5.

2019

Vaccines Production in Pakistan

 Vaccines Production in Pakistan

Author 1Dr. Fazli Hakim Khattak

1
AUTHOR IS THE HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ECONOMICS AT PIDE ISLAMABAD
i
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................................. iv
LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................. v
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. vi
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 1
METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 2
DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................................ 2
Vaccines Market Potentials .............................................................................................................................. 2
Vaccine Market in Pakistan ............................................................................................................................. 4
Routine EPI Vaccine & Requirements............................................................................................................... 5
Non- EPI Vaccines ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Wastage of Vaccines ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Public Sector Production Facilities ................................................................................................................... 6
FINDINGS AND WAY FORWARD ................................................................................................................ 7
1. Low Investment and Limited Production .................................................................................................... 7
2. Donor dependence ................................................................................................................................... 7
3. Human Capacity in Basic Sciences, Biotechnology, Vaccines & Biological .................................................... 7
4. Absence of Vaccine Policy ....................................................................................................................... 7
5. Inefficiencies in Drug Regulatory Authority (DRA) and Drug Testing Labs ................................................... 7
6. Incentives in Vaccines Manufacturing Sector .............................................................................................. 8
a) Tax Holiday ........................................................................................................................................ 8
7. Buy Back Agreement ............................................................................................................................... 8
8. Research & Development Cost Sharing ...................................................................................................... 9
9. Strategies for Local Purchase of Vaccines .................................................................................................. 9
a) Biological Production Division (NIH) .................................................................................................... 9
b) Private Sector .................................................................................................................................... 10
c) Human Resource Development. ........................................................................................................... 10
10. Training of Scientists and Researchers .................................................................................................. 11
11. Veterinary Vaccines ........................................................................................................................... 11
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................ 12
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 13

ii
 List of Tables
Tables Description Pages
Table 1: Vaccines and Industries Status 3
Table 2: EPI Performance 5
Table 3: Wastage of Resources 6
Table 4: Projects with Cost and Funds Allocation 9

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All glories to Allah Almighty, the most beneficent, the most merciful, who gave me strength
and enabled to undertake and execute this research task. Countless salutations upon the Holy
Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW), the city of knowledge for guiding mankind, the true path
of life.
The paper on the vaccine production in Pakistan was initiated on the advice of the Deputy
Chairperson of the Planning Commission as guidelines for indigenous production of vaccines
so, approach paper was written and circulated to the concerned stakeholders.
Actually senior colleagues participated to finalize this paper. Mr. Ahsan Iqbal (DCPC), Dr.
Naeem ul Zafar (Chief Economist Sindh and member social sector planning commission of
Pakistan), Mr. Ayub sheikh (Secretary Health), Mansoor (ED,NIH) and Dr. Asad Hafiz
provided the major guideline and support to accomplish this paper as a policy document. Ms
Hira, Ms Amina and Mr. Irfan worked hard on this paper. I am grateful to all the colleagues
for their support to finalize the policy paper.
Regards
Dr. Fazli Hakim Khattak
HOD, DOHE, PIDE

iv
 LIST OF ACRONYMS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS

Biological Production Division BPD
China Pakistan Economic Corridor CPEC
Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA
Drug Regularity Authority DRA
Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office EMRO
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency EPI
Federal Board of Revenue FBR
Glaxo Smith Kline GSK
Government of Pakistan GOP
Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV
Human Resource Development HRD
Information Management System IMS
National Health NHSCR&C
National Institute of Health NIH
Plant, Machinery, and Equipment PME
Principal Component PC
Research and Development R&D
Sustainable Development Goals SDGs
United Nations UN
United Nations International Children's Emergency UNICEF
Fund
World Health Organization WHO

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 Vaccines Production in Pakistan (VPIP)

