Mathematics Subject Classification 2000

Mathematics Subject Classification 2000 (MSC2000) is used. A paper or book should be listed under the classification
where it will receive the broadest attention from readers possibly
This is a completely revised version of the MSC, prepared interested in it—these include both people working in that area
collaboratively in the editorial offices of MR and Zentralblatt and people who are familiar with that area and apply its results
MATH. It replaces the 1991 MSC and is effective (in MR) with and methods elsewhere (inside or outside mathematics). It will
the January 2000 issue (2000a). be extremely useful for both readers and classifiers to familiarize
While in many areas in the MSC there are only very small themselves with the entire classification system and thus to
changes, others have been expanded significantly, and in some become aware of all the classifications of possible interest to
areas there is an altogether new classification. The major changes them.
are as follows: Section 04 has been eliminated; 03E will now be For every paper or book listed, MR chooses precisely one
used for items previously classified in 04. A new section, 37, “primary” classification, which is simply the code for the section
has been created for Dynamical systems and ergodic theory; as (MSC entry) in which the item will be located. This section
a result Section 58F has been eliminated. Also in Section 58, should be the one that covers the principal contribution. When an
58G has been completely revised and now appears as 58J. The item contains several principal contributions in different areas, the
new Section 74, Mechanics of deformable solids, is a completely primary classification should cover the “most important” among
revised version of Section 73, which has been eliminated. The them. A paper or book may receive one or several “secondary”
areas covered by Sections 90 and 92 have been reorganized classifications (or “cross-references”) to cover any remaining
into Sections 90, 91 and 92. Sections 90B and 90C remain principal contributions, ancillary results, motivation or origin of
essentially unchanged. The new Section 91A replaces 90D and the problems discussed, intended or potential field of application,
91B replaces 90A. The other subsections of 91 replace the old or other significant aspects worthy of notice.
subsections 92G, H, J and K. Sections 92B, C, D, and E remain The “primary” principal contribution is meant to be the one
essentially unchanged. MSC2000 contains a new section, 97, for including the most important part of the work actually done in
Mathematics education. This will be used only as a secondary the item under consideration. For example, a paper whose main
classification in MR. Other sections with significant additions or overall content is the solution of a problem in graph theory, which
reorganization include 14, 22, 32, 34, 46, 47, 53, and 65. arose in computer science and whose solution is, say, at present
To help users of the MSC, conversion tables have been con- only of interest to computer scientists, belongs primarily in 05C
structed and are available on the AMS web site, www.ams.org. with a cross-reference in 68; conversely, a paper whose overall
These give, for each 1991 classification that does not appear in content lies mainly in computer science should receive a primary
MSC2000, the classification(s) in MSC2000 that are most likely classification in 68, even if it makes heavy use of graph theory
to be used for items that would previously have been classified and proves several new graph-theoretic results along the way.
using the old classification, and, for each new classification in There are two types of cross-references given after many
MSC2000, the classification(s) in the 1991 MSC that are most classifications in the list. The first type is of the form “{For A, see
likely to have been used earlier for items classified using the new X}”; if this appears in section Y, it means that for contributions
classification. described by A one should usually assign the classification X,
not Y. The other type of cross-reference merely points out related
Instructions for using the classifications; it is of the form “[See also . . . ]”, “[See mainly
Mathematics Subject Classification 2000 . . . ]”, etc., and the classifications listed in the brackets may, but
These instructions apply uniformly to all fields listed. The need not, be added to the classification of a paper, or they may
main purpose of the classification is to help readers find the items be used in place of the classification where the cross-reference is
of present or potential interest to them as readily as possible— given. The classifier will have to judge which classification is the
in MR, in Zbl, or anywhere else where this classification system most appropriate for the item at hand.

00–XX GENERAL 00A20 Dictionaries and other general reference works

00–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 00A22 Formularies
papers, etc.) 00A30 Philosophy of mathematics [See also 03A05]
00–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 00A35 Methodology of mathematics, didactics
00Axx General and miscellaneous specific topics [See also 97Cxx, 97Dxx]
00A05 General mathematics 00A69 General applied mathematics {For physics, see
00A06 Mathematics for nonmathematicians (engineering, 00A79 and Sections 70 through 86}
social sciences, etc.) 00A71 Theory of mathematical modeling
00A07 Problem books 00A72 General methods of simulation
00A08 Recreational mathematics [See also 97A20] 00A73 Dimensional analysis
00A15 Bibliographies 00A79 Physics (use more specific entries from Sections
00A17 External book reviews 70 through 86 when possible)
00Axx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 2

00A99 Miscellaneous topics 03–XX MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND

00Bxx Conference proceedings and collections of FOUNDATIONS
papers 03–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
00B05 Collections of abstracts of lectures bibliographies, etc.)
00B10 Collections of articles of general interest 03–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
00B15 Collections of articles of miscellaneous specific papers, etc.)
content 03–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
00B20 Proceedings of conferences of general interest 03–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
00B25 Proceedings of conferences of miscellaneous classification number from Section 01)
specific interest 03–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
00B30 Festschriften the theory of computation or programming)
00B50 Volumes of selected translations 03–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
00B55 Miscellaneous volumes of translations 03A05 Philosophical and critical {For philosophy of
00B60 Collections of reprinted articles [See also 01A75] mathematics, see also 00A30}
03Bxx General logic
01–XX HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY [See also the
03B05 Classical propositional logic
classification number –03 in the other sections]
03B10 Classical first-order logic
01–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
03B15 Higher-order logic and type theory
bibliographies, etc.)
03B20 Subsystems of classical logic (including
01–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
intuitionistic logic)
papers, etc.)
03B22 Abstract deductive systems
01–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
03B25 Decidability of theories and sets of sentences
01–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
[See also 11U05, 12L05, 20F10]
01–08 Computational methods
03B30 Foundations of classical theories (including
01Axx History of mathematics and mathematicians
reverse mathematics) [See also 03F35]
01A05 General histories, source books 03B35 Mechanization of proofs and logical operations
01A07 Ethnomathematics, general [See also 68T15]
01A10 Paleolithic, Neolithic 03B40 Combinatory logic and lambda-calculus
01A12 Indigenous cultures of the Americas [See also 68N18]
01A13 Other indigenous cultures (non-European) 03B42 Logic of knowledge and belief
01A15 Indigenous European cultures (pre-Greek, etc.) 03B44 Temporal logic
01A16 Egyptian 03B45 Modal logic {For knowledge and belief see
01A17 Babylonian 03B42; for temporal logic see 03B44; for
01A20 Greek, Roman provability logic see also 03F45}
01A25 China 03B47 Substructural logics (including relevance,
01A27 Japan entailment, linear logic, Lambek calculus, BCK
01A29 Southeast Asia and BCI logics) {For proof-theoretic aspects see
01A30 Islam (Medieval) 03F52}
01A32 India 03B48 Probability and inductive logic [See also 60A05]
01A35 Medieval 03B50 Many-valued logic
01A40 15th and 16th centuries, Renaissance 03B52 Fuzzy logic; logic of vagueness [See also 68T27,
01A45 17th century 68T37, 94D05]
01A50 18th century 03B53 Logics admitting inconsistency (paraconsistent
01A55 19th century logics, discussive logics, etc.)
01A60 20th century 03B55 Intermediate logics
01A61 Twenty-first century 03B60 Other nonclassical logic
01A65 Contemporary 03B65 Logic of natural languages [See also 68T50,
01A67 Future prospectives 91F20]
01A70 Biographies, obituaries, personalia, bibliographies 03B70 Logic in computer science [See also 68–XX]
01A72 Schools of mathematics 03B80 Other applications of logic
01A73 Universities 03B99 None of the above, but in this section
01A74 Other institutions and academies 03Cxx Model theory
01A75 Collected or selected works; reprintings or 03C05 Equational classes, universal algebra
translations of classics [See also 00B60] [See also 08Axx, 08Bxx, 18C05]
01A80 Sociology (and profession) of mathematics 03C07 Basic properties of first-order languages and
01A85 Historiography structures
01A90 Bibliographic studies 03C10 Quantifier elimination, model completeness and
01A99 Miscellaneous topics related topics
3 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 03Gxx

03C13 Finite structures [See also 68Q15, 68Q19] 03D70 Inductive definability
03C15 Denumerable structures 03D75 Abstract and axiomatic computability and
03C20 Ultraproducts and related constructions recursion theory
03C25 Model-theoretic forcing 03D80 Applications of computability and recursion
03C30 Other model constructions theory
03C35 Categoricity and completeness of theories 03D99 None of the above, but in this section
03C40 Interpolation, preservation, definability 03Exx Set theory
03C45 Classification theory, stability and related 03E02 Partition relations
concepts 03E04 Ordered sets and their cofinalities; pcf theory
03C50 Models with special properties (saturated, rigid, 03E05 Other combinatorial set theory
etc.) 03E10 Ordinal and cardinal numbers
03C52 Properties of classes of models 03E15 Descriptive set theory [See also 28A05, 54H05]
03C55 Set-theoretic model theory 03E17 Cardinal characteristics of the continuum
03C57 Effective and recursion-theoretic model theory 03E20 Other classical set theory (including functions,
[See also 03D45] relations, and set algebra)
03C60 Model-theoretic algebra [See also 08C10, 12Lxx, 03E25 Axiom of choice and related propositions
13L05] 03E30 Axiomatics of classical set theory and its
03C62 Models of arithmetic and set theory fragments
[See also 03Hxx] 03E35 Consistency and independence results
03C64 Model theory of ordered structures; o-minimality 03E40 Other aspects of forcing and Boolean-valued
03C65 Models of other mathematical theories models
03C68 Other classical first-order model theory 03E45 Inner models, including constructibility, ordinal
03C70 Logic on admissible sets definability, and core models
03C75 Other infinitary logic 03E47 Other notions of set-theoretic definability
03C80 Logic with extra quantifiers and operators 03E50 Continuum hypothesis and Martin’s axiom
[See also 03B42, 03B44, 03B45, 03B48] 03E55 Large cardinals
03C85 Second- and higher-order model theory 03E60 Determinacy principles
03C90 Nonclassical models (Boolean-valued, sheaf, etc.) 03E65 Other hypotheses and axioms
03C95 Abstract model theory 03E70 Nonclassical and second-order set theories
03C98 Applications of model theory [See also 03C60] 03E72 Fuzzy set theory
03C99 None of the above, but in this section 03E75 Applications of set theory
03Dxx Computability and recursion theory 03E99 None of the above, but in this section
03D03 Thue and Post systems, etc. 03Fxx Proof theory and constructive mathematics
03D05 Automata and formal grammars in connection 03F03 Proof theory, general
with logical questions [See also 68Q45, 68Q70, 03F05 Cut-elimination and normal-form theorems
68R15] 03F07 Structure of proofs
03D10 Turing machines and related notions 03F10 Functionals in proof theory
[See also 68Q05] 03F15 Recursive ordinals and ordinal notations
03D15 Complexity of computation [See also 68Q15, 03F20 Complexity of proofs
68Q17] 03F25 Relative consistency and interpretations
03D20 Recursive functions and relations, subrecursive 03F30 First-order arithmetic and fragments
hierarchies 03F35 Second- and higher-order arithmetic and
03D25 Recursively (computably) enumerable sets and fragments [See also 03B30]
degrees 03F40 Gödel numberings in proof theory
03D28 Other Turing degree structures 03F45 Provability logics and related algebras (e.g.,
03D30 Other degrees and reducibilities diagonalizable algebras) [See also 03B45, 03G25,
03D35 Undecidability and degrees of sets of sentences 06E25]
03D40 Word problems, etc. [See also 06B25, 08A50, 03F50 Metamathematics of constructive systems
20F10, 68R15] 03F52 Linear logic and other substructural logics
03D45 Theory of numerations, effectively presented [See also 03B47]
structures [See also 03C57; for intuitionistic and 03F55 Intuitionistic mathematics
similar approaches see 03F55] 03F60 Constructive and recursive analysis
03D50 Recursive equivalence types of sets and [See also 03B30, 03D45, 26E40, 46S30, 47S30]
structures, isols 03F65 Other constructive mathematics [See also 03D45]
03D55 Hierarchies 03F99 None of the above, but in this section
03D60 Computability and recursion theory on ordinals, 03Gxx Algebraic logic
admissible sets, etc. 03G05 Boolean algebras [See also 06Exx]
03D65 Higher-type and set recursion theory 03G10 Lattices and related structures [See also 06Bxx]
03Gxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 4

03G12 Quantum logic [See also 06C15, 81P10] 05B35 Matroids, geometric lattices [See also 52B40,
03G15 Cylindric and polyadic algebras; relation algebras 90C27]
03G20 Łukasiewicz and Post algebras [See also 06D25, 05B40 Packing and covering [See also 11H31, 52C15,
06D30] 52C17]
03G25 Other algebras related to logic [See also 03F45, 05B45 Tessellation and tiling problems [See also 52C20,
06D20, 06E25, 06F35] 52C22]
03G30 Categorical logic, topoi [See also 18B25, 18C05, 05B50 Polyominoes
18C10] 05B99 None of the above, but in this section
03G99 None of the above, but in this section 05Cxx Graph theory {For applications of graphs, see
03Hxx Nonstandard models [See also 03C62] 68R10, 90C35, 94C15}
03H05 Nonstandard models in mathematics 05C05 Trees
[See also 26E35, 28E05, 30G06, 46S20, 47S20, 05C07 Degree sequences
54J05] 05C10 Topological graph theory, imbedding
03H10 Other applications of nonstandard models [See also 57M15, 57M25]
(economics, physics, etc.) 05C12 Distance in graphs
03H15 Nonstandard models of arithmetic 05C15 Coloring of graphs and hypergraphs
[See also 11U10, 12L15, 13L05] 05C17 Perfect graphs
03H99 None of the above, but in this section 05C20 Directed graphs (digraphs), tournaments
05C22 Signed, gain and biased graphs
05–XX COMBINATORICS {For finite fields, see
05C25 Graphs and groups [See also 20F65]
11Txx}
05C30 Enumeration of graphs and maps
05–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
05C35 Extremal problems [See also 90C35]
bibliographies, etc.)
05C38 Paths and cycles [See also 90B10]
05–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
05C40 Connectivity
papers, etc.)
05C45 Eulerian and Hamiltonian graphs
05–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
05C50 Graphs and matrices
05–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
05C55 Generalized Ramsey theory
classification number from Section 01)
05C60 Isomorphism problems (reconstruction conjecture,
05–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not etc.)
the theory of computation or programming)
05C62 Graph representations (geometric and intersection
05–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. representations, etc.)
05Axx Enumerative combinatorics 05C65 Hypergraphs
05A05 Combinatorial choice problems (subsets, 05C69 Dominating sets, independent sets, cliques
representatives, permutations) 05C70 Factorization, matching, covering and packing
05A10 Factorials, binomial coefficients, combinatorial 05C75 Structural characterization of types of graphs
functions [See also 11B65, 33Cxx] 05C78 Graph labelling (graceful graphs, bandwidth, etc.)
05A15 Exact enumeration problems, generating functions 05C80 Random graphs
[See also 33Cxx, 33Dxx] 05C83 Graph minors
05A16 Asymptotic enumeration 05C85 Graph algorithms [See also 68R10, 68W05]
05A17 Partitions of integers [See also 11P81, 11P82, 05C90 Applications
11P83] 05C99 None of the above, but in this section
05A18 Partitions of sets 05Dxx Extremal combinatorics
05A19 Combinatorial identities 05D05 Extremal set theory
05A20 Combinatorial inequalities 05D10 Ramsey theory
05A30 q-calculus and related topics [See also 03Dxx] 05D15 Transversal (matching) theory
05A40 Umbral calculus 05D40 Probabilistic methods
05A99 None of the above, but in this section 05D99 None of the above, but in this section
05Bxx Designs and configurations {For applications 05Exx Algebraic combinatorics
of design theory, see 94C30} 05E05 Symmetric functions
05B05 Block designs [See also 51E05, 62K10] 05E10 Tableaux, representations of the symmetric group
05B07 Triple systems [See also 20C30]
05B10 Difference sets (number-theoretic, group- 05E15 Combinatorial problems concerning the classical
theoretic, etc.) [See also 11B13] groups [See also 22E45, 33C80]
05B15 Orthogonal arrays, Latin squares, Room squares 05E20 Group actions on designs, geometries and codes
05B20 Matrices (incidence, Hadamard, etc.) 05E25 Group actions on posets and homology groups of
05B25 Finite geometries [See also 51D20, 51Exx] posets [See also 06A11]
05B30 Other designs, configurations [See also 51E30] 05E30 Association schemes, strongly regular graphs
5 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 08Axx

05E35 Orthogonal polynomials [See also 33C45, 33C50, 06D50 Lattices and duality
33D45] 06D72 Fuzzy lattices (soft algebras) and related topics
05E99 None of the above, but in this section 06D99 None of the above, but in this section
06–XX ORDER, LATTICES, ORDERED 06Exx Boolean algebras (Boolean rings)
ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES [See also 18B35] [See also 03G05]
06–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 06E05 Structure theory
bibliographies, etc.) 06E10 Chain conditions, complete algebras
06–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 06E15 Stone space and related constructions
papers, etc.) 06E20 Ring-theoretic properties [See also 16E50,
06–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 16G30]
06–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 06E25 Boolean algebras with additional operations
classification number from Section 01) (diagonalizable algebras, etc.) [See also 03G25,
06–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 03F45]
the theory of computation or programming) 06E30 Boolean functions [See also 94C10]
06–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 06E99 None of the above, but in this section
06Axx Ordered sets 06Fxx Ordered structures
06A05 Total order 06F05 Ordered semigroups and monoids
06A06 Partial order, general [See also 20Mxx]
06A07 Combinatorics of partially ordered sets 06F07 Quantales
06A11 Algebraic aspects of posets [See also 05E25] 06F10 Noether lattices
06A12 Semilattices [See also 20M10; for topological 06F15 Ordered groups [See also 20F60]
semilattices see 22A26] 06F20 Ordered abelian groups, Riesz groups, ordered
06A15 Galois correspondences, closure operators linear spaces [See also 46A40]
06A99 None of the above, but in this section 06F25 Ordered rings, algebras, modules {For ordered
06Bxx Lattices [See also 03G10] fields, see 12J15; see also 13J25, 16W80}
06B05 Structure theory 06F30 Topological lattices, order topologies
06B10 Ideals, congruence relations [See also 06B30, 22A26, 54F05, 54H12]
06B15 Representation theory 06F35 BCK-algebras, BCI-algebras [See also 03G25]
06B20 Varieties of lattices 06F99 None of the above, but in this section
06B23 Complete lattices, completions 08–XX GENERAL ALGEBRAIC SYSTEMS
06B25 Free lattices, projective lattices, word problems 08–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
[See also 03D40, 08A50, 20F10] bibliographies, etc.)
06B30 Topological lattices, order topologies 08–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
[See also 06F30, 22A26, 54F05, 54H12] papers, etc.)
06B35 Continuous lattices and posets, applications 08–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
[See also 06B30, 06D10, 06F30, 18B35, 22A26, 08–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
68Q55] classification number from Section 01)
06B99 None of the above, but in this section 08–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
06Cxx Modular lattices, complemented lattices the theory of computation or programming)
06C05 Modular lattices, Desarguesian lattices 08–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
06C10 Semimodular lattices, geometric lattices 08Axx Algebraic structures [See also 03C05]
06C15 Complemented lattices, orthocomplemented 08A02 Relational systems, laws of composition
lattices and posets [See also 03G12, 81P10] 08A05 Structure theory
06C20 Complemented modular lattices, continuous 08A30 Subalgebras, congruence relations
geometries 08A35 Automorphisms, endomorphisms
06C99 None of the above, but in this section 08A40 Operations, polynomials, primal algebras
06Dxx Distributive lattices 08A45 Equational compactness
06D05 Structure and representation theory 08A50 Word problems [See also 03D40, 06B25, 20F10,
06D10 Complete distributivity 68R15]
06D15 Pseudocomplemented lattices 08A55 Partial algebras
06D20 Heyting algebras [See also 03G25] 08A60 Unary algebras
06D22 Frames, locales {For topological questions see 08A62 Finitary algebras
54–XX} 08A65 Infinitary algebras
06D25 Post algebras [See also 03G20] 08A68 Heterogeneous algebras
06D30 De Morgan algebras, Łukasiewicz algebras 08A70 Applications of universal algebra in computer
[See also 03G20] science
06D35 MV-algebras 08A72 Fuzzy algebraic structures
08Axx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 6

08A99 None of the above, but in this section 11B68 Bernoulli and Euler numbers and polynomials
08Bxx Varieties [See also 03C05] 11B73 Bell and Stirling numbers
08B05 Equational logic, Mal0cev (Mal0tsev) conditions 11B75 Other combinatorial number theory
08B10 Congruence modularity, congruence distributivity 11B83 Special sequences and polynomials
08B15 Lattices of varieties 11B85 Automata sequences
08B20 Free algebras 11B99 None of the above, but in this section
08B25 Products, amalgamated products, and other kinds
11Cxx Polynomials and matrices
of limits and colimits [See also 18A30]
11C08 Polynomials [See also 13F20]
08B26 Subdirect products and subdirect irreducibility
08B30 Injectives, projectives 11C20 Matrices, determinants [See also 15A36]
08B99 None of the above, but in this section 11C99 None of the above, but in this section
08Cxx Other classes of algebras 11Dxx Diophantine equations [See also 11Gxx,
08C05 Categories of algebras [See also 18C05] 14Gxx]
08C10 Axiomatic model classes [See also 03Cxx, in 11D04 Linear equations
particular 03C60] 11D09 Quadratic and bilinear equations
08C15 Quasivarieties 11D25 Cubic and quartic equations
08C99 None of the above, but in this section 11D41 Higher degree equations; Fermat’s equation
11–XX NUMBER THEORY 11D45 Counting solutions of Diophantine equations
11–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 11D57 Multiplicative and norm form equations
bibliographies, etc.) 11D59 Thue-Mahler equations
11–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 11D61 Exponential equations
papers, etc.) 11D68 Rational numbers as sums of fractions
11–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 11D72 Equations in many variables [See also 11P55]
11–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 11D75 Diophantine inequalities [See also 11J25]
classification number from Section 01) 11D79 Congruences in many variables
11–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
11D85 Representation problems [See also 11P55]
the theory of computation or programming)
11D88 p-adic and power series fields
11–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
11Axx Elementary number theory {For analogues in 11D99 None of the above, but in this section
number fields, see 11R04} 11Exx Forms and linear algebraic groups
11A05 Multiplicative structure; Euclidean algorithm; [See also 19Gxx] {For quadratic forms in
greatest common divisors linear algebra, see 15A63}
11A07 Congruences; primitive roots; residue systems 11E04 Quadratic forms over general fields
11A15 Power residues, reciprocity 11E08 Quadratic forms over local rings and fields
11A25 Arithmetic functions; related numbers; inversion 11E10 Forms over real fields
formulas 11E12 Quadratic forms over global rings and fields
11A41 Primes 11E16 General binary quadratic forms
11A51 Factorization; primality 11E20 General ternary and quaternary quadratic forms;
11A55 Continued fractions {For approximation results, forms of more than two variables
see 11J70} [See also 11K50, 30B70, 40A15] 11E25 Sums of squares and representations by other
11A63 Radix representation; digital problems {For particular quadratic forms
metric results, see 11K16} 11E39 Bilinear and Hermitian forms
11A67 Other representations 11E41 Class numbers of quadratic and Hermitian forms
11A99 None of the above, but in this section
11E45 Analytic theory (Epstein zeta functions; relations
11Bxx Sequences and sets with automorphic forms and functions)
11B05 Density, gaps, topology
11E57 Classical groups [See also 14Lxx, 20Gxx]
11B13 Additive bases [See also 05B10]
11E70 K-theory of quadratic and Hermitian forms
11B25 Arithmetic progressions [See also 11N13]
11B34 Representation functions 11E72 Galois cohomology of linear algebraic groups
11B37 Recurrences {For applications to special [See also 20G10]
functions, see 33–XX} 11E76 Forms of degree higher than two
11B39 Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and polynomials 11E81 Algebraic theory of quadratic forms; Witt groups
and generalizations and rings [See also 19G12, 19G24]
11B50 Sequences (mod m) 11E88 Quadratic spaces; Clifford algebras
11B57 Farey sequences; the sequences 1k , 2k , · · · [See also 15A63, 15A66]
11B65 Binomial coefficients; factorials; q-identities 11E95 p-adic theory
[See also 05A10, 05A30] 11E99 None of the above, but in this section
7 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 11Jxx

11Fxx Discontinuous groups and automorphic forms 11G16 Elliptic and modular units [See also 11R27]
[See also 11R39, 11S37, 14Gxx, 14Kxx, 22E50, 11G18 Arithmetic aspects of modular and Shimura
22E55, 30F35, 32Nxx] {For relations with varieties [See also 14G35]
quadratic forms, see 11E45} 11G20 Curves over finite and local fields
11F03 Modular and automorphic functions [See also 14H25]
11F06 Structure of modular groups and generalizations; 11G25 Varieties over finite and local fields
arithmetic groups [See also 20H05, 20H10, [See also 14G15, 14G20]
22E40] 11G30 Curves of arbitrary genus or genus 6= 1 over
11F11 Modular forms, one variable global fields [See also 14H25]
11F12 Automorphic forms, one variable 11G35 Varieties over global fields [See also 14G25]
11F20 Dedekind eta function, Dedekind sums 11G40 L-functions of varieties over global fields; Birch-
11F22 Relationship to Lie algebras and finite simple Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture [See also 14G10]
groups 11G45 Geometric class field theory [See also 11R37,
11F23 Relations with algebraic geometry and topology 14C35, 19F05]
11F25 Hecke-Petersson operators, differential operators 11G50 Heights [See also 14G40]
(one variable) 11G55 Polylogarithms and relations with K-theory
11F27 Theta series; Weil representation 11G99 None of the above, but in this section
11F30 Fourier coefficients of automorphic forms 11Hxx Geometry of numbers {For applications in
11F32 Modular correspondences, etc. coding theory, see 94B75}
11F33 Congruences for modular and p-adic modular 11H06 Lattices and convex bodies [See also 11P21,
forms [See also 14G20, 22E50] 52C05, 52C07]
11F37 Forms of half-integer weight; nonholomorphic 11H16 Nonconvex bodies
modular forms 11H31 Lattice packing and covering [See also 05B40,
11F41 Hilbert and Hilbert-Siegel modular groups and 52C15, 52C17]
their modular and automorphic forms; Hilbert 11H46 Products of linear forms
modular surfaces [See also 14J20] 11H50 Minima of forms
11F46 Siegel modular groups and their modular and 11H55 Quadratic forms (reduction theory, extreme forms,
automorphic forms etc.)
11F50 Jacobi forms 11H56 Automorphism groups of lattices
11F52 Modular forms associated to Drinfel0d modules 11H60 Mean value and transfer theorems
11F55 Other groups and their modular and automorphic 11H71 Relations with coding theory
forms (several variables) 11H99 None of the above, but in this section
11F60 Hecke-Petersson operators, differential operators 11Jxx Diophantine approximation, transcendental
(several variables) number theory [See also 11K60]
11F66 Dirichlet series and functional equations in 11J04 Homogeneous approximation to one number
connection with modular forms 11J06 Markov and Lagrange spectra and generalizations
11F67 Special values of automorphic L-series, periods 11J13 Simultaneous homogeneous approximation, linear
of modular forms, cohomology, modular symbols forms
11F70 Representation-theoretic methods; automorphic 11J17 Approximation by numbers from a fixed field
representations over local and global fields 11J20 Inhomogeneous linear forms
11F72 Spectral theory; Selberg trace formula 11J25 Diophantine inequalities [See also 11D75]
11F75 Cohomology of arithmetic groups 11J54 Small fractional parts of polynomials and
11F80 Galois representations generalizations
11F85 p-adic theory, local fields [See also 14G20, 11J61 Approximation in non-Archimedean valuations
22E50] 11J68 Approximation to algebraic numbers
11F99 None of the above, but in this section 11J70 Continued fractions and generalizations
11Gxx Arithmetic algebraic geometry (Diophantine [See also 11A55, 11K50]
geometry) [See also 11Dxx, 14Gxx, 14Kxx] 11J71 Distribution modulo one [See also 11K06]
11G05 Elliptic curves over global fields 11J72 Irrationality; linear independence over a field
[See also 14H52] 11J81 Transcendence (general theory)
11G07 Elliptic curves over local fields [See also 14G20, 11J82 Measures of irrationality and of transcendence
14H52] 11J83 Metric theory
11G09 Drinfel0d modules; higher-dimensional motives, 11J85 Algebraic independence; Gel0fond’s method
etc. [See also 14L05] 11J86 Linear forms in logarithms; Baker’s method
11G10 Abelian varieties of dimension > 1 11J89 Transcendence theory of elliptic and abelian
[See also 14Kxx] functions
11G15 Complex multiplication and moduli of abelian 11J91 Transcendence theory of other special functions
varieties [See also 14K22] 11J93 Transcendence theory of Drinfel0d and t-modules
11Jxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 8

11J95 Results involving abelian varieties 11N25 Distribution of integers with specified
11J97 Analogues of methods in Nevanlinna theory multiplicative constraints
(work of Vojta et al.) 11N30 Turán theory [See also 30Bxx]
11J99 None of the above, but in this section 11N32 Primes represented by polynomials; other
11Kxx Probabilistic theory: distribution modulo 1; multiplicative structure of polynomial values
metric theory of algorithms 11N35 Sieves
11K06 General theory of distribution modulo 1 11N36 Applications of sieve methods
[See also 11J71] 11N37 Asymptotic results on arithmetic functions
11K16 Normal numbers, radix expansions, etc. 11N45 Asymptotic results on counting functions for
[See also 11A63] algebraic and topological structures
11K31 Special sequences 11N56 Rate of growth of arithmetic functions
11K36 Well-distributed sequences and other variations 11N60 Distribution functions associated with additive
11K38 Irregularities of distribution, discrepancy and positive multiplicative functions
[See also 11Nxx] 11N64 Other results on the distribution of values or the
11K41 Continuous, p-adic and abstract analogues characterization of arithmetic functions
11K45 Pseudo-random numbers; Monte Carlo methods 11N69 Distribution of integers in special residue classes
11K50 Metric theory of continued fractions 11N75 Applications of automorphic functions and forms
[See also 11A55, 11J70] to multiplicative problems [See also 11Fxx]
11K55 Metric theory of other algorithms and 11N80 Generalized primes and integers
expansions; measure and Hausdorff dimension 11N99 None of the above, but in this section
[See also 11N99, 28Dxx] 11Pxx Additive number theory; partitions
11K60 Diophantine approximation [See also 11Jxx] 11P05 Waring’s problem and variants
11K65 Arithmetic functions [See also 11Nxx] 11P21 Lattice points in specified regions
11K70 Harmonic analysis and almost periodicity 11P32 Goldbach-type theorems; other additive questions
11K99 None of the above, but in this section involving primes
11Lxx Exponential sums and character sums {For 11P55 Applications of the Hardy-Littlewood method
finite fields, see 11Txx} [See also 11D85]
11L03 Trigonometric and exponential sums, general 11P70 Inverse problems of additive number theory
11L05 Gauss and Kloosterman sums; generalizations 11P81 Elementary theory of partitions [See also 05A17]
11L07 Estimates on exponential sums 11P82 Analytic theory of partitions
11L10 Jacobsthal and Brewer sums; other complete 11P83 Partitions; congruences and congruential
character sums restrictions
11L15 Weyl sums 11P99 None of the above, but in this section
11L20 Sums over primes 11Rxx Algebraic number theory: global fields {For
11L26 Sums over arbitrary intervals complex multiplication, see 11G15}
11L40 Estimates on character sums 11R04 Algebraic numbers; rings of algebraic integers
11L99 None of the above, but in this section 11R06 PV-numbers and generalizations; other special
11Mxx Zeta and L-functions: analytic theory algebraic numbers
11M06 ζ(s) and L(s, χ) 11R09 Polynomials (irreducibility, etc.)
11M20 Real zeros of L(s, χ); results on L(1, χ) 11R11 Quadratic extensions
11M26 Nonreal zeros of ζ(s) and L(s, χ); Riemann and 11R16 Cubic and quartic extensions
other hypotheses 11R18 Cyclotomic extensions
11M35 Hurwitz and Lerch zeta functions 11R20 Other abelian and metabelian extensions
11M36 Selberg zeta functions and regularized 11R21 Other number fields
determinants; applications to spectral theory, 11R23 Iwasawa theory
Dirichlet series, Eisenstein series, etc. Explicit 11R27 Units and factorization
formulas 11R29 Class numbers, class groups, discriminants
11M38 Zeta and L-functions in characteristic p 11R32 Galois theory
11M41 Other Dirichlet series and zeta functions {For 11R33 Integral representations related to algebraic
local and global ground fields, see 11R42, 11R52, numbers; Galois module structure of rings of
11S40, 11S45; for algebro-geometric methods, integers [See also 20C10]
see 14G10; see also 11E45, 11F66, 11F70, 11R34 Galois cohomology [See also 12Gxx, 16H05,
11F72} 19A31]
11M45 Tauberian theorems [See also 40E05] 11R37 Class field theory
11M99 None of the above, but in this section 11R39 Langlands-Weil conjectures, nonabelian class
11Nxx Multiplicative number theory field theory [See also 11Fxx, 22E55]
11N05 Distribution of primes 11R42 Zeta functions and L-functions of number fields
11N13 Primes in progressions [See also 11B25] [See also 11M41, 19F27]
9 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 12Gxx

