Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo.

Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

Dr. Cao Van Kien

[email protected]

31st December 2021

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 1 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Outline

In this lecture, we will study about:

1 Maximum and Minimum values

2 The mean value theorem

3 Inflection point

4 Applied optimization problems

5 Newton's method

6 Antiderivatives

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 2 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Maximum and Minimum values

Some of the most important applications of differential calculus are optimization

problems, in which we are required to find the optimal (best) way of doing some-
thing.
For example,

• maximizing profit
• minimizing the amount of material used in manufacturing an aluminum can
• finding the maximum height a rocket can reach

In this lecture, we look at how to use derivatives to find the largest and smallest
values for a function.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 3 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Definition
The function f has an absolute maximum (or global maximum, cüc ¤i to n cöc)
at c if
f (c) ≥ f (x), for all x ∈ D,
where D is the domain of f. The number f (c) is called maximum value of f on D.

Figure 1: Maximum value f (d)

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 4 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Definition
The function f has an absolute minimum (or global minimum, cüc tiºu to n cöc)
at c if
f (c) ≤ f (x), for all x ∈ D,
where D is the domain of f. The number f (c) is called minimum value of f on D.

Figure 2: Minimum value f (a)

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 5 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Definition
The function f has an local maximum (or relative maximum, cüc ¤i àa ph÷ìng)
at c if
f (c) ≥ f (x), when x near c,

Similarly, has a local minimum at c if

f (c) ≤ f (x), when x near c,

Figure 3: Minimum value f (a)

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 6 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Example: Let f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 18x2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 4.

• f (1) = 5 is a local maximum, where as the global maximum is f (−1) = 37.

• f (0) = 0 is a local minimum and f (3) = −27 is both a local and global
minimum.
Note that f has neither a local nor an absolute maximum at x = 4.
Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 7 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Example: The function f (x) = x3 on (−∞, ∞) has neither an global maximum

value nor an global minimum. In fact, it has no local extreme values either.

50

y = x3

−4 −2 2 4
x

−50

Figure 4: No minimum, no maximum

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 8 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

We have seen that some functions have extreme values, whereas others do not. The
following theorem gives conditions under which a function is guaranteed to possess
extreme values.

Theorem (The extreme value theorem - ành lþ cüc trà)

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f attains an absolute maximum
value f (c) and an global minimum value f (d) at some numbers c and d in [a, b].

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 9 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Figures (5) and (6) show that a function need not possess extreme values if ei-
ther hypothesis (continuity or closed interval) is omitted from the Extreme Value
Theorem.

Figure 5: This function has minimum value Figure 6: This continuous function g has
f (2) = 0, but no maximum value. no maximum or minimum.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 10 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Theorem (Fermat's theorem)

If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f 0 (c) exists, then f 0 (c) = 0.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 11 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Is it true say that: If f 0 (c) = 0, then f has maximum or minimum at 0".

Answer: It's false

50

y = x3

−4 −2 2 4
x

−50

Figure 7: If f (x) = x3 , then f 0 (0) = 0 but f has no maximum or minimum.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 12 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Is it true say that: If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, then f 0 (c) = 0.".

Answer: It's false

y = |x|
2

−4 −2 2 4
x

Figure 8: If f (x) = |x|, then f (0) = 0 is a minimum value, but f 0 (0) does not exist.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 13 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Definition
A critical number (iºm tîi h¤n) of a function is a number c in the domain of f
such that either f 0 (c) = 0 or f 0 (c) does not exist.

Find the critical numbers of f (x) = x 5 (4 − x).

3
Example:

Solution: The Product Rule gives

3 3 −2 12 − 8x
f 0 (x) = x 5 (−1) + (4 − x)( x 5 ) = .
5 5x2/5
Therefore,

• f 0 (x) = 0 if 12 − 8x = 0, that is, x = 3

2
• f 0 (x) does not exist when x = 0.

Thus the critical numbers are 3

2 and 0.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 14 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

In terms of critical numbers, Fermat's Theorem can be rephrased as follows

If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, then c is a critical number of f.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 15 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

(The closed interval method - ph÷ìng ph¡p kho£ng âng)

To find the global maximum and minimum values of a continuous function f on a
closed interval [a, b]:
1 Find the values of at the critical numbers of f in (a, b).
2 Find the values of at the endpoints of the interval.

3 The largest of the values from Steps 1 and 2 is the absolute maximum value;
the smallest of these values is the absolute minimum value.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 16 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Example: Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function
1
f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 1 − ≤ x ≤ 4.
2

Since f is continuous on − 12 , 4 , we can use the Closed Interval Method:

 
Solution:

f 0 (x) = 3x(x − 2)
Since f 0 (x) exists for all x, the only critical numbers of f occur when f 0 (x) = 0,
that is, x = 0 or x = 2.

