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Modals 2: 1. Obligation and Necessity

1. We use modal verbs like must, have to, need to to express obligations and necessities that come from internal or external sources. 2. To express no obligation or necessity, we can use don't have to, needn't, or didn't need to. 3. We use modal verbs like should and ought to to give suggestions and advice.

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32 views

Modals 2: 1. Obligation and Necessity

1. We use modal verbs like must, have to, need to to express obligations and necessities that come from internal or external sources. 2. To express no obligation or necessity, we can use don't have to, needn't, or didn't need to. 3. We use modal verbs like should and ought to to give suggestions and advice.

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Dzung Dang
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODALS 2

We use expressions of obligation and necessity (must/need to/have to…) when there is a need to
something. This need can be internal (the speaker feels it is necessary) or external (rules or the
situation make it necessary)

1. Obligation and Necessity:


- Must (mustn’t), have to, have got to, need to + V(inf)
VD:
You will need to allow some extra time to get over jet lag
You have (got) to get a work permit before you go
You mustn’t dress too casually for work
You must try a bit harder
- We use “must” when the obligation comes from the speaker (internal)
VD:
I must a get good mark for this exam
- We commonly use “have to” or “need to” when there is a law or institutional rule
VD:
You have/need to get a driver licence to drive a car
- We usually “must” when there is a sign, notice or printed information
VD:
You must stop your vehicle when there is a red light.
- Have got to: spoken English
Have to: written English
- Present: must (mustn’t), have to, have got to, need to
Past/Future: have to, need to

VD:

I had to get up early to catch the bus to work.

You will need to get a driver licence before you buy a car.

- We do not usually make questions with “must” and “ought to”


VD:
What information do you need to know?

2. No obligation/necessity
- We use “have to”, “not need to”, “needn’t” + V (inf) – PRESENT/FUTURE
VD:
You needn’t buy a guide book before you travel to Hong Kong (no necessity)
You don’t have/need to have a licence to ride a bike in Vietnam (no
obligation)
- Mustn’t vs don’t have to/don’t need to/needn’t

VD:
You don’t have to wait here (it is not necessary to wait here)

You mustn’t wait here (it is not allowed to wait here)

- No obligation/necessity in the past:


o Needn’t have + V2
VD:
I needn’t have bothered to get a work permit (it wasn’t necessary)
o Didn’t have to + V
o Didn’t need to + V
VD:
I didn’t have/need to worry about work permits 5 years ago.
- “Needn’t have V2” vs “Didn’t need to V”
o My parents picked my up from the airport so I didn’t need to get a taxi home (it
wasn’t necessary so I didn’t get a taxi)
o My house wasn’t far from the station so I needn’t have got a taxi (it wasn’t
necessary but I still got a taxi)
- Future: not have to, not need to

VD:

I hope I will not (won’t) have to work late tonight

He is not going to need to come to school tomorrow

3. Suggestions and Advice


- We use: Should (Shouldn’t) and Ought to (Ought not to) + V inf
VD:
You should try to take a lot of photos when you are there
You ought to try and use your text books more
You shouldn’t dress casually for work
- We can use “must” to give a strong advice:
VD:
You must invite me when you get there

EXTRAS:
- Adverbs:
o Frequency adverbs: always/also/sometimes/never/often …. : only come after Modal
Verbs.

VD:

You should always carry some loose change in your pocket

You must never do that again

- To add emphasis, we can use “really” before the verb:

VD:

You really have/need to see it to believe

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