Revision Questions: Math Revision Questions List

Chapter 1: Statistics 1

Central Tendencies
- mean (average)
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
- calculated as
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
- mode
- the value that occurs the most
- median
- the middle value of a data set (half of the values above and the other half
below)
20 + 1 19+1
- middle position: even (20) 2
, odd (19) - 2
- median: even - take the average of the 10th and 11th number (from 10.5), odd -
the median is the 10th number (taken directly from the middle position)
Frequency Table

Wage ($) Mid-Value (𝑥) Frequency (𝑓) 𝑓𝑥

1000 < 𝑤 ≤ 1100 1000+1100

= 1050 10 10 x 1050 = 10500
2

1100 < 𝑤 ≤ 1200 1150 21 24150

1200 < 𝑤 ≤ 1300 1250 58 72500

1300 < 𝑤 ≤ 1400 1350 43 58050

1400 < 𝑤 ≤ 1500 1450 18 26100

total: 150 191300

Misleading Statistics:

● data was grouped together, resulting in a total of ___. however, individually, they
could have lesser ____ than ____.
● the sample size is not representative of the total population claimed.
● the origin of the y-axis or vertical axis does not start from 0 and hence the height of
the bar is not equivalent to its value, misleading the reader into thinking that ____ is
twice/thrice as much as ____.
● the year gap between ___ and ___ is __ years, which is bigger than the other
__-year-gaps, misleading the reader into thinking that there has been drastic
improvement/decline.

Chapter 2: Algebraic Expansion and Factorisation

2 2 2
Algebraic Identities : (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
2 2 2
(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
2 2
𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)

2
Quadratic Expression: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where a is not equal to 0
2
● 𝑎 is called the coefficient of 𝑥
● 𝑏 is called the coefficient of 𝑥
● 𝑐 is called the constant
Factorisation
● methods to factorise quadratic expressions in this form (3 terms)
○ using the multiplication frame or cross-method or inspection

● methods to factorise quadratic expressions with 4 terms

○ factor out HCF and do grouping
○ use algebraic identities and do grouping

Expansion
● methods to expand algebraic expressions
○ apply the distributive law
○ apply algebraic identities

Common Mistakes
● final answer is not fully factorised
2
○ e.g. (𝑎 − 1)(𝑎 − 1)
● forgetting to change negative signs (if needed) during expansion
● using the algebraic identities wrongly
2 2 2
○ eg (9𝑎 + 𝑏) = 9𝑎 + 2(9𝑎)𝑏 + 𝑏
■ the ‘9’ has not been squared, and thus the answer is wrong
Summary
Chapter 3: Solutions of Equations 2: Quadratic Equations

expanded expressions: algebraic expressions in the expanded form do not contain brackets,
multiplication or division sign.
algebraic identities for expansion/factorisation:
2 2 2
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
2 2 2
(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
2 2
𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)

2
quadratic expression: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where a is not equal to 0
2
● 𝑎 is called the coefficient of 𝑥
● 𝑏 is called the coefficient of 𝑥
● 𝑐 is called the constant

algebraic identities can also be used to evaluate number equations.

example: 403 x 397 = (400+3)(400-3) = 4002 - 3 2 = 160000 - 9 = 159991

❌ − 𝑎 ✅ − ✅ − 1. 5𝑎 ✅
conventions for writing answers:
1 3 3𝑎
● −1 𝑎
𝑎 = 1. 5 ✅ 𝑎 = 1 ✅ 𝑎 = ❌
2 2 2
1 3
●
2 2

quadratic equations can be factorised using: multiplication frame or cross-method

- terms in the algebraic expression may need to be rearranged before grouping
- -1 might need to be factorised out before factorising two terms
- (𝑎 − 𝑏) = − (𝑏 − 𝑎)

Chapter 4: Graphs 2

2
forms of quadratic functions: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥
2
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥
2
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