ABSTRACT
The safe and efficacious vaccine is the most effective way to combat a disease specially a
deadly disease like rabies, tetanus, measles, meningitis, and hepatitis etc. No health interventions
are as simple, powerful and cost effective as vaccines and these prevent millions of deaths
globally. Vaccines have transformed public health throughout the world particularly for children
and global immunization program a powerful tools to control the burden of vaccine preventable
diseases. Access to quality vaccines at affordable cost represents a challenge to health systems
due to the few manufacturers, the limited capabilities of national regulatory authorities and under-
funded health systems, particularly in low and middle- income countries. A limited proportion of
vaccines used in routine and non-routine immunization programs is produced locally by four
main institutions in EMRO i.e. VACSERA (Egypt), Razi Institute (Iran), NIH (Pakistan) and
Tunis. There are 18 countries, produce 51 types of vaccines for their own consumption, however
a few of the country’s export and supply vaccines to other countries. It includes China, India,
Brazil, Cuba and Indonesia. There is a vast scope of vaccine due to growing population of
Pakistan. There are possibilities for Joint Venture in the area of vaccine production with China,
Iran, Egypt and Tunis, a preferently with China using the CPEC window for investment in the
country.

It is estimated that nearly 85% population of world is living in developing countries and only
15% population is living in developed countries. While developed countries contribute towards
82% of global vaccine sales and developing countries contribute only 18%. The growth of global
vaccine market from 2000 to 2013 is US$ 5 billion to US$ 24. It is estimated that this vaccine
market will rise to US$ 100 billion in 2025. In 2012 UNICEF purchased 50% of global volume
of vaccine does mainly EPI vaccines. The global vaccine leaders are GSK having 23% market
share, Sanofil Pasteur 17%, Pfizer 13%, Merck 12% and Novartis 10% market share while
remaining 25% is contributed by other vaccine manufacturers.

Key words: Vaccine, Immunization

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INTRODUCTION

Global scenario
Currently 120 new vaccine products are in development phase and out of it 60 products are of
importance for developing countries. Recently, a vaccine for dengue fever is under registration process while
vaccine for zika virus is under clinical trials. Vaccine products against cancer, hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS are
under active research and development processes.
In Muslim region a limited proportion of vaccines used in routine and non- routine immunization
programs is produced by the VACSERA-Egypt, Razi institute-Iran, Biofarma -Indonesia, and pasteure
institutes-Tunis. China and India are also major vaccine producers and India is supplying vaccine products
like Measles and Polio to UNICEF. Biofarma- Indonesia is a WHO pre-qualified manufacturer and supplying
Measles vaccine to WHO.
Pakistan scenario
Vaccines can be produced in Pakistan either by shared manufacture, ready to fill material,
Concentrate or from raw material using seed bacteria and seed viruses (Basic Manufacture). It was noted
that US $ 600 million were to be spent on EPI and Polio during next 3-5 years. Therefore, it is a crucial
need to produce this paper as first step toward this sacred task.

Vaccines are important tools in disease prevention and their availability in good quality and of at
affordable cost represents a challenge for health systems. The two public health interventions, have had
the greatest impact on global health, are clean water and vaccines. However, it is profoundly tragic that
despite the availability of simple vaccines, almost 1.5 million children still die each year from vaccine
preventable diseases. New global changes and challenges, including increased competition, difficulties
in accessing cutting edge technology, reduction in the number of vaccine suppliers, limited market and
profit margins and decreased interest in vaccine production by the industrialized countries, are putting
additional strains on self- sufficiency initiatives.

Multinational manufacturers have traditionally supplied a large proportion of the vaccines to EPI,
which targets the killer diseases of childhood, are now diverting their business to more profitable
products. This move has created a void for EPI vaccines, which is being filled by manufacturers from
developing countries. Over 60% of all the BCG vaccine and over 80% of all measles vaccine produced
globally are manufactured in India and Indonesia. These factors have direct and great implication for

1
the policy makers in Pakistan. The 2005 earthquake disaster and 2010 floods in Pakistan had exposed
our vulnerability to the critical availability of life saving Vaccines and Biological like anti tetanus serum.

METHODOLOGY
There is a little literature available on manufacturing of vaccines in Pakistan. Therefore,
comprehensive review of literature was undertaken the record of the National Health Services
Regulation and Coordination Division (NHSCR), considered NIH and the data available with GAVI
Headquarter. International and multilateral companies involved in the vaccines business were studied.
Work done by UNICEF, WHO, and Project history of EPI since 1978has been reviewed and provided
a firm base for this policy paper. This is a desk research correlated with the past 03 National Health
Policies i.e. 1990, 1997 and 2001being formally approved/ tabled before the cabinet in different regimes.
Work done by Prof. Atta ur Rehman (Ex. Chairman, HEC) and chairman of the vaccines committee
(2007) was value addition to accomplish this paper.

