is an
—
A
(
0.2195 )
=h even integer, fail the horizontal line test.
b. true; All functions of the form f (x) = xn, where n is an
Step 2 Find h when A = 1.6.
odd integer, pass the horizontal line test.
h= — (
0.2195 )
1.6 1/0.3964
≈ 150.1
70. Sample answer: Three points on the graph of the inverse
The height of the person is about 150.1 centimeters. function are (−4, 0), (−2, 1), and (0, 2). These are on the
graph of the inverse because the roles of x and y switch and
b. Step 1 Show that A(h(A)) = A.
the points (0, −4), (1, −2), and (2, 0) lie on the graph of f.
A(h(A)) = A —
A
0.2195(( )
1/0.3964
)
= 0.2195 — [(
A
0.2195 )1/0.3964
]0.3964

= 0.2195 — (
A
0.2195 )
=A ✓
Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 281
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Chapter 5
71. Find the inverse. 78. The function is increasing when x < −1.15 and x > 1.15,
y = mx + b decreasing when −1.15 < x < 1.15. The function is positive
x = my + b when −2 < x < 0 and x > 2, and negative when x < −2 and
0 < x < 2.
x − b = my
1 79. The function is increasing when −2.89 < x < 2.89,
—(x − b) = y
m decreasing when x < −2.89 and x > 2.89. The function is
1 positive when x < −5 and 0 < x < 5, and negative when
So, the inverse of f is g(x) = —(x − b), which is a linear
m −5 < x < 0 and x > 5.
1 −b
function. The slope is — and the y-intercept is —.
m m
5.4 –5.6 What Did You Learn? (p. 285)
72. a. y 1. In the case of the minimum wind speed, the Beaufort number
5
4
will be 0. In the case of the maximum wind speed, the
3 Beaufort number will be 12.
2
f(x) = −x
1 2. Knowing that the result of the square root will always be
−5 −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 x positive allows the conclusion that the equation will have no
−2
solution when the constant is negative.
−3
−4 3. Calculating how long it would take Elvis to reach the ball if
−5 he ran from point A to point C then swam to point B gives
16.46 seconds. Any other path to the ball should result in a
The function f (x) = −x is its own inverse because it is a time shorter than this.
reflection of itself in the line y = x. Find the inverse of
f (x) = −x. 4. You can graph the pairs of functions and then determine
y = −x whether they are reflections in the line y = x.
x = −y
Chapter 5 Review (pp. 286–288)
−x = y
1. 87/3 = (81/3)7 = 27 = 128
So, the inverse of f is g(x) = −x.
b. Sample answer: 2. 95/2 = (91/2)5 = 35 = 243

y −2 1 1
4 3. (−27)−2/3 = [ (−27)1/3 ] = (−3)−2 = — = —
y = −x + 2 (−3)2 9

y = −x + 1 4. x5 + 17 = 35 5. 7x3 = 189

−4 −2 4 x x5 = 18 x3 = 27
−2 x ≈ 1.78 x=3
The solution is x ≈ 1.78. The solution is x = 3.
−4

6. (x + 8)4 = 16
The functions y = −x + 1 and y = −x + 2 are their own
inverses. x + 8 = ±2
c. In general, the linear functions that are their own inverses x = −8 ± 2
have the form y = −x + b or y = x. The solutions are x = −10 and x = −6.

(61/5)3
( )
3
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency 61/5
7. — =—
62/5 (62/5)3
⋅2
1
73. (−3)−3 = — 74. 23 2 = 23 + 2 = 25
(−3)3 63/5
=—
1 66/5
= −— 1
33 =—
66/5 − 3/5
45
( 32 ) = 23
4 4
75. — = 45 − 3 = 42 76. — —4 1
43 =—
63/5
77. The function is increasing when x > 1, and decreasing when
x < 1. The function is positive when x < 0 and x > 2, and
negative when 0 < x < 2.