11R44 Distribution of prime ideals [See also 11N05] 11Yxx Computational number theory [See also 11–
11R45 Density theorems 04]
11R47 Other analytic theory [See also 11Nxx] 11Y05 Factorization
11R52 Quaternion and other division algebras: 11Y11 Primality
arithmetic, zeta functions 11Y16 Algorithms; complexity [See also 68Q25]
11R54 Other algebras and orders, and their zeta and L- 11Y35 Analytic computations
functions [See also 11S45, 16H05, 16Kxx] 11Y40 Algebraic number theory computations
11R56 Adèle rings and groups 11Y50 Computer solution of Diophantine equations
11R58 Arithmetic theory of algebraic function fields 11Y55 Calculation of integer sequences
[See also 14–XX] 11Y60 Evaluation of constants
11R60 Cyclotomic function fields (class groups, 11Y65 Continued fraction calculations
Bernoulli objects, etc.) 11Y70 Values of arithmetic functions; tables
11R65 Class groups and Picard groups of orders 11Y99 None of the above, but in this section
11R70 K-theory of global fields [See also 19Fxx] 11Z05 Miscellaneous applications of number theory
11R80 Totally real and totally positive fields
[See also 12J15] 12–XX FIELD THEORY AND POLYNOMIALS
11R99 None of the above, but in this section 12–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
11Sxx Algebraic number theory: local and p-adic bibliographies, etc.)
fields 12–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
11S05 Polynomials papers, etc.)
11S15 Ramification and extension theory 12–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
11S20 Galois theory 12–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
11S23 Integral representations classification number from Section 01)
11S25 Galois cohomology [See also 12Gxx, 16H05] 12–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
11S31 Class field theory; p-adic formal groups the theory of computation or programming)
[See also 14L05] 12–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
11S37 Langlands-Weil conjectures, nonabelian class 12Dxx Real and complex fields
field theory [See also 11Fxx, 22E50] 12D05 Polynomials: factorization
11S40 Zeta functions and L-functions [See also 11M41, 12D10 Polynomials: location of zeros (algebraic
19F27] theorems) {For the analytic theory, see 26C10,
11S45 Algebras and orders, and their zeta functions 30C15}
[See also 11R52, 11R54, 16H05, 16Kxx] 12D15 Fields related with sums of squares (formally real
11S70 K-theory of local fields [See also 19Fxx] fields, Pythagorean fields, etc.) [See also 11Exx]
11S80 Other analytic theory (analogues of beta and 12D99 None of the above, but in this section
gamma functions, p-adic integration, etc.) 12Exx General field theory
11S85 Other nonanalytic theory 12E05 Polynomials (irreducibility, etc.)
11S90 Prehomogeneous vector spaces 12E10 Special polynomials
11S99 None of the above, but in this section 12E12 Equations
11Txx Finite fields and commutative rings (number- 12E15 Skew fields, division rings [See also 11R52,
theoretic aspects) 11R54, 11S45, 16Kxx]
11T06 Polynomials 12E20 Finite fields (field-theoretic aspects)
11T22 Cyclotomy 12E25 Hilbertian fields; Hilbert’s irreducibility theorem
11T23 Exponential sums 12E30 Field arithmetic
11T24 Other character sums and Gauss sums 12E99 None of the above, but in this section
11T30 Structure theory 12Fxx Field extensions
11T55 Arithmetic theory of polynomial rings over finite 12F05 Algebraic extensions
fields 12F10 Separable extensions, Galois theory
11T60 Finite upper half-planes 12F12 Inverse Galois theory
11T71 Algebraic coding theory; cryptography 12F15 Inseparable extensions
11T99 None of the above, but in this section 12F20 Transcendental extensions
11Uxx Connections with logic 12F99 None of the above, but in this section
11U05 Decidability [See also 03B25] 12Gxx Homological methods (field theory)
11U07 Ultraproducts [See also 03C20] 12G05 Galois cohomology [See also 14F22, 16H05,
11U09 Model theory [See also 03Cxx] 16K50]
11U10 Nonstandard arithmetic [See also 03H15] 12G10 Cohomological dimension
11U99 None of the above, but in this section 12G99 None of the above, but in this section
12Hxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 10

12Hxx Differential and difference algebra 13Bxx Ring extensions and related topics
12H05 Differential algebra [See also 13Nxx] 13B02 Extension theory
12H10 Difference algebra [See also 39Axx] 13B05 Galois theory
12H20 Abstract differential equations [See also 34Mxx] 13B10 Morphisms
12H25 p-adic differential equations [See also 11S80, 13B21 Integral dependence
14G20] 13B22 Integral closure of rings and ideals
12H99 None of the above, but in this section [See also 13A35]; integrally closed rings, related
12Jxx Topological fields rings (Japanese, etc.)
12J05 Normed fields 13B24 Going up; going down; going between
12J10 Valued fields 13B25 Polynomials over commutative rings
12J12 Formally p-adic fields [See also 11C08, 13F20, 13M10]
12J15 Ordered fields 13B30 Quotients and localization
12J17 Topological semifields 13B35 Completion [See also 13J10]
12J20 General valuation theory [See also 13A18] 13B40 Étale and flat extensions; Henselization; Artin
12J25 Non-Archimedean valued fields [See also 30G06, approximation [See also 13J15, 14B12, 14B25]
32P05, 46S10, 47S10] 13B99 None of the above, but in this section
12J27 Krasner-Tate algebras [See mainly 32P05; see 13Cxx Theory of modules and ideals
also 46S10, 47S10] 13C05 Structure, classification theorems
12J99 None of the above, but in this section 13C10 Projective and free modules and ideals
12Kxx Generalizations of fields [See also 19A13]
12K05 Near-fields [See also 16Y30] 13C11 Injective and flat modules and ideals
12K10 Semifields [See also 16Y60] 13C12 Torsion modules and ideals
12K99 None of the above, but in this section 13C13 Other special types
12Lxx Connections with logic 13C14 Cohen-Macaulay modules [See also 13H10]
12L05 Decidability [See also 03B25] 13C15 Dimension theory, depth, related rings (catenary,
12L10 Ultraproducts [See also 03C20] etc.)
12L12 Model theory [See also 03C60] 13C20 Class groups [See also 11R29]
12L15 Nonstandard arithmetic [See also 03H15] 13C40 Linkage, complete intersections and determinantal
12L99 None of the above, but in this section ideals [See also 14M06, 14M10, 14M12]
12Y05 Computational aspects of field theory and 13C99 None of the above, but in this section
polynomials 13Dxx Homological methods {For noncommutative
13–XX COMMUTATIVE RINGS AND ALGEBRAS rings, see 16Exx; for general categories, see
13–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 18Gxx}
bibliographies, etc.) 13D02 Syzygies and resolutions
13–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 13D03 (Co)homology of commutative rings and algebras
papers, etc.) (e.g., Hochschild, André-Quillen, cyclic, dihedral,
13–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) etc.)
13–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 13D05 Homological dimension
classification number from Section 01) 13D07 Homological functors on modules (Tor, Ext, etc.)
13–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 13D10 Deformations and infinitesimal methods
the theory of computation or programming) [See also 14B10, 14B12, 14D15, 32Gxx]
13–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 13D15 Grothendieck groups, K-theory [See also 14C35,
13Axx General commutative ring theory 18F30, 19Axx, 19D50]
13A02 Graded rings [See also 16W50] 13D22 Homological conjectures (intersection theorems)
13A05 Divisibility 13D25 Complexes
13A10 Radical theory 13D30 Torsion theory [See also 13C12, 18E40]
13A15 Ideals; multiplicative ideal theory 13D40 Hilbert-Samuel and Hilbert-Kunz functions;
13A18 Valuations and their generalizations Poincaré series
[See also 12J20] 13D45 Local cohomology [See also 14B15]
13A30 Associated graded rings of ideals (Rees ring, 13D99 None of the above, but in this section
form ring), analytic spread and related topics 13Exx Chain conditions, finiteness conditions
13A35 Characteristic p methods (Frobenius 13E05 Noetherian rings and modules
endomorphism) and reduction to characteristic 13E10 Artinian rings and modules, finite-dimensional
p; tight closure [See also 13B22] algebras
13A50 Actions of groups on commutative rings; 13E15 Rings and modules of finite generation or
invariant theory [See also 14L24] presentation; number of generators
13A99 None of the above, but in this section 13E99 None of the above, but in this section
11 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 14Dxx

13Fxx Arithmetic rings and other special rings 14–XX ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY
13F05 Dedekind, Prüfer and Krull rings and their 14–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
generalizations bibliographies, etc.)
13F07 Euclidean rings and generalizations 14–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
13F10 Principal ideal rings papers, etc.)
13F15 Factorial rings, unique factorization domains 14–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
[See also 14M05] 14–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
13F20 Polynomial rings and ideals; rings of integer- classification number from Section 01)
valued polynomials [See also 11C08, 13B25] 14–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
13F25 Formal power series rings [See also 13J05] the theory of computation or programming)
13F30 Valuation rings [See also 13A18] 14–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
13F40 Excellent rings 14Axx Foundations
14A05 Relevant commutative algebra [See also 13–XX]
13F45 Seminormal rings
14A10 Varieties and morphisms
13F50 Rings with straightening laws, Hodge algebras
14A15 Schemes and morphisms
13F55 Face and Stanley-Reisner rings; simplicial
14A20 Generalizations (algebraic spaces, stacks)
complexes [See also 55U10]
14A22 Noncommutative algebraic geometry
13F99 None of the above, but in this section
14A25 Elementary questions
13G05 Integral domains 14A99 None of the above, but in this section
13Hxx Local rings and semilocal rings 14Bxx Local theory
13H05 Regular local rings 14B05 Singularities [See also 14E15, 14H20, 14J17,
13H10 Special types (Cohen-Macaulay, Gorenstein, 32Sxx, 58Kxx]
Buchsbaum, etc.) [See also 14M05] 14B07 Deformations of singularities [See also 14D15,
13H15 Multiplicity theory and related topics 32S30]
[See also 14C17] 14B10 Infinitesimal methods [See also 13D10]
13H99 None of the above, but in this section 14B12 Local deformation theory, Artin approximation,
13Jxx Topological rings and modules etc. [See also 13B40, 13D10]
[See also 16W60, 16W80] 14B15 Local cohomology [See also 13D45, 32C36]
13J05 Power series rings [See also 13F25] 14B20 Formal neighborhoods
13J07 Analytical algebras and rings [See also 32B05] 14B25 Local structure of morphisms: étale, flat, etc.
13J10 Complete rings, completion [See also 13B35] [See also 13B40]
13J15 Henselian rings [See also 13B40] 14B99 None of the above, but in this section
13J20 Global topological rings 14Cxx Cycles and subschemes
13J25 Ordered rings [See also 06F25] 14C05 Parametrization (Chow and Hilbert schemes)
13J30 Real algebra [See also 12D15, 14Pxx] 14C15 Chow groups and rings
13J99 None of the above, but in this section 14C17 Intersection theory, characteristic classes,
13K05 Witt vectors and related rings intersection multiplicities [See also 13H15]
13L05 Applications of logic to commutative algebra 14C20 Divisors, linear systems, invertible sheaves
[See also 03Cxx, 03Hxx] 14C21 Pencils, nets, webs [See also 53A60]
14C22 Picard groups
13Mxx Finite commutative rings {For number-
theoretic aspects, see 11Txx} 14C25 Algebraic cycles
14C30 Transcendental methods, Hodge theory
13M05 Structure
[See also 14D07, 32G20, 32J25, 32S35], Hodge
13M10 Polynomials
conjecture
13M99 None of the above, but in this section
14C34 Torelli problem [See also 32G20]
13Nxx Differential algebra [See also 12H05, 14F10] 14C35 Applications of methods of algebraic K-theory
13N05 Modules of differentials [See also 19Exx]
13N10 Rings of differential operators and their modules 14C40 Riemann-Roch theorems [See also 19E20, 19L10]
[See also 16S32, 32C38] 14C99 None of the above, but in this section
13N15 Derivations 14Dxx Families, fibrations
13N99 None of the above, but in this section 14D05 Structure of families (Picard-Lefschetz,
13Pxx Computational aspects of commutative algebra monodromy, etc.)
[See also 68W30] 14D06 Fibrations, degenerations
13P05 Polynomials, factorization [See also 12Y05] 14D07 Variation of Hodge structures [See also 32G20]
13P10 Polynomial ideals, Gröbner bases 14D10 Arithmetic ground fields (finite, local, global)
[See also 13F20] 14D15 Formal methods; deformations [See also 13D10,
13P99 None of the above, but in this section 14B07, 32Gxx]
14Dxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 12

14D20 Algebraic moduli problems, moduli of vector 14G35 Modular and Shimura varieties [See also 11F41,
bundles {For analytic moduli problems, see 11F46, 11G18]
32G13} 14G40 Arithmetic varieties and schemes; Arakelov
14D21 Applications of vector bundles and moduli theory; heights [See also 11G50]
spaces in mathematical physics (twistor theory, 14G50 Applications to coding theory and cryptography
instantons, quantum field theory) [See also 94A60, 94B27, 94B40]
14D22 Fine and coarse moduli spaces 14G99 None of the above, but in this section
14D99 None of the above, but in this section 14Hxx Curves
14Exx Birational geometry 14H05 Algebraic functions; function fields
14E05 Rational and birational maps [See also 11R58]
14E07 Birational automorphisms, Cremona group and 14H10 Families, moduli (algebraic)
generalizations 14H15 Families, moduli (analytic) [See also 30F10,
14E08 Rationality questions 32Gxx]
14E15 Global theory and resolution of singularities 14H20 Singularities, local rings [See also 13Hxx,
[See also 14B05, 32S20, 32S45] 14B05]
14E20 Coverings [See also 14H30] 14H25 Arithmetic ground fields [See also 11Dxx,
14E22 Ramification problems [See also 11S15] 11G05, 14Gxx]
14E25 Embeddings 14H30 Coverings, fundamental group [See also 14E20,
14E30 Minimal model program (Mori theory, extremal 14F35]
rays) 14H37 Automorphisms
14E99 None of the above, but in this section 14H40 Jacobians, Prym varieties [See also 32G20]
14Fxx (Co)homology theory [See also 13Dxx] 14H42 Theta functions; Schottky problem
[See also 14K25, 32G20]
14F05 Vector bundles, sheaves, related constructions
14H45 Special curves and curves of low genus
[See also 14H60, 14J60, 18F20, 32Lxx, 46M20]
14H50 Plane and space curves
14F10 Differentials and other special sheaves
14H51 Special divisors (gonality, Brill-Noether theory)
[See also 13Nxx, 32C38]
14H52 Elliptic curves [See also 11G05, 11G07, 14Kxx]
14F17 Vanishing theorems [See also 32L20]
14H55 Riemann surfaces; Weierstrass points; gap
14F20 Étale and other Grothendieck topologies and
sequences [See also 30Fxx]
cohomologies
14H60 Vector bundles on curves and their moduli
14F22 Brauer groups of schemes [See also 12G05,
[See also 14D20, 14F05]
16K50]
14H70 Relationships with integrable systems
14F25 Classical real and complex cohomology
14H81 Relationships with physics
14F30 p-adic cohomology, crystalline cohomology 14H99 None of the above, but in this section
14F35 Homotopy theory; fundamental groups 14Jxx Surfaces and higher-dimensional varieties {For
[See also 14H30] analytic theory, see 32Jxx}
14F40 de Rham cohomology [See also 14C30, 32C35, 14J10 Families, moduli, classification: algebraic theory
32L10] 14J15 Moduli, classification: analytic theory; relations
14F42 Motivic cohomology with modular forms [See also 32G13]
14F43 Other algebro-geometric (co)homologies (e.g., 14J17 Singularities [See also 14B05, 14E15]
intersection, equivariant, Lawson, Deligne 14J20 Arithmetic ground fields [See also 11Dxx,
(co)homologies) 11G25, 11G35, 14Gxx]
14F45 Topological properties 14J25 Special surfaces {For Hilbert modular surfaces,
14F99 None of the above, but in this section see 14G35}
14Gxx Arithmetic problems. Diophantine geometry 14J26 Rational and ruled surfaces
[See also 11Dxx, 11Gxx] 14J27 Elliptic surfaces
14G05 Rational points 14J28 K3 surfaces and Enriques surfaces
14G10 Zeta-functions and related questions 14J29 Surfaces of general type
[See also 11G40] (Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer 14J30 3-folds
conjecture) 14J32 Calabi-Yau manifolds, mirror symmetry
14G15 Finite ground fields 14J35 4-folds
14G20 Local ground fields 14J40 n-folds (n > 4)
14G22 Rigid analytic geometry 14J45 Fano varieties
14G25 Global ground fields 14J50 Automorphisms of surfaces and higher-
14G27 Other nonalgebraically closed ground fields dimensional varieties
14G32 Universal profinite groups (relationship to moduli 14J60 Vector bundles on surfaces and higher-
spaces, projective and moduli towers, Galois dimensional varieties, and their moduli
theory) [See also 14D20, 14F05, 32Lxx]
13 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 15–XX

14J70 Hypersurfaces 14N35 Gromov-Witten invariants, quantum cohomology

14J80 Topology of surfaces (Donaldson polynomials, [See also 53D45]
Seiberg-Witten invariants) 14N99 None of the above, but in this section
14J81 Relationships with physics 14Pxx Real algebraic and real analytic geometry
14J99 None of the above, but in this section 14P05 Real algebraic sets [See also 12Dxx]
14Kxx Abelian varieties and schemes 14P10 Semialgebraic sets and related spaces
14K02 Isogeny 14P15 Real analytic and semianalytic sets
14K05 Algebraic theory [See also 32B20, 32C05]
14K10 Algebraic moduli, classification [See also 11G15] 14P20 Nash functions and manifolds [See also 32C07,
14K12 Subvarieties 58A07]
14K15 Arithmetic ground fields [See also 11Dxx, 11Fxx, 14P25 Topology of real algebraic varieties
11Gxx, 14Gxx] 14P99 None of the above, but in this section
14K20 Analytic theory; abelian integrals and differentials 14Qxx Computational aspects in algebraic geometry
14K22 Complex multiplication [See also 11G15] [See also 12Y05, 13Pxx, 68W30]
14K25 Theta functions [See also 14H42] 14Q05 Curves
14K30 Picard schemes, higher Jacobians 14Q10 Surfaces, hypersurfaces
[See also 14H40, 32G20]
14Q15 Higher-dimensional varieties
14K99 None of the above, but in this section
14Q20 Effectivity
14Lxx Algebraic groups {For linear algebraic groups,
14Q99 None of the above, but in this section
see 20Gxx; for Lie algebras, see 17B45}
14Rxx Affine geometry
14L05 Formal groups, p-divisible groups
[See also 55N22] 14R05 Classification of affine varieties
14L10 Group varieties 14R10 Affine spaces (automorphisms, embeddings,
14L15 Group schemes exotic structures, cancellation problem)
14L17 Affine algebraic groups, hyperalgebra 14R15 Jacobian problem
constructions [See also 17B45, 18D35] 14R20 Group actions on affine varieties
14L24 Geometric invariant theory [See also 13A50] [See also 13A50, 14L30]
14L30 Group actions on varieties or schemes (quotients) 14R25 Affine fibrations [See also 14D06]
[See also 13A50, 14L24] 14R99 None of the above, but in this section
14L35 Classical groups (geometric aspects) 15–XX LINEAR AND MULTILINEAR ALGEBRA;
[See also 20Gxx, 51N30] MATRIX THEORY
14L40 Other algebraic groups (geometric aspects) 15–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
14L99 None of the above, but in this section bibliographies, etc.)
14Mxx Special varieties 15–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
14M05 Varieties defined by ring conditions (factorial, papers, etc.)
Cohen-Macaulay, seminormal) [See also 13F45, 15–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
13H10] 15–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
14M06 Linkage [See also 13C40] classification number from Section 01)
14M07 Low codimension problems 15–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
14M10 Complete intersections [See also 13C40] the theory of computation or programming)
14M12 Determinantal varieties [See also 13C40]
15–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
14M15 Grassmannians, Schubert varieties, flag manifolds
15A03 Vector spaces, linear dependence, rank
[See also 32M10, 51M35]
15A04 Linear transformations, semilinear transformations
14M17 Homogeneous spaces and generalizations
15A06 Linear equations
[See also 32M10, 53C30, 57T15]
14M20 Rational and unirational varieties 15A09 Matrix inversion, generalized inverses
14M25 Toric varieties, Newton polyhedra 15A12 Conditioning of matrices [See also 65F35]
[See also 52B20] 15A15 Determinants, permanents, other special matrix
14M30 Supervarieties [See also 32C11, 58A50] functions [See also 19B10, 19B14]
14M99 None of the above, but in this section 15A18 Eigenvalues, singular values, and eigenvectors
14Nxx Projective and enumerative geometry 15A21 Canonical forms, reductions, classification
[See also 51–XX] 15A22 Matrix pencils [See also 47A56]
14N05 Projective techniques [See also 51N35] 15A23 Factorization of matrices
14N10 Enumerative problems (combinatorial problems) 15A24 Matrix equations and identities
14N15 Classical problems, Schubert calculus 15A27 Commutativity
14N20 Configurations of linear subspaces 15A29 Inverse problems
14N25 Varieties of low degree 15A30 Algebraic systems of matrices [See also 16S50,
14N30 Adjunction problems 20Gxx, 20Hxx]
15–XX MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 14

15A33 Matrices over special rings (quaternions, finite 16D70 Structure and classification (except as in 16Gxx),
fields, etc.) direct sum decomposition, cancellation
15A36 Matrices of integers [See also 11C20] 16D80 Other classes of modules and ideals
15A39 Linear inequalities [See also 16G50]
15A42 Inequalities involving eigenvalues and 16D90 Module categories [See also 16Gxx, 16S90];
eigenvectors module theory in a category-theoretic context;
15A45 Miscellaneous inequalities involving matrices Morita equivalence and duality
15A48 Positive matrices and their generalizations; cones 16D99 None of the above, but in this section
of matrices 16Exx Homological methods {For commutative rings,
15A51 Stochastic matrices see 13Dxx; for general categories, see 18Gxx}
15A52 Random matrices 16E05 Syzygies, resolutions, complexes
15A54 Matrices over function rings in one or more 16E10 Homological dimension
variables 16E20 Grothendieck groups, K-theory, etc.
15A57 Other types of matrices (Hermitian, skew- [See also 18F30, 19Axx, 19D50]
Hermitian, etc.) 16E30 Homological functors on modules (Tor, Ext, etc.)
15A60 Norms of matrices, numerical range, applications 16E40 (Co)homology of rings and algebras (e.g.
of functional analysis to matrix theory Hochschild, cyclic, dihedral, etc.)
[See also 65F35, 65J05] 16E45 Differential graded algebras and applications
15A63 Quadratic and bilinear forms, inner products [See 16E50 von Neumann regular rings and generalizations
mainly 11Exx] 16E60 Semihereditary and hereditary rings, free ideal
15A66 Clifford algebras, spinors rings, Sylvester rings, etc.
15A69 Multilinear algebra, tensor products 16E65 Homological conditions on rings (generalizations
15A72 Vector and tensor algebra, theory of invariants of regular, Gorenstein, Cohen-Macaulay rings,
[See also 13A50, 14L24] etc.)
15A75 Exterior algebra, Grassmann algebras 16E99 None of the above, but in this section
15A78 Other algebras built from modules 16Gxx Representation theory of rings and algebras
15A90 Applications of matrix theory to physics 16G10 Representations of Artinian rings
15A99 Miscellaneous topics 16G20 Representations of quivers and partially ordered
sets
16–XX ASSOCIATIVE RINGS AND ALGEBRAS 16G30 Representations of orders, lattices, algebras over
{For the commutative case, see 13–XX} commutative rings [See also 16H05]
16–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 16G50 Cohen-Macaulay modules
bibliographies, etc.) 16G60 Representation type (finite, tame, wild, etc.)
16–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 16G70 Auslander-Reiten sequences (almost split
papers, etc.) sequences) and Auslander-Reiten quivers
16–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 16G99 None of the above, but in this section
16–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 16H05 Orders and arithmetic, separable algebras,
classification number from Section 01) Azumaya algebras [See also 11R52, 11R54,
16–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 11S45]
the theory of computation or programming) 16Kxx Division rings and semisimple Artin rings
16–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. [See also 12E15, 15A30]
16Bxx General and miscellaneous 16K20 Finite-dimensional {For crossed products, see
16B50 Category-theoretic methods and results (except as 16S35}
in 16D90) [See also 18–XX] 16K40 Infinite-dimensional and general
16B70 Applications of logic [See also 03Cxx] 16K50 Brauer groups [See also 12G05, 14F22]
16B99 None of the above, but in this section 16K99 None of the above, but in this section
16Dxx Modules, bimodules and ideals 16Lxx Local rings and generalizations
16D10 General module theory 16L30 Noncommutative local and semilocal rings,
16D20 Bimodules perfect rings
16D25 Ideals 16L60 Quasi-Frobenius rings [See also 16D50]
16D30 Infinite-dimensional simple rings (except as in 16L99 None of the above, but in this section
16Kxx) 16Nxx Radicals and radical properties of rings
16D40 Free, projective, and flat modules and ideals 16N20 Jacobson radical, quasimultiplication
[See also 19A13] 16N40 Nil and nilpotent radicals, sets, ideals, rings
16D50 Injective modules, self-injective rings 16N60 Prime and semiprime rings [See also 16D60,
[See also 16L60] 16U10]
16D60 Simple and semisimple modules, primitive rings 16N80 General radicals and rings {For radicals in
and ideals module categories, see 16S90}
15 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 17Axx

16N99 None of the above, but in this section 16Uxx Conditions on elements
16Pxx Chain conditions, growth conditions, and other 16U10 Integral domains
forms of finiteness 16U20 Ore rings, multiplicative sets, Ore localization
16P10 Finite rings and finite-dimensional algebras {For 16U30 Divisibility, noncommutative UFDs
semisimple, see 16K20; for commutative, see 16U60 Units, groups of units
11Txx, 13Mxx} 16U70 Center, normalizer (invariant elements)
16P20 Artinian rings and modules 16U80 Generalizations of commutativity
16P40 Noetherian rings and modules 16U99 None of the above, but in this section
16P50 Localization and Noetherian rings 16Wxx Rings and algebras with additional structure
[See also 16U20] 16W10 Rings with involution; Lie, Jordan and other
16P60 Chain conditions on annihilators and summands: nonassociative structures [See also 17B60,
Goldie-type conditions [See also 16U20], Krull 17C50, 46Kxx]
dimension 16W20 Automorphisms and endomorphisms
16P70 Chain conditions on other classes of submodules, 16W22 Actions of groups and semigroups; invariant
ideals, subrings, etc.; coherence theory
16P90 Growth rate, Gel0fand-Kirillov dimension 16W25 Derivations, actions of Lie algebras
16P99 None of the above, but in this section 16W30 Coalgebras, bialgebras, Hopf algebras
16Rxx Rings with polynomial identity [See also 16S40, 57T05]; rings, modules, etc. on
16R10 T -ideals, identities, varieties of rings and algebras which these act
16R20 Semiprime p.i. rings, rings embeddable in 16W35 Ring-theoretic aspects of quantum groups
matrices over commutative rings [See also 17B37, 20G42, 81R50]
16R30 Trace rings and invariant theory 16W50 Graded rings and modules
16R40 Identities other than those of matrices over 16W55 “Super” (or “skew”) structure [See also 17A70,
commutative rings 17Bxx, 17C70] {For exterior algebras, see
16R50 Other kinds of identities (generalized polynomial, 15A75; for Clifford algebras, see 11E88, 15A66}
rational, involution) 16W60 Valuations, completions, formal power series and
16R99 None of the above, but in this section related constructions [See also 13Jxx]
16Sxx Rings and algebras arising under various 16W70 Filtered rings; filtrational and graded techniques
constructions 16W80 Topological and ordered rings and modules
16S10 Rings determined by universal properties (free [See also 06F25, 13Jxx]
algebras, coproducts, adjunction of inverses, etc.) 16W99 None of the above, but in this section
16S15 Finite generation, finite presentability, normal 16Yxx Generalizations {For nonassociative rings, see
forms (diamond lemma, term-rewriting) 17–XX}
16S20 Centralizing and normalizing extensions 16Y30 Near-rings [See also 12K05]
16S30 Universal enveloping algebras of Lie algebras 16Y60 Semirings [See also 12K10]
[See mainly 17B35] 16Y99 None of the above, but in this section
16S32 Rings of differential operators [See also 13N10, 16Z05 Computational aspects of associative rings
32C38] [See also 68W30]
16S34 Group rings [See also 20C05, 20C07], Laurent
polynomial rings 17–XX NONASSOCIATIVE RINGS AND
16S35 Twisted and skew group rings, crossed products ALGEBRAS
16S36 Ordinary and skew polynomial rings and 17–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
semigroup rings [See also 20M25] bibliographies, etc.)
16S37 Quadratic and Koszul algebras 17–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
16S38 Rings arising from non-commutative algebraic papers, etc.)
geometry 17–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
16S40 Smash products of general Hopf actions 17–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
[See also 16W30] classification number from Section 01)
16S50 Endomorphism rings; matrix rings [See also 15– 17–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
XX] the theory of computation or programming)
16S60 Rings of functions, subdirect products, sheaves of 17–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
rings 17–08 Computational methods
16S70 Extensions of rings by ideals 17Axx General nonassociative rings
16S80 Deformations of rings [See also 13D10, 14D15] 17A01 General theory
16S90 Maximal ring of quotients, torsion theories, 17A05 Power-associative rings
radicals on module categories [See also 13D30, 17A15 Noncommutative Jordan algebras
18E40] {For radicals of rings, see 16Nxx} 17A20 Flexible algebras
16S99 None of the above, but in this section 17A30 Algebras satisfying other identities
17Axx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 16

17A32 Leibniz algebras 17C20 Simple, semisimple algebras

17A35 Division algebras 17C27 Idempotents, Peirce decompositions
17A36 Automorphisms, derivations, other operators 17C30 Associated groups, automorphisms
17A40 Ternary compositions 17C36 Associated manifolds
17A42 Other n-ary compositions (n ≥ 3) 17C37 Associated geometries
17A45 Quadratic algebras (but not quadratic Jordan 17C40 Exceptional Jordan structures
algebras) 17C50 Jordan structures associated with other structures
17A50 Free algebras [See also 16W10]
17A60 Structure theory 17C55 Finite-dimensional structures
17A65 Radical theory 17C60 Division algebras
17A70 Superalgebras 17C65 Jordan structures on Banach spaces and algebras
17A75 Composition algebras [See also 46H70, 46L70]
17A80 Valued algebras 17C70 Super structures
17A99 None of the above, but in this section 17C90 Applications to physics
17Bxx Lie algebras and Lie superalgebras {For Lie 17C99 None of the above, but in this section
groups, see 22Exx} 17Dxx Other nonassociative rings and algebras
17B01 Identities, free Lie (super)algebras 17D05 Alternative rings
17B05 Structure theory 17D10 Mal0cev (Mal0tsev) rings and algebras
17B10 Representations, algebraic theory (weights) 17D15 Right alternative rings
17B15 Representations, analytic theory 17D20 (γ, δ)-rings, including (1, −1)-rings
17B20 Simple, semisimple, reductive (super)algebras 17D25 Lie-admissible algebras
(roots) 17D92 Genetic algebras
17B25 Exceptional (super)algebras 17D99 None of the above, but in this section
17B30 Solvable, nilpotent (super)algebras
17B35 Universal enveloping (super)algebras 18–XX CATEGORY THEORY; HOMOLOGICAL
[See also 16S30] ALGEBRA {For commutative rings see 13Dxx,
17B37 Quantum groups (quantized enveloping algebras) for associative rings 16Exx, for groups 20Jxx,
and related deformations [See also 16W35, for topological groups and related structures
20G42, 81R50, 82B23] 57Txx; see also 55Nxx and 55Uxx for algebraic
17B40 Automorphisms, derivations, other operators topology}
17B45 Lie algebras of linear algebraic groups 18–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
[See also 14Lxx and 20Gxx] bibliographies, etc.)
17B50 Modular Lie (super)algebras 18–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
17B55 Homological methods in Lie (super)algebras papers, etc.)
17B56 Cohomology of Lie (super)algebras 18–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
17B60 Lie (super)algebras associated with other 18–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
structures (associative, Jordan, etc.) classification number from Section 01)
[See also 16W10, 17C40, 17C50] 18–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
17B62 Lie bialgebras the theory of computation or programming)
17B63 Poisson algebras 18–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
17B65 Infinite-dimensional Lie (super)algebras 18Axx General theory of categories and functors
[See also 22E65] 18A05 Definitions, generalizations
17B66 Lie algebras of vector fields and related (super) 18A10 Graphs, diagram schemes, precategories [See
algebras especially 20L05]
17B67 Kac-Moody (super)algebras (structure and 18A15 Foundations, relations to logic and deductive
representation theory) systems [See also 03–XX]
17B68 Virasoro and related algebras 18A20 Epimorphisms, monomorphisms, special classes
17B69 Vertex operators; vertex operator algebras and of morphisms, null morphisms
related structures 18A22 Special properties of functors (faithful, full, etc.)
17B70 Graded Lie (super)algebras 18A23 Natural morphisms, dinatural morphisms
17B75 Color Lie (super)algebras 18A25 Functor categories, comma categories
17B80 Applications to integrable systems 18A30 Limits and colimits (products, sums, directed
17B81 Applications to physics limits, pushouts, fiber products, equalizers,
17B99 None of the above, but in this section kernels, ends and coends, etc.)
17Cxx Jordan algebras (algebras, triples and pairs) 18A32 Factorization of morphisms, substructures,
17C05 Identities and free Jordan structures quotient structures, congruences, amalgams
17C10 Structure theory 18A35 Categories admitting limits (complete categories),
17C17 Radicals functors preserving limits, completions
17 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 19Axx

18A40 Adjoint functors (universal constructions, 18E40 Torsion theories, radicals [See also 13D30,
reflective subcategories, Kan extensions, etc.) 16S90]
18A99 None of the above, but in this section 18E99 None of the above, but in this section
18Bxx Special categories 18Fxx Categories and geometry
18B05 Category of sets, characterizations [See also 03– 18F05 Local categories and functors
XX] 18F10 Grothendieck topologies [See also 14F20]
18B10 Category of relations, additive relations 18F15 Abstract manifolds and fiber bundles
18B15 Embedding theorems, universal categories [See also 55Rxx, 57Pxx]
[See also 18E20] 18F20 Presheaves and sheaves [See also 14F05, 32C35,
18B20 Categories of machines, automata, operative 32L10, 54B40, 55N30]
categories [See also 03D05, 68Qxx] 18F25 Algebraic K-theory and L-theory
18B25 Topoi [See also 03G30] [See also 11Exx, 11R70, 11S70, 12–XX, 13D15,
18B30 Categories of topological spaces and continuous 14Cxx, 16E20, 19–XX, 46L80, 57R65, 57R67]
mappings [See also 54–XX] 18F30 Grothendieck groups [See also 13D15, 16E20,
18B35 Preorders, orders and lattices (viewed as 19Axx]
categories) [See also 06–XX] 18F99 None of the above, but in this section
18B40 Groupoids, semigroupoids, semigroups, groups
18Gxx Homological algebra [See also 13Dxx, 16Exx,
(viewed as categories) [See also 20Axx, 20L05,
20Jxx, 55Nxx, 55Uxx, 57Txx]
20Mxx]
18G05 Projectives and injectives [See also 13C10,
18B99 None of the above, but in this section
13C11, 16D40, 16D50]
18Cxx Categories and theories
18G10 Resolutions; derived functors [See also 13D02,
18C05 Equational categories [See also 03C05, 08C05]
16E05, 18E25]
18C10 Theories (e.g. algebraic theories), structure, and
semantics [See also 03G30] 18G15 Ext and Tor, generalizations, Künneth formula
[See also 55U25]
18C15 Triples (= standard construction, monad or triad),
algebras for a triple, homology and derived 18G20 Homological dimension [See also 13D05, 16E10]
functors for triples [See also 18Gxx] 18G25 Relative homological algebra, projective classes
18C20 Algebras and Kleisli categories associated with 18G30 Simplicial sets, simplicial objects (in a category)
monads [See also 55U10]
18C30 Sketches and generalizations 18G35 Chain complexes [See also 18E30, 55U15]
18C35 Accessible and locally presentable categories 18G40 Spectral sequences, hypercohomology
18C50 Categorical semantics of formal languages [See also 55Txx]
[See also 68Q55, 68Q65] 18G50 Nonabelian homological algebra
18C99 None of the above, but in this section 18G55 Homotopical algebra
18Dxx Categories with structure 18G60 Other (co)homology theories [See also 19D55,
18D05 Double categories, 2-categories, bicategories and 46L80, 58J20, 58J22]
generalizations 18G99 None of the above, but in this section
18D10 Monoidal categories (= multiplicative categories),
19–XX K-THEORY [See also 16E20, 18F25]
symmetric monoidal categories, braided
19–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
categories [See also 19D23]
bibliographies, etc.)
18D15 Closed categories (closed monoidal and Cartesian
19–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
closed categories, etc.)
papers, etc.)
18D20 Enriched categories (over closed or monoidal
19–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
categories)
18D25 Strong functors, strong adjunctions 19–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
18D30 Fibered categories classification number from Section 01)
18D35 Structured objects in a category (group objects, 19–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
etc.) the theory of computation or programming)
18D50 Operads [See also 55P48] 19–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
18D99 None of the above, but in this section 19Axx Grothendieck groups and K0 [See also 13D15,
18Exx Abelian categories 18F30]
18E05 Preadditive, additive categories 19A13 Stability for projective modules [See also 13C10]
18E10 Exact categories, abelian categories 19A15 Efficient generation
18E15 Grothendieck categories 19A22 Frobenius induction, Burnside and representation
18E20 Embedding theorems [See also 18B15] rings
18E25 Derived functors and satellites 19A31 K0 of group rings and orders
18E30 Derived categories, triangulated categories 19A49 K0 of other rings
18E35 Localization of categories 19A99 None of the above, but in this section
19Bxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 18