DISCUSSION

Vaccine Manufacturers (DCVM) in Developing Countries

The DCVM is an affinity group of vaccine producers comprised of vaccine manufacturing

companies from developing and middle-income countries globally, interested in networking and
collaboration amongst themselves. The group is made up of state-owned and private large- and
small-scale producers. Some member companies are capable to produce high quality vaccines
suitable for both local markets for sale and to UN agencies including UNICEF, WHO and GAVI
Global Vaccine Fund. Other companies are at earlier stages of development. In order to be a
member, the company must be actively manufacturing vaccines for human use.

Vaccines Market Potentials

In Pakistan about 80% of the vaccines market is the public sector. Based on IMS data the
total size of the private vaccine market in Pakistan is estimated at Rs. 2 billion annually. This is a
small fraction of the annual market size of Rs. 140 billion (US 1.4 billion) for pharmaceuticals.
There is an estimated requirement of EPI vaccines of Rs. 28 billion for (2015-20), and Polio
Vaccine requirements are Rs. 30 billion for 03 years. The annual requirements of vaccines for EPI
is Rs 5.6 billion, and Rs 10 billion for polio in the public sector. Total annual intakes vaccines in
public and private sector is Rs 17.6 billion per annum. It is clear that concerted efforts are required
to start vaccines production locally as the market is quite sizeable.
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 In the private sector, there are several multinationals such as Glaxo Smith Kline (GSK),
Aventis, Wyeth, Crucill and Novartis, supplying vaccines in the country. Only one national
company Amson Vaccines is doing some valued steps in vaccine manufacturing for TT and Hep
B vaccines. Following are a few vaccines and industries status in the country: -
Table 1: Vaccines and Industries Status
Vaccine Industry
Hepatitis B GSK, Aventis, Amson, Macter, Highnoon
Rabies Aventis, Chiron, Berna and Indian Immunological
Tetanus Amson, Berna and Aventis
Hib Aventis, GSK
Influenza Chiron, Aventis, Crucill and GSKB
Typhoid: Aventis, Berna & GSKB
Combination vaccines: GSK, Aventis

The most significant role in public health being carried out by NIH is prevention of vaccine
preventable diseases by production of quality vaccines and anti-sera as per WHO guidelines and
provides it to national immunization program, government hospitals dispensaries and to armed
forces. Production of vaccines is the only corporate function of NIH while rests of NIH functions
are non-corporate public health functions.

Manufacturing of quality vaccine and anti-sera is carried out by Biological Production

Division (BPD) of NIH. BPD has 06 production units namely;

1. Measles Vaccine Production Laboratory

2. Tetanus Toxoid Production Laboratory
3. Cell Culture Rabies Vaccine Production Laboratory
4. Allergy Vaccine Production Laboratory
5. Typhoid & Cholera Vaccine Production Laboratory

These units manufacture following 09 products by the way basic and shared manufacturing technology.
1. Measles vaccine
2. Tetanus Toxoid
3. Cell Culture rabies vaccine
4. Allergy vaccine
5. Typhoid vaccine
6. Typhoid & Cholera vaccine
7. Anti-snake venom serum (polyvalent)
8. Anti- snake venom serum (trivalent)
9. Anti- rabies serum (ARS)

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Vaccine Market in Pakistan

EPI is the largest user of vaccines in the public sector since 1978. It aims at protecting children
by immunizing them against 09 vaccines preventable diseases, childhood, tuberculosis,
poliomyelitis, diphtheria, pertussis, measles, tetanus and childbearing, and pregnant women
against tetanus.

