SENTENCE PATTERNS

VARIOUS

in English
Sentence Patterns and Structure

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 Sentence Patterns
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1. SV (Subject+Verb)
Sentence Patterns and Structure

Verb: ACTION (intransitive), no Object

2. SVC (Subject+Verb+Complement

Verb: NON-ACTION (nominal) Each pattern can be followed
By ADVERBS (keterangan)
3. SVO (Subject+Verb+Object)

Vb: ACTION (transitive), with Obj (Noun)
4. SVO1O2 (Subject+Verb+Object1+Object2)

Vb: ACTION transitive, O1 : Indirect Obj O2 : Direct Obj
5. Expletive THERE (THERE + BE + NOUN)
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6. Impersonal IT (IT + Verb+ * // Subject +Verb+IT *)

7. IMPERATIVE (Verb/Be *); Positive or Negative
 Sentence Main Elements
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SUBJECT PREDICATE
Kata Ganti (Pronouns)
Simple Present Tense Various types of Verbs
Sentence Patterns and Structure

I Vb1 (+ s/es)
You Vb2 Past Tense (sama untuk seluruh Subject)
We, They
He, She, It am Adjective Kalimat Nominal
is Noun (Tidak meyatakan
Kata Benda (Nouns)
An elephant, Cars, Students are Adverb (prep.phrase) kegiatan/action)
+
Information, Education was Vb-ing Continuous/sedang berlangsung
were Vb3 Passive (Subj dikenai tindakan)
Kelp. Kt. Benda (Noun Phrases) + Adverbs:
(to be) to-infinitive Keharusan/kepastian/fungsi
One of the lecturers - Frequency
The spirit of the students - Manner
The women who work there will, can, may, must Verb dalam- Place
The bus arriving from Bali would, could, should - Time
+ infinitive bentuk dasar
My brother and I (modals) - Purpose
- Reason
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Kt. Kerja (Gerund/To infinitive)

- Degree
Studying English have Object/Noun Simple Present/Past (mempunyai)
- Sequence
Fishing in the lake has + Vb3 Perfect tenses (sudah)
To understand this topic - etc
had to infinitive Keharusan/kewajiban
To get an 'A' grade
 4
Adverbs: modify Vb/Adj/Adv
 Adverb of Time : when something happens/happened
 Adverb of Frequency : how frequently something happens/happened
Sentence Patterns and Structure

 Adverb of Place : where/in what direction an action occurs/occurred

 Adverb of Degree : to what extent an action occurs/occurred
 Adverb of Manner : how something is/was done
 Adverb of Sequence : in what order things occur/occurred
 Adverb of Result : the result or effect of an action
 Adverb of Contrast : an idea which is either in contrast to a preceding
one or different from the expected one
 Adverb of Reason : the reason or cause of an action

Sebagian besar Adverb = Adjective+ly (: adverb of manner)

bad- badly interesting-interestingly quick-quickly
slow-slowly happy-happily true-truly
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She is a careful student. All of her assignments are always carefully done.
The bad singer is singing the really extremely slow song badly and quickly.
The man looks strange. He always looks at the people around him strangely.
The interesting topic was presented interestingly to the interested audience.
 Sentence Patterns 1: SV
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Subject + Verb [+ Adverb ]
using Intransitive Verb

Sentence Patterns and Structure

They stopped.
––––––––– ––––––––––––––
Showing activities/action without object
Subj Verb
She was sleeping last night.
Marina is not crying.
––––––-––––– ––––––––––––––––––––––
Subject Verb
S Vb Adv
He works in this office.
Some of the students will graduate next year.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––
Subject Verb Adverb
S Vb Adv
The new secretary of this company must have registered before.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––
Subject Verb Adverb

Check the S-V Pattern.

1. The girl screamed loudly.
––––––– –––––––– –––––
.
Subject Verb Adverb
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2. Somebody in this class came from North Sumatera.

––––––––––-–––––-–––- ––––- ––––––––-–––-––––––
Subject Verb Adverb
3. All of the lecturers must have graduated from undergraduate studies.
––––––––––––-–––- ––––––––––––––––––- –––––––––––---––––––––––––
Subject Verb Adverb
 Sentence Patterns 2: SVC
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Subject + Verb + Complement [+ Adverb ]

Verb
to be : is, am, are, was, were, must be, has been …
Sentence Patterns and Structure

or Linking Verbs : become,look,seem,appear,taste,sound,feel,get …

The VERBS are STATIVE, showing situation/condition, NOT activities.
Complement: Adjective, Noun/Noun Phrase, Adverb/Prep.Phrase.
She is an architect. He works .
in this office.
––––––– ––– –––––––––-––––––––––––
Subj Vb Complement (Noun) S Vb Adv
He is + ???
in this office.
The woman seemed upset all day long.
–--–––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––-––– ––––--–––––– ––--––––––––––––––––––
Subject Verb Comp (Adj) Adverb S V C:Adv
Our rector is from the +
???Faculty of Education.
–––––––––––––––––––– ––– ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Subject Vb Complement (Prepositional Phrase)
The boys are new students of Yogyakarta State University.
–––––––––––––––– ––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Subject Verb Complement (Noun Phrase)
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Her former manager –––––––

was –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
rich, young, and handsome.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Subject Verb Complement (Adjective Phr)
My mother seems very busy in the kitchen now.
––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––
Subject Verb Compl Adv Adv
 Sentence Patterns 3: SVO
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Subject : Nouns / Noun Phrase / Noun Clause

