Project Management and Cost Engineering (PM & CE)

FM3110-1 21H

Environmental Management
Summary

Gamunu Samarakoon
Faculty of Technology, Science and Maritime Sciences
Dept. of Process, Energy and Environmental Technology (PEM)
Campus Porsgrunn

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Outline

 Environmental Management principles

 Environmental Management Systems
 Environmental assessment tools

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Environment and Environmental management

• Environment: ‘air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans, and their inter-
relations’ - ISO 14001.
• Environmental management: “keeping control of our activities so that we do what we
can do to conserve these physical resources (air, land, and water) and to avoid polluting
them.”
– Industrial activities: have highest impact, resources are becoming depleted and environmental damage is
increasing.

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Environmental management

Why should an organisation include EM in its management processes?

 Ethical
 Economic
 Conserving resources and not generating waste products or wasting energy means we save on cost

 Legal
 Commercial
 More and more large organisations are taking control of their environmental responsibilities and they expect their suppliers
and subcontractors to do the same.

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Environmental Management and Engineering

The Challenge
 Most environmental problems have multiple potential solutions with varying degree of
sustainability. The environmental quality and economic development depends on our ability to
select the most appropriate solutions.

Sustainable Development

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Environmental Management Principles

3. Identify parameters to
2. Identify relevant
1. Define sustainability criteria evaluate economic effects of
assessment methods
alternative solutions

6. Compare the alternatives

4. Identify parameters to and choose the most
5. Identify a set of alternative
evaluate environmental appropriate based on the
solutions to the problem
impact impact parameters identified
(“Effects”)

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The Order

1. Reduce the demand or usage of the resources consumed in your case RD

2. Search for and try to eliminate losses L
3. Reuse resources in your system (internal recycle) IR
4. Reuse the resources outside your system (external recycle) ER
5. Design waste (water) treatment plants so that resources are recovered and recycled into
something useful TP
6. "End-of- pipe solution” for safe disposal EP

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Systems Analysis

1 2 3
Sources: Identify, Monitor, Quantify, Compare All realistic Technical & Select Sustainable Solution
Map Infrastructure Solutions regarding;
• Economy (e.g., Cost – Benefit Analysis)
• Ecology (Environmental Impact Analysis)
• Water
• Atmosphere (e.g., Aerobic vs. Anaerobic)
• Soil

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The Approach

Environmental management principles together with a broad knowledge of

the ecosystem and engineering techniques to select sustainable solutions

Requires multi-disciplinary cooperation

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What is an environmental management system?

• a structural and organised way of dealing with environmental issues in an organisation

• An environmental management system helps organizations identify, manage, monitor and

control their environmental issues in a “holistic” manner. – ISO 14001

• It is a tool for the top management

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 Control over the
environmental
Efficient impact of the
environmental organisation
Reduction of total
investments cost in a long term

Less waste of materials

Easier to control and
Less wastes and Advantages with limit the
dangerous rest products an EMS environmental impact

Better relations Market shares

with interested Better control over
parties use of raw material
and energy

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ISO 14001:2015

• Specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an organization can use to
enhance its environmental performance.
• A generic management system standard: applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the
environmental aspects of its activities, products and services.

• Voluntary standard
• Intended outcomes of an EMS include:
• enhancement of environmental performance
• fulfilment of compliance obligations
• achievement of environmental objectives

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Deming circle

• EMS is founded on the concept of Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA)

• an iterative process to achieve continual improvement
• Plan: establish environmental objectives and processes necessary to
deliver results in accordance with the organization’s environmental
policy.
• Do: implement the processes as planned.
• Check: monitor and measure processes against the environmental
policy, including its commitments, environmental objectives and
operating criteria, and report the results.
• Act: take actions to continually improve. Relationship between PDCA and the framework in the International Standard

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Environmental review

Should cover:
• Identification of environmental aspects
• Identification of applicable legal requirements and other requirements
• Examination of existing environmental management practices and procedures
• Evaluation of previous emergency situations and accidents
• Normal operating conditions as well as abnormal conditions and emergency situations / accidents
should be considered

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 1. Environmental policy ISO 14001
Policy
Improvement Planning
15. Nonconformity and preventive action 2. Environmental aspects
16. Continual improvement 3. Legal and other requirements
4. Objectives, targets and programmes