Government of Pakistan through NHSR&C Division provides support to the program through
development program i.e. PC-I. The PC-I for the period 2010-2015 at a total cost of Rs. 27.00
billion. This ensures the commitment of the Federal Government for the provision of vaccines,
syringes, cold chain equipment, transport, printed material and launching of health education
and motivation campaigns. Another PC-I at a cost of Rs.38.00 billion was approved for a period
of 05 years 2015-2020. This huge investment is based on the policy direction provided in vision
2025 to meet the SDGs targets related to infant, children, and mothers’ mortalities

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 Routine EPI Vaccine & Requirements
The EPI performance chart for (2015-2020) is given in the following table: -

Table 2: EPI Performance

Sr.No. Item of Activity/Output Unit Scope of vaccines Financial expenditure

(PKR) million
1. Vaccines Dose
1 i) Polio Vaccines Dose 236733230 157,318,761
2 ii)BCG Vaccines Dose 60,564,224 65,672,359
3 iii) Pentavalent Dose 12,721,850 345,301,7624
4 iv) Pneumococcal Vaccine Dose 2630,600 107,2599288
5 v) Rotavirus Vaccines Dose - -
6 vi) Measles Vaccines Dose 71,157,893 2,049,469,157
7 vii) TT Vaccines Dose 63,107,812 439,283,368
2. Syringes No.
8 i) AD Syringes (0.05ml) No. 26,072,339 179,662,387
9 ii) AD Syringes (0.5ml) No. 62,696,415 454,431,795
10 iii) Disposable Syringes (2ml) No. 2, 544,920 14,524,252
11 iv) Disposable Syringes (5ml) No. 13,238,793 80,858,578
12 3. Safety Boxes No. 1,176,811 119,082,087
4. Health Education &
No. 1,017,859 151,037,055
Communication Material
14 i) Production of TV Spots No. 7 4,037,210
15 ii) Airing/telecasting Dose 214 3,203,168
16 iii) Production Radio Spots Dose - -
17 iv) Advertising on Print Media Dose 4,782 112,689,298
18 v) Advocacy meetings/Seminars Dose 1,012,856 31,107,379
21 5. ORS Pkt 4,070,000 26,990,000
22 6. Establishment Charges No. 56 145,570,996
23 7. Contingencies No. Lumpsum 333,071,155
12,746,242,697
24 Total (Local)
25 GAVI 1,611,666,755
World Bank/JICA – PEI 12,583,762,539
26,941,671,991

Source: - EPI, PCI, Federal EPI Programme, 2015 (NHSR&C Division), Islamabad.
Total local cost of vaccines met through the PSDP is Rs, 3.12 billion (11.6 %) of the total cost,
whereas donors and development partners are providing vaccines of Rs. 14.2 billion therefore total cost
of vaccines is Rs,17.32 billion which is 64% of the total PC-1 cost. The vaccines imported and consumed
by the private sector is not corrected. Population of Pakistan is growing at 2.4 % per annum and
resources decreased for children & mother vaccines. The financial cost will further enhance that will
consume our foreign exchange resources in future.

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 Non- EPI Vaccines
The following vaccines are used in Pakistan in the private sector. These are not included in any
government program: -
a. Tissue culture Rabies vaccine (major vaccine)
b. Anti-Snake Vaccine Serum (available but in limited supply)
c. Meningitis (meningococcal vaccine, special purpose for Hajj)
d. Influenza vaccine (seasonal vaccines, every year a short is required)
e. Varicella vaccine (Chickenpox, underutilized vaccine)
f. Vi-polysaccharide Typhoid Vaccine
g. Combo vaccines
h. Cholera-Typhoid vaccine (classic TAB, century old used in armed forces0
i. Gas Gangrene
j. Yellow fever (available from special outlets)

Wastage of Vaccines
Vaccines wastage factor is important to consider for avoiding the wastage of resources.
Following is the wastage chart by WHO for different vaccines: -
Table 3: Wastage of Resources

Vaccine Allowed Wastage Rate as Wastage Factor Wastage Percentage

per WHO and EPI policy reported
guideline
BCG 50% 2 50%
OPV 20% 1.25 20%
Penta 5% 1.05 5%
PCV 10% 1.11 10%
Measles 40% 1.67 40%
TT 20% 1.25 20%
Source:- Federal EPI Programme, NHSR&C Division, Islamabad
Public Sector Production Facilities
The National Institute of Health (NIH) is a premier research organization in the field of
public health. The institute acts as the research arm of the National Health Services Division and
a WHO collaborating center for research in viral diagnostics. Its Biological Production Division
(BPD) manufactures bacterial, viral vaccines and therapeutic anti sera. Vaccines are produced
both from raw material i.e. “Basic Manufacture” and through “Production Sharing” i.e. buying of
bulk concentrates and processing for filling and packaging into final containers.