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Chapter 5

⋅ √8 = √32 ⋅ 8 = √256 = 4
4— 4— 4— 4— 17. The graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis and a translation
8. √ 32
6 units down of the graph of f.
4—
2 + √9
⋅—
1 1
9. — =—4—
y
— 4 4— 4
2 − √9 2 − √9 2 + √9 3
4— f
2 + √9 2
=— 1
1
4— −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
= 2 + √ 32
— −2
= 2 + √3 −3
−4
5— 5— 5—
10. 4√ 8 + 3√ 8 = 7√ 8
−6

⋅ 3 − √3
— — — —
11. 2√ 48 − √ 3 = 2√ 16 −7 g
−8
= 2√ 16 ⋅ √ 3 − √ 3
— — —

= 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ √3 − √3
— —

— —
18. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the reflection
= 8√ 3 − √ 3 of f.
—
= 7√ 3 h(x) = f (−x)
—
=√
3
−x
12. (52/3 ⋅2 3/2)1/2
⋅
= (52/3)1/2 (23/2)1/2
⋅
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation
= 52/6 23/4
of h.
= 51/3 23/4⋅ g(x) = h(x − 7)

⋅
3— 3— 3— 3—
13. √125z9 = √125 √z9 = 5z3 = √ −(x − 7)
3—
21/4z5/4 21/4z5/4 − 1 = √ −x + 7
14. — = — 3—
6z 6 The transformed function is g(x) = √ −x + 7 .
21/4z1/4
=— 19. Step 1 Solve for y.
6
(2z)1/4 2y2 = x − 8
=—
6 y2 = —12x − 4
√
— — — — —
15. √ 10z − z √ 40z = z2√ 10z − 2z2√ 10z
5 2
y = ± —12x − 4
—
= (z2 − 2z2)√ 10z Step 2 Graph both radical functions.
—
= −z2√10z
√
—
y1 = —12 x − 4
√
—
16. The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 followed y2 = − —12 x − 4
by a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f.
5
x−8
y y=±
4 2
3
f −1 14
2
1

−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x −5
−2 The vertex is (8, 0) and the parabola opens right.
−3
−4
−5
g
−6
−7
−8

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Chapter 5
20. Step 1 Solve for y. 23. (6x)2/3 = 36
x2 + y2 = 81 [ (6x)2/3 ]3/2 = 363/2
y2 = 81 − x2 6x = ±216
—
y = ±√81 − x2 x = ±36
Step 2 Graph both radical functions using a square viewing Check:
? ?
window.
—
y1 = √ 81 − x2
⋅
(6 36)2/3 = 36
?
[ 6 ⋅ (−36) ]2/3 = 36
?
— (216)2/3 = 36 (−216)2/3 = 36
y2 = −√ 81 − x2
36 = 36 ✓ 36 = 36 ✓
10
The solutions are x = −36 and x = 36.

−15 15 24. Step 1 Solve for x.

—
5√x + 2 > 17
2 —
−10 y = ± 81 − x 5√x > 15
—
The radius is 9 units. The x-intercepts are ±9. The √x >3
y-intercepts are ±9. x>9
3—
21. 4√ 2x + 1 = 20 Check: Step 2 Consider the radicand.
3— 3— ?
√2x + 1 = 5 4√2(62) + 1 = 20 x≥0
3— 3 3— ? So, the solution is x > 9.
( √2x + 1 ) = 53 4√125 = 20
?
2x + 1 = 125 ⋅
4 5 = 20 25. Step 1 Solve for x.
—
2√ x − 8 < 24
2x = 124 20 = 20
—
x = 62 The solution is x = 62. √x − 8 < 12
— —
x − 8 < 144
22. √4x − 4 = √5x − 1 − 1 x < 152
—
( √—
4x − 4 ) = ( √ 5x − 1 − 1 )
2 2
Step 2 Consider the radicand.
— 2 —
4x − 4 = ( √ 5x − 1 ) − 2√5x − 1 + 1 x−8 ≥ 0
—
4x − 4 = 5x − 1 − 2√5x − 1 + 1 x≥8
—
−x − 4 = −2√5x − 1 So, the solution is 8 ≤ x < 152.
—
x + 4 = 2√5x − 1
— 2
26. Step 1 Solve for x.
(x + 4)2 = ( 2√ 5x − 1 ) 3—
x2 + 8x + 16 = 4(5x − 1) 7√ x − 3 ≥ 21
3 —
x2 + 8x + 16 = 20x − 4 √x − 3 ≥ 3
x2 − 12x + 20 = 0 x − 3 ≥ 27