19Bxx Whitehead groups and K1 19K99 None of the above, but in this section
19B10 Stable range conditions 19Lxx Topological K-theory [See also 55N15, 55R50,
19B14 Stability for linear groups 55S25]
19B28 K1 of group rings and orders [See also 57Q10] 19L10 Riemann-Roch theorems, Chern characters
19B37 Congruence subgroup problems [See also 20H05] 19L20 J-homomorphism, Adams operations
19B99 None of the above, but in this section [See also 55Q50]
19Cxx Steinberg groups and K2 19L41 Connective K-theory, cobordism
19C09 Central extensions and Schur multipliers [See also 55N22]
19C20 Symbols, presentations and stability of K2 19L47 Equivariant K-theory [See also 55N91, 55P91,
19C30 K2 and the Brauer group 55Q91, 55R91, 55S91]
19C40 Excision for K2 19L64 Computations, geometric applications
19C99 None of the above, but in this section 19L99 None of the above, but in this section
19Dxx Higher algebraic K-theory 19M05 Miscellaneous applications of K-theory
19D06 Q- and plus-constructions
20–XX GROUP THEORY AND
19D10 Algebraic K-theory of spaces
GENERALIZATIONS
19D23 Symmetric monoidal categories [See also 18D10]
20–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
19D25 Karoubi-Villamayor-Gersten K-theory
bibliographies, etc.)
19D35 Negative K-theory, NK and Nil
20–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
19D45 Higher symbols, Milnor K-theory
papers, etc.)
19D50 Computations of higher K-theory of rings
20–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
[See also 13D15, 16E20]
20–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
19D55 K-theory and homology; cyclic homology and
classification number from Section 01)
cohomology [See also 18G60]
20–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
19D99 None of the above, but in this section
the theory of computation or programming)
19Exx K-theory in geometry
19E08 K-theory of schemes [See also 14C35] 20–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
19E15 Algebraic cycles and motivic cohomology 20Axx Foundations
[See also 14C25, 14C35] 20A05 Axiomatics and elementary properties
19E20 Relations with cohomology theories 20A10 Metamathematical considerations {For word
[See also 14Fxx] problems, see 20F10}
19E99 None of the above, but in this section 20A15 Applications of logic to group theory
19Fxx K-theory in number theory [See also 11R70, 20A99 None of the above, but in this section
11S70] 20Bxx Permutation groups
19F05 Generalized class field theory [See also 11G45] 20B05 General theory for finite groups
19F15 Symbols and arithmetic [See also 11R37] 20B07 General theory for infinite groups
19F27 Étale cohomology, higher regulators, zeta and 20B10 Characterization theorems
L-functions [See also 11G40, 11R42, 11S40, 20B15 Primitive groups
14F20, 14G10] 20B20 Multiply transitive finite groups
19F99 None of the above, but in this section 20B22 Multiply transitive infinite groups
19Gxx K-theory of forms [See also 11Exx] 20B25 Finite automorphism groups of algebraic,
19G05 Stability for quadratic modules geometric, or combinatorial structures
19G12 Witt groups of rings [See also 11E81] [See also 05Bxx, 12F10, 20G40, 20H30, 51–XX]
19G24 L-theory of group rings [See also 11E81] 20B27 Infinite automorphism groups [See also 12F10]
19G38 Hermitian K-theory, relations with K-theory of 20B30 Symmetric groups
rings 20B35 Subgroups of symmetric groups
19G99 None of the above, but in this section 20B40 Computational methods
19Jxx Obstructions from topology 20B99 None of the above, but in this section
19J05 Finiteness and other obstructions in K0 20Cxx Representation theory of groups
19J10 Whitehead (and related) torsion [See also 19A22 (for representation rings and
19J25 Surgery obstructions [See also 57R67] Burnside rings)]
19J35 Obstructions to group actions 20C05 Group rings of finite groups and their modules
19J99 None of the above, but in this section [See also 16S34]
19Kxx K-theory and operator algebras 20C07 Group rings of infinite groups and their modules
[See mainly 46L80, and also 46M20] [See also 16S34]
19K14 K0 as an ordered group, traces 20C08 Hecke algebras and their representations
19K33 EXT and K-homology [See also 55N22] 20C10 Integral representations of finite groups
19K35 Kasparov theory (KK-theory) [See also 58J22] 20C11 p-adic representations of finite groups
19K56 Index theory [See also 58J20, 58J22] 20C12 Integral representations of infinite groups
19 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 20Gxx

20C15 Ordinary representations and characters 20F10 Word problems, other decision problems,
20C20 Modular representations and characters connections with logic and automata
20C25 Projective representations and multipliers [See also 03B25, 03D05, 03D40, 06B25, 08A50,
20C30 Representations of finite symmetric groups 68Q70]
20C32 Representations of infinite symmetric groups 20F12 Commutator calculus
20C33 Representations of finite groups of Lie type 20F14 Derived series, central series, and generalizations
20C34 Representations of sporadic groups 20F16 Solvable groups, supersolvable groups
20C35 Applications of group representations to physics [See also 20D10]
20C40 Computational methods 20F17 Formations of groups, Fitting classes
20C99 None of the above, but in this section [See also 20D10]
20Dxx Abstract finite groups 20F18 Nilpotent groups [See also 20D15]
20D05 Classification of simple and nonsolvable groups 20F19 Generalizations of solvable and nilpotent groups
20D06 Simple groups: alternating groups and groups of 20F22 Other classes of groups defined by subgroup
Lie type [See also 20Gxx] chains
20D08 Simple groups: sporadic groups 20F24 FC-groups and their generalizations
20D10 Solvable groups, theory of formations, Schunck 20F28 Automorphism groups of groups
classes, Fitting classes, π-length, ranks [See also 20E36]
[See also 20F17] 20F29 Representations of groups as automorphism
20D15 Nilpotent groups, p-groups groups of algebraic systems
20D20 Sylow subgroups, Sylow properties, π-groups, π- 20F34 Fundamental groups and their automorphisms
structure [See also 57M05, 57Sxx]
20D25 Special subgroups (Frattini, Fitting, etc.) 20F36 Braid groups; Artin groups
20D30 Series and lattices of subgroups 20F38 Other groups related to topology or analysis
20D35 Subnormal subgroups 20F40 Associated Lie structures
20D40 Products of subgroups 20F45 Engel conditions
20D45 Automorphisms 20F50 Periodic groups; locally finite groups
20D60 Arithmetic and combinatorial problems 20F55 Reflection and Coxeter groups [See also 22E40,
20D99 None of the above, but in this section 51F15]
20Exx Structure and classification of infinite or finite 20F60 Ordered groups [See mainly 06F15]
groups 20F65 Geometric group theory [See also 05C25, 20E08,
20E05 Free nonabelian groups 57Mxx]
20E06 Free products, free products with amalgamation, 20F67 Hyperbolic groups and nonpositively curved
Higman-Neumann-Neumann extensions, and groups
generalizations 20F69 Asymptotic properties of groups
20E07 Subgroup theorems; subgroup growth 20F99 None of the above, but in this section
20E08 Groups acting on trees [See also 20F65] 20Gxx Linear algebraic groups (classical groups)
20E10 Quasivarieties and varieties of groups {For arithmetic theory, see 11E57, 11H56; for
20E15 Chains and lattices of subgroups, subnormal geometric theory, see 14Lxx, 22Exx; for other
subgroups [See also 20F22] methods in representation theory, see 15A30,
20E18 Limits, profinite groups 22E45, 22E46, 22E47, 22E50, 22E55}
20E22 Extensions, wreath products, and other 20G05 Representation theory
compositions [See also 20J05] 20G10 Cohomology theory
20E25 Local properties 20G15 Linear algebraic groups over arbitrary fields
20E26 Residual properties and generalizations 20G20 Linear algebraic groups over the reals, the
20E28 Maximal subgroups complexes, the quaternions
20E32 Simple groups [See also 20D05] 20G25 Linear algebraic groups over local fields and their
20E34 General structure theorems integers
20E36 General theorems concerning automorphisms of 20G30 Linear algebraic groups over global fields and
groups their integers
20E42 Groups with a BN -pair; buildings 20G35 Linear algebraic groups over adèles and other
[See also 51E24] rings and schemes
20E45 Conjugacy classes 20G40 Linear algebraic groups over finite fields
20E99 None of the above, but in this section 20G42 Quantum groups (quantized function algebras)
20Fxx Special aspects of infinite or finite groups and their representations [See also 16W35,
20F05 Generators, relations, and presentations 17B37, 81R50]
20F06 Cancellation theory; application of van Kampen 20G45 Applications to physics
diagrams [See also 57M05] 20G99 None of the above, but in this section
20Hxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 20

20Hxx Other groups of matrices [See also 15A30] 20M50 Connections of semigroups with homological
20H05 Unimodular groups, congruence subgroups algebra and category theory
[See also 11F06, 19B37, 22E40, 51F20] 20M99 None of the above, but in this section
20H10 Fuchsian groups and their generalizations 20Nxx Other generalizations of groups
[See also 11F06, 22E40, 30F35, 32Nxx] 20N02 Sets with a single binary operation (groupoids)
20H15 Other geometric groups, including 20N05 Loops, quasigroups [See also 05Bxx]
crystallographic groups [See also 51–XX, 20N10 Ternary systems (heaps, semiheaps, heapoids,
especially 51F15, and 82D25] etc.)
20H20 Other matrix groups over fields 20N15 n-ary systems (n ≥ 3)
20H25 Other matrix groups over rings 20N20 Hypergroups
20H30 Other matrix groups over finite fields 20N25 Fuzzy groups [See also 03E72]
20H99 None of the above, but in this section 20N99 None of the above, but in this section
20Jxx Connections with homological algebra and 20P05 Probabilistic methods in group theory
category theory [See also 60Bxx]
20J05 Homological methods in group theory
20J06 Cohomology of groups 22–XX TOPOLOGICAL GROUPS, LIE GROUPS
20J15 Category of groups {For transformation groups, see 54H15, 57Sxx,
58–XX. For abstract harmonic analysis, see
20J99 None of the above, but in this section
43–XX}
20Kxx Abelian groups
22–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
20K01 Finite abelian groups
bibliographies, etc.)
20K10 Torsion groups, primary groups and generalized
22–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
primary groups
papers, etc.)
20K15 Torsion-free groups, finite rank
22–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
20K20 Torsion-free groups, infinite rank
22–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
20K21 Mixed groups
classification number from Section 01)
20K25 Direct sums, direct products, etc.
22–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
20K27 Subgroups
the theory of computation or programming)
20K30 Automorphisms, homomorphisms,
22–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
endomorphisms, etc.
20K35 Extensions 22Axx Topological and differentiable algebraic
systems {For topological rings and fields, see
20K40 Homological and categorical methods
12Jxx, 13Jxx, 16W80}
20K45 Topological methods [See also 22A05, 22B05]
22A05 Structure of general topological groups
20K99 None of the above, but in this section
22A10 Analysis on general topological groups
20L05 Groupoids (i.e. small categories in which all
morphisms are isomorphisms) {For sets with 22A15 Structure of topological semigroups
a single binary operation, see 20N02; for 22A20 Analysis on topological semigroups
topological groupoids, see 22A22, 58H05} 22A22 Topological groupoids (including differentiable
20Mxx Semigroups and Lie groupoids) [See also 58H05]
20M05 Free semigroups, generators and relations, word 22A25 Representations of general topological groups and
problems semigroups
20M07 Varieties of semigroups 22A26 Topological semilattices, lattices and applications
20M10 General structure theory [See also 06B30, 06B35, 06F30]
20M11 Radical theory 22A30 Other topological algebraic systems and their
20M12 Ideal theory representations
20M14 Commutative semigroups 22A99 None of the above, but in this section
20M15 Mappings of semigroups 22Bxx Locally compact abelian groups (LCA groups)
20M17 Regular semigroups 22B05 General properties and structure of LCA groups
20M18 Inverse semigroups 22B10 Structure of group algebras of LCA groups
20M19 Orthodox semigroups 22B99 None of the above, but in this section
20M20 Semigroups of transformations, etc. 22C05 Compact groups
[See also 47D03, 47H20, 54H15] 22Dxx Locally compact groups and their algebras
20M25 Semigroup rings, multiplicative semigroups of 22D05 General properties and structure of locally
rings [See also 16S36, 16Y60] compact groups
20M30 Representation of semigroups; actions of 22D10 Unitary representations of locally compact groups
semigroups on sets 22D12 Other representations of locally compact groups
20M35 Semigroups in automata theory, linguistics, etc. 22D15 Group algebras of locally compact groups
[See also 03D05, 68Q70, 68T50] 22D20 Representations of group algebras
21 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 26Bxx

22D25 C ∗ -algebras and W *-algebras in relation to group 22F30 Homogeneous spaces {For general actions on
representations [See also 46Lxx] manifolds or preserving geometrical structures,
22D30 Induced representations see 57M60, 57Sxx; for discrete subgroups of Lie
22D35 Duality theorems groups see especially 22E40}
22D40 Ergodic theory on groups [See also 28Dxx] 22F50 Groups as automorphisms of other structures
22D45 Automorphism groups of locally compact groups 26–XX REAL FUNCTIONS [See also 54C30]
22D99 None of the above, but in this section 26–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
22Exx Lie groups {For the topology of Lie groups bibliographies, etc.)
and homogeneous spaces, see 57Sxx, 57Txx; 26–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
for analysis thereon, see 43A80, 43A85, 43A90} papers, etc.)
22E05 Local Lie groups [See also 34–XX, 35–XX, 26–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
58H05] 26–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
22E10 General properties and structure of complex Lie classification number from Section 01)
groups [See also 32M05] 26–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
22E15 General properties and structure of real Lie the theory of computation or programming)
groups 26–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
22E20 General properties and structure of other Lie 26Axx Functions of one variable
groups 26A03 Foundations: limits and generalizations,
22E25 Nilpotent and solvable Lie groups elementary topology of the line
22E27 Representations of nilpotent and solvable Lie 26A06 One-variable calculus
groups (special orbital integrals, non-type I 26A09 Elementary functions
representations, etc.) 26A12 Rate of growth of functions, orders of infinity,
22E30 Analysis on real and complex Lie groups slowly varying functions [See also 26A48]
[See also 33C80, 43–XX] 26A15 Continuity and related questions (modulus
22E35 Analysis on p-adic Lie groups of continuity, semicontinuity, discontinuities,
22E40 Discrete subgroups of Lie groups etc.) {For properties determined by Fourier
[See also 20Hxx, 32Nxx] coefficients, see 42A16; for those determined by
22E41 Continuous cohomology [See also 57R32, 57Txx, approximation properties, see 41A25, 41A27}
58H10] 26A16 Lipschitz (Hölder) classes
22E43 Structure and representation of the Lorentz group 26A18 Iteration [See also 37Bxx, 37Cxx, 37Exx, 39B12,
22E45 Representations of Lie and linear algebraic 47H10, 54H25]
groups over real fields: analytic methods {For 26A21 Classification of real functions; Baire
the purely algebraic theory, see 20G05} classification of sets and functions
22E46 Semisimple Lie groups and their representations [See also 03E15, 28A05, 54C50]
22E47 Representations of Lie and real algebraic 26A24 Differentiation (functions of one variable):
groups: algebraic methods (Verma modules, etc.) general theory, generalized derivatives, mean-
[See also 17B10] value theorems [See also 28A15]
22E50 Representations of Lie and linear algebraic 26A27 Nondifferentiability (nondifferentiable functions,
groups over local fields [See also 20G05] points of nondifferentiability), discontinuous
22E55 Representations of Lie and linear algebraic derivatives
groups over global fields and adèle rings 26A30 Singular functions, Cantor functions, functions
[See also 20G05] with other special properties
22E60 Lie algebras of Lie groups {For the algebraic 26A33 Fractional derivatives and integrals
theory of Lie algebras, see 17Bxx} 26A36 Antidifferentiation
22E65 Infinite-dimensional Lie groups and their Lie 26A39 Denjoy and Perron integrals, other special
algebras [See also 17B65, 58B25, 58H05] integrals
22E67 Loop groups and related constructions, group- 26A42 Integrals of Riemann, Stieltjes and Lebesgue type
theoretic treatment [See also 58D05] [See also 28–XX]
22E70 Applications of Lie groups to physics; explicit 26A45 Functions of bounded variation, generalizations
representations [See also 81R05, 81R10] 26A46 Absolutely continuous functions
22E99 None of the above, but in this section 26A48 Monotonic functions, generalizations
22Fxx Noncompact transformation groups 26A51 Convexity, generalizations
22F05 General theory of group and pseudogroup actions 26A99 None of the above, but in this section
{For topological properties of spaces with an 26Bxx Functions of several variables
action, see 57S20} 26B05 Continuity and differentiation questions
22F10 Measurable group actions [See also 22D40, 26B10 Implicit function theorems, Jacobians,
28Dxx, 37Axx] transformations with several variables
26Bxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 22

26B12 Calculus of vector functions 28–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
26B15 Integration: length, area, volume classification number from Section 01)
[See also 28A75, 51M25] 28–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
26B20 Integral formulas (Stokes, Gauss, Green, etc.) the theory of computation or programming)
26B25 Convexity, generalizations 28–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
26B30 Absolutely continuous functions, functions of 28Axx Classical measure theory
bounded variation 28A05 Classes of sets (Borel fields, σ-rings, etc.),
26B35 Special properties of functions of several measurable sets, Suslin sets, analytic sets
variables, Hölder conditions, etc. [See also 03E15, 26A21, 54H05]
26B40 Representation and superposition of functions 28A10 Real- or complex-valued set functions
26B99 None of the above, but in this section 28A12 Contents, measures, outer measures, capacities
26Cxx Polynomials, rational functions 28A15 Abstract differentiation theory, differentiation of
26C05 Polynomials: analytic properties, etc. set functions [See also 26A24]
[See also 12Dxx, 12Exx] 28A20 Measurable and nonmeasurable functions,
sequences of measurable functions, modes of
26C10 Polynomials: location of zeros [See also 12D10,
convergence
30C15, 65H05]
28A25 Integration with respect to measures and other set
26C15 Rational functions [See also 14Pxx]
functions
26C99 None of the above, but in this section
28A33 Spaces of measures, convergence of measures
26Dxx Inequalities {For maximal function [See also 46E27, 60Bxx]
inequalities, see 42B25; for functional 28A35 Measures and integrals in product spaces
inequalities, see 39B72; for probabilistic 28A50 Integration and disintegration of measures
inequalities, see 60E15} 28A51 Lifting theory [See also 46G15]
26D05 Inequalities for trigonometric functions and 28A60 Measures on Boolean rings, measure algebras
polynomials [See also 54H10]
26D07 Inequalities involving other types of functions 28A75 Length, area, volume, other geometric measure
26D10 Inequalities involving derivatives and differential theory [See also 26B15, 49Q15]
and integral operators 28A78 Hausdorff and packing measures
26D15 Inequalities for sums, series and integrals 28A80 Fractals [See also 37Fxx]
26D20 Other analytical inequalities 28A99 None of the above, but in this section
26D99 None of the above, but in this section 28Bxx Set functions, measures and integrals with
26Exx Miscellaneous topics [See also 58Cxx] values in abstract spaces
26E05 Real-analytic functions [See also 32B05, 32C05] 28B05 Vector-valued set functions, measures and
26E10 C ∞ -functions, quasi-analytic functions integrals [See also 46G10]
[See also 58C25] 28B10 Group- or semigroup-valued set functions,
26E15 Calculus of functions on infinite-dimensional measures and integrals
spaces [See also 46G05, 58Cxx] 28B15 Set functions, measures and integrals with values
26E20 Calculus of functions taking values in infinite- in ordered spaces
dimensional spaces [See also 46E40, 46G10, 28B20 Set-valued set functions and measures; integration
58Cxx] of set-valued functions; measurable selections
26E25 Set-valued functions [See also 28B20, 54C60] [See also 26E25, 54C60, 54C65, 91B14]
{For nonsmooth analysis, see 49J52, 58Cxx, 28B99 None of the above, but in this section
90Cxx} 28Cxx Set functions and measures on spaces with
26E30 Non-Archimedean analysis [See also 12J25] additional structure [See also 46G12, 58C35,
26E35 Nonstandard analysis [See also 03H05, 28E05, 58D20]
54J05] 28C05 Integration theory via linear functionals (Radon
26E40 Constructive real analysis [See also 03F60] measures, Daniell integrals, etc.), representing set
26E50 Fuzzy real analysis [See also 03E72, 28E10] functions and measures
26E60 Means [See also 47A64] 28C10 Set functions and measures on topological
groups, Haar measures, invariant measures
26E99 None of the above, but in this section
[See also 22Axx, 43A05]
28–XX MEASURE AND INTEGRATION {For 28C15 Set functions and measures on topological spaces
analysis on manifolds, see 58–XX} (regularity of measures, etc.)
28–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 28C20 Set functions and measures and integrals in
bibliographies, etc.) infinite-dimensional spaces (Wiener measure,
28–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial Gaussian measure, etc.) [See also 46G12, 58C35,
papers, etc.) 58D20, 60B11]
28–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 28C99 None of the above, but in this section
23 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 30Fxx

28Dxx Measure-theoretic ergodic theory 30C35 General theory of conformal mappings

[See also 11K50, 11K55, 22D40, 37Axx, 47A35, 30C40 Kernel functions and applications
54H20, 60Fxx, 60G10] 30C45 Special classes of univalent and multivalent
28D05 Measure-preserving transformations functions (starlike, convex, bounded rotation, etc.)
28D10 One-parameter continuous families of measure- 30C50 Coefficient problems for univalent and multivalent
preserving transformations functions
28D15 General groups of measure-preserving 30C55 General theory of univalent and multivalent
transformations functions
28D20 Entropy and other invariants 30C62 Quasiconformal mappings in the plane
28D99 None of the above, but in this section 30C65 Quasiconformal mappings in Rn , other
28Exx Miscellaneous topics in measure theory generalizations
28E05 Nonstandard measure theory [See also 03H05, 30C70 Extremal problems for conformal and
26E35] quasiconformal mappings, variational methods
28E10 Fuzzy measure theory [See also 03E72, 26E50, 30C75 Extremal problems for conformal and
94D05] quasiconformal mappings, other methods
28E15 Other connections with logic and set theory 30C80 Maximum principle; Schwarz’s lemma, Lindelöf
28E99 None of the above, but in this section principle, analogues and generalizations;
subordination
30–XX FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 30C85 Capacity and harmonic measure in the complex
{For analysis on manifolds, see 58–XX} plane [See also 31A15]
30–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 30C99 None of the above, but in this section
bibliographies, etc.) 30Dxx Entire and meromorphic functions, and related
30–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial topics
papers, etc.) 30D05 Functional equations in the complex domain,
30–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) iteration and composition of analytic functions
30–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one [See also 34Mxx, 37Fxx, 39–XX]
classification number from Section 01) 30D10 Representations of entire functions by series and
30–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not integrals
the theory of computation or programming) 30D15 Special classes of entire functions and growth
30–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. estimates
30Axx General properties 30D20 Entire functions, general theory
30A05 Monogenic properties of complex functions 30D30 Meromorphic functions, general theory
(including polygenic and areolar monogenic 30D35 Distribution of values, Nevanlinna theory
functions) 30D40 Cluster sets, prime ends, boundary behavior
30A10 Inequalities in the complex domain 30D45 Bloch functions, normal functions, normal
30A99 None of the above, but in this section families
30Bxx Series expansions 30D50 Blaschke products, bounded mean oscillation,
30B10 Power series (including lacunary series) bounded characteristic, bounded functions,
30B20 Random power series functions with positive real part
30B30 Boundary behavior of power series, over- 30D55 H p -classes
convergence 30D60 Quasi-analytic and other classes of functions
30B40 Analytic continuation 30D99 None of the above, but in this section
30B50 Dirichlet series and other series expansions, 30Exx Miscellaneous topics of analysis in the complex
exponential series [See also 11M41, 42–XX] domain
30B60 Completeness problems, closure of a system of 30E05 Moment problems, interpolation problems
functions 30E10 Approximation in the complex domain
30B70 Continued fractions [See also 11A55, 40A15] 30E15 Asymptotic representations in the complex
30B99 None of the above, but in this section domain
30Cxx Geometric function theory 30E20 Integration, integrals of Cauchy type,
30C10 Polynomials integral representations of analytic functions
30C15 Zeros of polynomials, rational functions, and [See also 45Exx]
other analytic functions (e.g. zeros of functions 30E25 Boundary value problems [See also 45Exx]
with bounded Dirichlet integral) {For algebraic 30E99 None of the above, but in this section
theory, see 12D10; for real methods, see 26C10} 30Fxx Riemann surfaces
30C20 Conformal mappings of special domains 30F10 Compact Riemann surfaces and uniformization
30C25 Covering theorems in conformal mapping theory [See also 14H15, 32G15]
30C30 Numerical methods in conformal mapping theory 30F15 Harmonic functions on Riemann surfaces
[See also 65E05] 30F20 Classification theory of Riemann surfaces
30Fxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 24

30F25 Ideal boundary theory 31B30 Biharmonic and polyharmonic equations and
30F30 Differentials on Riemann surfaces functions
30F35 Fuchsian groups and automorphic functions 31B35 Connections with differential equations
[See also 11Fxx, 20H10, 22E40, 32Gxx, 32Nxx] 31B99 None of the above, but in this section
30F40 Kleinian groups [See also 20H10] 31Cxx Other generalizations
30F45 Conformal metrics (hyperbolic, Poincaré, distance 31C05 Harmonic, subharmonic, superharmonic functions
functions) 31C10 Pluriharmonic and plurisubharmonic functions
30F50 Klein surfaces [See also 32U05]
30F60 Teichmüller theory [See also 32G15] 31C12 Potential theory on Riemannian manifolds
30F99 None of the above, but in this section [See also 53C20; for Hodge theory, see 58A14]
30Gxx Generalized function theory 31C15 Potentials and capacities
30G06 Non-Archimedean function theory 31C20 Discrete potential theory and numerical methods
[See also 12J25]; nonstandard function theory 31C25 Dirichlet spaces
[See also 03H05] 31C35 Martin boundary theory [See also 60J50]
30G12 Finely holomorphic functions and topological 31C40 Fine potential theory
function theory 31C45 Other generalizations (nonlinear potential theory,
30G20 Generalizations of Bers or Vekua type etc.)
(pseudoanalytic, p-analytic, etc.) 31C99 None of the above, but in this section
30G25 Discrete analytic functions 31D05 Axiomatic potential theory
30G30 Other generalizations of analytic functions
32–XX SEVERAL COMPLEX VARIABLES AND
(including abstract-valued functions)
ANALYTIC SPACES {For infinite-dimensional
30G35 Functions of hypercomplex variables and
holomorphy, see 46G20, 58B12}
generalized variables
32–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
30G99 None of the above, but in this section
bibliographies, etc.)
30H05 Spaces and algebras of analytic functions
32–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
[See also 32A38, 46Exx, 46J15]
papers, etc.)
31–XX POTENTIAL THEORY {For probabilistic 32–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
potential theory, see 60J45} 32–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
31–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, classification number from Section 01)
bibliographies, etc.) 32–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
31–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial the theory of computation or programming)
papers, etc.) 32–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
31–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 32Axx Holomorphic functions of several complex
31–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one variables
classification number from Section 01) 32A05 Power series, series of functions
31–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 32A07 Special domains (Reinhardt, Hartogs, circular,
the theory of computation or programming) tube)
31–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 32A10 Holomorphic functions
31Axx Two-dimensional theory 32A12 Multifunctions
31A05 Harmonic, subharmonic, superharmonic functions 32A15 Entire functions
31A10 Integral representations, integral operators, 32A17 Special families of functions
integral equations methods 32A18 Bloch functions, normal functions
31A15 Potentials and capacity, harmonic measure, 32A19 Normal families of functions, mappings
extremal length [See also 30C85] 32A20 Meromorphic functions
31A20 Boundary behavior (theorems of Fatou type, etc.) 32A22 Nevanlinna theory (local); growth estimates; other
31A25 Boundary value and inverse problems inequalities {For geometric theory, see 32H25,
31A30 Biharmonic, polyharmonic functions and 32H30}
equations, Poisson’s equation 32A25 Integral representations; canonical kernels (Szegő,
31A35 Connections with differential equations Bergman, etc.)
31A99 None of the above, but in this section 32A26 Integral representations, constructed kernels (e.g.
31Bxx Higher-dimensional theory Cauchy, Fantappiè-type kernels)
31B05 Harmonic, subharmonic, superharmonic functions 32A27 Local theory of residues [See also 32C30]
31B10 Integral representations, integral operators, 32A30 Other generalizations of function theory of one
integral equations methods complex variable (should also be assigned at least
31B15 Potentials and capacities, extremal length one classification number from Section 30) {For
31B20 Boundary value and inverse problems functions of several hypercomplex variables, see
31B25 Boundary behavior 30G35}
25 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 32Jxx

32A35 H p -spaces, Nevanlinna spaces [See also 32M15, 32D20 Removable singularities
42B30, 43A85, 46J15] 32D26 Riemann domains
32A36 Bergman spaces 32D99 None of the above, but in this section
32A37 Other spaces of holomorphic functions (e.g. 32Exx Holomorphic convexity
bounded mean oscillation (BMOA), vanishing 32E05 Holomorphically convex complex spaces,
mean oscillation (VMOA)) [See also 46Exx] reduction theory
32A38 Algebras of holomorphic functions 32E10 Stein spaces, Stein manifolds
[See also 30H05, 46J10, 46J15] 32E20 Polynomial convexity
32A40 Boundary behavior of holomorphic functions 32E30 Holomorphic and polynomial approximation,
32A45 Hyperfunctions [See also 46F15] Runge pairs, interpolation
32A50 Harmonic analysis of several complex variables 32E35 Global boundary behavior of holomorphic
[See mainly 43–XX] functions
32A55 Singular integrals 32E40 The Levi problem
32A60 Zero sets of holomorphic functions 32E99 None of the above, but in this section
32A65 Banach algebra techniques [See mainly 46Jxx] 32Fxx Geometric convexity
32A70 Functional analysis techniques 32F10 q-convexity, q-concavity
[See mainly 46Exx] 32F17 Other notions of convexity
32A99 None of the above, but in this section 32F18 Finite-type conditions
32Bxx Local analytic geometry [See also 13–XX and 32F27 Topological consequences of geometric convexity
14–XX] 32F32 Analytical consequences of geometric convexity
32B05 Analytic algebras and generalizations, preparation (vanishing theorems, etc.)
theorems 32F45 Invariant metrics and pseudodistances
32B10 Germs of analytic sets, local parametrization 32F99 None of the above, but in this section
32B15 Analytic subsets of affine space 32Gxx Deformations of analytic structures
32B20 Semi-analytic sets and subanalytic sets 32G05 Deformations of complex structures
[See also 14P15] [See also 13D10, 16S80, 58H10, 58H15]
32B25 Triangulation and related questions 32G07 Deformations of special (e.g. CR) structures
32B99 None of the above, but in this section 32G08 Deformations of fiber bundles
32Cxx Analytic spaces 32G10 Deformations of submanifolds and subspaces
32C05 Real-analytic manifolds, real-analytic spaces 32G13 Analytic moduli problems {For algebraic moduli
[See also 14Pxx, 58A07] problems, see 14D20, 14D22, 14H10, 14J10}
32C07 Real-analytic sets, complex Nash functions [See also 14H15, 14J15]
[See also 14P15, 14P20] 32G15 Moduli of Riemann surfaces, Teichmüller theory
32C09 Embedding of real analytic manifolds [See also 14H15, 30Fxx]
32C11 Complex supergeometry [See also 14A22, 32G20 Period matrices, variation of Hodge structure;
14M30, 58A50] degenerations [See also 14D05, 14D07, 14K30]
32C15 Complex spaces 32G34 Moduli and deformations for ordinary differential
32C18 Topology of analytic spaces equations (e.g. Khnizhnik-Zamolodchikov
32C20 Normal analytic spaces equation) [See also 34Mxx]
32C22 Embedding of analytic spaces 32G81 Applications to physics
32C25 Analytic subsets and submanifolds 32G99 None of the above, but in this section
32C30 Integration on analytic sets and spaces, currents 32Hxx Holomorphic mappings and correspondences
{For local theory, see 32A25 or 32A27} 32H02 Holomorphic mappings, (holomorphic)
32C35 Analytic sheaves and cohomology groups embeddings and related questions
[See also 14Fxx, 18F20, 55N30] 32H04 Meromorphic mappings
32C36 Local cohomology of analytic spaces 32H12 Boundary uniqueness of mappings
32C37 Duality theorems 32H25 Picard-type theorems and generalizations {For
32C38 Sheaves of differential operators and their function-theoretic properties, see 32A22}
modules, D-modules [See also 14F10, 16S32, 32H30 Value distribution theory in higher dimensions
35A27, 58J15] {For function-theoretic properties, see 32A22}
32C55 The Levi problem in complex spaces; 32H35 Proper mappings, finiteness theorems
generalizations 32H40 Boundary regularity of mappings
32C81 Applications to physics 32H50 Iteration problems
32C99 None of the above, but in this section 32H99 None of the above, but in this section
32Dxx Analytic continuation 32Jxx Compact analytic spaces {For Riemann
32D05 Domains of holomorphy surfaces, see 14Hxx, 30Fxx; for algebraic
32D10 Envelopes of holomorphy theory, see 14Jxx}
32D15 Continuation of analytic objects 32J05 Compactification of analytic spaces
32Jxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 26