1 The values of f at these critical numbers are

f (0) = 1 f (2) = −3
2 The values of f at the endpoints of the interval are
 
1 1
f − = f (4) = 17
2 8
3 Comparing these four numbers, we see that the absolute maximum value is
f (4) = 17 and the absolute minimum value is f (2) = −3.
Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 17 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Select the correct ones.

a. If f 0 (c) = 0 then f has the local maximum or minimum at c.

b. If f has the absolute minimum value at c then f 0 (c) = 0.
c. If f is continuous on (a, b) then f attains an absolute maximum value f (c)
and an absolute minimum value f (d) for some c and d in (a, b).
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 18 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Theorem (Rolle's theorem)

Let f be a function that satisfies the following three hypotheses:

1 f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]

2 f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b)
3 f (a) = f (b)
Then there is a number c in (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0

y
f’(c)=0

y = f(x)

a c
f(a)=f(b)
b x

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 19 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Example: Find all number c that satisfy the conclusion of the Rolle's Theorem,
f (x) = cos(2πx), on [−1, 1].

a. − 21 , 0, 12 b. −1, − 21 , 0, 12 , 1 c. 0 d. − 12 , 12

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 20 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

The mean value theorem

Theorem (The mean value theorem)

Let f be a function that satisfies the following hypotheses:
1 f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b].
2 f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b).
Then there is a number c in (a, b) such that

f (b) − f (a)
f 0 (c) =
b−a

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 21 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Example: Suppose that f (0) = −3 and f 0 (x) ≤ 5 for all 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. How large
can f (2) possibly be?
Solution: We are given that f is differentiable, therefore, f is continuous for any
x.

Therefore, we can apply the Mean Value Theorem on the interval [0, 2]

• there exists a number c such that

f (2) − f (0) = f 0 (c)(2 − 0)

• So, f (2) = −3 + 2f 0 (c).

Since f 0 (x) ≤ 5 for any x, thus f 0 (c) ≤ 5.

Now, f (2) = −3 + 2f 0 (c) ≤ −3 + 10 = 7.
Thus, the largest possible value for f (2) is 7.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 22 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Definition
• If the graph of f lies above all of its tangents on an interval I, then it is
called concave upward (lãm l¶n) on I.
• If the graph of f lies below all of its tangents on I, it is called concave
downward (lãm xuèng) on I.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 23 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Definition
A point (a, f (a)) on a curve y = f (x) is called an inflection point (iºm uèn) if f
is continuous at a and the curve changes from concave upward to concave
downward or from downward to concave upward at P.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 24 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Ph÷ìng ph¡p t¼m iºm uèn

1 Ph÷ìng ph¡p 1: C¡c iºm x l m cho f 00 (x) khæng tçn t¤i, th¼ c¡c iºm x n y
l  iºm uèn.
2 Ph÷ìng ph¡p 2:
• B÷îc 1. T¼m c¡c iºm x sao cho f 00 (x) = 0.
B÷îc 2. T¤i méi iºm t¼m ÷ñc ð B÷îc 1, n¸u f êi d§u th¼ h m câ iºm
• 00

uèn t¤i â.

Figure 9: f (x) = 3 + sin x, f 00 (x) = 0,

Figure 10: f (x) = x5/3 , f 00 (0) fails to
(π, 3) is an inflection point
exist, (0, 0) is an inflection point

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 25 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Optimization Problems

Application in many areas of life:

• A businessperson wants to minimize costs and maximize profits.

• A traveler wants to minimize transportation time.

• Problems as maximizing areas, volumes, and profits and minimizing

distances, times, and costs.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 26 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Example
We need to enclose a rectangular field with a fence. We have 500m of fencing
material and a building is on one side of the field and so won't need any fencing.
Determine the dimensions of the field that will enclose the largest area.
Solution:

Building

In this problem we want to maximize the area of a field and we know that will use
500m of fencing material. So,

: A = xy
Maximize

Constraint: 500 = x + 2y

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 27 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

• We have x = 500 − 2y . So,

A(y) = (500 − 2y)y = 500y − 2y 2 .

• Now we want to find the largest value this will have on the interval [0, 250].
y = 0 (i.e. no sides to the fence) and y = 250 (i.e. only two sides and no
width).
• So, let's get the derivative and find the critical points.

A0 (y) = 500 − 4y

• Setting this equal to zero and solving gives a lone critical point of y = 125.
Thus, A(125) = 31250m2 .
• So according to the method from Absolute Extreme this must be the largest
possible area, since the area at either endpoint is zero.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 28 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 there is well-known formula for the roots.
For third- and fourth-degree equations there are also formulas for the roots, but
they are extremely complicated.