(x − 10)(x − 2) = 0 x ≥ 30
Step 2 Consider the radicand.
x − 10 = 0 or x−2=0
x = 10 or x=2 x−3 ≥ 0

Check: x≥3
— ? — So, the solution is x ≥ 30.
√4(10) − 4 = √5(10) − 1 − 1 —
— ? —
√36 = √49 − 1 27. s(d) = √ 9.8d
—
? 200 = √ 9.8d
6=7−1
40,000 = 9.8d
6=6 ✓
4082 ≈ d
— ? —
√4(2) − 4 = √5(2) − 1 − 1 The depth of the water is about 4082 meters.
— ? —
√4 = √9 − 1
?
2=3−1
2=2 ✓
The solutions are x = 10 and x = 2.
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Chapter 5
— 3—
(
28. ( fg)(x) = f(x)g(x) = ( 2√ 3 − x ) 4√ 3 − x = 8(3 − x)5/6 ) 32. f (x) = −x3 − 9
The function f has the domain x ≤ 3 and g has the domain of y = −x3 − 9
all real numbers. So, the domain of fg is x ≤ 3. When x = 2, x = −x3 − 9
the value of the product is x + 9 = −y3
( fg)(2) = 8(3 − 2)5/6 = 8(1)5/6 = 8(1) = 8. −x − 9 = y3
—
2√ 3 − x 3—

()
f
— (x) = —
g 3—
4√3 − x
1
= —(3 − x)1/6
2
√−x − 9 = y
The inverse of f is g(x) = √−x − 9 .
3—

The function f has the domain x ≤ 3 and g has the domain y

f
of all real numbers. So, the domain of — is x < 3.
g 4
When x = 2, the value of the quotient is

()
f 1
— (2) = —(3 − 2)1/6 = —(1) = —.
g 2
1
2
1
2
−12 4 x
g

29. ( f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = (3x2 + 1) + (x + 4)

= 3x2 + x + 5 −12
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real f
numbers. So, the domain of f + g is of all real numbers.
When x = −5, the value of the sum is 33.
—
f (x) = 3√x + 5
( f + g)(−5) = 3(−5)2 + (−5) + 5 = 75. y = 3√x + 5
—

( f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x) = (3x2 + 1) − (x + 4) = 3x2 − x − 3 x = 3√y + 5

—

The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real x − 5 = 3√y
—

numbers. So, the domain of f − g is of all real numbers.

x−5 —
When x = −5, the value of the difference is — = √y
3
( f − g)(−5) = 3(−5)2 − (−5) − 3 = 77. x−5 2

30. f (x) = −—2x + 10

1
( — =y
3 )
1
1 —(x − 5)2 = y
y = −—2x + 10 9
1
x = −—2y + 10 Because the range of f is y ≥ 5, the domain of g is x ≥ 5.
x − 10 = −—2y
1 So, the inverse of f is g(x) = —19(x − 5)2, x ≥ 5.
−2(x − 10) = y 18
y

The inverse of f is g(x) = −2(x − 10), or g(x) = −2x + 20. 16

f
14
y
12
g 10
20 g
15 8
6
5 4
f x 2
−5 5 15 20
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 x

31. f (x) = x2 + 8, x ≥ 0 34. Step 1 Show that f(g(x)) = x.

y= x2 +8 (
f(g(x)) = f —14 (x + 11)2 )
= 4( —(x + 11) − 11 )
2
x= y2 +8 1
4
2

x − 8 = y2 ≠x
— y f
±√x − 8 = y So, the functions are not inverses.
16
Because the domain of
f is x ≥ 0, the range of the 12
inverse is y ≥ 0. So,
8
the inverse—
of f is
g(x) = √ x − 8 . 4
g

