Scribd
Upload
38 views

4 Projections First Angle Third Angle

This document discusses various drawing techniques used in engineering design. It begins by defining scale as the ratio of an element's drawn size to its actual size. Common scale designations like 1:1 for full size and 1:X for reduction scales are provided. Projections are described as representing an object on a plane, with parallel and perspective projections distinguished. Parallel projections include orthographic projections where projectors are perpendicular to the plane, and oblique projections where they are inclined. Orthographic projections generate top, front and side views. First and third angle projections differ in the placement of the object and projection plane relative to the observer. Key drawing techniques like isometric projections, cylinders, cones and notation conventions are outlined.

Uploaded by

Ganta Naveen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views

4 Projections First Angle Third Angle

This document discusses various drawing techniques used in engineering design. It begins by defining scale as the ratio of an element's drawn size to its actual size. Common scale designations like 1:1 for full size and 1:X for reduction scales are provided. Projections are described as representing an object on a plane, with parallel and perspective projections distinguished. Parallel projections include orthographic projections where projectors are perpendicular to the plane, and oblique projections where they are inclined. Orthographic projections generate top, front and side views. First and third angle projections differ in the placement of the object and projection plane relative to the observer. Key drawing techniques like isometric projections, cylinders, cones and notation conventions are outlined.

Uploaded by

Ganta Naveen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

engineering Visualization and

Product-Realization (EV-PR)

Dr. Naveen Ganta


Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering
GITAM Bangalore Campus
Drawing Scales Length, size

Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an object shown


in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the same element of the object.

Size in drawing Actual size

:
Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size


SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond


to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
Projections
• Process of representing an object or a
Projection body in the form of geometrical images
on a surface or plane.
Types of Projections- Perspective & Parallel Projections
➢Perspective Projection:
▪ It represents objects as perceived by
the human eye.
▪ It is a pictorial drawing by the
intersection of observer’s visual rays
(lines of sight or projectors)
converging on a plane (picture plane
or plane of projection).
▪ The observer’s eye - station point or
point of sight - is located at a finite
distance from the picture plane
Types of Projections- Perspective & Parallel Projections
➢ Parallel Projection:
▪ It is obtained by assuming the
observer at infinite distance from the
▪ The visual rays are considered as
parallel to one another. These rays or
lines of sight are used to project the
object on a standard plane.
▪ All projectors are parallel to one
another and perpendicular/inclined
to the plane of projection.
Parallel Projections- Orthographic & Oblique Projections
➢ Orthographic Projection:
▪ All projectors are parallel to one
another and are perpendicular to the
plane of projection.

➢ Oblique Projection:
▪ All projectors are parallel to one
another and are inclined to the plane
of projection.
Orthographic Projection
➢The collection of two-dimensional
drawings that gives an accurate overall
representation of a particular object.
➢An object is represented by projecting its
views on imaginary orthogonal planes.
➢It requires two or more view to represent
an object.
➢Any object, irrespective to the dimensions,
(1D, 2D or 3D objects) is converted to 2D
drawings or projections.
Orthographic Projections of Cylinder & Cone
Isometric Projection
▪ Isometric projection is a technique where three-
dimensional objects are represented in two
dimensional drawings.
▪ Here, the three coordinate axes appear equally
shortened and the angle between any two of them is
120 degrees.
▪ The 3D object is represented on a projection plane
by only one view.
Orthographic Projections of Cylinder & Cone
Orthographic Projections-
First Angle Projection &
Third Angle Projection
PRINCIPLE PLANES AND QUADRANTS
VP
2ND QUADRANT 1ST QUADRANT

OBSERVER

HP Y HP
X

3RD QUADRANT 4TH QUADRANT

VP
First Angle Projection
➢ An object is placed in first quadrant & it is
between the observer and the projection plane
➢Rotate the horizontal Plane by 90𝑜 in the
clockwise direction.
➢Now the horizontal plane is below the vertical
plane

VP
Front View

X Y
Top View

HP
First Angle Projection of a Point
POINT A ABOVE HP
& INFRONT OF VP VP

For TV a’ A a’

VP
X Y
a HP HP

For FV
a
a
HP
VP
X Y
HP
a’(c’) o’ b’(d’)

D
C B
A a1’(c1’) b1’(d1’)
o1’
VP
C1 B1
A1 X Y
HP

c(c1) d(d1)

o(o1)

a(a1) b(b1)
a’(c’) o’ b’(d’)
D
C B
A

o1’
VP
a1’(c1’) b1’(d1’)
C1 B1
A1 X Y
HP

c(c1) d(d1)

o(o1)

a(a1) b(b1)
o’

o1’
VP
a’(c’) b’(d’)
C B
A X Y
HP
c d

o(o1)

a b
PROFILE PLANE
First Angle Projection

VP RPP

HP
PROJECTION VIEWS
LPP VP

HP
Notations
Following notations should be followed while naming
Different views in orthographic projections.

OBJECT POINT A

IT’S TOP VIEW a

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a”


Third Angle Projection
➢ An object is placed in third
quadrant.
➢The projection plane is always
between the between the observer
and the object.
➢Rotate the horizontal Plane by 90𝑜
in the clockwise direction.
➢Now the horizontal plane is above
the vertical plane.
First & Third Angle Projections
First & Third Angle Projections
First Angle Projection vs Third Angle Projection
S.N First Angle Projection Method Third Angle Projection Method

1. The object is placed in the first The object is placed in the third quadrant
quadrant
2. The object lies between the observer The plane of projection lies between the
and plane of projection observer and the object

3. The plane of projection is assumed to The plane of projection is assumed to be


be non-transparent. transparent
4. Front-view comes above the axis-line, Front-view comes below the axis-line, Top-
Top-view comes below the axis-line view comes above the axis-line
5 Left-side-view comes on the right-hand Left-side-view comes on the left-hand side
side of front view and above the axis- of top view and above the axis-line
line
Thank You

You might also like