4. Act 1. Plan

3. check 2. Do

Support and Operation

Performance evaluation 5. Resources and roles
11. Monitoring, measurement, analysis 6. Competence
12. Evaluation of compliance 7. Communication
13. Internal audit 8. Documented information
14. Management review 9. Operational control
10. Emergency preparedness

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Key issues - EMS

Compliance to legal requirements

Prevention of pollution

Continuous improvement

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To think about before implementing an EMS:
• Is it necessary?
• Certification necessary? (ISO 14001/EMAS, or you follow simpler version of them)
• Leadership for sustainability?
• Environmental concern deeply rooted in the organisation?
• Does environmental issues have a high priority?
• Time and resources?
• A thorough environmental review?
• Training of all employees?
• Help needed?

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Implementation of an EMS
1. Identify environmental aspects
2. Policy
3. Objectives and targets
4. Procedures
5. Internal audit
6. Management review

Timetable: normally 1 year

(6-18 months)

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Why do Environmental assessment

• To identify impact of environmental aspects

• Evaluate environmental performance
• cost control
• Developing/ Evaluating “greener”
processes/product
• Supportive tool for EMS
• Competitive advantage with customers
Ref: A. Khan and N. Sadiq. (2019).

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 The total cost accounting approach
For a fixed service time the total cost CT is estimated by

CT = CP + CNIP + CM + CF + CEoL + CE + CD

CP = production cost
CNIP = cost associated with initial non-ideal function or performance
CM = maintenance cost
CF = cost of probable failures or damage
CEoL = end-of-life cost
CE = cost associated with probable environmental damage
CD = development cost
 Non-ideal functional quality
Maintenance
Cost of probable failures

Manufacturing Service End-of-life TOTAL

Environmental impact

Direct costs

Indirect costs
Most appropriate design alternative for a functional unit
of a product is the one with lowest total cost with
respect to sufficient

 functional capability to meet user and product requirements

 service reliability
 environmental friendliness
 sustainability
Life-cycle assessment (LCA)

• LCA : a holistic approach to identifying the environmental consequences

of a product, process, or activity through its entire life cycle and to
identifying opportunities for achieving environmental improvements.

• Four major stages in the life cycle of a product, process, or activity:

• Raw materials acquisition
• Manufacturing,
• Consumer use/reuse/maintenance
• Recycle/waste management

• life-cycle assessment focuses on environmental impacts, not costs.

Ref. https://pre-sustainability.com

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Life-cycle assessment (LCA)

There are four phases in an LCA study (ISO 14044:2006)

1. Goal and scope definition phase (incl. system boundaries)
2. Inventory analysis phase
3. Impact assessment phase
4. Interpretation phase

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 Life cycle assessment

Taking account of all environmental impacts

of a product “from birth to death”, i.e.
• all emissions produced while constructing and breaking down the plant
including extraction of raw materials and energy (“environmental costs of invest”)
• emissions (and benefits) of plant running
(“environmental running costs”)

Similar to economic determination of costs and benefits :

• emissions of infrastructure and plant running are distributed to the “functional unit”
(e.g. “treatment of 1 ton of waste”) taking account of the life spans of the different plant
components
• environmental benefits (e.g. production of renewable energy, thus saving emissions of
non renewable one) are deduced from the costs
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 Life-cycle assessment (LCA) raw materials biogenic waste

supply with collection,

energy transport
What you need to consider;
supply with
• System boundaries, i.e. which processes and stages of the product’s life cycle need to be infrastrucure
considered
pretreatment
• Declared/functional unit: the amount, weight and service life of the product being assessed
• Define the use phase and end-of-life options (and how to do that)
• What impact categories need to be assessed posttreatment, treatment,
storage degradation
• assumptions- The results in LCA can be highly dependent on the underlying assumptions.
• Sensitivity assessment
compost applica- energy
tion; deposition conversion

emissions, electricity,
fertilizer heat

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LCA method

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Life-cycle assessment (LCA)

Case studies:
1. Anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) and of agricultural wastes
2. Biogas as a Fuel for Transport Compared with Alternative Fuels

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