4 8 12 16 x

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Chapter 5

35. Step 1 Show that f (g(x)) = x. 3. The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 followed
by a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f.
(
f (g(x)) = f −—2x + 3
1
) g(x) = −2f(x)
( 1
= −2 −—2 x + 3 + 6 ) = −2√
3
x
—

=x−6+6
4. The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 followed
=x ✓ by a translation 2 units up the graph of f.
Step 2 Show that g( f (x)) = x. g(x) = 2f(x) + 2
—
g( f (x)) = g(−2x + 6) = 2√
5
x+2
1
= −—2 (−2x + 6) + 3
5. 642/3 = (641/3)2 = 42 = 16
=x−3+3
The cube root of 64 is 4 and 42 is 16.
=x ✓
The functions are inverses. 6. (−27)5/3 = [ (−27)1/3 ]5 = (−3)5 = −243
The cube root of −27 is −3 and (−3)5 is −243.
36. Step 1 Find the inverse.
4— 4—
d = 1.587p 7. √48xy11z3 = 2y2 √3xy3z3
d The fourth root of 16 and y8 can be simplified.
—=p

√256
1.587 3— —
√256 3—
Step 2 Evaluate the inverse when d = 100. 8. —
—
= 3
= √8 = 2
—
3 32
100 √32
p=— 3—
1.587 The radical expression can be simplified to √8 and the cube
≈ 63 root of 8 is 2.
—
So, 100 U.S. dollars is about 63 British pounds. 9. Sample answer: y = √ x − 4 is a translation of the graph of
— —
y = √x 4 units right and has a domain of x ≥ 4. y = √ x − 2
Chapter 5 Test (p. 289) —
is a translation of the graph of y = √x 2 units down and has
—
1. Inequality: 5√ x − 3 − 2 ≤ 13 a range of y ≥ −2.
—
5√ x − 3 ≤ 15
— 10. h = 0.9(200 − a)
√x − 3 ≤ 3
h
x−3 ≤ 9 — = 200 − a
0.9
x ≤ 12 h
— − 200 = −a
Consider the radicand. 0.9
x−3 ≥ 0 h
−— + 200 = a
0.9
x≥3
36
So, the solution is 3 ≤ x ≤ 12. When h = 36: a = −— + 200
—
0.9
Equation: 5√x − 3 − 2 = 13 = −40 + 200
—
5√x − 3 = 15 = 160
—
√x − 3 = 3 The average score is 160.
x−3=9
11. Rabbit: R = 73.3(2.5)3/4
x = 12
≈ 145.7 Kcal/day
The steps used to solve a radical inequality and to solve
a radical equation are the same, but when solving the Sheep: R = 73.3(50)3/4
inequality, you must check the domain for values that make ≈ 1378.3 Kcal/day
the radicand negative. Human: R = 73.3(70)3/4
2. The graph of g is a translation 3 units right of the graph of f. ≈ 1773.9 Kcal/day
g(x) = f (x − 3) Lion: R = 73.3(210)3/4
—
= √x − 3 ≈ 4043.6 Kcal/day

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Chapter 5

12. ( f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) = 6x3/5 − x3/5 = 5x3/5 Chapter 5 Standards Assessment (pp. 290–291)
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all 1. The pairs of equivalent expressions are
n— n—
real numbers. So, the domain of f + g is all real numbers. 1. a and √ an because √an = an/n = a.
When x = 32, the value of the sum is n—
2. a1/n and √ a because a1/n = √n—
a.
( f + g)(32) = 5(32)3/5 = 5(8) = 40. — n — — —
3. ( √a ) and √an because ( √a )n = √an .
( f − g)(x) = f (x) − g(x) = 6x3/5 + x3/5 = 7x3/5
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all 2. The parent function is y = x2. The graph has been
real numbers. So, the domain of f − g is all real numbers. translated 3 units left and 2 units up. So, the function is
When x = 32, the value of the difference is f(x) = (x − (−3))2 + 2.
( f − g)(32) = 7(32)3/5 = 7(8) = 56. 9—
3. a. n = 2: s = 4.62 √ 2 ≈ 5.0 m/sec
9—
( 21 )
13. ( fg)(x) = f(x)g(x) = —x3/4 (8x) = 4x7/4 n = 4: s = 4.62 √ 4 ≈ 5.4 m/sec
n = 8: s = 4.62 √ 8 ≈ 5.8 m/sec
9—