2
effects of the coefficient of 𝑥 (𝑎)
● when 𝑎>0 (positive values), the graph is ∪-shaped
○ when a is positive, as the value of a increases, the curve becomes narrower.
● when 𝑎<0 (negative values), the graph is ∩-shaped
○ when a is negative, as the value of a decreases, the curve becomes narrower.
turning point
● the ∪-shaped graph has a minimum turning point.
● the ∩- shaped graph has a maximum turning point.
● the 𝑥 coordinate of the turning point is the midpoint of the two intercepts

symmetry
● The graphs are symmetrical about the vertical line that passes through the turning
point. If the turning point has coordinates ( ℎ, 𝑘 ), then the equation of line of
symmetry is 𝑥 = ℎ .
2
● In particular, the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 passes through the origin and is symmetrical about
2 2
the y axis. Hence when a=1, and -1, the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = − 𝑥 are mirror
images of each other about the 𝑥 axis.

summary
2
● the value of the coefficient of 𝑥 , 𝑎 , determines whether or not the graph curves
upwards or downwards, and the width of the quadratic graph

effects of the constant, c

shape
● as the value of the constant c changes, the shape of the graph remains the same.
● when the value of constant c increases or decreases, the graph shifts upwards or
downwards respectively on the y-axis.
axial intercept
● relationship between the numerical value of constant c and the y intercept
○ c is the y-intercept

summary
● the value of the constant c determines the y-intercept and the vertical shift of the
2
graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥

equation of the line of symmetry

● line of symmetry= x coordinate of turning point
𝑏
● formula : 𝑥 = − 2𝑎

guidelines for drawing graphs

● table of values must be written in pen
● if the values are already given in the question use them, and if not plot at least 7-8
points on the graph.
● label the graph ( with the equation)
● label the axes ( x and y axes), and units (if necessary)
 ● do not exceed the domain given
● maximum of 2cm between each interval on both axes, and the axes have to be
calibrated as instructed in the question
● draw two shaded circles at each end of the curve to show that the domain is definite
● ensure that the curve is smooth, and passes through all the plotted points
● if the question states to use the graph to find your answers, draw dotted lines and
label the coordinates when needed. label the dotted lines with the part it is used in
● tangents must be drawn with straight lines (not dotted)
● all answers have to be either on the graph paper itself or behind the paper ( if there
is not enough space)

example of a good graph

examples of questions that may be tested

significance of the gradient at a particular point :

Chapter 5: Pythagoras' Theorem

Pythagoras’ Theorem:

The square of the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum
of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides.

In Triangle ABC, if angle ACB = 90o

then BC2 + AC2 = AB2

i.e. a2 + b2 = c2

Converse of Pythagoras’ Theorem:

The converse of Pythagoras' Theorem states that if the square of the length of the
longest side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then
the angle opposite to the longest side is a right angle. (and the triangle is thus a
right-angled triangle)

2 2 2
For Triangle ABC, if 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑐 , Triangle ABC is a right-angled
triangle and ∠ACB=90o

Proper Form of Proving that a Triangle is Right-Angled:

2 2
12 + 16 = 400
2
20 = 400
2 2 2
∴12 + 16 = 20
By the converse of Pythagoras’ Theorem, Triangle ___ is thus a right-angled triangle.
Chapter 6: Trigonometric Ratios in right-angled triangles

hypotenuse, opposite, adjacent (in right angled triangles only)

trigonometric ratios:
● tangent of ϴ = opp/ adj.
○ TOA
● cosine of ϴ = adj/hyp.
○ CAH
● sine of ϴ = opp/hyp
○ SOH

these trigonometric ratios can be used to find the adj/hyp/opp side of a right angled
triangle given the angle of one of the two acute angles in the triangle.

in order to find the angle (ϴ) given two of the sides of the right angled triangle, you can use
the inverse of the trigonometric ratios to find it.
- e.g. sin-1 (opp/hyp) = ϴ

presentation:
Chapter 7: Algebraic Expressions 2

simplifying of algebraic fractions:

- divide the numerators and denominators by their common factors when simplifying
algebraic fractions
- you cannot just cancel out variables that appear both in the numerator and
denominator without it being a common factor
- the value of a fraction remains unchanged if both its numerator and denominator are
multiplied or divided by the same non-zero number or expression
- do note that any negative sign outside of the fraction ought to be factorised to give a
positive fraction with no sign outside the fraction

multiplication/division of algebraic fractions:

1
- a reciprocal times its original value is equal to one. (e.g. 3 and )
3
- multiplication
- Step 1: Factorise the numerators and denominators where possible.
- Step 2: Divide the numerators and denominators by common factors.
- Step 3: Write the product of the remaining factors in the numerator over the
product of the remaining factors in the denominator.
- division
- Step 1: Factorise the numerators and denominators where possible.
- Step 2: Rearrange the second fraction such that the first fraction is being
multiplied with the reciprocal of the second fraction.
- Step 3: Write the product of the remaining factors in the numerator over the
product of the remaining factors in the denominator.
addition/subtraction of algebraic fractions:
- how to add/subtract fractions
- Step 1: Find the LCM of the denominators.
- Step 2: Convert both fractions to equivalent fractions with a common
denominator.
- Step 3: Add or subtract the numerator.
- Step 4: Express the final fraction in simplest form.
- it is extremely important to ensure that the final fraction is fully simplified (i.e. no
more common factors in numerator and denominator). you can leave the denominator
in factorised form.

changing the subject of a formula (involving squares, cubes and their roots)
- square:
- Step 1: Square both sides of the equation.
- Step 2: Multiply both sides by the LCM of the denominator.
- Step 3: Regroup like terms.
- Step 4: Divide both sides by the coefficient of the subject of the equation and
take the square root on both sides of the equation. Remember that there can
be both positive and negative outcomes from even roots.
- cube:
- Step 1: Cube both sides of the equation.
- Step 2: Multiply both sides by the LCM of the denominator.
- Step 3: Expand the equation and regroup like terms.
- Step 4: Divide both sides by the coefficient of the subject and take the cube
root on both sides of the equation. There cannot be both positive and negative
outcomes from cube roots.

Chapter 8: Solutions of Equations 2: Fractional and Simultaneous Equations

solving equations involving numerical denominators

● find the LCM of the denominators of both fractions on the RHS/LHS, and multiply the
fractions by the LCM
● remember to multiply the value on the other side of the equation by the LCM

solving equations involving algebraic fractions

● if the denominator(s) can be factorised, do so first
 ● then, find the LCM, and multiply the fractions with the LCM and multiply the other side
of the equation by the LCM as well.

solving simultaneous linear and non-linear equations

● can use substitution, elimination, and grouping
○ substitution:
■ decide which term to substitute into the other eqn
■ express one variable in terms of the other ie make the term the subject
of the equation
■ substitute the expression in (2) into the other equation to get an
equation with only one variable.
■ substitute the value found in (3) into one of the original equations to find
the other variable
○ elimination
■ decide which term to eliminate
■ make the coefficient of term to eliminate the same by multiplying
throughout the equation by a constant
■ eliminate it by either adding or subtracting
■ substitute the value found in (4) into one of the original equations to find
the other variable

Presentation

Chapter 9: Similar and Congruent Figures and Solids

Minimum Proof for Similar Triangles

- two pairs of corresponding angles are equal
∠CAB = ∠C’A’B’ = 55o
∠ABC = ∠A’B’C’ = 77.75o

Since two pairs of corresponding angles are equal, △ABC and △A’B’C’ are similar.

- the ratio of three pairs of corresponding sides are equal

𝐴𝐵 3
𝐴'𝐵'
= 5
𝐴𝐶 4 3
𝐴'𝐶'
= 6.65
= 5
𝐵𝐶 3.35 3
𝐵'𝐶'
= 5.58
= 5

Since the ratio of three corresponding sides are equal, △ABC and △A’B’C’ are similar.