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FINDINGS AND WAY FORWARD
1. Low Investment and Limited Production
In order to make real progress both the public and private sectors must play their roles in
Pakistan. During the last 40 years, research and development leading to the improvement of the
existing vaccines and the development of the new vaccines has gradually shifted to the private
sector in the developed world. Many of the public vaccine producers in industrialized countries
being the source of know-how and technology transfers to developing world are being privatized
or function as viable public-private partnerships. Unlike the situation 40 years ago, most of new
vaccine research and development is undertaken by private sector companies and is funded either
by private venture capital and/or from profits on sales. Also, public university research becoming
increasingly linked to pre-existing intellectual property agreements with private companies.

2. Donor dependence
The GoP working with the donors have developed some Immunization Programmes where
there is guarantee of co-financing like the pentavalent with GAVI, is a good proposition in the
short run. The donor program is also fraught with the potential risk of interruption, due to the
rapidly changing geopolitical and security situation in the world.

3. Human Capacity in Basic Sciences, Biotechnology, Vaccines & Biological

Pakistan has one of the lowest rates of enrollment in basic sciences and molecular biology
in its centers of higher education. Despite all investments at the biotechnology end, unless there
is trained manpower, and a research culture in our education and research institutions, the
dividends will be very limited and short lived. Policies should evolve that focus on bridging the
gaps in skilled manpower with critical thinking and laboratory skills that will enable us to achieve
these goals.

4. Absence of Vaccine Policy

There is no clear policy for Biotech products and vaccines to encourage investments in this
sector. The neighboring country India and Iran have taken it seriously by offering many incentives
and technology grant supports which translated into the growth of this segment.

5. Inefficiencies in Drug Regulatory Authority (DRA) and Drug Testing Labs

To monitor the quality of locally produced vaccines, a fully functional Regulatory
Authority is an urgent need of the day. There is a slow performance DRA in Pakistan. This is a
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 serious bottle neck and need immediate attention of the policy makers.

6. Incentives in Vaccines Manufacturing Sector

Consistent government support, for the success of projects of national interest, cannot be
undermined by any means. A few avenues, where government’s support would be required are:-

a) Tax Holiday
Reduce the operating cost and keeping the final price of local vaccines in check, duties &
taxes need to be lowered. e.g. Tax holding for 10-15 years may be granted. In consultation of
Finance (FBR), Commerce, and Industry Divisions, the following incentives may be considered:-

 Corporate Tax on Income of the company may be exempted. Income,

profits, gains made out of the project should not be taxed during tax-holiday

period.

 Turnover Tax on Sales Revenue of the company to be exempted.

 Zero rating of .W.H. Tax, Sales Tax, and Excise Duty on Import of PME

(Plant, Machinery, and Equipment), tools, and consumables.

7. Buy Back Agreement

Government of Pakistan should offer a “Buy-Back Agreement” with the vaccine producers
to ensure production at an economically viable level on consistent basis. Among other things, the
buy-back agreement should:-
 Define methodology for the sale and purchase of vaccines and
commercial terms including billing and payments.

 Assure a minimum amount (revenue) every month to the company for

meeting operations and maintenance expenses, debt servicing, insurance
changes, and expenses of fix nature.
 Fix payment obligations for the purchaser (public sector entity) and
guaranteed by GOP.

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 8. Research & Development Cost Sharing
Research & Development is an investment in future; and biotech, of all fields, perhaps
needs it more today than ever before (Pakistan’s scenario). Local production of vaccines should
be complemented by an equally effective and intense effort in R&D. It will play a pivotal role in
future success and attaining self-sufficiency-level for the new product.