32J10 Algebraic dependence theorems 32Qxx Complex manifolds

32J15 Compact surfaces 32Q05 Negative curvature manifolds
32J17 Compact 3-folds 32Q10 Positive curvature manifolds
32J18 Compact n-folds 32Q15 Kähler manifolds
32J25 Transcendental methods of algebraic geometry 32Q20 Kähler-Einstein manifolds [See also 53Cxx]
[See also 14C30] 32Q25 Calabi-Yau theory
32J27 Compact Kähler manifolds: generalizations, 32Q28 Stein manifolds
classification 32Q30 Uniformization
32J81 Applications to physics 32Q35 Complex manifolds as subdomains of Euclidean
32J99 None of the above, but in this section space
32Kxx Generalizations of analytic spaces (should also 32Q40 Embedding theorems
be assigned at least one other classification 32Q45 Hyperbolic and Kobayashi hyperbolic manifolds
number from Section 32 describing the type of 32Q55 Topological aspects of complex manifolds
problem) 32Q57 Classification theorems
32K05 Banach analytic spaces [See also 58Bxx] 32Q60 Almost complex manifolds
32K07 Formal and graded complex spaces 32Q65 Pseudoholomorphic curves
[See also 58C50]
32Q99 None of the above, but in this section
32K15 Differentiable functions on analytic spaces,
32Sxx Singularities [See also 58Kxx]
differentiable spaces [See also 58C25]
32S05 Local singularities [See also 14J17]
32K99 None of the above, but in this section
32S10 Invariants of analytic local rings
32Lxx Holomorphic fiber spaces [See also 55Rxx]
32S15 Equisingularity (topological and analytic)
32L05 Holomorphic bundles and generalizations
[See also 14E15]
32L10 Sheaves and cohomology of sections of
32S20 Global theory of singularities; cohomological
holomorphic vector bundles, general results
properties [See also 14E15]
[See also 14F05, 18F20, 55N30]
32S22 Relations with arrangements of hyperplanes
32L15 Bundle convexity [See also 32F10]
[See also 52C35]
32L20 Vanishing theorems
32S25 Surface and hypersurface singularities
32L25 Twistor theory, double fibrations
[See also 14J17]
[See also 53C28]
32S30 Deformations of singularities; vanishing cycles
32L81 Applications to physics
[See also 14B07]
32L99 None of the above, but in this section
32S35 Mixed Hodge theory of singular varieties
32Mxx Complex spaces with a group of
[See also 14C30, 14D07]
automorphisms
32S40 Monodromy; relations with differential equations
32M05 Complex Lie groups, automorphism groups acting
and D-modules
on complex spaces [See also 22E10]
32M10 Homogeneous complex manifolds 32S45 Modifications; resolution of singularities
[See also 14M17, 57T15] [See also 14E15]
32M12 Almost homogeneous manifolds and spaces 32S50 Topological aspects: Lefschetz theorems,
[See also 14M17] topological classification, invariants
32M15 Hermitian symmetric spaces, bounded symmetric 32S55 Milnor fibration; relations with knot theory
domains, Jordan algebras [See also 22E10, [See also 57M25, 57Q45]
22E40, 53C35, 57T15] 32S60 Stratifications; constructible sheaves; intersection
32M17 Automorphism groups of Cn and affine cohomology [See also 58Kxx]
manifolds 32S65 Singularities of holomorphic vector fields and
32M25 Complex vector fields foliations
32M99 None of the above, but in this section 32S70 Other operations on singularities
32Nxx Automorphic functions [See also 11Fxx, 32S99 None of the above, but in this section
20H10, 22E40, 30F35] 32Txx Pseudoconvex domains
32N05 General theory of automorphic functions of 32T05 Domains of holomorphy
several complex variables 32T15 Strongly pseudoconvex domains
32N10 Automorphic forms 32T20 Worm domains
32N15 Automorphic functions in symmetric domains 32T25 Finite type domains
32N99 None of the above, but in this section 32T27 Geometric and analytic invariants on weakly
32P05 Non-Archimedean complex analysis pseudoconvex boundaries
(should also be assigned at least one other 32T35 Exhaustion functions
classification number from Section 32 32T40 Peak functions
describing the type of problem) 32T99 None of the above, but in this section
27 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 33Exx

32Uxx Pluripotential theory 33C10 Bessel and Airy functions, cylinder functions, 0 F1
32U05 Plurisubharmonic functions and generalizations 33C15 Confluent hypergeometric functions, Whittaker
[See also 31C10] functions, 1 F1
32U10 Plurisubharmonic exhaustion functions 33C20 Generalized hypergeometric series, p Fq
32U15 General pluripotential theory 33C45 Orthogonal polynomials and functions of
32U20 Capacity theory and generalizations hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite,
32U25 Lelong numbers Askey scheme, etc.) [See also 42C05 for general
32U30 Removable sets orthogonal polynomials and functions]
32U35 Pluricomplex Green functions 33C47 Other special orthogonal polynomials and
32U40 Currents functions
32U99 None of the above, but in this section 33C50 Orthogonal polynomials and functions in several
32Vxx CR Manifolds variables expressible in terms of special functions
32V05 CR structures, CR operators, and generalizations in one variable
32V10 CR functions 33C52 Orthogonal polynomials and functions associated
32V15 CR manifolds as boundaries of domains with root systems
32V20 Analysis on CR manifolds 33C55 Spherical harmonics
32V25 Extension of functions and other analytic objects 33C60 Hypergeometric integrals and functions defined
from CR manifolds by them (E, G and H functions)
32V30 Embeddings of CR manifolds 33C65 Appell, Horn and Lauricella functions
32V35 Finite type conditions on CR manifolds 33C67 Hypergeometric functions associated with root
32V40 Real submanifolds in complex manifolds systems
32V99 None of the above, but in this section 33C70 Other hypergeometric functions and integrals in
32Wxx Differential operators in several variables several variables
32W05 ∂ and ∂-Neumann operators 33C75 Elliptic integrals as hypergeometric functions
32W10 ∂ b and ∂ b -Neumann operators 33C80 Connections with groups and algebras, and
32W20 Complex Monge-Ampère operators related topics
32W25 Pseudodifferential operators in several complex 33C90 Applications
variables 33C99 None of the above, but in this section
32W30 Heat kernels in several complex variables 33Dxx Basic hypergeometric functions
32W50 Other partial differential equations of complex 33D05 q-gamma functions, q-beta functions and integrals
analysis 33D15 Basic hypergeometric functions in one variable,
r ϕs
32W99 None of the above, but in this section
33D45 Basic orthogonal polynomials and functions
33–XX SPECIAL FUNCTIONS (33–XX DEALS (Askey-Wilson polynomials, etc.)
WITH THE PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONS 33D50 Orthogonal polynomials and functions in
AS FUNCTIONS) {For orthogonal functions, several variables expressible in terms of basic
see 42Cxx; for aspects of combinatorics see hypergeometric functions in one variable
05Axx; for number-theoretic aspects see 11– 33D52 Basic orthogonal polynomials and functions
XX; for representation theory see 22Exx} associated with root systems (Macdonald
33–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, polynomials, etc.)
bibliographies, etc.) 33D60 Basic hypergeometric integrals and functions
33–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial defined by them
papers, etc.) 33D65 Bibasic functions and multiple bases
33–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 33D67 Basic hypergeometric functions associated with
33–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one root systems
classification number from Section 01) 33D70 Other basic hypergeometric functions and
33–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not integrals in several variables
the theory of computation or programming) 33D80 Connections with quantum groups, Chevalley
33–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. groups, p-adic groups, Hecke algebras, and
33Bxx Elementary classical functions related topics
33B10 Exponential and trigonometric functions 33D90 Applications
33B15 Gamma, beta and polygamma functions 33D99 None of the above, but in this section
33B20 Incomplete beta and gamma functions (error 33Exx Other special functions
functions, probability integral, Fresnel integrals) 33E05 Elliptic functions and integrals
33B30 Higher logarithm functions 33E10 Lamé, Mathieu, and spheroidal wave functions
33B99 None of the above, but in this section 33E12 Mittag-Leffler functions and generalizations
33Cxx Hypergeometric functions 33E15 Other wave functions
33C05 Classical hypergeometric functions, 2 F1 33E17 Painlevé-type functions
33Exx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 28

33E20 Other functions defined by series and integrals 34B20 Weyl theory and its generalizations
33E30 Other functions coming from differential, 34B24 Sturm-Liouville theory [See also 34Lxx]
difference and integral equations 34B27 Green functions
33E50 Special functions in characteristic p (gamma 34B30 Special equations (Mathieu, Hill, Bessel, etc.)
functions, etc.) 34B37 Boundary value problems with impulses
33E99 None of the above, but in this section 34B40 Boundary value problems on infinite intervals
33Fxx Computational aspects 34B45 Boundary value problems on graphs and networks
33F05 Numerical approximation [See also 65D20] 34B60 Applications
33F10 Symbolic computation (Gosper and Zeilberger 34B99 None of the above, but in this section
algorithms, etc.) [See also 68W30] 34Cxx Qualitative theory [See also 37–XX]
33F99 None of the above, but in this section 34C05 Location of integral curves, singular points, limit
cycles
34–XX ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
34C07 Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic
34–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds,
bibliographies, etc.)
Hilbert’s 16th problem and ramifications)
34–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
34C08 Connections with real algebraic geometry
papers, etc.)
(fewnomials, desingularization, zeros of Abelian
34–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
integrals, etc.)
34–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 34C10 Oscillation theory, zeros, disconjugacy and
classification number from Section 01) comparison theory
34–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 34C11 Growth, boundedness, comparison of solutions
the theory of computation or programming) 34C12 Monotone systems
34–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 34C14 Symmetries, invariants
34Axx General theory 34C15 Nonlinear oscillations, coupled oscillators
34A05 Explicit solutions and reductions 34C20 Transformation and reduction of equations and
34A09 Implicit equations, differential-algebraic equations systems, normal forms
[See also 65L80] 34C23 Bifurcation [See mainly 37Gxx]
34A12 Initial value problems, existence, uniqueness, 34C25 Periodic solutions
continuous dependence and continuation of 34C26 Relaxation oscillations
solutions 34C27 Almost periodic solutions
34A25 Analytical theory: series, transformations, 34C28 Complex behavior, chaotic systems
transforms, operational calculus, etc. [See mainly 37Dxx]
[See also 44–XX] 34C29 Averaging method
34A26 Geometric methods in differential equations 34C30 Manifolds of solutions
34A30 Linear equations and systems, general 34C37 Homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions
34A34 Nonlinear equations and systems, general 34C40 Equations and systems on manifolds
34A35 Differential equations of infinite order 34C41 Equivalence, asymptotic equivalence
34A36 Discontinuous equations 34C45 Method of integral manifolds
34A37 Differential equations with impulses 34C55 Hysteresis
34A40 Differential inequalities [See also 26D20] 34C60 Applications
34A45 Theoretical approximation of solutions {For 34C99 None of the above, but in this section
numerical analysis, see 65Lxx} 34Dxx Stability theory [See also 37C75, 93Dxx]
34A55 Inverse problems 34D05 Asymptotic properties
34A60 Differential inclusions [See also 49J24, 49K24] 34D08 Characteristic and Lyapunov exponents
34A99 None of the above, but in this section 34D09 Dichotomy, trichotomy
34Bxx Boundary value problems {For ordinary 34D10 Perturbations
differential operators, see 34Lxx} 34D15 Singular perturbations
34B05 Linear boundary value problems 34D20 Lyapunov stability
34B07 Linear boundary value problems with nonlinear 34D23 Global stability
dependence on the spectral parameter 34D30 Structural stability and analogous concepts
34B08 Multi-parameter boundary value problems [See also 37C20]
34B09 Boundary value problems with an indefinite 34D35 Stability of manifolds of solutions
weight 34D40 Ultimate boundedness
34B10 Multipoint boundary value problems 34D45 Attractors [See also 37C70, 37D45]
34B15 Nonlinear boundary value problems 34D99 None of the above, but in this section
34B16 Singular nonlinear boundary value problems 34Exx Asymptotic theory
34B18 Positive solutions of nonlinear boundary value 34E05 Asymptotic expansions
problems 34E10 Perturbations, asymptotics
29 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 35Axx

34E13 Multiple scale methods 34L20 Asymptotic distribution of eigenvalues,

34E15 Singular perturbations, general theory asymptotic theory of eigenfunctions
34E18 Methods of nonstandard analysis 34L25 Scattering theory
34E20 Singular perturbations, turning point theory, 34L30 Nonlinear ordinary differential operators
WKB methods 34L40 Particular operators (Dirac, one-dimensional
34E99 None of the above, but in this section Schrödinger, etc.)
34F05 Equations and systems with randomness 34L99 None of the above, but in this section
[See also 34K50, 60H10, 93E03] 34Mxx Differential equations in the complex domain
34Gxx Differential equations in abstract spaces [See also 30Dxx, 32G34]
[See also 34Lxx, 37Kxx, 47Dxx, 47Hxx, 47Jxx, 34M05 Entire and meromorphic solutions
58D25] 34M10 Oscillation, growth of solutions
34G10 Linear equations [See also 47D06, 47D09] 34M15 Algebraic aspects (differential-algebraic,
34G20 Nonlinear equations [See also 47Hxx, 47Jxx] hypertranscendence, group-theoretical)
34G25 Evolution inclusions 34M20 Nonanalytic aspects
34G99 None of the above, but in this section
34M25 Formal solutions, transform techniques
34H05 Control problems [See also 49J25, 49K25,
34M30 Asymptotics, summation methods
93C15]
34M35 Singularities, monodromy, local behavior of
34Kxx Functional-differential and differential-
solutions, normal forms
difference equations, with or without deviating
arguments [See also 37–XX] 34M37 Resurgence phenomena
34K05 General theory 34M40 Stokes phenomena and connection problems
34K06 Linear functional-differential equations (linear and nonlinear)
34K07 Theoretical approximation of solutions 34M45 Differential equations on complex manifolds
34K10 Boundary value problems 34M50 Inverse problems (Riemann-Hilbert, inverse
34K11 Oscillation theory differential Galois, etc.)
34K12 Growth, boundedness, comparison of solutions 34M55 Painlevé and other special equations;
34K13 Periodic solutions classification, hierarchies; isomonodromic
34K14 Almost periodic solutions deformations
34K17 Transformation and reduction of equations and 34M60 Singular perturbation problems in the complex
systems, normal forms domain (complex WKB, turning points, steepest
34K18 Bifurcation theory descent) [See also 34E20]
34K19 Invariant manifolds 34M99 None of the above, but in this section
34K20 Stability theory 35–XX PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
34K23 Complex (chaotic) behavior of solutions 35–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
34K25 Asymptotic theory bibliographies, etc.)
34K26 Singular perturbations 35–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
34K28 Numerical approximation of solutions papers, etc.)
34K29 Inverse problems 35–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
34K30 Equations in abstract spaces [See also 34Gxx, 35–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
47Dxx, 47Jxx] classification number from Section 01)
34K35 Control problems [See also 49J25, 49K25, 35–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
93C15] the theory of computation or programming)
34K40 Neutral equations 35–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
34K45 Equations with impulses 35Axx General theory
34K50 Stochastic delay equations [See also 34F05,
35A05 General existence and uniqueness theorems
60Hxx]
35A07 Local existence and uniqueness theorems
34K60 Applications
[See also 35Hxx, 35Sxx]
34K99 None of the above, but in this section
35A08 Fundamental solutions
34Lxx Ordinary differential operators
[See also 47E05] 35A10 Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorems
34L05 General spectral theory 35A15 Variational methods
34L10 Eigenfunction expansions, completeness of 35A17 Parametrices
eigenfunctions 35A18 Wave front sets
34L15 Estimation of eigenvalues, upper and lower 35A20 Analytic methods, singularities
bounds 35A21 Propagation of singularities
34L16 Numerical approximation of eigenvalues and of 35A22 Transform methods (e.g. integral transforms)
other parts of the spectrum 35A25 Other special methods
35Axx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 30

35A27 Microlocal methods; methods of sheaf theory and 35F10 Initial value problems for linear first-order PDE,
homological algebra in PDE [See also 32C38, linear evolution equations
58J15] 35F15 Boundary value problems for linear first-order
35A30 Geometric theory, characteristics, transformations PDE
[See also 58J70, 58J72] 35F20 General theory of nonlinear first-order PDE
35A35 Theoretical approximation to solutions {For 35F25 Initial value problems for nonlinear first-order
numerical analysis, see 65Mxx, 65Nxx} PDE, nonlinear evolution equations
35A99 None of the above, but in this section 35F30 Boundary value problems for nonlinear first-order
35Bxx Qualitative properties of solutions PDE
35B05 General behavior of solutions of PDE 35F99 None of the above, but in this section
(comparison theorems; oscillation, zeros and 35Gxx General higher-order equations and systems
growth of solutions; mean value theorems) 35G05 General theory of linear higher-order PDE
35B10 Periodic solutions 35G10 Initial value problems for linear higher-order
35B15 Almost periodic solutions PDE, linear evolution equations
35B20 Perturbations 35G15 Boundary value problems for linear higher-order
35B25 Singular perturbations PDE
35B27 Homogenization; partial differential equations in 35G20 General theory of nonlinear higher-order PDE
media with periodic structure [See also 74Qxx, 35G25 Initial value problems for nonlinear higher-order
76M50] PDE, nonlinear evolution equations
35B30 Dependence of solutions of PDE on initial and 35G30 Boundary value problems for nonlinear higher-
boundary data, parameters [See also 37Cxx] order PDE
35B32 Bifurcation [See also 37Gxx, 37K50] 35G99 None of the above, but in this section
35B33 Critical exponents 35Hxx Close-to-elliptic equations
35B34 Resonances 35H10 Hypoelliptic equations
35B35 Stability, boundedness 35H20 Subelliptic equations
35B37 PDE in connection with control problems 35H30 Quasi-elliptic equations
[See also 49J20, 49K20, 93C20] 35H99 None of the above, but in this section
35B38 Critical points 35Jxx Partial differential equations of elliptic type
35B40 Asymptotic behavior of solutions [See also 58J10, 58J20]
35B41 Attractors 35J05 Laplace equation, reduced wave equation
35B42 Inertial manifolds (Helmholtz), Poisson equation [See also 31Axx,
35B45 A priori estimates 31Bxx]
35B50 Maximum principles 35J10 Schrödinger operator [See also 35Pxx]
35B60 Continuation and prolongation of solutions of 35J15 General theory of second-order, elliptic equations
PDE [See also 58A15, 58A17, 58Hxx] 35J20 Variational methods for second-order, elliptic
35B65 Smoothness and regularity of solutions of PDE equations
35B99 None of the above, but in this section 35J25 Boundary value problems for second-order,
35Cxx Representations of solutions elliptic equations
35C05 Solutions in closed form 35J30 General theory of higher-order, elliptic equations
35C10 Series solutions, expansion theorems [See also 31A30, 31B30]
35C15 Integral representations of solutions of PDE 35J35 Variational methods for higher-order, elliptic
35C20 Asymptotic expansions equations
35C99 None of the above, but in this section 35J40 Boundary value problems for higher-order,
35Dxx Generalized solutions of partial differential elliptic equations
equations 35J45 General theory of elliptic systems of PDE
35D05 Existence of generalized solutions 35J50 Variational methods for elliptic systems
35D10 Regularity of generalized solutions 35J55 Boundary value problems for elliptic systems
35D99 None of the above, but in this section 35J60 Nonlinear PDE of elliptic type
35Exx Equations and systems with constant 35J65 Nonlinear boundary value problems for linear
coefficients [See also 35N05] elliptic PDE; boundary value problems for
35E05 Fundamental solutions nonlinear elliptic PDE
35E10 Convexity properties 35J67 Boundary values of solutions to elliptic PDE
35E15 Initial value problems 35J70 Elliptic partial differential equations of degenerate
35E20 General theory type
35E99 None of the above, but in this section 35J85 Unilateral problems and variational inequalities
35Fxx General first-order equations and systems for elliptic PDE [See also 35R35, 49J40]
35F05 General theory of linear first-order PDE 35J99 None of the above, but in this section
31 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 35Qxx

35Kxx Parabolic equations and systems 35L82 Pseudohyperbolic equations

[See also 35Bxx, 35Dxx, 35R30, 35R35, 58J35] 35L85 Unilateral problems; variational inequalities for
35K05 Heat equation hyperbolic PDE [See also 35R35, 49J40]
35K10 General theory of second-order, parabolic 35L90 Abstract hyperbolic evolution equations
equations 35L99 None of the above, but in this section
35K15 Initial value problems for second-order, parabolic 35Mxx Partial differential equations of special type
equations (mixed, composite, etc.) {For degenerate types,
35K20 Boundary value problems for second-order, see 35J70, 35K65, 35L80}
parabolic equations 35M10 PDE of mixed type
35K25 General theory of higher-order, parabolic 35M20 PDE of composite type
equations 35M99 None of the above, but in this section
35K30 Initial value problems for higher-order, parabolic 35Nxx Overdetermined systems [See also 58Hxx,
equations 58J10, 58J15]
35K35 Boundary value problems for higher-order, 35N05 Overdetermined systems with constant
parabolic equations coefficients
35K40 General theory of parabolic systems of PDE 35N10 Overdetermined systems with variable coefficients
35K45 Initial value problems for parabolic systems (general)
35K50 Boundary value problems for parabolic systems 35N15 ∂-Neumann problem and generalizations; formal
35K55 Nonlinear PDE of parabolic type complexes [See also 32W05, 32W10, 58J10]
35K57 Reaction-diffusion equations 35N99 None of the above, but in this section
35K60 Nonlinear boundary value problems for linear 35Pxx Spectral theory and eigenvalue problems for
parabolic PDE; boundary value problems for partial differential operators [See also 47Axx,
nonlinear parabolic PDE 47Bxx, 47F05]
35K65 Parabolic partial differential equations of 35P05 General spectral theory of PDE
degenerate type
35P10 Completeness of eigenfunctions, eigenfunction
35K70 Ultraparabolic, pseudoparabolic PDE, etc.
expansions for PDO
35K85 Unilateral problems and variational inequalities
35P15 Estimation of eigenvalues, upper and lower
for parabolic PDE [See also 35R35, 49J40]
bounds
35K90 Abstract parabolic evolution equations
35P20 Asymptotic distribution of eigenvalues and
35K99 None of the above, but in this section
eigenfunctions for PDO
35Lxx Partial differential equations of hyperbolic
35P25 Scattering theory for PDE [See also 47A40]
type [See also 58J45]
35P30 Nonlinear eigenvalue problems, nonlinear spectral
35L05 Wave equation
theory for PDO
35L10 General theory of second-order, hyperbolic
35P99 None of the above, but in this section
equations
35L15 Initial value problems for second-order, 35Qxx Equations of mathematical physics and other
hyperbolic equations areas of application [See also 35J05, 35J10,
35L20 Boundary value problems for second-order, 35K05, 35L05]
hyperbolic equations 35Q05 Euler-Poisson-Darboux equation and
35L25 General theory of higher-order, hyperbolic generalizations
equations 35Q15 Riemann-Hilbert problems [See also 30E25,
35L30 Initial value problems for higher-order, hyperbolic 31A25, 31B20]
equations 35Q30 Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations
35L35 Boundary value problems for higher-order, [See also 76D05, 76D07, 76N10]
hyperbolic equations 35Q35 Other equations arising in fluid mechanics
35L40 General theory of hyperbolic systems of first- 35Q40 Equations from quantum mechanics
order PDE 35Q51 Solitons [See also 37K40]
35L45 Initial value problems for hyperbolic systems of 35Q53 KdV-like equations (Korteweg-de Vries, Burgers,
first-order PDE sine-Gordon, sinh-Gordon, etc.) [See also 37K10]
35L50 Boundary value problems for hyperbolic systems 35Q55 NLS-like (nonlinear Schrödinger) equations
of first-order PDE [See also 37K10]
35L55 Hyperbolic systems of higher-order PDE 35Q58 Other completely integrable equations
35L60 Nonlinear first-order PDE of hyperbolic type [See also 37J35, 37K10]
35L65 Conservation laws 35Q60 Equations of electromagnetic theory and optics
35L67 Shocks and singularities [See also 58Kxx, 76L05] 35Q72 Other equations from mechanics
35L70 Nonlinear second-order PDE of hyperbolic type 35Q75 PDE in relativity
35L75 Nonlinear hyperbolic PDE of higher (> 2) order 35Q80 Applications of PDE in areas other than physics
35L80 Hyperbolic PDE of degenerate type 35Q99 None of the above, but in this section
35Rxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 32

35Rxx Miscellaneous topics involving partial 37A15 General groups of measure-preserving

differential equations {For equations on transformations [See mainly 22Fxx]
manifolds, see 58Jxx; for manifolds of 37A17 Homogeneous flows [See also 22Fxx]
solutions, see 58Bxx; for stochastic PDEs, see 37A20 Orbit equivalence, cocycles, ergodic equivalence
also 60H15} relations
35R05 PDE with discontinuous coefficients or data 37A25 Ergodicity, mixing, rates of mixing
35R10 Partial functional-differential or differential- 37A30 Ergodic theorems, spectral theory, Markov
difference equations, with or without deviating operators {For operator ergodic theory, see
arguments mainly 47A35}
35R12 Impulsive partial differential equations 37A35 Entropy and other invariants, isomorphism,
35R15 Partial differential equations on infinite- classification
dimensional (e.g. function) spaces (= PDE in 37A40 Nonsingular (and infinite-measure preserving)
infinitely many variables) [See also 46Gxx, transformations
58D25] 37A45 Relations with number theory and harmonic
35R20 Partial operator-differential equations (i.e. PDE analysis [See also 11Kxx]
on finite-dimensional spaces for abstract space 37A50 Relations with probability theory and stochastic
valued functions) [See also 34Gxx, 47A50, processes [See also 60Fxx and 60G10]
47D03, 47D06, 47D09, 47H20, 47Jxx] 37A55 Relations with the theory of C ∗ -algebras
35R25 Improperly posed problems for PDE [See mainly 46L55]
35R30 Inverse problems (undetermined coefficients, etc.) 37A60 Dynamical systems in statistical mechanics
for PDE [See also 82Cxx]
35R35 Free boundary problems for PDE 37A99 None of the above, but in this section
35R45 Partial differential inequalities 37Bxx Topological dynamics [See also 54H20]
35R50 Partial differential equations of infinite order 37B05 Transformations and group actions with special
35R60 Partial differential equations with randomness properties (minimality, distality, proximality, etc.)
[See also 60H15] 37B10 Symbolic dynamics [See also 37Cxx, 37Dxx]
35R70 PDE with multivalued right-hand sides 37B15 Cellular automata
35R99 None of the above, but in this section 37B20 Notions of recurrence
35Sxx Pseudodifferential operators and other 37B25 Lyapunov functions and stability; attractors,
generalizations of partial differential operators repellers
[See also 47G30, 58J40] 37B30 Index theory, Morse-Conley indices
35S05 General theory of PsDO 37B35 Gradient-like and recurrent behavior; isolated
35S10 Initial value problems for PsDO (locally-maximal) invariant sets
35S15 Boundary value problems for PsDO 37B40 Topological entropy
35S30 Fourier integral operators 37B45 Continua theory in dynamics
35S35 Topological aspects: intersection cohomology, 37B50 Multi-dimensional shifts of finite type, tiling
stratified sets, etc. [See also 32C38, 32S40, dynamics
32S60, 58J15] 37B55 Nonautonomous dynamical systems
35S50 Paradifferential operators 37B99 None of the above, but in this section
35S99 None of the above, but in this section 37Cxx Smooth dynamical systems: general theory
[See also 34Cxx, 34Dxx]
37–XX DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS AND ERGODIC 37C05 Smooth mappings and diffeomorphisms
THEORY [See also 26A18, 28Dxx, 34Cxx, 37C10 Vector fields, flows, ordinary differential
34Dxx, 35Bxx, 46Lxx, 58Jxx, 70–XX] equations
37–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 37C15 Topological and differentiable equivalence,
bibliographies, etc.) conjugacy, invariants, moduli, classification
37–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 37C20 Generic properties, structural stability
papers, etc.) 37C25 Fixed points, periodic points, fixed-point index
37–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) theory
37–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 37C27 Periodic orbits of vector fields and flows
classification number from Section 01) 37C29 Homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits
37–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 37C30 Zeta functions, (Ruelle-Frobenius) transfer
the theory of computation or programming) operators, and other functional analytic
37–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. techniques in dynamical systems
37Axx Ergodic theory [See also 28Dxx] 37C35 Orbit growth
37A05 Measure-preserving transformations 37C40 Smooth ergodic theory, invariant measures
37A10 One-parameter continuous families of measure- [See also 37Dxx]
preserving transformations 37C45 Dimension theory of dynamical systems
33 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 37Jxx

37C50 Approximate trajectories (pseudotrajectories, 37F35 Conformal densities and Hausdorff dimension
shadowing, etc.) 37F40 Geometric limits
37C55 Periodic and quasiperiodic flows and 37F45 Holomorphic families of dynamical systems; the
diffeomorphisms Mandelbrot set; bifurcations
37C60 Nonautonomous smooth dynamical systems 37F50 Small divisors, rotation domains and
[See also 37B55] linearization; Fatou and Julia sets
37C65 Monotone flows 37F75 Holomorphic foliations and vector fields
37C70 Attractors and repellers, topological structure [See also 32M25, 32S65, 34Mxx]
37C75 Stability theory 37F99 None of the above, but in this section
37C80 Symmetries, equivariant dynamical systems 37Gxx Local and nonlocal bifurcation theory
37C85 Dynamics of group actions other than Z and [See also 34C23, 34K18]
R, and foliations [See mainly 22Fxx, and also 37G05 Normal forms
57R30, 57Sxx] 37G10 Bifurcations of singular points
37C99 None of the above, but in this section 37G15 Bifurcations of limit cycles and periodic orbits
37Dxx Dynamical systems with hyperbolic behavior 37G20 Hyperbolic singular points with homoclinic
37D05 Hyperbolic orbits and sets trajectories
37D10 Invariant manifold theory 37G25 Bifurcations connected with nontransversal
37D15 Morse-Smale systems intersection
37D20 Uniformly hyperbolic systems (expanding, 37G30 Infinite nonwandering sets arising in bifurcations
Anosov, Axiom A, etc.) 37G35 Attractors and their bifurcations
37D25 Nonuniformly hyperbolic systems (Lyapunov 37G40 Symmetries, equivariant bifurcation theory
exponents, Pesin theory, etc.)
37G99 None of the above, but in this section
37D30 Partially hyperbolic systems and dominated
37Hxx Random dynamical systems [See also 15A52,
splittings
34D08, 34F05, 47B80, 70L05, 82C05, 93Exx]
37D35 Thermodynamic formalism, variational principles,
37H05 Foundations, general theory of cocycles, algebraic
equilibrium states
ergodic theory [See also 37Axx]
37D40 Dynamical systems of geometric origin and
37H10 Generation, random and stochastic difference and
hyperbolicity (geodesic and horocycle flows, etc.)
differential equations [See also 34F05, 34K50,
37D45 Strange attractors, chaotic dynamics
60H10, 60H15]
37D50 Hyperbolic systems with singularities (billiards,
37H15 Multiplicative ergodic theory, Lyapunov
etc.)
exponents [See also 34D08, 37Axx, 37Cxx,
37D99 None of the above, but in this section
37Dxx]
37Exx Low-dimensional dynamical systems
37H20 Bifurcation theory [See also 37Gxx]
37E05 Maps of the interval (piecewise continuous,
continuous, smooth) 37H99 None of the above, but in this section
37E10 Maps of the circle 37Jxx Finite-dimensional Hamiltonian, Lagrangian,
37E15 Combinatorial dynamics (types of periodic orbits) contact, and nonholonomic systems
37E20 Universality, renormalization [See also 37F25] [See also 53Dxx, 70Fxx, 70Hxx]
37E25 Maps of trees and graphs 37J05 General theory, relations with symplectic
37E30 Homeomorphisms and diffeomorphisms of planes geometry and topology
and surfaces 37J10 Symplectic mappings, fixed points
37E35 Flows on surfaces 37J15 Symmetries, invariants, invariant manifolds,
37E40 Twist maps momentum maps, reduction [See also 53D20]
37E45 Rotation numbers and vectors 37J20 Bifurcation problems
37E99 None of the above, but in this section 37J25 Stability problems
37Fxx Complex dynamical systems [See also 30D05, 37J30 Obstructions to integrability (nonintegrability
32H50] criteria)
37F05 Relations and correspondences 37J35 Completely integrable systems, topological
37F10 Polynomials; rational maps; entire and structure of phase space, integration methods
meromorphic functions [See also 32A10, 32A20, 37J40 Perturbations, normal forms, small divisors, KAM
32H02, 32H04] theory, Arnol0d diffusion
37F15 Expanding maps; hyperbolicity; structural 37J45 Periodic, homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits;
stability variational methods, degree-theoretic methods
37F20 Combinatorics and topology 37J50 Action-minimizing orbits and measures
37F25 Renormalization 37J55 Contact systems [See also 53D10]
37F30 Quasiconformal methods and Teichmüller theory; 37J60 Nonholonomic dynamical systems
Fuchsian and Kleinian groups as dynamical [See also 70F25]
systems 37J99 None of the above, but in this section
37Kxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 34

37Kxx Infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems 37M99 None of the above, but in this section
[See also 35Axx, 35Qxx] 37Nxx Applications
37K05 Hamiltonian structures, symmetries, variational 37N05 Dynamical systems in classical and celestial
principles, conservation laws mechanics [See mainly 70Fxx, 70Hxx, 70Kxx]
37K10 Completely integrable systems, integrability tests, 37N10 Dynamical systems in fluid mechanics,
bi-Hamiltonian structures, hierarchies (KdV, KP, oceanography and meteorology [See mainly 76–
Toda, etc.) XX, especially 76D05, 76F20, 86A05, 86A10]
37K15 Integration of completely integrable systems by 37N15 Dynamical systems in solid mechanics
inverse spectral and scattering methods [See mainly 74Hxx]
37K20 Relations with algebraic geometry, complex 37N20 Dynamical systems in other branches of physics
analysis, special functions [See also 14H70] (quantum mechanics, general relativity, laser
37K25 Relations with differential geometry physics)
37K30 Relations with infinite-dimensional Lie algebras 37N25 Dynamical systems in biology [See mainly 92–
and other algebraic structures XX, but also 91–XX]
37K35 Lie-Bäcklund and other transformations 37N30 Dynamical systems in numerical analysis
37K40 Soliton theory, asymptotic behavior of solutions 37N35 Dynamical systems in control
37K45 Stability problems
37N40 Dynamical systems in optimization and
37K50 Bifurcation problems
economics
37K55 Perturbations, KAM for infinite-dimensional
37N99 None of the above, but in this section
systems
37K60 Lattice dynamics [See also 37L60] 39–XX DIFFERENCE AND FUNCTIONAL
37K65 Hamiltonian systems on groups of EQUATIONS
diffeomorphisms and on manifolds of mappings 39–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
and metrics bibliographies, etc.)
37K99 None of the above, but in this section 39–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
37Lxx Infinite-dimensional dissipative dynamical papers, etc.)
systems [See also 35Bxx, 35Qxx] 39–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
37L05 General theory, nonlinear semigroups, evolution 39–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
equations classification number from Section 01)
37L10 Normal forms, center manifold theory, bifurcation 39–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
theory the theory of computation or programming)
37L15 Stability problems 39–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
37L20 Symmetries 39Axx Difference equations {For dynamical systems,
37L25 Inertial manifolds and other invariant attracting see 37–XX}
sets 39A05 General
37L30 Attractors and their dimensions, Lyapunov 39A10 Difference equations, additive
exponents 39A11 Stability and asymptotics of difference equations;
37L40 Invariant measures oscillatory and periodic solutions, etc.
37L45 Hyperbolicity; Lyapunov functions
39A12 Discrete version of topics in analysis
37L50 Noncompact semigroups; dispersive equations;
39A13 Difference equations, scaling (q-differences)
perturbations of Hamiltonian systems
[See also 33Dxx]
37L55 Infinite-dimensional random dynamical systems;
39A20 Multiplicative and other generalized difference
stochastic equations [See also 35R60, 60H10,
equations, e.g. of Lyness type
60H15]
37L60 Lattice dynamics [See also 37K60] 39A70 Difference operators [See also 47B39]
37L65 Special approximation methods (nonlinear 39A99 None of the above, but in this section
Galerkin, etc.) 39Bxx Functional equations and inequalities
37L99 None of the above, but in this section [See also 30D05]
37Mxx Approximation methods and numerical 39B05 General
treatment of dynamical systems 39B12 Iteration theory, iterative and composite equations
[See also 65Pxx] [See also 26A18, 30D05, 37–XX]
37M05 Simulation 39B22 Equations for real functions [See also 26A51,
37M10 Time series analysis 26B25]
37M15 Symplectic integrators 39B32 Equations for complex functions
37M20 Computational methods for bifurcation problems [See also 30D05]
37M25 Computational methods for ergodic theory 39B42 Matrix and operator equations [See also 47Jxx]
(approximation of invariant measures, 39B52 Equations for functions with more general
computation of Lyapunov exponents, entropy) domains and/or ranges
35 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 41–XX