Verb : Verb / Verb phrase / Verb + Complement
Sentence Patterns and Structure

Object : Nouns / Noun Phrase / Noun Clause

Adverb : Adverb of Frequency, Manner, Place, Time, Purpose, etc.
She is an architect.
The store sells many things. S Vb C: Noun
article noun verb adjective noun .
She met an architect.
Subj Vb Obj
S Vb Obj
My aunt always makes delicious cakes for Lebaran day.
adj noun adverb_ verb adjective ___ noun prep noun noun .
Subj Adv Vb Obj Adv

A group of small children followed us.

art noun prep adj noun verb pronoun .
Subj Vb Obj
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They have been discussing the technical problems since 8 o’clock in the morning.
pron V-aux V-aux verb art adjective noun conj adj noun prep art noun .
Subj .
Vb Obj Adv
 Sentence Pattern 4: SVO1O2
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1. The students ask the teacher many questions.

S V O1 O2
Sentence Patterns and Structure

2. The patient in the next room told us the story of her life.
S V O1 O2
3. All the participants of the conference gave the chairman useful suggestions.
S V O1 O2
4. The sun gives us heat and light.
S V O1 O2

Adding the adverb: examples.

 The students ask the teacher many questions during the ask-and-answer
session.
 The patient in the next room told us the story of her life yesterday evening.
 All the participants of the conference gave the chairman useful suggestions
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for the betterment of the concept of autonomy.

 The sun gives us heat and light anytime from the dawn to the sunset.
 Sentence Pattern 5: There + be
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EXPLETIVE THERE
(There yang tidak berfungsi sebagai keterangan tempat
sbg Subject,
Sentence Patterns and Structure

diterjemahkan menjadi Ada atau Terdapat)

There + tobe + NOUN + to infinitive / participial phrase / adj.clause.

But: * There + Verb + Noun  = Noun + Verb + there (Adv of Place)
There is one PJKR student receiving the IMHERE scholarship .
There are seven points to consider in proposing the award.
There were five students absent in our last week’s meeting.
There was only one person who could do all the assignments correctly.
There must be some other ways to answer the difficult question.
There have been many studies conducted on this interesting topic.
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But: There lies the greatest natural volcanic lake in the world.
= The greatest natural volcanic lake in the world lies there.
There happened the assassination to the 50th U.S. President.
= The assassination to the 50th U.S. President happened there.
 Sentence Pattern 6: Impersonal IT
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IMPERSONAL IT
(Pronoun It yang tidak merujuk ke sesuatu apa pun, sehingga
Sentence Patterns and Structure

tidak perlu diterjemahkan
bisa sbg Subject atau Object)

> It + tobe/linking Vb + Adj + (for Object) to infinitive.
that clause.
> It + Verb + Object + to infinitive.
> Subject + Verb + it + Adjective + to infinitive.
that clause.
It is unnecessary for us to memorize all the words in a dictionary.
It is urgent that we follow the procedure correctly.
It took two months to finish the project.
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY

It needs more than 10 people to move the box into the room.
They found it impossible to obtain the original book.
She made it clear that our target was a very important person.
 Sentence Pattern 7: Imperatives
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Positive: INFINITIVE
, please
Sentence Patterns and Structure

(Command) BE + (NOMINAL)
Keep silent, please.
Please come on time.
Be here before 9.30.
Do the exercise at least three times a day.

Negative: DON’T INFINITIVE

(Prohibition) NEVER + BE + (NOMINAL)
, please

Don’t stay too long in that room.

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Never say that again, please.

Please don’t be noisy, I’m studying here.
Never leave your motorcycle unlocked.
 Assignment: Practice Writing
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Write a composition about your family or

Sentence Patterns and Structure

yourself, using the sentence formats that we

have just discussed. Write in various
sentence patterns. Pay attention to the
concordance between subject and predicate,
between verb and adverb of time, and the
logic of the sentence.

Write at least THREE PARAGRAPH using MS-

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Word and submit via BeSmart by next week.

 Sample: Self Introduction
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My name is Ahmad Santoso. I was born in

Sentence Patterns and Structure

Magelang 23 years ago. I have 2 brothers and 3 sisters.

I graduated from SMU 3 Magelang. Now I am studying
in PJKR, YSU. I am taking 21 credits for this semester.
There are 60 students in my class. Some of them
are girls, and they are all very pretty. It is good that
there are some girls in my class. It makes me really
motivated to study hard and do my best.
One of the girls is very attractive. I like her very
much. I have come to her house twice. I have met her
parents, and they are very kind. She is the oldest child
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in her family. She has only one sister. If you want to

meet her, come to her house. She will meet you. But
please don’t tease her. If you tease her, I will beat you.
 Sample: My Brother
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I have an older brother. His name is Ahmad

Sentence Patterns and Structure

Syaifuddin. He is staying in Semarang with our uncle.