If f is a polynomial of degree 5 or higher,

there is no such formula.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 29 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Newton's method

Newton's method is an iterative procedure used to find the roots of a function.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 30 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Suppose we need to solve the equation f (x) = 0 and x = r is the actual root of
f (x). We assume that the function f (x) is differentiable in an open interval that
contain r.
To find an approximate value for r:

1 Start with an initial approximation x1 close to r.

2 Determine the next approximation by the formula
f (x1 )
x2 = x1 − .
f 0 (x1 )

3 Continue the iterative process using the formula

f (xn )
xn+1 = xn −
f 0 (xn )

until the root is found to the desired accuracy.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 31 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Newton's method

Example: Starting with x1 = 2, find the third approximation x3 to the root of the
equation x3 − 2x − 5 = 0.
Solution: We apply Newton's method with
f (x) = x3 − 2x − 5 and f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 2
We have
x3n − 2xn − 5
xn+1 = xn −
3x2n − 2
With n = 1, we have
x31 − 2x1 − 5 23 − 2 · 2 − 5
x2 = x1 − = 2 − = 2.1
3x21 − 2 3 · 22 − 2
With n = 2, we obtain
x32 − 2x2 − 5 2.13 − 2 · 2.1 − 5
x3 = x2 − = 2.1 − ≈ 2.0946.
3x22 − 2 3 · 22 .1 − 2
Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 32 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Antiderivative

A physicist who knows the velocity of a particle might wish to know

its position at a given time.

The problem is to find a function F whose derivative is a known

function f. If such a function F exists, it is called an antiderivative of

f.

Definition
A function F is called an antiderivative (nguy¶n h m) of f on an interval I if
F 0 (x) = f (x) for all x in I .

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 33 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Antiderivative

√
Example: Find f if f 0 (x) = x x and f (1) = 2.
Solution: The general antiderivative of f 0 (x) = x3/2 is

x5/2 2
f (x) = + C = x5/2 + C.
5/2 5

To determine C we use the fact that f (1) = 2:

2
f (1) = + C = 2.
5
Solving for C , we get C = 2 − 2
5 = 85 , so the particular solution is

2x5/2 + 8
f (x) = .
5

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 34 / 39
Maximum and Minimum M. Val. Theo. Inflection point Applied OPs Newton Antiderivatives

Example: A particle moves in a straight line and has acceleration (gia tèc) given
by a(t) = 6t + 4. Its initial velocity is v(0) = −6cm/s and its initial displacement
is s(0) = 9cm. Find its position function s(t).
Solution: Since v 0 (t) = a(t) = 6t + 4, antidifferentiation gives

t2
v(t) = 6 + 4t + C = 3t2 + 4t + C.
2
Note that v(0) = C . But we are given that v(0) = −6, so C = −6 and

v(t) = 3t2 + 4t − 6

Since v(t) = s0 (t), s is the antiderivative of v :

t3 t2
s(t) = 3 + 4 − 6t + D = t3 + 2t2 − 6t + D
3 2
This gives s(0) = D. We are given that s(0) = 9, so D = 9 and the required
position function is
s(t) = t3 + 2t2 − 6t + 9.
Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives 31st December 2021 35 / 39
Thank you very much for your attention!
Prob 1. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of the
function on the given interval
√
a. f (x) = 3x2 − 12x + 5, [0, 3] b. f (x) = x 4 − x2 , [−1, 2]

Prob 2. Find the critical numbers of the function

a. f (x) = 5x2 + 4x b. f (x) = x−1

x2 −x+1

Prob 3. Find all numbers that satisfy the conclusion of the Rolle's Theorem.
√
a. f (x) = x x + 2, [−2, 0] b. f (x) = (x − 2)x2 , [0, 2]

Prob 4. Find all numbers that satisfy the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem

a. f (x) = 3x2 + 2x + 5, [−1, 1] b. f (x) = e−2x , [0, 3]

Prob 5. If f (1) = 10 and f 0 (x) ≥ 2, ∀x ∈ [1, 4], how small can f (4) possibly be?
Prob 6. Find the inflection points for the function

a. f (x) = x4 − 4x + 1 b. f (x) = xex

√
Prob 7. Find f (x) for f 0 (x) = 2x + 1 and f (0) = 1.

Prob 8. Use Newton's method with the specified initial approximation x1 to find
x3

a. x3 + 2x − 4 = 0, x1 = 1 b. ln(x2 + 1) − 2x − 1 = 0, x1 = 1.

Prob 9. Find the most general anti-derivative of the function.

x2 +x+2
a. f (x) = 6x2 − 2x + 3 b. f (x) = x .
Prob 10. Find the anti-derivative of that satisfies the given function.

a. f (x) = 5x4 − 2x5 , F (0) = 4 b. f (x) = 4 − 2x

x2 +1 , F (0) = 1.

Prob 11. A particle is moving with the given data. Find the position of the
particle.

a. v(t) = sin t − cos t, s(0) = 0 b. v(t) = 10 sin t + 3 cos t, s(π) = 0.