39B55 Orthogonal additivity and other conditional 40Gxx Special methods of summability
equations 40G05 Cesàro, Euler, Nörlund and Hausdorff methods
39B62 Functional inequalities, including subadditivity, 40G10 Abel, Borel and power series methods
convexity, etc. [See also 26A51, 26B25, 26Dxx] 40G99 None of the above, but in this section
39B72 Systems of functional equations and inequalities 40H05 Functional analytic methods in summability
39B82 Stability, separation, extension, and related topics 40J05 Summability in abstract structures
[See also 46A22] [See also 43A55, 46A35, 46B15]
39B99 None of the above, but in this section
41–XX APPROXIMATIONS AND EXPANSIONS
40–XX SEQUENCES, SERIES, SUMMABILITY {For all approximation theory in the
40–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, complex domain, see 30E05 and 30E10;
bibliographies, etc.) for all trigonometric approximation and
40–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial interpolation, see 42A10 and 42A15; for
papers, etc.) numerical approximation, see 65Dxx}
40–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 41–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
40–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one bibliographies, etc.)
classification number from Section 01) 41–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
40–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not papers, etc.)
the theory of computation or programming) 41–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
40–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 41–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
40Axx Convergence and divergence of infinite limiting classification number from Section 01)
processes 41–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
40A05 Convergence and divergence of series and the theory of computation or programming)
sequences 41–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
40A10 Convergence and divergence of integrals 41A05 Interpolation [See also 42A15 and 65D05]
40A15 Convergence and divergence of continued 41A10 Approximation by polynomials {For
fractions [See also 30B70] approximation by trigonometric polynomials, see
40A20 Convergence and divergence of infinite products 42A10}
40A25 Approximation to limiting values (summation of
41A15 Spline approximation
series, etc.) {For the Euler-Maclaurin summation
41A17 Inequalities in approximation (Bernstein, Jackson,
formula, see 65B15}
Nikol0skiı̆-type inequalities)
40A30 Convergence and divergence of series and
41A20 Approximation by rational functions
sequences of functions
41A21 Padé approximation
40A99 None of the above, but in this section
40B05 Multiple sequences and series (should also 41A25 Rate of convergence, degree of approximation
be assigned at least one other classification 41A27 Inverse theorems
number in this section) 41A28 Simultaneous approximation
40Cxx General summability methods 41A29 Approximation with constraints
40C05 Matrix methods 41A30 Approximation by other special function classes
40C10 Integral methods 41A35 Approximation by operators (in particular, by
40C15 Function-theoretic methods (including power integral operators)
series methods and semicontinuous methods) 41A36 Approximation by positive operators
40C99 None of the above, but in this section 41A40 Saturation
40Dxx Direct theorems on summability 41A44 Best constants
40D05 General theorems 41A45 Approximation by arbitrary linear expressions
40D09 Structure of summability fields 41A46 Approximation by arbitrary nonlinear expressions;
40D10 Tauberian constants and oscillation limits widths and entropy
40D15 Convergence factors and summability factors 41A50 Best approximation, Chebyshev systems
40D20 Summability and bounded fields of methods 41A52 Uniqueness of best approximation
40D25 Inclusion and equivalence theorems 41A55 Approximate quadratures
40D99 None of the above, but in this section 41A58 Series expansions (e.g. Taylor, Lidstone series,
40Exx Inversion theorems but not Fourier series)
40E05 Tauberian theorems, general 41A60 Asymptotic approximations, asymptotic
40E10 Growth estimates expansions (steepest descent, etc.)
40E15 Lacunary inversion theorems [See also 30E15]
40E20 Tauberian constants 41A63 Multidimensional problems (should also be
40E99 None of the above, but in this section assigned at least one other classification number
40F05 Absolute and strong summability in this section)
41–XX MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 36

41A65 Abstract approximation theory (approximation in 42B35 Function spaces arising in harmonic analysis
normed linear spaces and other abstract spaces) 42B99 None of the above, but in this section
41A80 Remainders in approximation formulas 42Cxx Nontrigonometric Fourier analysis
41A99 Miscellaneous topics 42C05 Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general
42–XX FOURIER ANALYSIS theory [See also 33C45, 33C50, 33D45]
42–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 42C10 Fourier series in special orthogonal functions
bibliographies, etc.) (Legendre polynomials, Walsh functions, etc.)
42–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 42C15 Series of general orthogonal functions,
papers, etc.) generalized Fourier expansions, nonorthogonal
42–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) expansions
42–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 42C20 Rearrangements and other transformations of
classification number from Section 01) Fourier and other orthogonal series
42–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 42C25 Uniqueness and localization for orthogonal series
the theory of computation or programming) 42C30 Completeness of sets of functions
42–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
42C40 Wavelets
42Axx Fourier analysis in one variable
42C99 None of the above, but in this section
42A05 Trigonometric polynomials, inequalities, extremal
problems 43–XX ABSTRACT HARMONIC ANALYSIS {For
42A10 Trigonometric approximation other analysis on topological and Lie groups,
42A15 Trigonometric interpolation see 22Exx}
42A16 Fourier coefficients, Fourier series of functions 43–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
with special properties, special Fourier series bibliographies, etc.)
{For automorphic theory, see mainly 11F30} 43–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
42A20 Convergence and absolute convergence of Fourier papers, etc.)
and trigonometric series 43–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
42A24 Summability and absolute summability of Fourier 43–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
and trigonometric series classification number from Section 01)
42A32 Trigonometric series of special types (positive
43–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
coefficients, monotonic coefficients, etc.)
the theory of computation or programming)
42A38 Fourier and Fourier-Stieltjes transforms and other
43–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
transforms of Fourier type
42A45 Multipliers 43A05 Measures on groups and semigroups, etc.
42A50 Conjugate functions, conjugate series, singular 43A07 Means on groups, semigroups, etc.; amenable
integrals groups
42A55 Lacunary series of trigonometric and other 43A10 Measure algebras on groups, semigroups, etc.
functions; Riesz products 43A15 Lp -spaces and other function spaces on groups,
42A61 Probabilistic methods semigroups, etc.
42A63 Uniqueness of trigonometric expansions, 43A17 Analysis on ordered groups, H p -theory
uniqueness of Fourier expansions, Riemann 43A20 L1 -algebras on groups, semigroups, etc.
theory, localization 43A22 Homomorphisms and multipliers of function
42A65 Completeness of sets of functions spaces on groups, semigroups, etc.
42A70 Trigonometric moment problems 43A25 Fourier and Fourier-Stieltjes transforms on locally
42A75 Classical almost periodic functions, mean compact abelian groups
periodic functions [See also 43A60]
43A30 Fourier and Fourier-Stieltjes transforms on
42A82 Positive definite functions nonabelian groups and on semigroups, etc.
42A85 Convolution, factorization
43A32 Other transforms and operators of Fourier type
42A99 None of the above, but in this section
42Bxx Fourier analysis in several variables {For 43A35 Positive definite functions on groups, semigroups,
automorphic theory, see mainly 11F30} etc.
42B05 Fourier series and coefficients 43A40 Character groups and dual objects
42B08 Summability 43A45 Spectral synthesis on groups, semigroups, etc.
42B10 Fourier and Fourier-Stieltjes transforms and other 43A46 Special sets (thin sets, Kronecker sets, Helson
transforms of Fourier type sets, Ditkin sets, Sidon sets, etc.)
42B15 Multipliers 43A50 Convergence of Fourier series and of inverse
42B20 Singular integrals (Calderón-Zygmund, etc.) transforms
42B25 Maximal functions, Littlewood-Paley theory 43A55 Summability methods on groups, semigroups, etc.
42B30 H p -spaces [See also 40J05]
37 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 46–XX

43A60 Almost periodic functions on groups and 45–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
semigroups and their generalizations (recurrent 45A05 Linear integral equations
functions, distal functions, etc.); almost 45B05 Fredholm integral equations
automorphic functions 45C05 Eigenvalue problems [See also 34Lxx, 35Pxx,
43A62 Hypergroups 45P05, 47A75]
43A65 Representations of groups, semigroups, etc. 45D05 Volterra integral equations [See also 34A12]
[See also 22A10, 22A20, 22Dxx, 22E45] 45Exx Singular integral equations [See also 30E20,
43A70 Analysis on specific locally compact abelian 30E25, 44A15, 44A35]
groups [See also 11R56, 22B05] 45E05 Integral equations with kernels of Cauchy type
43A75 Analysis on specific compact groups [See also 35J15]
43A77 Analysis on general compact groups
45E10 Integral equations of the convolution type
43A80 Analysis on other specific Lie groups
(Abel, Picard, Toeplitz and Wiener-Hopf type)
[See also 22Exx]
[See also 47B35]
43A85 Analysis on homogeneous spaces
45E99 None of the above, but in this section
43A90 Spherical functions [See also 22E45, 22E46,
45Fxx Systems of linear integral equations
33C65]
43A95 Categorical methods [See also 46Mxx] 45F05 Systems of nonsingular linear integral equations
43A99 Miscellaneous topics 45F10 Dual, triple, etc., integral and series equations
45F15 Systems of singular linear integral equations
44–XX INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS, OPERATIONAL
45F99 None of the above, but in this section
CALCULUS {For fractional derivatives and
45Gxx Nonlinear integral equations [See also 47H30,
integrals, see 26A33. For Fourier transforms,
47Jxx]
see 42A38, 42B10. For integral transforms in
distribution spaces, see 46F12. For numerical 45G05 Singular nonlinear integral equations
methods, see 65R10} 45G10 Other nonlinear integral equations
44–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 45G15 Systems of nonlinear integral equations
bibliographies, etc.) 45H05 Miscellaneous special kernels [See also 44A15]
44–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 45J05 Integro-ordinary differential equations
papers, etc.) [See also 34K05, 34K30, 47G20]
44–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 45K05 Integro-partial differential equations
44–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one [See also 34K30, 35R10, 47G20]
classification number from Section 01) 45L05 Theoretical approximation of solutions {For
44–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not numerical analysis, see 65Rxx}
the theory of computation or programming) 45Mxx Qualitative behavior
44–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 45M05 Asymptotics
44A05 General transforms [See also 42A38] 45M10 Stability theory
44A10 Laplace transform 45M15 Periodic solutions
44A12 Radon transform [See also 92C55] 45M20 Positive solutions
44A15 Special transforms (Legendre, Hilbert, etc.) 45M99 None of the above, but in this section
44A20 Transforms of special functions
45N05 Abstract integral equations, integral equations
44A30 Multiple transforms in abstract spaces
44A35 Convolution
45P05 Integral operators [See also 47B38, 47G10]
44A40 Calculus of Mikusiński and other operational
45Q05 Inverse problems
calculi
44A45 Classical operational calculus 45R05 Random integral equations [See also 60H20]
44A55 Discrete operational calculus 46–XX FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS {For manifolds
44A60 Moment problems modeled on topological linear spaces, see
44A99 Miscellaneous topics 57Nxx, 58Bxx}
45–XX INTEGRAL EQUATIONS 46–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
45–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, bibliographies, etc.)
bibliographies, etc.) 46–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
45–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial papers, etc.)
papers, etc.) 46–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
45–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 46–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
45–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one classification number from Section 01)
classification number from Section 01) 46–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
45–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not the theory of computation or programming)
the theory of computation or programming) 46–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
46Axx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 38

46Axx Topological linear spaces and related 46B20 Geometry and structure of normed linear spaces
structures {For function spaces, see 46Exx} 46B22 Radon-Nikodým, Kreı̆n-Milman and related
46A03 General theory of locally convex spaces properties [See also 46G10]
46A04 Locally convex Fréchet spaces and (DF)-spaces 46B25 Classical Banach spaces in the general theory
46A08 Barrelled spaces, bornological spaces 46B26 Nonseparable Banach spaces
46A11 Spaces determined by compactness or 46B28 Spaces of operators; tensor products;
summability properties (nuclear spaces, Schwartz approximation properties [See also 46A32,
spaces, Montel spaces, etc.) 46M05, 47L05, 47L20]
46A13 Spaces defined by inductive or projective limits 46B40 Ordered normed spaces [See also 46A40, 46B42]
(LB, LF, etc.) [See also 46M40] 46B42 Banach lattices [See also 46A40, 46B40]
46A16 Not locally convex spaces (metrizable topological 46B45 Banach sequence spaces [See also 46A45]
linear spaces, locally bounded spaces, quasi- 46B50 Compactness in Banach (or normed) spaces
Banach spaces, etc.) 46B70 Interpolation between normed linear spaces
46A17 Bornologies and related structures; Mackey [See also 46M35]
convergence, etc. 46B99 None of the above, but in this section
46A19 Other “topological” linear spaces (convergence 46Cxx Inner product spaces and their generalizations,
spaces, ranked spaces, spaces with a metric Hilbert spaces {For function spaces, see
taking values in an ordered structure more 46Exx}
general than R, etc.) 46C05 Hilbert and pre-Hilbert spaces: geometry and
46A20 Duality theory topology (including spaces with semidefinite
46A22 Theorems of Hahn-Banach type; extension inner product)
and lifting of functionals and operators 46C07 Hilbert subspaces (= operator ranges);
[See also 46M10] complementation (Aronszajn, de Branges, etc.)
46A25 Reflexivity and semi-reflexivity [See also 46B10] [See also 46B70, 46M35]
46A30 Open mapping and closed graph theorems; 46C15 Characterizations of Hilbert spaces
completeness (including B-, Br -completeness) 46C20 Spaces with indefinite inner product (Kreı̆n
46A32 Spaces of linear operators; topological spaces, Pontryagin spaces, etc.) [See also 47B50]
tensor products; approximation properties 46C50 Generalizations of inner products (semi-inner
[See also 46B28, 46M05, 47L05, 47L20] products, partial inner products, etc.)
46A35 Summability and bases [See also 46B15] 46C99 None of the above, but in this section
46A40 Ordered topological linear spaces, vector lattices 46Exx Linear function spaces and their duals
[See also 06F20, 46B40, 46B42] [See also 30H05, 32A38, 46F05] {For function
46A45 Sequence spaces (including Köthe sequence algebras, see 46J10}
spaces) [See also 46B45] 46E05 Lattices of continuous, differentiable or analytic
46A50 Compactness in topological linear spaces; angelic functions
spaces, etc. 46E10 Topological linear spaces of continuous,
46A55 Convex sets in topological linear spaces; Choquet differentiable or analytic functions
theory [See also 52A07] 46E15 Banach spaces of continuous, differentiable or
46A61 Graded Fréchet spaces and tame operators analytic functions
46A63 Topological invariants ((DN), (Ω), etc.) 46E20 Hilbert spaces of continuous, differentiable or
46A70 Saks spaces and their duals (strict topologies, analytic functions
mixed topologies, two-norm spaces, co-Saks 46E22 Hilbert spaces with reproducing kernels (=
spaces, etc.) [proper] functional Hilbert spaces, including de
46A80 Modular spaces Branges-Rovnyak and other structured spaces)
46A99 None of the above, but in this section [See also 47B32]
46Bxx Normed linear spaces and Banach spaces; 46E25 Rings and algebras of continuous, differentiable
Banach lattices {For function spaces, see or analytic functions {For Banach function
46Exx} algebras, see 46J10, 46J15}
46B03 Isomorphic theory (including renorming) of 46E27 Spaces of measures [See also 28A33, 46Gxx]
Banach spaces 46E30 Spaces of measurable functions (Lp -spaces,
46B04 Isometric theory of Banach spaces Orlicz spaces, Köthe function spaces, Lorentz
46B07 Local theory of Banach spaces spaces, rearrangement invariant spaces, ideal
46B08 Ultraproduct techniques in Banach space theory spaces, etc.)
[See also 46M07] 46E35 Sobolev spaces and other spaces of “smooth”
46B09 Probabilistic methods in Banach space theory functions, embedding theorems, trace theorems
[See also 60Bxx] 46E39 Sobolev (and similar kinds of) spaces of
46B10 Duality and reflexivity [See also 46A25] functions of discrete variables
46B15 Summability and bases [See also 46A35] 46E40 Spaces of vector- and operator-valued functions
39 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 46Lxx

46E50 Spaces of differentiable or holomorphic functions 46Jxx Commutative Banach algebras and
on infinite-dimensional spaces [See also 46G20, commutative topological algebras
46G25, 47H60] [See also 46E25]
46E99 None of the above, but in this section 46J05 General theory of commutative topological
46Fxx Distributions, generalized functions, algebras
distribution spaces [See also 46T30] 46J10 Banach algebras of continuous functions, function
46F05 Topological linear spaces of test functions, algebras [See also 46E25]
distributions and ultradistributions 46J15 Banach algebras of differentiable or analytic
[See also 46E10, 46E35] functions, H p -spaces [See also 30D55, 30H05,
46F10 Operations with distributions 32A35, 32A37, 32A38, 42B30]
46F12 Integral transforms in distribution spaces 46J20 Ideals, maximal ideals, boundaries
[See also 42–XX, 44–XX] 46J25 Representations of commutative topological
46F15 Hyperfunctions, analytic functionals algebras
[See also 32A25, 32A45, 32C35, 58J15] 46J30 Subalgebras
46F20 Distributions and ultradistributions as boundary 46J40 Structure, classification of commutative
values of analytic functions [See also 30D40, topological algebras
30E25, 32A40] 46J45 Radical Banach algebras
46F25 Distributions on infinite-dimensional spaces 46J99 None of the above, but in this section
[See also 58C35] 46Kxx Topological (rings and) algebras with an
46F30 Generalized functions for nonlinear analysis involution [See also 16W10]
(Rosinger, Colombeau, nonstandard, etc.) 46K05 General theory of topological algebras with
46F99 None of the above, but in this section involution
46K10 Representations of topological algebras with
46Gxx Measures, integration, derivative, holomorphy
involution
(all involving infinite-dimensional spaces)
[See also 28–XX, 46Txx] 46K15 Hilbert algebras
46K50 Nonselfadjoint (sub)algebras in algebras with
46G05 Derivatives [See also 46T20, 58C20, 58C25]
involution
46G10 Vector-valued measures and integration
46K70 Nonassociative topological algebras with an
[See also 28Bxx, 46B22]
involution [See also 46H70, 46L70]
46G12 Measures and integration on abstract linear spaces
46K99 None of the above, but in this section
[See also 28C20, 46T12]
46Lxx Selfadjoint operator algebras (C ∗ -algebras,
46G15 Functional analytic lifting theory von Neumann (W *-) algebras, etc.)
[See also 28A51] [See also 22D25, 47Lxx]
46G20 Infinite-dimensional holomorphy [See also 32– 46L05 General theory of C ∗ -algebras
XX, 46E50, 46T25, 58B12, 58C10] 46L06 Tensor products of C ∗ -algebras
46G25 (Spaces of) multilinear mappings, polynomials 46L07 Operator spaces and completely bounded maps
[See also 46E50, 46G20, 47H60] [See also 47L25]
46G99 None of the above, but in this section 46L08 C ∗ -modules
46Hxx Topological algebras, normed rings and 46L09 Free products of C ∗ -algebras
algebras, Banach algebras {For group 46L10 General theory of von Neumann algebras
algebras, convolution algebras and measure 46L30 States
algebras, see 43A10, 43A20} 46L35 Classifications of C ∗ -algebras, factors
46H05 General theory of topological algebras 46L37 Subfactors and their classification
46H10 Ideals and subalgebras 46L40 Automorphisms
46H15 Representations of topological algebras 46L45 Decomposition theory for C ∗ -algebras
46H20 Structure, classification of topological algebras 46L51 Noncommutative measure and integration
46H25 Normed modules and Banach modules, 46L52 Noncommutative function spaces
topological modules (if not placed in 13–XX or 46L53 Noncommutative probability and statistics
16–XX) 46L54 Free probability and free operator algebras
46H30 Functional calculus in topological algebras 46L55 Noncommutative dynamical systems
[See also 47A60] [See also 28Dxx, 37Kxx, 37Lxx, 54H20]
46H35 Topological algebras of operators 46L57 Derivations, dissipations and positive semigroups
[See mainly 47Lxx] in C ∗ -algebras
46H40 Automatic continuity 46L60 Applications of selfadjoint operator algebras to
46H70 Nonassociative topological algebras physics [See also 46N50, 46N55, 47L90, 81T05,
[See also 46K70, 46L70] 82B10, 82C10]
46H99 None of the above, but in this section 46L65 Quantizations, deformations
46Lxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 40

46L70 Nonassociative selfadjoint operator algebras 46Txx Nonlinear functional analysis [See also 47Hxx,
[See also 46H70, 46K70] 47Jxx, 58Cxx, 58Dxx]
46L80 K-theory and operator algebras (including cyclic 46T05 Infinite-dimensional manifolds [See also 53Axx,
theory) [See also 18F25, 19Kxx, 46M20, 55Rxx, 57N20, 58Bxx, 58Dxx]
58J22] 46T10 Manifolds of mappings
46L85 Noncommutative topology [See also 58B32, 46T12 Measure (Gaussian, cylindrical, etc.) and integrals
58B34, 58J22] (Feynman, path, Fresnel, etc.) on manifolds
46L87 Noncommutative differential geometry [See also 28Cxx, 46G12, 60–XX]
[See also 58B32, 58B34, 58J22] 46T20 Continuous and differentiable maps
46L89 Other “noncommutative” mathematics based [See also 46G05]
on C ∗ -algebra theory [See also 58B32, 58B34, 46T25 Holomorphic maps [See also 46G20]
58J22] 46T30 Distributions and generalized functions on
46L99 None of the above, but in this section nonlinear spaces [See also 46Fxx]
46Mxx Methods of category theory in functional 46T99 None of the above, but in this section
analysis [See also 18–XX]
47–XX OPERATOR THEORY
46M05 Tensor products [See also 46A32, 46B28, 47A80]
47–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
46M07 Ultraproducts [See also 46B08, 46S20]
bibliographies, etc.)
46M10 Projective and injective objects [See also 46A22]
47–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
46M15 Categories, functors {For K-theory, EXT, etc.,
papers, etc.)
see 19K33, 46L80, 46M18, 46M20}
47–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
46M18 Homological methods (exact sequences, right
47–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
inverses, lifting, etc.)
classification number from Section 01)
46M20 Methods of algebraic topology (cohomology,
47–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
sheaf and bundle theory, etc.) [See also 14F05,
18Fxx, 19Kxx, 32Cxx, 32Lxx, 46L80, 46M15, the theory of computation or programming)
46M18, 55Rxx] 47–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
46M35 Abstract interpolation of topological vector spaces 47Axx General theory of linear operators
[See also 46B70] 47A05 General (adjoints, conjugates, products, inverses,
46M40 Inductive and projective limits [See also 46A13] domains, ranges, etc.)
46M99 None of the above, but in this section 47A06 Linear relations (multivalued linear operators)
46Nxx Miscellaneous applications of functional 47A07 Forms (bilinear, sesquilinear, multilinear)
analysis [See also 47Nxx] 47A10 Spectrum, resolvent
46N10 Applications in optimization, convex analysis, 47A11 Local spectral properties
mathematical programming, economics 47A12 Numerical range, numerical radius
46N20 Applications to differential and integral equations 47A13 Several-variable operator theory (spectral,
46N30 Applications in probability theory and statistics Fredholm, etc.)
46N40 Applications in numerical analysis 47A15 Invariant subspaces
[See also 65Jxx] 47A16 Cyclic and hypercyclic vectors
46N50 Applications in quantum physics 47A20 Dilations, extensions, compressions
46N55 Applications in statistical physics 47A25 Spectral sets
46N60 Applications in biology and other sciences 47A30 Norms (inequalities, more than one norm, etc.)
46N99 None of the above, but in this section 47A35 Ergodic theory [See also 28Dxx, 37Axx]
46Sxx Other (nonclassical) types of functional 47A40 Scattering theory [See also 34L25, 35P25,
analysis [See also 47Sxx] 81Uxx]
46S10 Functional analysis over fields other than R or C 47A45 Canonical models for contractions and
or the quaternions; non-Archimedean functional nonselfadjoint operators
analysis [See also 12J25, 32P05] 47A46 Chains (nests) of projections or of invariant
46S20 Nonstandard functional analysis [See also 03H05] subspaces, integrals along chains, etc.
46S30 Constructive functional analysis [See also 03F60] 47A48 Operator colligations (= nodes), vessels, linear
46S40 Fuzzy functional analysis [See also 03E72] systems, characteristic functions, realizations, etc.
46S50 Functional analysis in probabilistic metric linear 47A50 Equations and inequalities involving linear
spaces operators, with vector unknowns
46S60 Functional analysis on superspaces 47A52 Ill-posed problems, regularization
(supermanifolds) or graded spaces 47A53 (Semi-) Fredholm operators; index theories
[See also 58A50 and 58C50] [See also 58B15, 58J20]
46S99 None of the above, but in this section 47A55 Perturbation theory
41 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 47Hxx

47A56 Functions whose values are linear operators 47B60 Operators on ordered spaces
(operator and matrix valued functions, etc., 47B65 Positive operators and order-bounded operators
including analytic and meromorphic ones) 47B80 Random operators [See also 60H25]
47A57 Operator methods in interpolation, moment and 47B99 None of the above, but in this section
extension problems [See also 30E05, 42A70, 47Cxx Individual linear operators as elements of
42A82, 44A60] algebraic systems
47A58 Operator approximation theory 47C05 Operators in algebras
47A60 Functional calculus 47C10 Operators in ∗ -algebras
47A62 Equations involving linear operators, with 47C15 Operators in C ∗ - or von Neumann algebras
operator unknowns 47C99 None of the above, but in this section
47A63 Operator inequalities 47Dxx Groups and semigroups of linear operators,
47A64 Operator means, shorted operators, etc. their generalizations and applications
47A65 Structure theory 47D03 Groups and semigroups of linear operators {For
47A66 Quasitriangular and nonquasitriangular, nonlinear operators, see 47H20; see also 20M20}
quasidiagonal and nonquasidiagonal operators 47D06 One-parameter semigroups and linear evolution
47A67 Representation theory equations [See also 34G10, 34K30]
47A68 Factorization theory (including Wiener-Hopf and 47D07 Markov semigroups and applications to diffusion
spectral factorizations) processes {For Markov processes, see 60Jxx}
47A70 (Generalized) eigenfunction expansions; rigged 47D08 Schrödinger and Feynman-Kac semigroups
Hilbert spaces 47D09 Operator sine and cosine functions and higher-
47A75 Eigenvalue problems [See also 49R50] order Cauchy problems [See also 34G10]
47A80 Tensor products of operators [See also 46M05] 47D60 C-semigroups
47A99 None of the above, but in this section 47D62 Integrated semigroups
47Bxx Special classes of linear operators 47D99 None of the above, but in this section
47B06 Riesz operators; eigenvalue distributions; 47E05 Ordinary differential operators
approximation numbers, s-numbers, Kolmogorov [See also 34Bxx, 34Lxx]
numbers, entropy numbers, etc. of operators 47F05 Partial differential operators [See also 35Pxx,
47B07 Operators defined by compactness properties 58Jxx]
47B10 Operators belonging to operator ideals (nuclear, 47Gxx Integral, integro-differential, and
p-summing, in the Schatten-von Neumann pseudodifferential operators [See also 58Jxx]
classes, etc.) [See also 47L20] 47G10 Integral operators [See also 45P05]
47B15 Hermitian and normal operators (spectral 47G20 Integro-differential operators [See also 34K30,
measures, functional calculus, etc.) 35R10, 45J05, 45K05]
47B20 Subnormal operators, hyponormal operators, etc. 47G30 Pseudodifferential operators [See also 35Sxx,
47B25 Symmetric and selfadjoint operators (unbounded) 58Jxx]
47B32 Operators in reproducing-kernel Hilbert spaces 47G99 None of the above, but in this section
(including de Branges, de Branges-Rovnyak, and 47Hxx Nonlinear operators and their properties {For
other structured spaces) [See also 46E22] global and geometric aspects, see 58–XX,
47B33 Composition operators especially 58Cxx}
47B34 Kernel operators 47H04 Set-valued operators [See also 28B20, 54C60,
47B35 Toeplitz operators, Hankel operators, Wiener- 58C06]
Hopf operators [See also 45P05, 47G10 for other 47H05 Monotone operators (with respect to duality)
integral operators; see also 32A25, 32M15] 47H06 Accretive operators, dissipative operators, etc.
47B36 Jacobi (tridiagonal) operators (matrices) and 47H07 Monotone and positive operators on ordered
generalizations Banach spaces or other ordered topological vector
47B37 Operators on special spaces (weighted shifts, spaces
operators on sequence spaces, etc.) 47H09 Nonexpansive mappings, and their generalizations
47B38 Operators on function spaces (general) (ultimately compact mappings, measures of
47B39 Difference operators [See also 39A70] noncompactness and condensing mappings, A-
47B40 Spectral operators, decomposable operators, well- proper mappings, K-set contractions, etc.)
bounded operators, etc. 47H10 Fixed-point theorems [See also 54H25, 55M20,
47B44 Accretive operators, dissipative operators, etc. 58C30]
47B47 Commutators, derivations, elementary operators, 47H11 Degree theory [See also 55M25, 58C30]
etc. 47H14 Perturbations of nonlinear operators
47B48 Operators on Banach algebras 47H20 Semigroups of nonlinear operators
47B49 Transformers (= operators on spaces of operators) 47H30 Particular nonlinear operators (superposition,
47B50 Operators on spaces with an indefinite metric Hammerstein, Nemytskiı̆, Uryson, etc.)
[See also 46C50] [See also 45Gxx, 45P05]
47Hxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 42

47H40 Random operators [See also 60H25] 47Nxx Miscellaneous applications of operator theory
47H50 Potential operators [See also 46Nxx]
47H60 Multilinear and polynomial operators 47N10 Applications in optimization, convex analysis,
[See also 46G25] mathematical programming, economics
47H99 None of the above, but in this section 47N20 Applications to differential and integral equations
47Jxx Equations and inequalities involving nonlinear 47N30 Applications in probability theory and statistics
operators [See also 46Txx] {For global and 47N40 Applications in numerical analysis
geometric aspects, see 58–XX} [See also 65Jxx]
47J05 Equations involving nonlinear operators (general) 47N50 Applications in quantum physics
47J06 Nonlinear ill-posed problems 47N55 Applications in statistical physics
47N60 Applications in biology and other sciences
47J07 Abstract inverse mapping and implicit function
47N70 Applications in systems theory, circuits, etc.
theorems [See also 46T20 and 58C15]
47N99 None of the above, but in this section
47J10 Nonlinear eigenvalue problems
47Sxx Other (nonclassical) types of operator theory
47J15 Abstract bifurcation theory [See also 58E07, [See also 46Sxx]
58E09]
47S10 Operator theory over fields other than R, C
47J20 Variational and other types of inequalities or the quaternions; non-Archimedean operator
involving nonlinear operators (general) theory
47J25 Methods for solving nonlinear operator equations 47S20 Nonstandard operator theory [See also 03H05]
(general) 47S30 Constructive operator theory [See also 03F60]
47J30 Variational methods [See also 58Exx] 47S40 Fuzzy operator theory [See also 03E72]
47J35 Nonlinear evolution equations [See also 34G20, 47S50 Operator theory in probabilistic metric linear
35K90, 35L90, 35Qxx, 35R20, 37Kxx, 37Lxx, spaces
58D25] 47S99 None of the above, but in this section
47J40 Equations with hysteresis operators
49–XX CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS AND
47J99 None of the above, but in this section
OPTIMAL CONTROL; OPTIMIZATION
47Lxx Linear spaces and algebras of operators [See also 34H05, 34K35, 65Kxx, 90Cxx, 93–
[See also 46Lxx] XX]
47L05 Linear spaces of operators [See also 46A32 and 49–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
46B28] bibliographies, etc.)
47L07 Convex sets and cones of operators 49–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
[See also 46A55] papers, etc.)
47L10 Algebras of operators on Banach spaces and 49–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
other topological linear spaces 49–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
47L15 Operator algebras with symbol structure classification number from Section 01)
47L20 Operator ideals 49–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
47L25 Operator spaces (= matricially normed spaces) the theory of computation or programming)
[See also 46L07] 49–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
47L30 Abstract operator algebras on Hilbert spaces 49Jxx Existence theories
47L35 Nest algebras, CSL algebras 49J05 Free problems in one independent variable
47L40 Limit algebras, subalgebras of C ∗ -algebras 49J10 Free problems in two or more independent
47L45 Dual algebras; weakly closed singly generated variables
operator algebras 49J15 Optimal control problems involving ordinary
differential equations
47L50 Dual spaces of operator algebras
49J20 Optimal control problems involving partial
47L55 Representations of (nonselfadjoint) operator
differential equations
algebras
49J22 Optimal control problems involving integral
47L60 Algebras of unbounded operators; partial algebras
equations
of operators
49J24 Optimal control problems involving differential
47L65 Crossed product algebras (analytic crossed inclusions [See also 34A60]
products) 49J25 Optimal control problems involving equations
47L70 Nonassociative nonselfadjoint operator algebras with retarded arguments [See also 34K35]
47L75 Other nonselfadjoint operator algebras 49J27 Problems in abstract spaces [See also 90C48,
47L80 Algebras of specific types of operators (Toeplitz, 93C25]
integral, pseudodifferential, etc.) 49J30 Optimal solutions belonging to restricted classes
47L90 Applications of operator algebras to physics (Lipschitz controls, bang-bang controls, etc.)
47L99 None of the above, but in this section 49J35 Minimax problems
43 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 51Bxx