The domain of f is x ≥ 0 and the domain of g is all real

b. no; the boat speed does not double when the number
numbers. So, the domain of fg is x ≥ 0. When
of people are doubled because of the ninth root, so it
x = 16, the value of the product is
increases by a factor of 21/9.
( fg)(16) = 4(16)7/4 = 4(128) = 512.
1
—2 x3/4
2000
c. n = 2: — ≈ 400.8 sec = 400.8 sec ⋅—
1 min
≈ 6.7 min
()
f
— (x) = — = —
g 8x
1
16x1/4
4.99
2000
n = 4: — ≈ 371.1 sec = 371.1 sec
60 sec

⋅—
1 min
≈ 6.2 min
The domain of f is x ≥ 0 and the domain of g is all real 5.39 60 sec
f
numbers. So, the domain of — consists of x > 0. When
g
2000
n = 8: — ≈ 343.6 sec = 343.6 sec
5.82 ⋅—
1 min
60 sec
≈ 5.7 min
x = 16, the value of the quotient is
4. 28 2 −6 −2
()
f
— (16) = —
g 1/4
1
= — = —.
16(16)
1
16(2)
1
32 26 8 −4 −10 −10
8 18

18 12 6 0
1 2
14. h=— s
64 6 6 6
64h = s2
— The third differences are constant, so the degree of the
√64h = s polynomial is 3. Work backwards to find the missing values
—
8√h = s in the table.
The— initial speed of the player is about −2 8 18 22 14 5. 18 minus what number is −4?
8√3 ≈ 13.9 feet per second. −10 −10 −4 8
6. 22 minus what number is 8?
3. −10 minus what number is −6?
Step 1 Show that h(s(h)) = h. 0 −6 −12 4. −4 minus what number is −12?
—
h(s(h)) = h( 8√ h ) 6 6
1. 0 minus what number is 6?
2. −6 minus what number is 6?
1( —
=—
64
8√ h )2 The missing values are 22 and 14.
1
=— (64h)
64
5. 42 = —12 (x + 8)x
=h ✓
84 = (x + 8)x
Step 2 Show that s(h(s)) = s.
84 = x2 + 8x
( )
s(h(s)) = s —
1 2
64
s 0 = x2 + 8x − 84
= 8 √ —s
—
1 2 0 = (x − 6)(x + 14)
64
x−6=0 x + 14 = 0
⋅
or
= 8 —18s
x = 6 or x = −14
=s ✓
Reject the negative solution because a negative length does
not make sense. So, x = 6.

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Chapter 5
6.
Equation Parabola Function

y = (x + 3)2 ✓ ✓

x = 4y2 − 2 ✓

y = (x − 1)1/2 +6 ✓

y2 = 10 − x2

Parabolas are of the form y = x2 or x = y2. There are

two equations in the table that are parabolas. Two of the
equations represent functions because they pass the Vertical
Line Test but the other two do not.
—
7. C; 2√ x + 3 − 1 < 3
—
2√x + 3 < 4
—
√x + 3 < 2
x+3<4
x<1
Consider the radicand.
x+3 ≥ 0
x ≥ −3
So, the solution is −3 ≤ x < 1.
1
8. C; The graph is a horizontal shrink by a factor of —2 and a
translation 1 unit down of the parent absolute value function.
—
9. d = √2500 + h2
d 2 = 2500 + h2
d2 − 2500 = h2
—
√d 2 − 2500 = h
—— —
When d = 100: h = √1002 − 2500 = √7500 ≈ 87
So, the height of the balloon is about 87 feet.

10. They are not inverse functions because they are not
reflections of each other in the line y = x.

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