He went to Semarang a few months ago. He went there
to find a job. There are a lot of companies in Semarang.
My brother is 23 years old. He was born in 1987. He
graduated from YSU in 2008. He studied in Biology
Education. His GPA is 3.56. I’m very proud of him.
My brother likes swimming and tennis. He once
won a gold medal in tennis competition in Jakarta. He
has also won several trophies for swimming. Come to
my house, and I will show you the gold medal. But
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don't take it, because my brother will beat you. There

are also some other medals that belongs to me. It is
very great for me to win those medals.
 Additional Exercise
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01. In the United States, _______ is generally the responsibility of municipal
governments.
Sentence Patterns and Structure

(A) for water treatment
Prepositional phrase

(B) water treatment
Noun Phrase : Subject
(C) where water treatment
Sub-clause: Adverb
(D) in which water treatment
Sub-clause: Adverb/Adj
Dari soal: Sudah ada VERB … IS generally the responsibility of …
Untuk membuat kalimat standar perlu ditambah: SUBJECT.
Subject: Noun, Noun Phrase, atau Noun Clause.
02. Crop rotation _______ of preserving soil fertility.
(A) it is one method
it=subject
double subject
(B) one method
Noun Phrase, tidak ada VERB
(C) a method is one
Subj+Vb : double subject
(D) is one method
Verb: TO BE + complement (Noun)
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Crop rotation : noun phrase
SUBJECT

Untuk membuat kalimat standar perlu ditambah: VERB.
Subject: Singular
to be: is, was, has, had, Vb+s, Vb2, Modals, etc.
Setelah kata yg dihilangkan, ada preposition …of…
sebelumnya harus NOUN
 Additional Exercise
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03. _______ the dollar as its monetary unit in 1878.

(A) Canada adopted
Sentence Patterns and Structure

Subj+Verb, tenses: Past

(B) Adopted by Canada,
Adverb
(C) It was adopted by Canada
Subj+Vb, tdk cocok kelanjutannya
(D) The Canadian adoption of
Tidak ada Verb
…hanya ada Noun Phrase + keterangan, belum mengandung Subject dan Verb.
Untuk membuat kalimat standar perlu ditambah: Subject+verb.
Perhatikan ket.waktu : in 1878.
Simple Past Tense.
Noun phrase … the dollar… bisa menjadi OBJECT atau COMPLEMENT?
04. _______ almost impossible to capture the beauty of the aurora borealis in
photographs.
(A) Being
(B) It is
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(C) There is
(D) Is
… adjective + to infinitive
perlu SUBJECT + VERB
Perhatikan format kalimatnya!
IT + to be + adj + to infinitive
 Using COORDINATE CONNECTORS
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Example:
Sentence Patterns and Structure

A power failure occurred, _______ the lamps went out.

(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) next
There are two clauses: A power failure occurred.
The lamps went out.
Hubungan antar klausa: Sebab-akibat.
Coordinate conjunction dibutuhkan untuk menghubungkan klausa tsb.
then, later, next
sentence connectors.
Fungsi
urutan kejadian atau proses (sequence)
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They had dinner at 7 pm. Then, they watched TV for about two hours.
They had dinner at 7 pm; next, they watched TV for about two hours.
So
coordinate conjunction, menunjukkan akibat dari klausa pertama.
 Using SUBORDINATE CONNECTORS
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Example:
Sentence Patterns and Structure

_______ was late, I missed the appointment.

(A) I
(B) Because
(C) The train
(D) Since he
Kalimat di atas diawali dengan VERB was, berarti perlu dilengkapi dengan
Subject (Noun). Setelah tanda koma juga ada Clause: Subject + Verb
I missed the appointment.
Berarti ada dua klausa
Carilah logika hubungan antara keduanya.
: Sebab akibat.
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Perhatikan juga format kalimatnya: perlu subordinate connector di awal kal.

I dan The train bisa sebagai subject (noun), tetapi tidak ada connector.
Because adalah connector yang sesuai (penyebab) tetapi tidak ada subject.
Pilihan yang tepat: D. Since he
connectornya tepat, ada subject.
 Other ADVERB CONNECTORS
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Example:
Sentence Patterns and Structure

You will get a good grade on the exam provided _____.

(A) studying
(B) study
(C) to study
(D) you study
Clause: You will get a good grade on the exam.
Klausa ini diikuti oleh connector provided, berarti setelah connector tsb
harus diikuti oleh clause yang lain: Subject + Verb
Subject+Verb… provided + Subject + Verb
provided that
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providing that
= dengan syarat, asalkan

More on Adverbs: see A. Ghani Johan: Bab 6 (pp. 93-102)

and Betty Schrampfer Azar: Chapters 8-9 (pp. 287-345)