49J40 Variational methods including variational 49N30 Problems with incomplete information
inequalities [See also 47J20] [See also 93C41]
49J45 Methods involving semicontinuity and 49N35 Optimal feedback synthesis [See also 93B52]
convergence; relaxation 49N45 Inverse problems
49J50 Fréchet and Gateaux differentiability 49N60 Regularity of solutions
[See also 46G05, 58C20] 49N70 Differential games
49J52 Nonsmooth analysis [See also 46G05, 58C50] 49N75 Pursuit and evasion games
49J53 Set-valued and variational analysis 49N90 Applications of optimal control and differential
[See also 28B20, 47H04, 54C60, 58C06] games [See also 90C90, 93C95]
49J55 Problems involving randomness [See also 93E20] 49N99 None of the above, but in this section
49J99 None of the above, but in this section 49Qxx Manifolds [See also 58Exx]
49Kxx Necessary conditions and sufficient conditions 49Q05 Minimal surfaces [See also 53A10, 58E12]
for optimality 49Q10 Optimization of shapes other than minimal
49K05 Free problems in one independent variable surfaces [See also 90C90]
49K10 Free problems in two or more independent 49Q12 Sensitivity analysis
variables 49Q15 Geometric measure and integration theory,
49K15 Problems involving ordinary differential equations integral and normal currents [See also 28A75,
49K20 Problems involving partial differential equations 32C30, 58A25, 58C35]
49K22 Problems involving integral equations 49Q20 Variational problems in a geometric measure-
49K24 Problems involving differential inclusions theoretic setting
[See also 34A60] 49Q99 None of the above, but in this section
49K25 Problems involving equations with retarded 49R50 Variational methods for eigenvalues of
arguments [See also 34K35] operators [See also 47A75]
49K27 Problems in abstract spaces [See also 90C48, 49S05 Variational principles of physics
93C25] 51–XX GEOMETRY {For algebraic geometry, see 14–
49K30 Optimal solutions belonging to restricted classes XX}
49K35 Minimax problems 51–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
49K40 Sensitivity, stability, well-posedness bibliographies, etc.)
[See also 90C31] 51–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
49K45 Problems involving randomness [See also 93E20] papers, etc.)
49K99 None of the above, but in this section 51–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
49Lxx Hamilton-Jacobi theories, including dynamic 51–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
programming classification number from Section 01)
49L20 Dynamic programming method 51–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
49L25 Viscosity solutions the theory of computation or programming)
49L99 None of the above, but in this section 51–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
49Mxx Methods of successive approximations 51Axx Linear incidence geometry
[See also 90Cxx, 65Kxx] 51A05 General theory and projective geometries
49M05 Methods based on necessary conditions 51A10 Homomorphism, automorphism and dualities
49M15 Methods of Newton-Raphson, Galerkin and Ritz 51A15 Structures with parallelism
types 51A20 Configuration theorems
49M20 Methods of relaxation type 51A25 Algebraization [See also 12Kxx, 20N05]
49M25 Discrete approximations 51A30 Desarguesian and Pappian geometries
49M27 Decomposition methods 51A35 Non-Desarguesian affine and projective planes
49M29 Methods involving duality 51A40 Translation planes and spreads
49M30 Other methods, not based on necessary conditions 51A45 Incidence structures imbeddable into projective
(penalty function, etc.) geometries
49M37 Methods of nonlinear programming type 51A50 Polar geometry, symplectic spaces, orthogonal
[See also 90C30, 65Kxx] spaces
49M99 None of the above, but in this section 51A99 None of the above, but in this section
49Nxx Miscellaneous topics 51Bxx Nonlinear incidence geometry
49N05 Linear optimal control problems 51B05 General theory
[See also 93C05] 51B10 Möbius geometries
49N10 Linear-quadratic problems 51B15 Laguerre geometries
49N15 Duality theory 51B20 Minkowski geometries
49N20 Periodic optimization 51B25 Lie geometries
49N25 Impulsive optimal control problems 51B99 None of the above, but in this section
51C05 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 44

51C05 Ring geometry (Hjelmslev, Barbilian, etc.) 51J99 None of the above, but in this section
51Dxx Geometric closure systems 51Kxx Distance geometry
51D05 Abstract (Maeda) geometries 51K05 General theory
51D10 Abstract geometries with exchange axiom 51K10 Synthetic differential geometry
51D15 Abstract geometries with parallelism 51K99 None of the above, but in this section
51D20 Combinatorial geometries [See also 05B25, 51Lxx Geometric order structures [See also 53C75]
05B35] 51L05 Geometry of orders of nondifferentiable curves
51D25 Lattices of subspaces [See also 05B35] 51L10 Directly differentiable curves
51D30 Continuous geometries and related topics 51L15 n-vertex theorems via direct methods
[See also 06Cxx] 51L20 Geometry of orders of surfaces
51D99 None of the above, but in this section 51L99 None of the above, but in this section
51Exx Finite geometry and special incidence 51Mxx Real and complex geometry
structures 51M04 Elementary problems in Euclidean geometries
51E05 General block designs [See also 05B05] 51M05 Euclidean geometries (general) and
51E10 Steiner systems generalizations
51E12 Generalized quadrangles, generalized polygons 51M09 Elementary problems in hyperbolic and elliptic
51E14 Finite partial geometries (general), nets, partial geometries
spreads 51M10 Hyperbolic and elliptic geometries (general) and
51E15 Affine and projective planes generalizations
51E20 Combinatorial structures in finite projective 51M15 Geometric constructions
spaces [See also 05Bxx] 51M16 Inequalities and extremum problems {For convex
51E21 Blocking sets, ovals, k-arcs problems, see 52A40}
51E22 Linear codes and caps in Galois spaces 51M20 Polyhedra and polytopes; regular figures, division
[See also 94B05] of spaces [See also 51F15]
51E23 Spreads and packing problems 51M25 Length, area and volume [See also 26B15]
51E24 Buildings and the geometry of diagrams 51M30 Line geometries and their generalizations
51E25 Other finite nonlinear geometries [See also 53A25]
51E26 Other finite linear geometries 51M35 Synthetic treatment of fundamental manifolds
51E30 Other finite incidence structures [See also 05B30] in projective geometries (Grassmannians,
51E99 None of the above, but in this section Veronesians and their generalizations)
51Fxx Metric geometry [See also 14M15]
51F05 Absolute planes 51M99 None of the above, but in this section
51F10 Absolute spaces 51Nxx Analytic and descriptive geometry
51F15 Reflection groups, reflection geometries 51N05 Descriptive geometry [See also 65D17, 68U07]
[See also 20H10, 20H15; for Coxeter groups, see 51N10 Affine analytic geometry
20F55]
51N15 Projective analytic geometry
51F20 Congruence and orthogonality [See also 20H05]
51N20 Euclidean analytic geometry
51F25 Orthogonal and unitary groups [See also 20H05]
51N25 Analytic geometry with other transformation
51F99 None of the above, but in this section
groups
51G05 Ordered geometries (ordered incidence
51N30 Geometry of classical groups [See also 20Gxx,
structures, etc.)
14L35]
51Hxx Topological geometry
51N35 Questions of classical algebraic geometry
51H05 General theory
[See also 14Nxx]
51H10 Topological linear incidence structures
51N99 None of the above, but in this section
51H15 Topological nonlinear incidence structures
51P05 Geometry and physics (should also be assigned
51H20 Topological geometries on manifolds
at least one other classification number from
[See also 57–XX]
Sections 70–86)
51H25 Geometries with differentiable structure
[See also 53Cxx, 53C70] 52–XX CONVEX AND DISCRETE GEOMETRY
51H30 Geometries with algebraic manifold structure 52–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
[See also 14–XX] bibliographies, etc.)
51H99 None of the above, but in this section 52–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
51Jxx Incidence groups papers, etc.)
51J05 General theory 52–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
51J10 Projective incidence groups 52–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
51J15 Kinematic spaces classification number from Section 01)
51J20 Representation by near-fields and near-algebras 52–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
[See also 12K05, 16Y30] the theory of computation or programming)
45 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 53Bxx

52–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 52C07 Lattices and convex bodies in n dimensions
52Axx General convexity [See also 11H06, 11H31, 11P21]
52A01 Axiomatic and generalized convexity 52C10 Erdős problems and related topics of discrete
52A05 Convex sets without dimension restrictions geometry [See also 11Hxx]
52A07 Convex sets in topological vector spaces 52C15 Packing and covering in 2 dimensions
[See also 46A55] [See also 05B40, 11H31]
52A10 Convex sets in 2 dimensions (including convex 52C17 Packing and covering in n dimensions
curves) [See also 53A04] [See also 05B40, 11H31]
52A15 Convex sets in 3 dimensions (including convex 52C20 Tilings in 2 dimensions [See also 05B45, 51M20]
surfaces) [See also 53A05, 53C45] 52C22 Tilings in n dimensions [See also 05B45, 51M20]
52A20 Convex sets in n dimensions (including convex 52C23 Quasicrystals, aperiodic tilings
hypersurfaces) [See also 53A07, 53C45] 52C25 Rigidity and flexibility of structures
52A21 Finite-dimensional Banach spaces (including [See also 70B15]
special norms, zonoids, etc.) [See also 46Bxx] 52C26 Circle packings and discrete conformal geometry
52A22 Random convex sets and integral geometry 52C30 Planar arrangements of lines and pseudolines
[See also 53C65, 60D05] 52C35 Arrangements of points, flats, hyperplanes
52A27 Approximation by convex sets [See also 32S22]
52A30 Variants of convex sets (star-shaped, (m, n)- 52C40 Oriented matroids
convex, etc.) 52C45 Combinatorial complexity of geometric structures
52A35 Helly-type theorems and geometric transversal [See also 68U05]
theory 52C99 None of the above, but in this section
52A37 Other problems of combinatorial convexity
52A38 Length, area, volume [See also 26B15, 28A75, 53–XX DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY {For
49Q20] differential topology, see 57Rxx. For
52A39 Mixed volumes and related topics foundational questions of differentiable
52A40 Inequalities and extremum problems manifolds, see 58Axx}
52A41 Convex functions and convex programs 53–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
[See also 26B25, 90C25] bibliographies, etc.)
52A55 Spherical and hyperbolic convexity 53–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
52A99 None of the above, but in this section papers, etc.)
52Bxx Polytopes and polyhedra 53–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
52B05 Combinatorial properties (number of faces, 53–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
shortest paths, etc.) [See also 05Cxx] classification number from Section 01)
52B10 Three-dimensional polytopes 53–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
52B11 n-dimensional polytopes the theory of computation or programming)
52B12 Special polytopes (linear programming, centrally 53–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
symmetric, etc.) 53Axx Classical differential geometry
52B15 Symmetry properties of polytopes 53A04 Curves in Euclidean space
52B20 Lattice polytopes (including relations with 53A05 Surfaces in Euclidean space
commutative algebra and algebraic geometry) 53A07 Higher-dimensional and -codimensional surfaces
[See also 06A11, 13F20, 13Hxx] in Euclidean n-space
52B22 Shellability 53A10 Minimal surfaces, surfaces with prescribed mean
52B35 Gale and other diagrams curvature [See also 49Q05, 49Q10, 53C42]
52B40 Matroids (realizations in the context of convex 53A15 Affine differential geometry
polytopes, convexity in combinatorial structures, 53A17 Kinematics
etc.) [See also 05B35, 52Cxx] 53A20 Projective differential geometry
52B45 Dissections and valuations (Hilbert’s third 53A25 Differential line geometry
problem, etc.) 53A30 Conformal differential geometry
52B55 Computational aspects related to convexity {For 53A35 Non-Euclidean differential geometry
computational geometry and algorithms, see 53A40 Other special differential geometries
68Q25, 68U05; for numerical algorithms, see 53A45 Vector and tensor analysis
65Yxx} [See also 68Uxx] 53A55 Differential invariants (local theory), geometric
52B60 Isoperimetric problems for polytopes objects
52B70 Polyhedral manifolds 53A60 Geometry of webs [See also 14C21, 20N05]
52B99 None of the above, but in this section 53A99 None of the above, but in this section
52Cxx Discrete geometry 53Bxx Local differential geometry
52C05 Lattices and convex bodies in 2 dimensions 53B05 Linear and affine connections
[See also 11H06, 11H31, 11P21] 53B10 Projective connections
53Bxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 46

53B15 Other connections 53C60 Finsler spaces and generalizations (areal metrics)
53B20 Local Riemannian geometry [See also 58B20]
53B21 Methods of Riemannian geometry 53C65 Integral geometry [See also 52A22,
53B25 Local submanifolds [See also 53C40] 60D05]; differential forms, currents, etc.
53B30 Lorentz metrics, indefinite metrics [See mainly 58Axx]
53B35 Hermitian and Kählerian structures 53C70 Direct methods (G-spaces of Busemann, etc.)
[See also 32Cxx] 53C75 Geometric orders, order geometry
53B40 Finsler spaces and generalizations (areal metrics) [See also 51Lxx]
53B50 Applications to physics 53C80 Applications to physics
53B99 None of the above, but in this section 53C99 None of the above, but in this section
53Cxx Global differential geometry [See also 51H25, 53Dxx Symplectic geometry, contact geometry
58–XX; for related bundle theory, see 55Rxx, [See also 37Jxx, 70Gxx, 70Hxx]
57Rxx] 53D05 Symplectic manifolds, general
53C05 Connections, general theory 53D10 Contact manifolds, general
53C07 Special connections and metrics on vector 53D12 Lagrangian submanifolds; Maslov index
bundles (Hermite-Einstein-Yang-Mills) 53D15 Almost contact and almost symplectic manifolds
[See also 32Q20] 53D17 Poisson manifolds
53C10 G-structures 53D20 Momentum maps; symplectic reduction
53C12 Foliations (differential geometric aspects) 53D22 Canonical transformations
[See also 57R30, 57R32] 53D25 Geodesic flows
53C15 General geometric structures on manifolds 53D30 Symplectic structures of moduli spaces
(almost complex, almost product structures, etc.) 53D35 Global theory of symplectic and contact
53C17 Sub-Riemannian geometry manifolds [See also 57Rxx]
53C20 Global Riemannian geometry, including pinching 53D40 Floer homology and cohomology, symplectic
[See also 31C12, 58B20] aspects
53C21 Methods of Riemannian geometry, including PDE 53D45 Gromov-Witten invariants, quantum cohomology,
methods; curvature restrictions [See also 58J60] Frobenius manifolds [See also 14N35]
53C22 Geodesics [See also 58E10] 53D50 Geometric quantization
53C23 Global topological methods (à la Gromov) 53D55 Deformation quantization, star products
53C24 Rigidity results 53D99 None of the above, but in this section
53C25 Special Riemannian manifolds (Einstein, 53Z05 Applications to physics
Sasakian, etc.) 54–XX GENERAL TOPOLOGY {For the topology of
53C26 Hyper-Kähler and quaternionic Kähler geometry, manifolds of all dimensions, see 57Nxx}
“special” geometry 54–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
53C27 Spin and Spinc geometry bibliographies, etc.)
53C28 Twistor methods [See also 32L25] 54–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
53C29 Issues of holonomy papers, etc.)
53C30 Homogeneous manifolds [See also 14M15, 54–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
14M17, 32M10, 57T15] 54–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
53C35 Symmetric spaces [See also 32M15, 57T15] classification number from Section 01)
53C38 Calibrations and calibrated geometries 54–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
53C40 Global submanifolds [See also 53B25] the theory of computation or programming)
53C42 Immersions (minimal, prescribed curvature, tight, 54–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
etc.) [See also 49Q05, 49Q10, 53A10, 57R40, 54Axx Generalities
57R42] 54A05 Topological spaces and generalizations (closure
53C43 Differential geometric aspects of harmonic maps spaces, etc.)
[See also 58E20] 54A10 Several topologies on one set (change of
53C44 Geometric evolution equations (mean curvature topology, comparison of topologies, lattices of
flow) topologies)
53C45 Global surface theory (convex surfaces à la A. D. 54A15 Syntopogeneous structures
Aleksandrov) 54A20 Convergence in general topology (sequences,
53C50 Lorentz manifolds, manifolds with indefinite filters, limits, convergence spaces, etc.)
metrics 54A25 Cardinality properties (cardinal functions and
53C55 Hermitian and Kählerian manifolds inequalities, discrete subsets) [See also 03Exx]
[See also 32Cxx] {For ultrafilters, see 54D80}
53C56 Other complex differential geometry 54A35 Consistency and independence results
[See also 32Cxx] [See also 03E35]
47 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 54J05

54A40 Fuzzy topology [See also 03E72] 54D80 Special constructions of spaces (spaces of
54A99 None of the above, but in this section ultrafilters, etc.)
54Bxx Basic constructions 54D99 None of the above, but in this section
54B05 Subspaces 54Exx Spaces with richer structures
54B10 Product spaces 54E05 Proximity structures and generalizations
54B15 Quotient spaces, decompositions 54E15 Uniform structures and generalizations
54B17 Adjunction spaces and similar constructions 54E17 Nearness spaces
54B20 Hyperspaces 54E18 p-spaces, M -spaces, σ-spaces, etc.
54B30 Categorical methods [See also 18B30] 54E20 Stratifiable spaces, cosmic spaces, etc.
54B35 Spectra 54E25 Semimetric spaces
54B40 Presheaves and sheaves [See also 18F20] 54E30 Moore spaces
54B99 None of the above, but in this section 54E35 Metric spaces, metrizability
54Cxx Maps and general types of spaces defined by 54E40 Special maps on metric spaces
maps 54E45 Compact (locally compact) metric spaces
54C05 Continuous maps 54E50 Complete metric spaces
54C08 Weak and generalized continuity 54E52 Baire category, Baire spaces
54C10 Special maps on topological spaces (open, closed, 54E55 Bitopologies
perfect, etc.) 54E70 Probabilistic metric spaces
54C15 Retraction 54E99 None of the above, but in this section
54C20 Extension of maps
54Fxx Special properties
54C25 Embedding
54F05 Linearly ordered topological spaces, generalized
54C30 Real-valued functions [See also 26–XX]
ordered spaces, and partially ordered spaces
54C35 Function spaces [See also 46Exx, 58D15] [See also 06B30, 06F30]
54C40 Algebraic properties of function spaces
54F15 Continua and generalizations
[See also 46J10]
54F35 Higher-dimensional local connectedness
54C45 C- and C ∗ -embedding
[See also 55Mxx, 55Nxx]
54C50 Special sets defined by functions
54F45 Dimension theory [See also 55M10]
[See also 26A21]
54F50 Spaces of dimension ≤ 1; curves, dendrites
54C55 Absolute neighborhood extensor, absolute
[See also 26A03]
extensor, absolute neighborhood retract (ANR),
54F55 Unicoherence, multicoherence
absolute retract spaces (general properties)
[See also 55M15] 54F65 Topological characterizations of particular spaces
54C56 Shape theory [See also 55P55, 57N25] 54F99 None of the above, but in this section
54C60 Set-valued maps [See also 26E25, 28B20, 47H04, 54Gxx Peculiar spaces
58C06] 54G05 Extremally disconnected spaces, F -spaces, etc.
54C65 Selections [See also 28B20] 54G10 P -spaces
54C70 Entropy 54G12 Scattered spaces
54C99 None of the above, but in this section 54G15 Pathological spaces
54Dxx Fairly general properties 54G20 Counterexamples
54D05 Connected and locally connected spaces (general 54G99 None of the above, but in this section
aspects) 54Hxx Connections with other structures, applications
54D10 Lower separation axioms (T0 –T3 , etc.) 54H05 Descriptive set theory (topological aspects
54D15 Higher separation axioms (completely regular, of Borel, analytic, projective, etc. sets)
normal, perfectly or collectionwise normal, etc.) [See also 03E15, 26A21, 28A05]
54D20 Noncompact covering properties (paracompact, 54H10 Topological representations of algebraic systems
Lindelöf, etc.) [See also 22–XX]
54D25 “P -minimal” and “P -closed” spaces 54H11 Topological groups [See also 22A05]
54D30 Compactness 54H12 Topological lattices, etc. [See also 06B30, 06F30]
54D35 Extensions of spaces (compactifications, 54H13 Topological fields, rings, etc. [See also 12Jxx]
supercompactifications, completions, etc.) {For algebraic aspects, see 13Jxx, 16W80}
54D40 Remainders 54H15 Transformation groups and semigroups
54D45 Local compactness, σ-compactness [See also 20M20, 22–XX, 57Sxx]
54D50 k-spaces 54H20 Topological dynamics [See also 28Dxx, 37Bxx]
54D55 Sequential spaces 54H25 Fixed-point and coincidence theorems
54D60 Realcompactness and realcompactification [See also 47H10, 55M20]
54D65 Separability 54H99 None of the above, but in this section
54D70 Base properties 54J05 Nonstandard topology [See also 03H05]
55–XX MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 48

55–XX ALGEBRAIC TOPOLOGY 55P42 Stable homotopy theory, spectra

55–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 55P43 Spectra with additional structure (E∞ , A∞ , ring
bibliographies, etc.) spectra, etc.)
55–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 55P45 H-spaces and duals
papers, etc.) 55P47 Infinite loop spaces
55–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 55P48 Loop space machines, operads [See also 18D50]
55–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 55P55 Shape theory [See also 54C56, 55Q07]
classification number from Section 01) 55P57 Proper homotopy theory
55–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 55P60 Localization and completion
the theory of computation or programming) 55P62 Rational homotopy theory
55–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 55P65 Homotopy functors
55Mxx Classical topics {For the topology of Euclidean 55P91 Equivariant homotopy theory [See also 19L47]
spaces and manifolds, see 57Nxx} 55P92 Relations between equivariant and nonequivariant
55M05 Duality homotopy theory
55M10 Dimension theory [See also 54F45] 55P99 None of the above, but in this section
55M15 Absolute neighborhood retracts [See also 54C55] 55Qxx Homotopy groups
55M20 Fixed points and coincidences [See also 54H25] 55Q05 Homotopy groups, general; sets of homotopy
55M25 Degree, winding number classes
55M30 Ljusternik-Schnirelman (Lyusternik-Shnirel0man) 55Q07 Shape groups
category of a space 55Q10 Stable homotopy groups
55M35 Finite groups of transformations (including Smith 55Q15 Whitehead products and generalizations
theory) [See also 57S17] 55Q20 Homotopy groups of wedges, joins, and simple
55M99 None of the above, but in this section spaces
55Nxx Homology and cohomology theories 55Q25 Hopf invariants
[See also 57Txx] 55Q35 Operations in homotopy groups
55N05 Čech types 55Q40 Homotopy groups of spheres
55N07 Steenrod-Sitnikov homologies 55Q45 Stable homotopy of spheres
55N10 Singular theory 55Q50 J-morphism [See also 19L20]
55N15 K-theory [See also 19Lxx] {For algebraic K- 55Q51 vn -periodicity
theory, see 18F25, 19–XX} 55Q52 Homotopy groups of special spaces
55N20 Generalized (extraordinary) homology and 55Q55 Cohomotopy groups
cohomology theories 55Q70 Homotopy groups of special types
55N22 Bordism and cobordism theories, formal group [See also 55N05, 55N07]
laws [See also 14L05, 19L41, 57R75, 57R77, 55Q91 Equivariant homotopy groups [See also 19L47]
57R85, 57R90] 55Q99 None of the above, but in this section
55N25 Homology with local coefficients, equivariant 55Rxx Fiber spaces and bundles [See also 18F15,
cohomology 32Lxx, 46M20, 57R20, 57R22, 57R25]
55N30 Sheaf cohomology [See also 18F20, 32C35, 55R05 Fiber spaces
32L10] 55R10 Fiber bundles
55N33 Intersection homology and cohomology 55R12 Transfer
55N34 Elliptic cohomology 55R15 Classification
55N35 Other homology theories 55R20 Spectral sequences and homology of fiber spaces
55N40 Axioms for homology theory and uniqueness [See also 55Txx]
theorems 55R25 Sphere bundles and vector bundles
55N45 Products and intersections 55R35 Classifying spaces of groups and H-spaces
55N91 Equivariant homology and cohomology 55R37 Maps between classifying spaces
[See also 19L47] 55R40 Homology of classifying spaces, characteristic
55N99 None of the above, but in this section classes [See also 57Txx, 57R20]
55Pxx Homotopy theory {For simple homotopy type, 55R45 Homology and homotopy of BO and BU; Bott
see 57Q10} periodicity
55P05 Homotopy extension properties, cofibrations 55R50 Stable classes of vector space bundles, K-theory
55P10 Homotopy equivalences [See also 19Lxx] {For algebraic K-theory, see
55P15 Classification of homotopy type 18F25, 19–XX}
55P20 Eilenberg-Mac Lane spaces 55R55 Fiberings with singularities
55P25 Spanier-Whitehead duality 55R60 Microbundles and block bundles
55P30 Eckmann-Hilton duality [See also 57N55, 57Q50]
55P35 Loop spaces 55R65 Generalizations of fiber spaces and bundles
55P40 Suspensions 55R70 Fibrewise topology
49 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 57Qxx

55R80 Discriminantal varieties, configuration spaces 57M07 Topological methods in group theory
55R91 Equivariant fiber spaces and bundles 57M10 Covering spaces
[See also 19L47] 57M12 Special coverings, e.g. branched
55R99 None of the above, but in this section 57M15 Relations with graph theory [See also 05Cxx]
55Sxx Operations and obstructions 57M20 Two-dimensional complexes
55S05 Primary cohomology operations 57M25 Knots and links in S 3 {For higher dimensions,
55S10 Steenrod algebra see 57Q45}
55S12 Dyer-Lashof operations 57M27 Invariants of knots and 3-manifolds
55S15 Symmetric products, cyclic products 57M30 Wild knots and surfaces, etc., wild embeddings
55S20 Secondary and higher cohomology operations 57M35 Dehn’s lemma, sphere theorem, loop theorem,
55S25 K-theory operations and generalized cohomology asphericity
operations [See also 19D55, 19Lxx] 57M40 Characterizations of E 3 and S 3 (Poincaré
55S30 Massey products conjecture) [See also 57N12]
55S35 Obstruction theory 57M50 Geometric structures on low-dimensional
55S36 Extension and compression of mappings manifolds
55S37 Classification of mappings 57M60 Group actions in low dimensions
55S40 Sectioning fiber spaces and bundles 57M99 None of the above, but in this section
55S45 Postnikov systems, k-invariants 57Nxx Topological manifolds
55S91 Equivariant operations and obstructions 57N05 Topology of E 2 , 2-manifolds
[See also 19L47] 57N10 Topology of general 3-manifolds
55S99 None of the above, but in this section [See also 57Mxx]
55Txx Spectral sequences [See also 18G40, 55R20] 57N12 Topology of E 3 and S 3 [See also 57M40]
55T05 General 57N13 Topology of E 4 , 4-manifolds [See also 14Jxx,
55T10 Serre spectral sequences 32Jxx]
55T15 Adams spectral sequences 57N15 Topology of E n , n-manifolds (4 < n < ∞)
55T20 Eilenberg-Moore spectral sequences 57N16 Geometric structures on manifolds
[See also 57T35] [See also 57M50]
55T25 Generalized cohomology 57N17 Topology of topological vector spaces
55T99 None of the above, but in this section 57N20 Topology of infinite-dimensional manifolds
55Uxx Applied homological algebra and category [See also 58Bxx]
theory [See also 18Gxx] 57N25 Shapes [See also 54C56, 55P55, 55Q07]
55U05 Abstract complexes 57N30 Engulfing
55U10 Simplicial sets and complexes 57N35 Embeddings and immersions
57N37 Isotopy and pseudo-isotopy
55U15 Chain complexes
57N40 Neighborhoods of submanifolds
55U20 Universal coefficient theorems, Bockstein
57N45 Flatness and tameness
operator
57N50 S n−1 ⊂ E n , Schoenflies problem
55U25 Homology of a product, Künneth formula
57N55 Microbundles and block bundles [See also 55R60,
55U30 Duality
57Q50]
55U35 Abstract and axiomatic homotopy theory
57N60 Cellularity
55U40 Topological categories, foundations of homotopy
57N65 Algebraic topology of manifolds
theory
57N70 Cobordism and concordance
55U99 None of the above, but in this section
57N75 General position and transversality
57–XX MANIFOLDS AND CELL COMPLEXES 57N80 Stratifications
{For complex manifolds, see 32Qxx} 57N99 None of the above, but in this section
57–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 57Pxx Generalized manifolds [See also 18F15]
bibliographies, etc.) 57P05 Local properties of generalized manifolds
57–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 57P10 Poincaré duality spaces
papers, etc.) 57P99 None of the above, but in this section
57–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 57Qxx PL-topology
57–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 57Q05 General topology of complexes
classification number from Section 01) 57Q10 Simple homotopy type, Whitehead torsion,
57–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not Reidemeister-Franz torsion, etc. [See also 19B28]
the theory of computation or programming) 57Q12 Wall finiteness obstruction for CW-complexes
57–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 57Q15 Triangulating manifolds
57Mxx Low-dimensional topology 57Q20 Cobordism
57M05 Fundamental group, presentations, free 57Q25 Comparison of PL-structures: classification,
differential calculus Hauptvermutung
57Qxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 50

57Q30 Engulfing 57R95 Realizing cycles by submanifolds

57Q35 Embeddings and immersions 57R99 None of the above, but in this section
57Q37 Isotopy 57Sxx Topological transformation groups
57Q40 Regular neighborhoods [See also 20F34, 22–XX, 37–XX, 54H15,
57Q45 Knots and links (in high dimensions) {For the 58D05]
low-dimensional case, see 57M25} 57S05 Topological properties of groups of
57Q50 Microbundles and block bundles [See also 55R60, homeomorphisms or diffeomorphisms
57N55] 57S10 Compact groups of homeomorphisms
57Q55 Approximations 57S15 Compact Lie groups of differentiable
57Q60 Cobordism and concordance transformations
57Q65 General position and transversality 57S17 Finite transformation groups
57Q91 Equivariant PL-topology 57S20 Noncompact Lie groups of transformations
57Q99 None of the above, but in this section 57S25 Groups acting on specific manifolds
57Rxx Differential topology {For foundational 57S30 Discontinuous groups of transformations
questions of differentiable manifolds, see 57S99 None of the above, but in this section
58Axx; for infinite-dimensional manifolds, see 57Txx Homology and homotopy of topological groups
58Bxx} and related structures
57R05 Triangulating 57T05 Hopf algebras [See also 16W30]
57R10 Smoothing 57T10 Homology and cohomology of Lie groups
57R12 Smooth approximations 57T15 Homology and cohomology of homogeneous
57R15 Specialized structures on manifolds (spin spaces of Lie groups
manifolds, framed manifolds, etc.) 57T20 Homotopy groups of topological groups and
57R17 Symplectic and contact topology homogeneous spaces
57R19 Algebraic topology on manifolds 57T25 Homology and cohomology of H-spaces
57R20 Characteristic classes and numbers 57T30 Bar and cobar constructions [See also 18G55,
57R22 Topology of vector bundles and fiber bundles 55Uxx]
[See also 55Rxx] 57T35 Applications of Eilenberg-Moore spectral
57R25 Vector fields, frame fields sequences [See also 55R20, 55T20]
57R27 Controllability of vector fields on C ∞ and real- 57T99 None of the above, but in this section
analytic manifolds [See also 49Qxx, 37C10,
93B05] 58–XX GLOBAL ANALYSIS, ANALYSIS ON
57R30 Foliations; geometric theory MANIFOLDS {For geometric integration
57R32 Classifying spaces for foliations; Gel0fand-Fuks theory, see 49Q15}
cohomology [See also 58H10] 58–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
57R35 Differentiable mappings bibliographies, etc.)
57R40 Embeddings 58–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
57R42 Immersions papers, etc.)
57R45 Singularities of differentiable mappings 58–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
57R50 Diffeomorphisms 58–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
57R52 Isotopy classification number from Section 01)
57R55 Differentiable structures 58–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
57R56 Topological quantum field theories the theory of computation or programming)
57R57 Applications of global analysis to structures 58–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
on manifolds, Donaldson and Seiberg-Witten 58Axx General theory of differentiable manifolds
invariants [See also 58–XX] [See also 32Cxx]
57R58 Floer homology 58A03 Topos-theoretic approach to differentiable
57R60 Homotopy spheres, Poincaré conjecture manifolds
57R65 Surgery and handlebodies 58A05 Differentiable manifolds, foundations
57R67 Surgery obstructions, Wall groups 58A07 Real-analytic and Nash manifolds
[See also 19J25] [See also 14P20, 32C07]
57R70 Critical points and critical submanifolds 58A10 Differential forms
57R75 O- and SO-cobordism 58A12 de Rham theory [See also 14Fxx]
57R77 Complex cobordism (U- and SU-cobordism) 58A14 Hodge theory [See also 14C30, 14Fxx, 32J25,
[See also 55N22] 32S35]
57R80 h- and s-cobordism 58A15 Exterior differential systems (Cartan theory)
57R85 Equivariant cobordism 58A17 Pfaffian systems
57R90 Other types of cobordism [See also 55N22] 58A20 Jets
57R91 Equivariant algebraic topology of manifolds 58A25 Currents [See also 32C30, 53C65]
51 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 58Jxx