- the ratio of two corresponding sides and a corresponding included angle are equal
 𝐴𝐵 3
𝐴'𝐵'
= 5
𝐴𝐶 4 3
𝐴'𝐶'
= 6.65
= 5
∠CAB = ∠C’A’B’ = 55o

Since the ratio of two corresponding sides and a corresponding included angle are equal,
△ABC and △A’B’C’ are similar.

area and volume in similar figures

- area / surface area: the ratio of their areas is equal to the square of the ratio of any
two corresponding lengths of the similar figures
𝐴 1
𝑙 2
-
𝐴2
= ( 𝑙1 )
2
- volume: the ratio of their volumes is equal to the cube of the ratio of any two
corresponding lengths of the two solids
𝑉 1
𝑙 3
-
𝑉2
= ( 𝑙1 )
2

area for triangles with a common height:

- for any triangles that share the same height, the ratio of their areas is equal to the
ratio of their bases
𝐴1 𝑙1
-
𝐴2
= 𝑙2

maps

ways of representing the scale on a map

- a ratio figure (e.g. 1: 25000)
 - 1: 𝑛 (e.g. 1: 25000)
- a graphical representation

-
- representative fraction (R.F.)
1
-
𝑛
= 1: 𝑛

area scale: same thing as linear scale but describes the scale of an area
- ___ cm2 : ___ cm2
2
- 1: 𝑛
- to find the area scale from a linear scale, square the linear scale.

correct working for linear and area scale:

congruency tests for triangles

SSS test

SAS test / RHS test

ASA test

AAS (OR SAA) test

Good Presentation on Proving a Congruent Triangle

Chapter 10: Symmetrical and Geometrical Properties of Circles

symmetrical properties of circles

Terminology Definition

chord - any straight line drawn across a circle, where the endpoints lie on
the circumference of the circle
- the diameter is the longest chord of a circle

arc - any part of the circumference of the circle

 segment - the region enclosed between a chord and one of the arcs joining
the ends of that chord

sector - the region enclosed between an arc and the two radii at either
end of that arc

tangent straight line that touches a circle at a point

secant - straight line that intersects a circle at two points

bisect - divide into two equal parts

perpendicular - at the angle of 90 degrees to a line

properties of chords of a circle

1) perpendicular bisector of chord

a) property: The perpendicular bisector of a chord of a circle passes through the
centre of the circle
i) abbreviation : (⏊ bisector of chord)
 (1) If the line passes through the centre and is perpendicular to
the chord, it is the perpendicular bisector of the chord.
(2) If the line bisects the chord and is perpendicular to the chord,
it passes through the centre.
(3) If the line passes through the centre and bisects the chord, it is
perpendicular to the chord.

2) equal chords
a) property: Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the
centre of the circle.
b) converse property: chords which are equidistant from the
centre are equal
i) abbreviation: (equal chords, equidistant from centre)

3) tangents to a circle
a) property: A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius of the circle
drawn to the point of contact
i) Abbreviation: (tan ⏊ rad)

4) tangents from external point

a) property : if two tangents are drawn from an external point to a circle then:
i) the lengths of the tangents are equal
 ii)the tangents subtend equal angles at the centre
iii)the line joining the external point and the centre bisects the angle
between tangents
b) abbreviation : ( tan from ext. point )

5) angles at centre and circumference

a) property: an angle at the centre (or central angle) of a circle is twice any angle
at the circumference subtended by the same arc.
i) abbreviation : ( ∠ at centre = 2∠ circumference )

6) angles in a semicircle
a) property: every angle at the circumference subtended by a semicircle is a right
angle
i) abbreviation : (∠ in semicircle)
 7) angles in the same segment
a) property: angles at the circumference subtended by the same arc are equal
i) abbreviation : ( ∠ in same segment )

8) opposite angles of a cyclic quad/ angles in opposite segments

a) property: angles at the circumference in the opposite segments to each other
are supplementary
i) abbreviation: ( ∠s in opp. segment )

presentation
general sf and other rules
● intermediate working 2 s.f. more than final answer
● round off to 3 sf if it is not exact value and use 5 sf in working
● angles round off to 1d.p
○ Intermediate 3dp
● dollars round off to 2 dp