58A30 Vector distributions (subbundles of the tangent 58D27 Moduli problems for differential geometric
bundles) structures
58A32 Natural bundles 58D29 Moduli problems for topological structures
58A35 Stratified sets [See also 32S60] 58D30 Applications (in quantum mechanics (Feynman
58A40 Differential spaces path integrals), relativity, fluid dynamics, etc.)
58A50 Supermanifolds and graded manifolds 58D99 None of the above, but in this section
[See also 14A22, 32C11] 58Exx Variational problems in infinite-dimensional
58A99 None of the above, but in this section spaces
58Bxx Infinite-dimensional manifolds 58E05 Abstract critical point theory (Morse theory,
58B05 Homotopy and topological questions Ljusternik-Schnirelman (Lyusternik-Shnirel0man)
58B10 Differentiability questions theory, etc.)
58B12 Questions of holomorphy [See also 32–XX, 58E07 Abstract bifurcation theory
46G20] 58E09 Group-invariant bifurcation theory
58B15 Fredholm structures [See also 47A53] 58E10 Applications to the theory of geodesics (problems
58B20 Riemannian, Finsler and other geometric in one independent variable)
structures [See also 53C20, 53C60] 58E11 Critical metrics
58B25 Group structures and generalizations on infinite- 58E12 Applications to minimal surfaces (problems in
dimensional manifolds [See also 22E65, 58D05] two independent variables) [See also 49Q05]
58B32 Geometry of quantum groups 58E15 Application to extremal problems in
58B34 Noncommutative geometry (à la Connes) several variables; Yang-Mills functionals
[See also 81T13], etc.
58B99 None of the above, but in this section
58E17 Pareto optimality, etc., applications to economics
58Cxx Calculus on manifolds; nonlinear operators
[See also 90C29]
[See also 46Txx, 47Hxx, 47Jxx]
58E20 Harmonic maps [See also 53C43], etc.
58C05 Real-valued functions
58E25 Applications to control theory [See also 49–XX,
58C06 Set valued and function-space valued mappings
93–XX]
[See also 47H04, 54C60]
58E30 Variational principles
58C07 Continuity properties of mappings
58E35 Variational inequalities (global problems)
58C10 Holomorphic maps [See also 32–XX]
58E40 Group actions
58C15 Implicit function theorems; global Newton 58E50 Applications
methods
58E99 None of the above, but in this section
58C20 Differentiation theory (Gateaux, Fréchet, etc.) 58Hxx Pseudogroups, differentiable groupoids and
[See also 26Exx, 46G05] general structures on manifolds
58C25 Differentiable maps 58H05 Pseudogroups and differentiable groupoids
58C30 Fixed point theorems on manifolds [See also 22A22, 22E65]
[See also 47H10] 58H10 Cohomology of classifying spaces for
58C35 Integration on manifolds; measures on manifolds pseudogroup structures (Spencer, Gel0fand-Fuks,
[See also 28Cxx] etc.) [See also 57R32]
58C40 Spectral theory; eigenvalue problems 58H15 Deformations of structures [See also 32Gxx,
[See also 47J10, 58E07] 58J10]
58C50 Analysis on supermanifolds or graded manifolds 58H99 None of the above, but in this section
58C99 None of the above, but in this section 58Jxx Partial differential equations on manifolds;
58Dxx Spaces and manifolds of mappings (including differential operators [See also 32Wxx, 35–XX,
nonlinear versions of 46Exx) [See also 46Txx, 53Cxx]
53Cxx] 58J05 Elliptic equations on manifolds, general theory
58D05 Groups of diffeomorphisms and homeomorphisms [See also 35–XX]
as manifolds [See also 22E65, 57S05] 58J10 Differential complexes [See also 35Nxx]; elliptic
58D07 Groups and semigroups of nonlinear operators complexes
[See also 17B65, 47H20] 58J15 Relations with hyperfunctions
58D10 Spaces of imbeddings and immersions 58J20 Index theory and related fixed point theorems
58D15 Manifolds of mappings [See also 46T10, 54C35] [See also 19K56, 46L80]
58D17 Manifolds of metrics (esp. Riemannian) 58J22 Exotic index theories [See also 19K56, 46L05,
58D19 Group actions and symmetry properties 46L10, 46L80, 46M20]
58D20 Measures (Gaussian, cylindrical, etc.) on 58J26 Elliptic genera
manifolds of maps [See also 28Cxx, 46T12] 58J28 Eta-invariants, Chern-Simons invariants
58D25 Equations in function spaces; evolution equations 58J30 Spectral flows
[See also 34Gxx, 35K90, 35L90, 35R15, 37Lxx, 58J32 Boundary value problems on manifolds
47Jxx] 58J35 Heat and other parabolic equation methods
58Jxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 52

58J37 Perturbations; asymptotics 60–08 Computational methods (not classified at a more

58J40 Pseudodifferential and Fourier integral operators specific level) [See also 65C50]
on manifolds [See also 35Sxx] 60Axx Foundations of probability theory
58J42 Noncommutative global analysis, noncommutative 60A05 Axioms; other general questions
residues 60A10 Probabilistic measure theory {For ergodic theory,
58J45 Hyperbolic equations [See also 35Lxx] see 28Dxx and 60Fxx}
58J47 Propagation of singularities; initial value 60A99 None of the above, but in this section
problems 60Bxx Probability theory on algebraic and topological
58J50 Spectral problems; spectral geometry; scattering structures
theory [See also 35Pxx] 60B05 Probability measures on topological spaces
58J52 Determinants and determinant bundles, analytic 60B10 Convergence of probability measures
torsion 60B11 Probability theory on linear topological spaces
58J53 Isospectrality [See also 28C20]
58J55 Bifurcation [See also 35B32] 60B12 Limit theorems for vector-valued random
58J60 Relations with special manifold structures variables (infinite-dimensional case)
(Riemannian, Finsler, etc.) 60B15 Probability measures on groups, Fourier
transforms, factorization
58J65 Diffusion processes and stochastic analysis on
60B99 None of the above, but in this section
manifolds [See also 35R60, 60H10, 60J60]
60C05 Combinatorial probability
58J70 Invariance and symmetry properties
60D05 Geometric probability, stochastic geometry,
[See also 35A30]
random sets [See also 52A22, 53C65]
58J72 Correspondences and other transformation
60Exx Distribution theory [See also 62Exx, 62Hxx]
methods (e.g. Lie-Bäcklund) [See also 35A22]
60E05 Distributions: general theory
58J90 Applications
60E07 Infinitely divisible distributions; stable
58J99 None of the above, but in this section distributions
58Kxx Theory of singularities and catastrophe theory 60E10 Characteristic functions; other transforms
[See also 32Sxx, 37–XX] 60E15 Inequalities; stochastic orderings
58K05 Critical points of functions and mappings 60E99 None of the above, but in this section
58K10 Monodromy 60Fxx Limit theorems [See also 28Dxx, 60B12]
58K15 Topological properties of mappings 60F05 Central limit and other weak theorems
58K20 Algebraic and analytic properties of mappings 60F10 Large deviations
58K25 Stability 60F15 Strong theorems
58K30 Global theory 60F17 Functional limit theorems; invariance principles
58K35 Catastrophe theory 60F20 Zero-one laws
58K40 Classification; finite determinacy of map germs 60F25 Lp -limit theorems
58K45 Singularities of vector fields, topological aspects 60F99 None of the above, but in this section
58K50 Normal forms 60Gxx Stochastic processes
58K55 Asymptotic behavior 60G05 Foundations of stochastic processes
58K60 Deformation of singularities 60G07 General theory of processes
58K65 Topological invariants 60G09 Exchangeability
58K70 Symmetries, equivariance 60G10 Stationary processes
58K99 None of the above, but in this section 60G12 General second-order processes
58Z05 Applications to physics 60G15 Gaussian processes
60G17 Sample path properties
60–XX PROBABILITY THEORY AND 60G18 Self-similar processes
STOCHASTIC PROCESSES {For additional 60G20 Generalized stochastic processes
applications, see 11Kxx, 62–XX, 90–XX, 91– 60G25 Prediction theory [See also 62M20]
XX, 92–XX, 93–XX, 94–XX} 60G30 Continuity and singularity of induced measures
60–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 60G35 Applications (signal detection, filtering, etc.)
bibliographies, etc.) [See also 62M20, 93E10, 93E11, 94Axx]
60–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 60G40 Stopping times; optimal stopping problems;
papers, etc.) gambling theory [See also 62L15, 91A60]
60–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 60G42 Martingales with discrete parameter
60–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 60G44 Martingales with continuous parameter
classification number from Section 01) 60G46 Martingales and classical analysis
60–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 60G48 Generalizations of martingales
the theory of computation or programming) 60G50 Sums of independent random variables; random
60–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. walks
53 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 62Fxx

60G51 Processes with independent increments 60K20 Applications of Markov renewal processes
60G52 Stable processes (reliability, queueing networks, etc.)
60G55 Point processes [See also 90Bxx]
60G57 Random measures 60K25 Queueing theory [See also 68M20, 90B22]
60G60 Random fields 60K30 Applications (congestion, allocation, storage,
60G70 Extreme value theory; extremal processes traffic, etc.) [See also 90Bxx]
60G99 None of the above, but in this section 60K35 Interacting random processes; statistical
60Hxx Stochastic analysis [See also 58J65] mechanics type models; percolation theory
60H05 Stochastic integrals [See also 82B43, 82C43]
60H07 Stochastic calculus of variations and the 60K37 Processes in random environments
Malliavin calculus 60K40 Other physical applications of random processes
60H10 Stochastic ordinary differential equations 60K99 None of the above, but in this section
[See also 34F05] 62–XX STATISTICS
60H15 Stochastic partial differential equations 62–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
[See also 35R60] bibliographies, etc.)
60H20 Stochastic integral equations 62–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
60H25 Random operators and equations papers, etc.)
[See also 47B80] 62–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
60H30 Applications of stochastic analysis (to PDE, etc.) 62–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
60H35 Computational methods for stochastic equations classification number from Section 01)
[See also 65C30] 62–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
60H40 White noise theory the theory of computation or programming)
60H99 None of the above, but in this section 62–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
60Jxx Markov processes 62–07 Data analysis
60J05 Markov processes with discrete parameter 62–09 Graphical methods
60J10 Markov chains with discrete parameter 62A01 Foundational and philosophical topics
60J20 Applications of discrete Markov processes (social 62Bxx Sufficiency and information
mobility, learning theory, industrial processes, 62B05 Sufficient statistics and fields
etc.) [See also 90B30, 91D10, 91D35, 91E40] 62B10 Information-theoretic topics [See also 94A17]
60J22 Computational methods in Markov chains 62B15 Theory of statistical experiments
[See also 65C40] 62B99 None of the above, but in this section
60J25 Markov processes with continuous parameter 62Cxx Decision theory [See also 90B50, 91B06; for
60J27 Markov chains with continuous parameter game theory, see 91A35]
60J35 Transition functions, generators and resolvents 62C05 General considerations
[See also 47D03, 47D07] 62C07 Complete class results
60J40 Right processes 62C10 Bayesian problems; characterization of Bayes
60J45 Probabilistic potential theory [See also 31Cxx, procedures
31D05] 62C12 Empirical decision procedures; empirical Bayes
60J50 Boundary theory procedures
60J55 Local time and additive functionals 62C15 Admissibility
60J57 Multiplicative functionals 62C20 Minimax procedures
60J60 Diffusion processes [See also 58J65] 62C25 Compound decision problems
60J65 Brownian motion [See also 58J65] 62C99 None of the above, but in this section
60J70 Applications of diffusion theory (population 62D05 Sampling theory, sample surveys
genetics, absorption problems, etc.) 62Exx Distribution theory [See also 60Exx]
[See also 92Dxx] 62E10 Characterization and structure theory
60J75 Jump processes 62E15 Exact distribution theory
60J80 Branching processes (Galton-Watson, birth-and- 62E17 Approximations to distributions (nonasymptotic)
death, etc.) 62E20 Asymptotic distribution theory
60J85 Applications of branching processes 62E99 None of the above, but in this section
[See also 92Dxx] 62Fxx Parametric inference
60J99 None of the above, but in this section 62F03 Hypothesis testing
60Kxx Special processes 62F05 Asymptotic properties of tests
60K05 Renewal theory 62F07 Ranking and selection
60K10 Applications (reliability, demand theory, etc.) 62F10 Point estimation
60K15 Markov renewal processes, semi-Markov 62F12 Asymptotic properties of estimators
processes 62F15 Bayesian inference
62Fxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 54

62F25 Tolerance and confidence regions 62Mxx Inference from stochastic processes
62F30 Inference under constraints 62M02 Markov processes: hypothesis testing
62F35 Robustness and adaptive procedures 62M05 Markov processes: estimation
62F40 Bootstrap, jackknife and other resampling 62M07 Non-Markovian processes: hypothesis testing
methods 62M09 Non-Markovian processes: estimation
62F99 None of the above, but in this section 62M10 Time series, auto-correlation, regression, etc.
62Gxx Nonparametric inference [See also 91B84]
62G05 Estimation 62M15 Spectral analysis
62G07 Density estimation 62M20 Prediction [See also 60G25]; filtering
62G08 Nonparametric regression [See also 60G35, 93E10, 93E11]
62G09 Resampling methods 62M30 Spatial processes
62G10 Hypothesis testing 62M40 Random fields; image analysis
62G15 Tolerance and confidence regions 62M45 Neural nets and related approaches
62G20 Asymptotic properties 62M99 None of the above, but in this section
62G30 Order statistics; empirical distribution functions 62Nxx Survival analysis and censored data
62G32 Statistics of extreme values; tail inference 62N01 Censored data models
62G35 Robustness 62N02 Estimation
62N03 Testing
62G99 None of the above, but in this section
62N05 Reliability and life testing [See also 90B25]
62Hxx Multivariate analysis [See also 60Exx]
62N99 None of the above, but in this section
62H05 Characterization and structure theory
62Pxx Applications [See also 90–XX, 91–XX, 92–XX]
62H10 Distribution of statistics
62P05 Applications to actuarial sciences and financial
62H11 Directional data; spatial statistics
mathematics
62H12 Estimation
62P10 Applications to biology and medical sciences
62H15 Hypothesis testing 62P12 Applications to environmental and related topics
62H17 Contingency tables 62P15 Applications to psychology
62H20 Measures of association (correlation, canonical 62P20 Applications to economics [See also 91Bxx]
correlation, etc.) 62P25 Applications to social sciences
62H25 Factor analysis and principal components; 62P30 Applications in engineering and industry
correspondence analysis 62P35 Applications to physics
62H30 Classification and discrimination; cluster analysis 62P99 None of the above, but in this section
[See also 68T10] 62Q05 Statistical tables
62H35 Image analysis
62H99 None of the above, but in this section 65–XX NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
62Jxx Linear inference, regression 65–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
62J02 General nonlinear regression bibliographies, etc.)
62J05 Linear regression 65–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
papers, etc.)
62J07 Ridge regression; shrinkage estimators
65–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
62J10 Analysis of variance and covariance
65–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
62J12 Generalized linear models
classification number from Section 01)
62J15 Paired and multiple comparisons
65–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
62J20 Diagnostics
the theory of computation or programming)
62J99 None of the above, but in this section 65–05 Experimental papers
62Kxx Design of experiments [See also 05Bxx] 65–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
62K05 Optimal designs 65A05 Tables
62K10 Block designs 65Bxx Acceleration of convergence
62K15 Factorial designs 65B05 Extrapolation to the limit, deferred corrections
62K20 Response surface designs 65B10 Summation of series
62K25 Robust parameter designs 65B15 Euler-Maclaurin formula
62K99 None of the above, but in this section 65B99 None of the above, but in this section
62Lxx Sequential methods 65Cxx Probabilistic methods, simulation and
62L05 Sequential design stochastic differential equations {For
62L10 Sequential analysis theoretical aspects, see 68U20 and 60H35}
62L12 Sequential estimation 65C05 Monte Carlo methods
62L15 Optimal stopping [See also 60G40, 91A60] 65C10 Random number generation
62L20 Stochastic approximation 65C20 Models, numerical methods [See also 68U20]
62L99 None of the above, but in this section 65C30 Stochastic differential and integral equations
55 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 65Nxx

65C35 Stochastic particle methods [See also 82C80] 65Jxx Numerical analysis in abstract spaces
65C40 Computational Markov chains 65J05 General theory
65C50 Other computational problems in probability 65J10 Equations with linear operators (do not use
65C60 Computational problems in statistics 65Fxx)
65C99 None of the above, but in this section 65J15 Equations with nonlinear operators (do not use
65Dxx Numerical approximation and computational 65Hxx)
geometry (primarily algorithms) {For theory, 65J20 Improperly posed problems; regularization
see 41–XX and 68Uxx} 65J22 Inverse problems
65D05 Interpolation 65J99 None of the above, but in this section
65D07 Splines 65Kxx Mathematical programming, optimization and
65D10 Smoothing, curve fitting variational techniques
65K05 Mathematical programming algorithms {For
65D15 Algorithms for functional approximation
theory see 90Cxx}
65D17 Computer aided design (modeling of curves and
65K10 Optimization and variational techniques
surfaces) [See also 68U07]
[See also 49Mxx, 93B40]
65D18 Computer graphics and computational geometry
65K99 None of the above, but in this section
[See also 51N05, 68U05]
65Lxx Ordinary differential equations
65D20 Computation of special functions, construction of 65L05 Initial value problems
tables [See also 33F05]
65L06 Multistep, Runge-Kutta and extrapolation
65D25 Numerical differentiation methods
65D30 Numerical integration 65L07 Numerical investigation of stability of solutions
65D32 Quadrature and cubature formulas 65L08 Improperly posed problems
65D99 None of the above, but in this section 65L09 Inverse problems
65E05 Numerical methods in complex analysis 65L10 Boundary value problems
(potential theory, etc.) {For numerical methods 65L12 Finite difference methods
in conformal mapping, see 30C30} 65L15 Eigenvalue problems
65Fxx Numerical linear algebra 65L20 Stability and convergence of numerical methods
65F05 Direct methods for linear systems and matrix 65L50 Mesh generation and refinement
inversion 65L60 Finite elements, Rayleigh-Ritz, Galerkin and
65F10 Iterative methods for linear systems collocation methods
[See also 65N22] 65L70 Error bounds
65F15 Eigenvalues, eigenvectors 65L80 Methods for differential-algebraic equations
65F18 Inverse eigenvalue problems 65L99 None of the above, but in this section
65F20 Overdetermined systems, pseudoinverses 65Mxx Partial differential equations, initial value
65F22 Ill-posedness, regularization and time-dependent initial-boundary value
65F25 Orthogonalization problems
65F30 Other matrix algorithms 65M06 Finite difference methods
65F35 Matrix norms, conditioning, scaling 65M12 Stability and convergence of numerical methods
[See also 15A12, 15A60] 65M15 Error bounds
65F40 Determinants 65M20 Method of lines
65F50 Sparse matrices 65M25 Method of characteristics
65M30 Improperly posed problems
65F99 None of the above, but in this section
65M32 Inverse problems
65Gxx Error analysis and interval analysis
65M50 Mesh generation and refinement
65G20 Algorithms with automatic result verification
65M55 Multigrid methods; domain decomposition
65G30 Interval and finite arithmetic
65M60 Finite elements, Rayleigh-Ritz and Galerkin
65G40 General methods in interval analysis methods, finite methods
65G50 Roundoff error 65M70 Spectral, collocation and related methods
65G99 None of the above, but in this section 65M99 None of the above, but in this section
65Hxx Nonlinear algebraic or transcendental 65Nxx Partial differential equations, boundary value
equations problems
65H05 Single equations 65N06 Finite difference methods
65H10 Systems of equations 65N12 Stability and convergence of numerical methods
65H17 Eigenvalues, eigenvectors [See also 47Hxx, 65N15 Error bounds
47Jxx, 58C40, 58E07, 90C30] 65N21 Inverse problems
65H20 Global methods, including homotopy approaches 65N22 Solution of discretized equations [See also 65Fxx,
[See also 58C30, 90C30] 65Hxx]
65H99 None of the above, but in this section 65N25 Eigenvalue problems
65Nxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 56

65N30 Finite elements, Rayleigh-Ritz and Galerkin 68M10 Network design and communication
methods, finite methods [See also 68R10, 90B18]
65N35 Spectral, collocation and related methods 68M12 Network protocols
65N38 Boundary element methods 68M14 Distributed systems
65N40 Method of lines 68M15 Reliability, testing and fault tolerance
65N45 Method of contraction of the boundary [See also 94C12]
65N50 Mesh generation and refinement 68M20 Performance evaluation; queueing; scheduling
65N55 Multigrid methods; domain decomposition [See also 60K25, 90Bxx]
65N99 None of the above, but in this section 68M99 None of the above, but in this section
65Pxx Numerical problems in dynamical systems 68Nxx Software
[See also 37Mxx] 68N01 General
65P10 Hamiltonian systems including symplectic 68N15 Programming languages
integrators 68N17 Logic programming
65P20 Numerical chaos 68N18 Functional programming and lambda calculus
65P30 Bifurcation problems [See also 03B40]
65P40 Nonlinear stabilities 68N19 Other programming techniques (object-oriented,
65P99 None of the above, but in this section sequential, concurrent, automatic, etc.)
65Q05 Difference and functional equations, 68N20 Compilers and interpreters
recurrence relations 68N25 Operating systems
65Rxx Integral equations, integral transforms 68N30 Mathematical aspects of software engineering
65R10 Integral transforms (specification, verification, metrics, requirements,
65R20 Integral equations etc.)
65R30 Improperly posed problems 68N99 None of the above, but in this section
65R32 Inverse problems 68Pxx Theory of data
65R99 None of the above, but in this section 68P01 General
65S05 Graphical methods 68P05 Data structures
65Txx Numerical methods in Fourier analysis 68P10 Searching and sorting
65T40 Trigonometric approximation and interpolation 68P15 Database theory
65T50 Discrete and fast Fourier transforms 68P20 Information storage and retrieval
65T60 Wavelets 68P25 Data encryption [See also 94A60, 81P68]
65T99 None of the above, but in this section 68P30 Coding and information theory (compaction,
65Yxx Computer aspects of numerical algorithms compression, models of communication, encoding
schemes, etc.) [See also 94Axx]
65Y05 Parallel computation
68P99 None of the above, but in this section
65Y10 Algorithms for specific classes of architectures
68Qxx Theory of computing
65Y15 Packaged methods
68Q01 General
65Y20 Complexity and performance of numerical
68Q05 Models of computation (Turing machines, etc.)
algorithms [See also 68Q25]
[See also 03D10, 81P68]
65Y99 None of the above, but in this section
68Q10 Modes of computation (nondeterministic, parallel,
65Z05 Applications to physics
interactive, probabilistic, etc.) [See also 68Q85]
68–XX COMPUTER SCIENCE {For papers involving 68Q15 Complexity classes (hierarchies, relations among
machine computations and programs in a complexity classes, etc.) [See also 03D15, 68Q17,
specific mathematical area, see Section –04 in 68Q19]
that area} 68Q17 Computational difficulty of problems
68–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, (lower bounds, completeness, difficulty of
bibliographies, etc.) approximation, etc.) [See also 68Q15]
68–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 68Q19 Descriptive complexity and finite models
papers, etc.) [See also 03C13]
68–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 68Q25 Analysis of algorithms and problem complexity
68–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one [See also 68W40]
classification number from Section 01) 68Q30 Algorithmic information theory (Kolmogorov
68–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not complexity, etc.)
the theory of computation or programming) 68Q32 Computational learning theory [See also 68T05]
68–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 68Q42 Grammars and rewriting systems
68Mxx Computer system organization 68Q45 Formal languages and automata [See also 03D05,
68M01 General 68Q70, 94A45]
68M07 Mathematical problems of computer architecture 68Q55 Semantics [See also 03B70, 06B35, 18C50]
57 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 70Fxx

68Q60 Specification and verification (program logics, 68W30 Symbolic computation and algebraic computation
model checking, etc.) [See also 03B70] [See also 11Yxx, 12Y05, 13Pxx, 14Qxx, 16Z05,
68Q65 Abstract data types; algebraic specification 17–08, 33F10]
[See also 18C50] 68W35 VLSI algorithms
68Q70 Algebraic theory of languages and automata 68W40 Analysis of algorithms [See also 68Q25]
[See also 18B20, 20M35] 68W99 None of the above, but in this section
68Q80 Cellular automata [See also 37B15]
70–XX MECHANICS OF PARTICLES AND
68Q85 Models and methods for concurrent and
SYSTEMS {For relativistic mechanics,
distributed computing (process algebras,
see 83A05 and 83C10; for statistical
bisimulation, transition nets, etc.)
mechanics, see 82–XX}
68Q99 None of the above, but in this section
70–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
68Rxx Discrete mathematics in relation to computer
bibliographies, etc.)
science
70–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
68R01 General
papers, etc.)
68R05 Combinatorics
70–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
68R10 Graph theory [See also 05Cxx, 90B10, 90B35,
70–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
90C35]
classification number from Section 01)
68R15 Combinatorics on words
70–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
68R99 None of the above, but in this section
the theory of computation or programming)
68Txx Artificial intelligence
70–05 Experimental work
68T01 General
70–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
68T05 Learning and adaptive systems [See also 68Q32,
70–08 Computational methods
91E40]
70A05 Axiomatics, foundations
68T10 Pattern recognition, speech recognition {For
cluster analysis, see 62H30} 70Bxx Kinematics [See also 53A17]
68T15 Theorem proving (deduction, resolution, etc.) 70B05 Kinematics of a particle
[See also 03B35] 70B10 Kinematics of a rigid body
68T20 Problem solving (heuristics, search strategies, 70B15 Mechanisms, robots [See also 68T40, 70Q05,
etc.) 93C85]
68T27 Logic in artificial intelligence 70B99 None of the above, but in this section
68T30 Knowledge representation 70C20 Statics
68T35 Languages and software systems (knowledge- 70Exx Dynamics of a rigid body and of multibody
based systems, expert systems, etc.) systems
68T37 Reasoning under uncertainty 70E05 Motion of the gyroscope
68T40 Robotics [See also 93C85] 70E15 Free motion of a rigid body [See also 70M20]
68T45 Machine vision and scene understanding 70E17 Motion of a rigid body with a fixed point
68T50 Natural language processing [See also 03B65] 70E18 Motion of a rigid body in contact with a solid
68T99 None of the above, but in this section surface [See also 70F25]
68Uxx Computing methodologies and applications 70E20 Perturbation methods for rigid body dynamics
68U01 General 70E40 Integrable cases of motion
68U05 Computer graphics; computational geometry 70E45 Higher-dimensional generalizations
[See also 65D18] 70E50 Stability problems
68U07 Computer-aided design [See also 65D17] 70E55 Dynamics of multibody systems
68U10 Image processing 70E60 Robot dynamics and control [See also 68T40,
68U15 Text processing; mathematical typography 70Q05, 93C85]
68U20 Simulation [See also 65Cxx] 70E99 None of the above, but in this section
68U35 Information systems (hypertext navigation, 70Fxx Dynamics of a system of particles, including
interfaces, decision support, etc.) celestial mechanics
68U99 None of the above, but in this section 70F05 Two-body problems
68Wxx Algorithms {For numerical algorithms, see 65– 70F07 Three-body problems
XX; for combinatorics and graph theory, see 70F10 n-body problems
68Rxx} 70F15 Celestial mechanics
68W01 General 70F16 Collisions in celestial mechanics, regularization
68W05 Nonnumerical algorithms 70F17 Inverse problems
68W10 Parallel algorithms 70F20 Holonomic systems
68W15 Distributed algorithms 70F25 Nonholonomic systems
68W20 Randomized algorithms 70F35 Collision of rigid or pseudo-rigid bodies
68W25 Approximation algorithms 70F40 Problems with friction
70Fxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 58

70F45 Infinite particle systems 70K42 Equilibria and periodic trajectories

70F99 None of the above, but in this section 70K43 Quasi-periodic motions and invariant tori
70Gxx General models, approaches, and methods 70K44 Homoclinic and heteroclinic trajectories
[See also 37–XX] 70K45 Normal forms
70G10 Generalized coordinates; event, impulse-energy, 70K50 Bifurcations and instability
configuration, state, or phase space 70K55 Transition to stochasticity (chaotic behavior)
70G40 Topological and differential-topological methods [See also 37D45]
70G45 Differential-geometric methods (tensors, 70K60 General perturbation schemes
connections, symplectic, Poisson, 70K65 Averaging of perturbations
contact, Riemannian, nonholonomic, etc.) 70K70 Systems with slow and fast motions
[See also 53Cxx, 53Dxx, 58Axx] 70K75 Nonlinear modes
70G55 Algebraic geometry methods 70K99 None of the above, but in this section
70G60 Dynamical systems methods 70L05 Random vibrations [See also 74H50]
70G65 Symmetries, Lie-group and Lie-algebra methods
70M20 Orbital mechanics
70G70 Functional-analytic methods
70P05 Variable mass, rockets
70G75 Variational methods
70Q05 Control of mechanical systems [See also 49–
70G99 None of the above, but in this section
XX, 93Cxx, 93Dxx]
70Hxx Hamiltonian and Lagrangian mechanics
70Sxx Classical field theories [See also 37Kxx, 37Lxx,
[See also 37Jxx]
78–XX, 81Txx, 83–XX]
70H03 Lagrange’s equations
70S05 Lagrangian formalism and Hamiltonian formalism
70H05 Hamilton’s equations
70H06 Completely integrable systems and methods of 70S10 Symmetries and conservation laws
integration 70S15 Yang-Mills and other gauge theories
70H07 Nonintegrable systems 70S20 More general nonquantum field theories
70H08 Nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems, KAM 70S99 None of the above, but in this section
theory 74–XX MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE SOLIDS
70H09 Perturbation theories 74–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
70H11 Adiabatic invariants bibliographies, etc.)
70H12 Periodic and almost periodic solutions 74–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
70H14 Stability problems papers, etc.)
70H15 Canonical and symplectic transformations 74–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
70H20 Hamilton-Jacobi equations 74–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
70H25 Hamilton’s principle classification number from Section 01)
70H30 Other variational principles 74–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
70H33 Symmetries and conservation laws, reverse the theory of computation or programming)
symmetries, invariant manifolds and their 74–05 Experimental work
bifurcations, reduction 74–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
70H40 Relativistic dynamics 74Axx Generalities, axiomatics, foundations of
70H45 Constrained dynamics, Dirac’s theory of continuum mechanics of solids
constraints [See also 70F20, 70F25, 70Gxx]
74A05 Kinematics of deformation
70H50 Higher-order theories
74A10 Stress
70H99 None of the above, but in this section
74A15 Thermodynamics
70Jxx Linear vibration theory
74A20 Theory of constitutive functions
70J10 Modal analysis
70J25 Stability 74A25 Molecular, statistical, and kinetic theories
70J30 Free motions 74A30 Nonsimple materials
70J35 Forced motions 74A35 Polar materials
70J40 Parametric resonances 74A40 Random materials and composite materials
70J50 Systems arising from the discretization of 74A45 Theories of fracture and damage
structural vibration problems 74A50 Structured surfaces and interfaces, coexistent
70J99 None of the above, but in this section phases
70Kxx Nonlinear dynamics [See also 34Cxx, 37–XX] 74A55 Theories of friction (tribology)
70K05 Phase plane analysis, limit cycles 74A60 Micromechanical theories
70K20 Stability 74A65 Reactive materials
70K25 Free motions 74A99 None of the above, but in this section
70K28 Parametric resonances 74Bxx Elastic materials
70K30 Nonlinear resonances 74B05 Classical linear elasticity
70K40 Forced motions 74B10 Linear elasticity with initial stresses
59 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 74Nxx

74B15 Equations linearized about a deformed state 74Hxx Dynamical problems

(small deformations superposed on large) 74H05 Explicit solutions
74B20 Nonlinear elasticity 74H10 Analytic approximation of solutions (perturbation
74B99 None of the above, but in this section methods, asymptotic methods, series, etc.)
74Cxx Plastic materials, materials of stress-rate and 74H15 Numerical approximation of solutions
internal-variable type 74H20 Existence of solutions
74C05 Small-strain, rate-independent theories (including 74H25 Uniqueness of solutions
rigid-plastic and elasto-plastic materials) 74H30 Regularity of solutions
74C10 Small-strain, rate-dependent theories (including 74H35 Singularities, blowup, stress concentrations
theories of viscoplasticity) 74H40 Long-time behavior of solutions
74C15 Large-strain, rate-independent theories (including 74H45 Vibrations
nonlinear plasticity) 74H50 Random vibrations
74C20 Large-strain, rate-dependent theories 74H55 Stability
74C99 None of the above, but in this section 74H60 Dynamical bifurcation
74Dxx Materials of strain-rate type and history 74H65 Chaotic behavior
type, other materials with memory (including 74H99 None of the above, but in this section
elastic materials with viscous damping, various 74Jxx Waves
viscoelastic materials) 74J05 Linear waves
74D05 Linear constitutive equations 74J10 Bulk waves
74D10 Nonlinear constitutive equations 74J15 Surface waves
74D99 None of the above, but in this section 74J20 Wave scattering
74Exx Material properties given special treatment 74J25 Inverse problems
74E05 Inhomogeneity
74J30 Nonlinear waves
74E10 Anisotropy
74J35 Solitary waves
74E15 Crystalline structure
74J40 Shocks and related discontinuities
74E20 Granularity
74J99 None of the above, but in this section
74E25 Texture
74Kxx Thin bodies, structures
74E30 Composite and mixture properties
74K05 Strings
74E35 Random structure
74K10 Rods (beams, columns, shafts, arches, rings, etc.)
74E40 Chemical structure
74K15 Membranes
74E99 None of the above, but in this section
74K20 Plates
74Fxx Coupling of solid mechanics with other effects
74F05 Thermal effects 74K25 Shells
74F10 Fluid-solid interactions (including aero- and 74K30 Junctions
hydro-elasticity, porosity, etc.) 74K35 Thin films
74F15 Electromagnetic effects 74K99 None of the above, but in this section
74F20 Mixture effects 74Lxx Special subfields of solid mechanics
74F25 Chemical and reactive effects 74L05 Geophysical solid mechanics [See also 86–XX]
74F99 None of the above, but in this section 74L10 Soil and rock mechanics
74Gxx Equilibrium (steady-state) problems 74L15 Biomechanical solid mechanics [See also 92C10]
74G05 Explicit solutions 74L99 None of the above, but in this section
74G10 Analytic approximation of solutions (perturbation 74Mxx Special kinds of problems
methods, asymptotic methods, series, etc.) 74M05 Control, switches and devices (“smart materials”)
74G15 Numerical approximation of solutions [See also 93Cxx]
74G20 Local existence of solutions (near a given 74M10 Friction
solution) 74M15 Contact
74G25 Global existence of solutions 74M20 Impact
74G30 Uniqueness of solutions 74M25 Micromechanics
74G35 Multiplicity of solutions 74M99 None of the above, but in this section
74G40 Regularity of solutions 74Nxx Phase transformations in solids
74G45 Bounds for solutions [See also 74A50, 80Axx, 82B26, 82C26]
74G50 Saint-Venant’s principle 74N05 Crystals
74G55 Qualitative behavior of solutions 74N10 Displacive transformations
74G60 Bifurcation and buckling 74N15 Analysis of microstructure
74G65 Energy minimization 74N20 Dynamics of phase boundaries
74G70 Stress concentrations, singularities 74N25 Transformations involving diffusion
74G75 Inverse problems 74N30 Problems involving hysteresis
74G99 None of the above, but in this section 74N99 None of the above, but in this section
74Pxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 60

74Pxx Optimization [See also 49Qxx] 76B10 Jets and cavities, cavitation, free-streamline
74P05 Compliance or weight optimization theory, water-entry problems, airfoil and hydrofoil
74P10 Optimization of other properties theory, sloshing
74P15 Topological methods 76B15 Water waves, gravity waves; dispersion and
74P20 Geometrical methods scattering, nonlinear interaction [See also 35Q30,
74P99 None of the above, but in this section 35Q53]
74Qxx Homogenization, determination of effective 76B20 Ship waves
properties 76B25 Solitary waves [See also 35Q51]
76B45 Capillarity (surface tension) [See also 76D45]
74Q05 Homogenization in equilibrium problems
76B47 Vortex flows
74Q10 Homogenization and oscillations in dynamical
76B55 Internal waves
problems
76B60 Atmospheric waves [See also 86A10]
74Q15 Effective constitutive equations
76B65 Rossby waves [See also 86A05, 86A10]
74Q20 Bounds on effective properties 76B70 Stratification effects in inviscid fluids
74Q99 None of the above, but in this section 76B75 Flow control and optimization [See also 49Q10,
74Rxx Fracture and damage 93C20, 93C95]
74R05 Brittle damage 76B99 None of the above, but in this section
74R10 Brittle fracture 76Dxx Incompressible viscous fluids
74R15 High-velocity fracture 76D03 Existence, uniqueness, and regularity theory
74R20 Anelastic fracture and damage [See also 35Q30, 35Q35]
74R99 None of the above, but in this section 76D05 Navier-Stokes equations [See also 35Q30]
74Sxx Numerical methods [See also 65–XX, 74G15, 76D06 Statistical solutions of Navier-Stokes and related
74H15] equations [See also 60H30, 76M35]
74S05 Finite element methods 76D07 Stokes and related (Oseen, etc.) flows
74S10 Finite volume methods 76D08 Lubrication theory
74S15 Boundary element methods 76D09 Viscous-inviscid interaction
74S20 Finite difference methods 76D10 Boundary-layer theory, separation and
74S25 Spectral and related methods reattachment, higher-order effects
76D17 Viscous vortex flows
74S30 Other numerical methods
76D25 Wakes and jets
74S99 None of the above, but in this section
76D27 Other free-boundary flows; Hele-Shaw flows
76–XX FLUID MECHANICS {For general continuum 76D33 Waves
mechanics, see 74Axx, or other parts of 74- 76D45 Capillarity (surface tension) [See also 76B45]
XX} 76D50 Stratification effects in viscous fluids
76–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 76D55 Flow control and optimization [See also 49Q10,
bibliographies, etc.) 93C20, 93C95]
76–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 76D99 None of the above, but in this section
papers, etc.) 76Exx Hydrodynamic stability
76–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 76E05 Parallel shear flows
76–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 76E06 Convection
classification number from Section 01) 76E07 Rotation
76–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 76E09 Stability and instability of nonparallel flows
the theory of computation or programming) 76E15 Absolute and convective instability and stability
76–05 Experimental work 76E17 Interfacial stability and instability
76–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 76E19 Compressibility effects
76Axx Foundations, constitutive equations, rheology 76E20 Stability and instability of geophysical and
astrophysical flows
76A02 Foundations of fluid mechanics
76E25 Stability and instability of magnetohydrodynamic
76A05 Non-Newtonian fluids
and electrohydrodynamic flows
76A10 Viscoelastic fluids 76E30 Nonlinear effects
76A15 Liquid crystals [See also 82D30] 76E99 None of the above, but in this section
76A20 Thin fluid films 76Fxx Turbulence [See also 37–XX, 60Gxx, 60Jxx]
76A25 Superfluids (classical aspects) 76F02 Fundamentals
76A99 None of the above, but in this section 76F05 Isotropic turbulence; homogeneous turbulence
76Bxx Incompressible inviscid fluids 76F06 Transition to turbulence
76B03 Existence, uniqueness, and regularity theory 76F10 Shear flows
[See also 35Q35] 76F20 Dynamical systems approach to turbulence
76B07 Free-surface potential flows [See also 37–XX]
61 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 78Axx

76F25 Turbulent transport, mixing 76Txx Two-phase and multiphase flows

76F30 Renormalization and other field-theoretical 76T10 Liquid-gas two-phase flows, bubbly flows
methods [See also 81T99] 76T15 Dusty-gas two-phase flows
76F35 Convective turbulence [See also 76E15, 76Rxx] 76T20 Suspensions
76F40 Turbulent boundary layers 76T25 Granular flows [See also 74C99, 74E20]
76F45 Stratification effects 76T30 Three or more component flows
76F50 Compressibility effects 76T99 None of the above, but in this section
76F55 Statistical turbulence modeling [See also 76M35] 76U05 Rotating fluids
76F60 k-ε modeling 76V05 Reaction effects in flows [See also 80A32]
76F65 Direct numerical and large eddy simulation of 76W05 Magnetohydrodynamics and
turbulence electrohydrodynamics
76F70 Control of turbulent flows 76X05 Ionized gas flow in electromagnetic fields;
plasmic flow [See also 82D10]
76F99 None of the above, but in this section
76Y05 Quantum hydrodynamics and relativistic
76G25 General aerodynamics and subsonic flows
hydrodynamics [See also 83C55, 85A30]
76H05 Transonic flows
76Zxx Biological fluid mechanics [See also 74F10,
76J20 Supersonic flows 74L15, 92Cxx]
76K05 Hypersonic flows 76Z05 Physiological flows [See also 92C35]
76L05 Shock waves and blast waves [See also 35L67] 76Z10 Biopropulsion in water and in air
76Mxx Basic methods in fluid mechanics [See also 65– 76Z99 None of the above, but in this section
XX]
78–XX OPTICS, ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
76M10 Finite element methods
{For quantum optics, see 81V80}
76M12 Finite volume methods
78–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
76M15 Boundary element methods
bibliographies, etc.)
76M20 Finite difference methods 78–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
76M22 Spectral methods papers, etc.)
76M23 Vortex methods 78–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
76M25 Other numerical methods 78–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
76M27 Visualization algorithms classification number from Section 01)
76M28 Particle methods and lattice-gas methods 78–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
76M30 Variational methods the theory of computation or programming)
76M35 Stochastic analysis 78–05 Experimental work
76M40 Complex-variables methods 78–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
76M45 Asymptotic methods, singular perturbations 78Axx General
76M50 Homogenization 78A02 Foundations
76M55 Dimensional analysis and similarity 78A05 Geometric optics
76M60 Symmetry analysis, Lie group and algebra 78A10 Physical optics
methods 78A15 Electron optics
76M99 None of the above, but in this section 78A20 Space charge waves
76Nxx Compressible fluids and gas dynamics, general 78A25 Electromagnetic theory, general
76N10 Existence, uniqueness, and regularity theory 78A30 Electro- and magnetostatics
[See also 35L60, 35L65, 35Q30] 78A35 Motion of charged particles
76N15 Gas dynamics, general 78A40 Waves and radiation
76N17 Viscous-inviscid interaction 78A45 Diffraction, scattering [See also 34E20 for WKB
methods]
76N20 Boundary-layer theory
78A46 Inverse scattering problems
76N25 Flow control and optimization
78A48 Composite media; random media
76N99 None of the above, but in this section
78A50 Antennas, wave-guides
76P05 Rarefied gas flows, Boltzmann equation 78A55 Technical applications
[See also 82B40, 82C40, 82D05] 78A60 Lasers, masers, optical bistability, nonlinear
76Q05 Hydro- and aero-acoustics optics [See also 81V80]
76Rxx Diffusion and convection 78A70 Biological applications [See also 91D30, 92C30]
76R05 Forced convection 78A97 Mathematically heuristic optics and
76R10 Free convection electromagnetic theory (must also be assigned
76R50 Diffusion [See also 60J60] at least one other classification number in this
76R99 None of the above, but in this section section)
76S05 Flows in porous media; filtration; seepage 78A99 Miscellaneous topics
78Mxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 62

78Mxx Basic methods 81–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
78M05 Method of moments classification number from Section 01)
78M10 Finite element methods 81–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
78M15 Boundary element methods the theory of computation or programming)
78M20 Finite difference methods 81–05 Experimental papers
78M25 Other numerical methods 81–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
78M30 Variational methods 81–08 Computational methods
78M35 Asymptotic analysis 81Pxx Axiomatics, foundations, philosophy
78M40 Homogenization 81P05 General and philosophical
78M50 Optimization 81P10 Logical foundations of quantum mechanics;
78M99 None of the above, but in this section quantum logic [See also 03G12, 06C15]
81P15 Quantum measurement theory
80–XX CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT 81P20 Stochastic mechanics (including stochastic
TRANSFER {For thermodynamics of solids, electrodynamics)
see 74A15} 81P68 Quantum computation and quantum cryptography
80–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, [See also 68Q05, 94A60]
bibliographies, etc.) 81P99 None of the above, but in this section
80–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 81Qxx General mathematical topics and methods in
papers, etc.) quantum theory
80–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 81Q05 Closed and approximate solutions to the
80–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one Schrödinger, Dirac, Klein-Gordon and other
classification number from Section 01) quantum-mechanical equations
80–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 81Q10 Selfadjoint operator theory in quantum theory,
the theory of computation or programming) including spectral analysis
80–05 Experimental work 81Q15 Perturbation theories for operators and differential
80–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. equations
80Axx Thermodynamics and heat transfer 81Q20 Semiclassical techniques including WKB and
80A05 Foundations Maslov methods
80A10 Classical thermodynamics, including relativistic 81Q30 Feynman integrals and graphs; applications
80A17 Thermodynamics of continua [See also 74A15] of algebraic topology and algebraic geometry
80A20 Heat and mass transfer, heat flow [See also 14D05, 32S40]
80A22 Stefan problems, phase changes, etc. 81Q40 Bethe-Salpeter and other integral equations
[See also 74Nxx] 81Q50 Quantum chaos [See also 37Dxx]
80A23 Inverse problems 81Q60 Supersymmetric quantum mechanics
80A25 Combustion 81Q70 Differential-geometric methods, including
80A30 Chemical kinetics [See also 76V05, 92C45, holonomy, Berry and Hannay phases, etc.
92E20] 81Q99 None of the above, but in this section
80A32 Chemically reacting flows [See also 92C45, 81Rxx Groups and algebras in quantum theory
92E20] 81R05 Finite-dimensional groups and algebras
80A50 Chemistry (general) [See mainly 92Exx] motivated by physics and their representations
80A99 None of the above, but in this section [See also 20C35, 22E70]
80Mxx Basic methods 81R10 Infinite-dimensional groups and algebras
80M10 Finite element methods motivated by physics, including Virasoro, Kac-
80M15 Boundary element methods Moody, W -algebras and other current algebras
80M20 Finite difference methods and their representations [See also 17B65, 17B67,
80M25 Other numerical methods 22E65, 22E67, 22E70]
80M30 Variational methods 81R12 Relations with integrable systems
[See also 17Bxx, 37J35]
80M35 Asymptotic analysis
81R15 Operator algebra methods [See also 46Lxx,
80M40 Homogenization
81T05]
80M50 Optimization
81R20 Covariant wave equations
80M99 None of the above, but in this section
81R25 Spinor and twistor methods [See also 32L25]
81–XX QUANTUM THEORY 81R30 Coherent states [See also 22E45]; squeezed states
81–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, [See also 81V80]
bibliographies, etc.) 81R40 Symmetry breaking
81–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 81R50 Quantum groups and related algebraic methods
papers, etc.) [See also 16W35, 17B37]
81–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 81R60 Noncommutative geometry
63 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 82Cxx

81R99 None of the above, but in this section 81V17 Gravitational interaction [See also 83Cxx and
81Sxx General quantum mechanics and problems of 83Exx]
quantization 81V19 Other fundamental interactions
81S05 Commutation relations and statistics 81V22 Unified theories
81S10 Geometry and quantization, symplectic methods 81V25 Other elementary particle theory
[See also 53D50] 81V35 Nuclear physics
81S20 Stochastic quantization 81V45 Atomic physics
81S25 Quantum stochastic calculus 81V55 Molecular physics [See also 92E10]
81S30 Phase space methods including Wigner 81V70 Many-body theory; quantum Hall effect
distributions, etc. 81V80 Quantum optics
81S40 Path integrals [See also 58D30] 81V99 None of the above, but in this section
81S99 None of the above, but in this section
82–XX STATISTICAL MECHANICS, STRUCTURE
81Txx Quantum field theory; related classical field
OF MATTER
theories [See also 70Sxx]
82–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
81T05 Axiomatic quantum field theory; operator
bibliographies, etc.)
algebras
82–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
81T08 Constructive quantum field theory
papers, etc.)
81T10 Model quantum field theories
81T13 Yang-Mills and other gauge theories 82–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
[See also 53C07, 58E15] 82–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
81T15 Perturbative methods of renormalization classification number from Section 01)
81T16 Nonperturbative methods of renormalization 82–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
81T17 Renormalization group methods the theory of computation or programming)
81T18 Feynman diagrams 82–05 Experimental papers
81T20 Quantum field theory on curved space 82–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
backgrounds 82–08 Computational methods
81T25 Quantum field theory on lattices 82Bxx Equilibrium statistical mechanics
81T27 Continuum limits 82B03 Foundations
81T30 String and superstring theories; other extended 82B05 Classical equilibrium statistical mechanics
objects (e.g., branes) [See also 83E30] (general)
81T40 Two-dimensional field theories, conformal field 82B10 Quantum equilibrium statistical mechanics
theories, etc. (general)
81T45 Topological field theories [See also 57R56, 82B20 Lattice systems (Ising, dimer, Potts, etc.) and
58Dxx] systems on graphs
81T50 Anomalies 82B21 Continuum models (systems of particles, etc.)
81T60 Supersymmetric field theories 82B23 Exactly solvable models; Bethe ansatz
81T70 Quantization in field theory; cohomological 82B24 Interface problems; diffusion-limited aggregation
methods [See also 58D29] 82B26 Phase transitions (general)
81T75 Noncommutative geometry methods 82B27 Critical phenomena
[See also 46L85, 46L87, 58B34] 82B28 Renormalization group methods [See also 81T17]
81T80 Simulation and numerical modeling 82B30 Statistical thermodynamics [See also 80–XX]
81T99 None of the above, but in this section 82B31 Stochastic methods
81Uxx Scattering theory [See also 34A55, 34L25, 82B35 Irreversible thermodynamics, including Onsager-
34L40, 35P25, 47A40] Machlup theory [See also 92E20]
81U05 2-body potential scattering theory 82B40 Kinetic theory of gases
[See also 34E20 for WKB methods] 82B41 Random walks, random surfaces, lattice animals,
81U10 n-body potential scattering theory etc. [See also 60G50, 82C41]
81U15 Exactly and quasi-solvable systems 82B43 Percolation [See also 60K35]
81U20 S-matrix theory, etc. 82B44 Disordered systems (random Ising models,
81U30 Dispersion theory, dispersion relations random Schrödinger operators, etc.)
81U40 Inverse scattering problems 82B80 Numerical methods (Monte Carlo, series
81U99 None of the above, but in this section resummation, etc.) [See also 65–XX, 81T80]
81Vxx Applications to specific physical systems 82B99 None of the above, but in this section
81V05 Strong interaction, including quantum 82Cxx Time-dependent statistical mechanics (dynamic
chromodynamics and nonequilibrium)
81V10 Electromagnetic interaction; quantum 82C03 Foundations
electrodynamics 82C05 Classical dynamic and nonequilibrium statistical
81V15 Weak interaction mechanics (general)
82Cxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 64

82C10 Quantum dynamics and nonequilibrium statistical 83–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
mechanics (general) classification number from Section 01)
82C20 Dynamic lattice systems (kinetic Ising, etc.) and 83–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
systems on graphs the theory of computation or programming)
82C21 Dynamic continuum models (systems of particles, 83–05 Experimental work
etc.) 83–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
82C22 Interacting particle systems [See also 60K35] 83–08 Computational methods
82C23 Exactly solvable dynamic models 83A05 Special relativity
[See also 37K60] 83B05 Observational and experimental questions
82C24 Interface problems; diffusion-limited aggregation 83Cxx General relativity
82C26 Dynamic and nonequilibrium phase transitions 83C05 Einstein’s equations (general structure, canonical
(general) formalism, Cauchy problems)
82C27 Dynamic critical phenomena 83C10 Equations of motion
82C28 Dynamic renormalization group methods 83C15 Exact solutions
[See also 81T17] 83C20 Classes of solutions; algebraically special
82C31 Stochastic methods (Fokker-Planck, Langevin, solutions, metrics with symmetries
etc.) [See also 60H10] 83C22 Einstein-Maxwell equations
82C32 Neural nets [See also 68T05, 91E40, 92B20] 83C25 Approximation procedures, weak fields
82C35 Irreversible thermodynamics, including Onsager- 83C27 Lattice gravity, Regge calculus and other discrete
Machlup theory methods
82C40 Kinetic theory of gases 83C30 Asymptotic procedures (radiation, news functions,
82C41 Dynamics of random walks, random surfaces, H-spaces, etc.)
lattice animals, etc. [See also 60G50] 83C35 Gravitational waves
82C43 Time-dependent percolation [See also 60K35] 83C40 Gravitational energy and conservation laws;
82C44 Dynamics of disordered systems (random Ising groups of motions
systems, etc.) 83C45 Quantization of the gravitational field
82C70 Transport processes 83C47 Methods of quantum field theory
82C80 Numerical methods (Monte Carlo, series [See also 81T20]
resummation, etc.) 83C50 Electromagnetic fields
82C99 None of the above, but in this section 83C55 Macroscopic interaction of the gravitational field
with matter (hydrodynamics, etc.)
82Dxx Applications to specific types of physical
83C57 Black holes
systems
83C60 Spinor and twistor methods; Newman-Penrose
82D05 Gases
formalism
82D10 Plasmas
83C65 Methods of noncommutative geometry
82D15 Liquids
[See also 58B34]
82D20 Solids
83C75 Space-time singularities, cosmic censorship, etc.
82D25 Crystals {For crystallographic group theory, see 83C80 Analogues in lower dimensions
20H15}
83C99 None of the above, but in this section
82D30 Random media, disordered materials (including 83D05 Relativistic gravitational theories other than
liquid crystals and spin glasses) Einstein’s, including asymmetric field theories
82D35 Metals 83Exx Unified, higher-dimensional and super field
82D37 Semiconductors theories
82D40 Magnetic materials 83E05 Geometrodynamics
82D45 Ferroelectrics 83E15 Kaluza-Klein and other higher-dimensional
82D50 Superfluids theories
82D55 Superconductors 83E30 String and superstring theories [See also 81T30]
82D60 Polymers 83E50 Supergravity
82D75 Nuclear reactor theory; neutron transport 83E99 None of the above, but in this section
82D99 None of the above, but in this section 83F05 Cosmology
83–XX RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL 85–XX ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS {For
THEORY celestial mechanics, see 70F15}
83–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 85–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
bibliographies, etc.) bibliographies, etc.)
83–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 85–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
papers, etc.) papers, etc.)
83–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 85–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
65 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 90Cxx

85–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 90–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
classification number from Section 01) the theory of computation or programming)
85–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 90–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
the theory of computation or programming) 90–08 Computational methods
85–05 Experimental work 90Bxx Operations research and management science
85–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 90B05 Inventory, storage, reservoirs
85–08 Computational methods 90B06 Transportation, logistics
85A04 General 90B10 Network models, deterministic
85A05 Galactic and stellar dynamics 90B15 Network models, stochastic
85A15 Galactic and stellar structure 90B18 Communication networks [See also 68M10,
85A20 Planetary atmospheres 94A05]
85A25 Radiative transfer 90B20 Traffic problems
85A30 Hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic problems 90B22 Queues and service [See also 60K25, 68M20]
[See also 76Y05] 90B25 Reliability, availability, maintenance, inspection
85A35 Statistical astronomy [See also 60K10, 62N05]
85A40 Cosmology {For relativistic cosmology, see 90B30 Production models
83F05} 90B35 Scheduling theory, deterministic
85A99 Miscellaneous topics [See also 68M20]
90B36 Scheduling theory, stochastic [See also 68M20]
86–XX GEOPHYSICS [See also 76U05, 76V05]
90B40 Search theory
86–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
90B50 Management decision making, including multiple
bibliographies, etc.)
objectives [See also 90C31, 91A35, 91B06]
86–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
90B60 Marketing, advertising [See also 91B60]
papers, etc.)
90B70 Theory of organizations, manpower planning
86–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
[See also 91D35]
86–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
90B80 Discrete location and assignment
classification number from Section 01)
[See also 90C10]
86–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
90B85 Continuous location
the theory of computation or programming)
90B90 Case-oriented studies
86–05 Experimental work
90B99 None of the above, but in this section
86–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
90Cxx Mathematical programming [See also 49Mxx,
86–08 Computational methods
65Kxx]
86A04 General
90C05 Linear programming
86A05 Hydrology, hydrography, oceanography
90C06 Large-scale problems
[See also 76Bxx, 76E20, 76Q05, 76Rxx, 76U05]
90C08 Special problems of linear programming
86A10 Meteorology and atmospheric physics
(transportation, multi-index, etc.)
[See also 76Bxx, 76E20, 76N15, 76Q05, 76Rxx,
90C09 Boolean programming
76U05]
90C10 Integer programming
86A15 Seismology
90C11 Mixed integer programming
86A17 Global dynamics, earthquake problems
90C15 Stochastic programming
86A20 Potentials, prospecting
90C20 Quadratic programming
86A22 Inverse problems [See also 35R30]
90C22 Semidefinite programming
86A25 Geo-electricity and geomagnetism
90C25 Convex programming
[See also 76W05, 78A25]
90C26 Nonconvex programming
86A30 Geodesy, mapping problems
90C27 Combinatorial optimization
86A32 Geostatistics 90C29 Multi-objective and goal programming
86A40 Glaciology 90C30 Nonlinear programming
86A60 Geological problems 90C31 Sensitivity, stability, parametric optimization
86A99 Miscellaneous topics 90C32 Fractional programming
90–XX OPERATIONS RESEARCH, 90C33 Complementarity problems
MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING 90C34 Semi-infinite programming
90–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 90C35 Programming involving graphs or networks
bibliographies, etc.) [See also 90C27]
90–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 90C39 Dynamic programming [See also 49L20]
papers, etc.) 90C40 Markov and semi-Markov decision processes
90–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 90C46 Optimality conditions, duality [See also 49N15]
90–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 90C47 Minimax problems [See also 49K35]
classification number from Section 01) 90C48 Programming in abstract spaces
90Cxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 66

90C49 Extreme-point and pivoting methods 91A80 Applications of game theory

90C51 Interior-point methods 91A90 Experimental studies
90C52 Methods of reduced gradient type 91A99 None of the above, but in this section
90C53 Methods of quasi-Newton type 91Bxx Mathematical economics {For econometrics,
90C55 Methods of successive quadratic programming see 62P20}
type 91B02 Fundamental topics (basic mathematics,
90C56 Derivative-free methods methodology; applicable to economics in general)
90C57 Polyhedral combinatorics, branch-and-bound, 91B06 Decision theory [See also 62Cxx, 90B50, 91A35]
branch-and-cut 91B08 Individual preferences
90C59 Approximation methods and heuristics 91B10 Group preferences
90C60 Abstract computational complexity for 91B12 Voting theory
mathematical programming problems 91B14 Social choice
[See also 68Q25] 91B16 Utility theory
90C70 Fuzzy programming 91B18 Public goods
90C90 Applications of mathematical programming 91B24 Price theory and market structure
90C99 None of the above, but in this section 91B26 Market models (auctions, bargaining, bidding,
91–XX GAME THEORY, ECONOMICS, SOCIAL selling, etc.)
AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 91B28 Finance, portfolios, investment
91–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 91B30 Risk theory, insurance
bibliographies, etc.) 91B32 Resource and cost allocation
91–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 91B38 Production theory, theory of the firm
papers, etc.) 91B40 Labor market, contracts
91–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) 91B42 Consumer behavior, demand theory
91–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 91B44 Informational economics
classification number from section 01) 91B50 Equilibrium: general theory
91–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 91B52 Special types of equilibria
the theory of computation or programming) 91B54 Special types of economies
91–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
91B60 General economic models, trade models
91–08 Computational methods
91B62 Dynamic economic models, growth models
91Axx Game theory
91B64 Macro-economic models (monetary models,
91A05 2-person games
models of taxation)
91A06 n-person games, n > 2
91B66 Multisectoral models
91A10 Noncooperative games
91B68 Matching models
91A12 Cooperative games
91B70 Stochastic models
91A13 Games with infinitely many players
91B72 Spatial models
91A15 Stochastic games
91A18 Games in extensive form 91B74 Models of real-world systems
91A20 Multistage and repeated games 91B76 Environmental economics (natural resource
91A22 Evolutionary games models, harvesting, pollution, etc.)
91A23 Differential games [See also 49N70] 91B82 Statistical methods; economic indices and
91A24 Positional games (pursuit and evasion, etc.) measures
[See also 49N75] 91B84 Economic time series analysis [See also 62M10]
91A25 Dynamic games 91B99 None of the above, but in this section
91A26 Rationality, learning 91Cxx Social and behavioral sciences: general topics
91A28 Signaling, communication {For statistics, see 62–XX}
91A30 Utility theory for games [See also 91B16] 91C05 Measurement theory
91A35 Decision theory for games [See also 62Cxx, 91C15 One- and multidimensional scaling
91B06, 90B50] 91C20 Clustering [See also 62D05]
91A40 Game-theoretic models 91C99 None of the above, but in this section
91A43 Games involving graphs 91Dxx Mathematical sociology (including
91A44 Games involving topology or set theory anthropology)
91A46 Combinatorial games 91D10 Models of societies, social and urban evolution
91A50 Discrete-time games 91D20 Mathematical geography and demography
91A55 Games of timing 91D25 Spatial models [See also 91B72]
91A60 Probabilistic games; gambling 91D30 Social networks
91A65 Hierarchical games 91D35 Manpower systems [See also 91B40, 90B70]
91A70 Spaces of games 91D99 None of the above, but in this section
67 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 93Bxx

91Exx Mathematical psychology 92D50 Animal behavior

91E10 Cognitive psychology 92D99 None of the above, but in this section
91E30 Psychophysics and psychophysiology; perception 92Exx Chemistry {For biochemistry, see 92C40}
91E40 Memory and learning [See also 68T05] 92E10 Molecular structure (graph-theoretic methods,
91E45 Measurement and performance methods of differential topology, etc.)
91E99 None of the above, but in this section 92E20 Classical flows, reactions, etc. [See also 80A30,
91Fxx Other social and behavioral sciences 80A32]
(mathematical treatment) 92E99 None of the above, but in this section
91F10 History, political science 92F05 Other natural sciences
91F20 Linguistics [See also 03B65, 68T50] 93–XX SYSTEMS THEORY; CONTROL {For
91F99 None of the above, but in this section optimal control, see 49–XX}
92–XX BIOLOGY AND OTHER NATURAL 93–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
SCIENCES bibliographies, etc.)
92–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 93–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
bibliographies, etc.) papers, etc.)
92–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial 93–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
papers, etc.) 93–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
92–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) classification number from Section 01)
92–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 93–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
classification number from Section 01) the theory of computation or programming)
92–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 93–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
the theory of computation or programming) 93Axx General
92–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 93A05 Axiomatic system theory
92–08 Computational methods 93A10 General systems
92Bxx Mathematical biology in general 93A13 Hierarchical systems
92B05 General biology and biomathematics 93A14 Decentralized systems
92B10 Taxonomy, statistics 93A15 Large scale systems
92B15 General biostatistics [See also 62P10] 93A30 Mathematical modeling (models of systems,
92B20 Neural networks, artificial life and related topics model-matching, etc.)
[See also 68T05, 82C32, 94Cxx] 93A99 None of the above, but in this section
92B99 None of the above, but in this section 93Bxx Controllability, observability, and system
92Cxx Physiological, cellular and medical topics structure
92C05 Biophysics 93B03 Attainable sets
92C10 Biomechanics [See also 74L15] 93B05 Controllability
92C15 Developmental biology, pattern formation 93B07 Observability
92C17 Cell movement (chemotaxis, etc.) 93B10 Canonical structure
92C20 Neural biology 93B11 System structure simplification
92C30 Physiology (general) 93B12 Variable structure systems
92C35 Physiological flow [See also 76Z05] 93B15 Realizations from input-output data
92C37 Cell biology 93B17 Transformations
92C40 Biochemistry, molecular biology 93B18 Linearizations
92C45 Kinetics in biochemical problems 93B20 Minimal systems representations
(pharmacokinetics, enzyme kinetics, etc.) 93B25 Algebraic methods
[See also 80A30] 93B27 Geometric methods (including algebro-geometric)
92C50 Medical applications (general) 93B28 Operator-theoretic methods [See also 47A48,
92C55 Biomedical imaging and signal processing 47A57, 47B35, 47N70]
[See also 44A12, 65R10] 93B29 Differential-geometric methods
92C60 Medical epidemiology 93B30 System identification
92C80 Plant biology 93B35 Sensitivity (robustness)
92C99 None of the above, but in this section 93B36 H ∞ -control
92Dxx Genetics and population dynamics 93B40 Computational methods
92D10 Genetics {For genetic algebras, see 17D92} 93B50 Synthesis problems
92D15 Problems related to evolution 93B51 Design techniques (robust design, computer-aided
92D20 Protein sequences, DNA sequences design, etc.)
92D25 Population dynamics (general) 93B52 Feedback control
92D30 Epidemiology 93B55 Pole and zero placement problems
92D40 Ecology 93B60 Eigenvalue problems
93Bxx MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 68

93B99 None of the above, but in this section 94–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
93Cxx Control systems, guided systems papers, etc.)
93C05 Linear systems 94–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
93C10 Nonlinear systems 94–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one
93C15 Systems governed by ordinary differential classification number from Section 01)
equations [See also 34H05] 94–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not
93C20 Systems governed by partial differential equations the theory of computation or programming)
[See also 35B37] 94–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc.
93C23 Systems governed by functional-differential 94Axx Communication, information
equations [See also 34K35] 94A05 Communication theory [See also 60G35, 90B18]
93C25 Systems in abstract spaces 94A08 Image processing (compression, reconstruction,
93C30 Systems governed by functional relations other etc.) [See also 68U10]
than differential equations 94A11 Application of orthogonal functions in
93C35 Multivariable systems communication
93C40 Adaptive control 94A12 Signal theory (characterization, reconstruction,
93C41 Problems with incomplete information etc.)
93C42 Fuzzy control 94A13 Detection theory
93C55 Discrete-time systems 94A14 Modulation and demodulation
93C57 Sampled-data systems 94A15 Information theory, general [See also 62B10]
93C62 Digital systems 94A17 Measures of information, entropy
93C65 Discrete event systems 94A20 Sampling theory
93C70 Time-scale analysis and singular perturbations 94A24 Coding theorems (Shannon theory)
93C73 Perturbations 94A29 Source coding [See also 68P30]
93C80 Frequency-response methods 94A34 Rate-distortion theory
93C83 Control problems involving computers (process 94A40 Channel models
control, etc.) 94A45 Prefix, length-variable, comma-free codes
93C85 Automated systems (robots, etc.) [See also 20M35, 68Q45]
[See also 68T40, 70B15, 70Q05] 94A50 Theory of questionnaires
93C95 Applications 94A55 Shift register sequences and sequences over finite
93C99 None of the above, but in this section alphabets
93Dxx Stability 94A60 Cryptography [See also 11T71, 14G50, 68P25]
93D05 Lyapunov and other classical stabilities 94A62 Authentication and secret sharing
(Lagrange, Poisson, Lp , lp , etc.) 94A99 None of the above, but in this section
93D09 Robust stability 94Bxx Theory of error-correcting codes and error-
93D10 Popov-type stability of feedback systems detecting codes
93D15 Stabilization of systems by feedback 94B05 Linear codes, general
93D20 Asymptotic stability 94B10 Convolutional codes
93D21 Adaptive or robust stabilization 94B12 Combined modulation schemes (including trellis
93D25 Input-output approaches codes)
93D30 Scalar and vector Lyapunov functions 94B15 Cyclic codes
93D99 None of the above, but in this section 94B20 Burst-correcting codes
93Exx Stochastic systems and control 94B25 Combinatorial codes
93E03 Stochastic systems, general 94B27 Geometric methods (including applications of
93E10 Estimation and detection [See also 60G35] algebraic geometry) [See also 11T71, 14G50]
93E11 Filtering [See also 60G35] 94B30 Majority codes
93E12 System identification 94B35 Decoding
93E14 Data smoothing 94B40 Arithmetic codes [See also 11T71, 14G50]
93E15 Stochastic stability 94B50 Synchronization error-correcting codes
93E20 Optimal stochastic control 94B60 Other types of codes
93E24 Least squares and related methods 94B65 Bounds on codes
93E25 Other computational methods 94B70 Error probability
93E35 Stochastic learning and adaptive control 94B75 Applications of the theory of convex sets and
93E99 None of the above, but in this section geometry of numbers (covering radius, etc.)
94–XX INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION, [See also 11H31]
CIRCUITS 94B99 None of the above, but in this section
94–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries, 94Cxx Circuits, networks
bibliographies, etc.) 94C05 Analytic circuit theory
69 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 2000 97Uxx

94C10 Switching theory, application of Boolean algebra; 97C90 Teaching and curriculum (innovations, teaching
Boolean functions [See also 06E30] practices, studies of curriculum materials,
94C12 Fault detection; testing effective teaching, etc. )
94C15 Applications of graph theory [See also 05Cxx, 97C99 None of the above, but in this section
68R10] 97Dxx Education and instruction in mathematics
94C30 Applications of design theory [See also 05Bxx] 97D10 Comparative studies on mathematics education
94C99 None of the above, but in this section [See also 97C40]
94D05 Fuzzy sets and logic (in connection with 97D20 Philosophical and theoretical contributions to
questions of Section 94) [See also 03B52, mathematical education [See also 97C50]
03E72, 28E10] 97D30 Goals of mathematics teaching. Curriculum
development
97–XX MATHEMATICS EDUCATION
97D40 Teaching methods and classroom techniques.
97–00 General reference works (handbooks, dictionaries,
Lesson preparation. Educational principles {For
bibliographies, etc.)
research aspects see 97Cxx}
97–01 Instructional exposition (textbooks, tutorial
97D50 Teaching problem solving and heuristic strategies
papers, etc.)
{For research aspects see 97Cxx}
97–02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles)
97D60 Achievement control and rating
97–03 Historical (must also be assigned at least one 97D70 Diagnosis, analysis and remediation of learning
classification number from Section 01) difficulties and student errors
97–04 Explicit machine computation and programs (not 97D80 Teaching units, draft lessons and master lessons
the theory of computation or programming) 97D99 None of the above, but in this section
97–06 Proceedings, conferences, collections, etc. 97Uxx Educational material and media. Educational
97Axx General technology
97A20 Recreational mathematics [See also 00A08] 97U20 Analysis of textbooks, development and
97A40 Sociological issues [See also 97C60] evaluation of textbooks. Textbook use in the
97A80 Standards [See also 97B70] classroom
97A90 Fiction and games 97U30 Teacher manuals and planning aids
97Bxx Educational policy and educational systems 97U40 Problem books; student competitions,
97B10 Educational research and planning examination questions
97B20 General education 97U50 Computer assisted instruction and programmed
97B30 Vocational education instruction
97B40 Higher education 97U60 Manipulative materials and their use in the
97B50 Teacher education {For research aspects see classroom {For research aspects see 97C80}
97C70} 97U70 Technological tools (computers, calculators,
97B60 Out-of-school education. Adult and further software, etc.) and their use in the classroom
education 97U80 Audiovisual media and their use in instruction
97B70 Syllabuses. Curriculum guides, official documents 97U99 None of the above, but in this section
[See also 97A80]
97B99 None of the above, but in this section
97Cxx Psychology of and research in mathematics
education
97C20 Affective aspects (motivation, anxiety,
persistence, etc.)
97C30 Student learning and thinking (misconceptions,
cognitive development, problem solving, etc.)
97C40 Assessment (large scale assessment, validity,
reliability, etc.) [See also 97D10]
97C50 Theoretical perspectives (learning theories,
epistemology, philosophies of teaching and
learning, etc.) [See also 97D20]
97C60 Sociological aspects of learning (culture, group
interactions, equity issues, etc.)
97C70 Teachers, and research on teacher education
(teacher development, etc.) [See also 97B50]
97C80 Technological tools and other materials in
teaching and learning (research on innovations,
role in student learning, use of tools by teachers,
etc.)