9. Strategies for Local Purchase of Vaccines

Considering the industry requirements and plea for incentives to produce quality vaccine
with technology transfer components, the following strategies can facilitate the process which are
grouped in different categories.

a) Biological Production Division (NIH)

There are 03 projects costing Rs.62 million funded through PSDP are und implementation
in N.I.H. Funds allocation for the project is Rs. 24 million during 2019-20. Following is the
detailed statement of projects with cost and funds allocation: -
Table 4: Projects with Cost and Funds Allocation

Sl. No. Name of Scheme Estimated Cost Allocation

2019-20
1. Establishment of NIH Allergy & Vaccine 55.586 17.586
Centre at CHE Hospital-NHSRC, Shahbaz
Town, Quetta
2. Feasibility study for Project “Up- 3.000 3.000
gradation of Drugs Testing facilities in
Drugs Control and Traditional Medicines
Division NIH, Islamabad
3. Feasibility study for Strengthening and 3.500 3.500
capacity enhancement of ORS Production
unit according to the current GMP
standards at NIH, Islamabad
Source, PSDP, PDR, June 2019.
The strong role of the national public sector vaccine production facility i.e. the NIH Vaccine
Laboratories is recognized. This institution needs to be strengthened and allocated the required resources
and manpower to meet the challenge of local production of vaccines.

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b) Private Sector

 National Industry must be encouraged to increase investments in vaccine R&D

especially in sectors where the public sector is not currently developing vaccines
or unable to meet the national demands. These include TT, Measles, BCG and
combination vaccines like pentavalent liquid vaccines or future Therapeutic
vaccines etc.
 The local industry should be given a decisive and preferential treatment in Public
Sector National level program like EPI and Prevention of Hepatitis for vaccines
and Biological which include biotech products and therapeutic purposes.

c) Human Resource Development.

The HEC, MOST and NHSR&C should allocate sufficient funds to initiate research
projects on related topics under the supervision of identified investigators in
Universities of Pakistan. Post-graduate students should be trained, and encouraged
to work in the following research areas;

 Study the immunobiology of particular pathogens to identify the candidate

immunogens for better vaccines to prevent such infections.
 Investigate the short comings in vaccines produced by old technologies to
justify the use of new methods for developing more effective and cheaper
vaccines.
 To develop and study novel approach to address the immunopathological
questions related to vaccines.
 Studies to identify advantages over technologies and uniqueness for
particular immunological problems. Such investigations are necessary to
understand the technicalities involved in developing a successful vaccine
production program.
 Studies on Edible, DNA and other research vaccine.
 Studies on Biotech products like Biopharmaceuticals and Therapeutic
vaccines.
 Studies on Interferon interleukin action and its role on resistance to antiviral
therapy.
 Joint Collaboration with China to get vaccine technology through CPEC
10
 can be sought out. Similarly, the collaboration for vaccine production may
be taken with the regional muslim countries including Iran, Egypt, Tunis
and Indonesia.
10. Training of Scientists and Researchers
 Ensure active participation of trained and qualified Immunologists, Pediatricians,
Microbiologists, Biochemists, Epidemiologist, Clinicians, Quality Assurance Experts,
Veterinarians and other Basic Scientists at all steps involved in vaccine/ Biological Product
Preparation as per WHO Criteria.
 These experts should be involved in activities like GMP inspections, clinical evaluation, proper
testing of local and imported Biologicals.
11. Veterinary Vaccines

This is one of the most important segments in Vaccines. Its economic impact is comparable to human
vaccines. This can revolutionize the social sector in Pakistan. It is a strong supporting agent for livestock
ultimately help the poor people in the rural areas.

The six institutes in Pakistan producing these vaccines include:

 Veterinary Research Institute Lahore

 Veterinary Research Institute Peshawar
 Veterinary Research Institute Quetta
 Sindh Poultry Vaccine Center Karachi
 Nuclear Institute of Agricultural Biology Faisalabad
 Poultry Research Institute Rawalpindi

Almost 95% of vaccines against large animals are produced locally in public sector institutes.
But Foot and Mouth diseases vaccines are imported. A few private entrepreneurs have started to produce
vaccines in limited quantity. About 2- Domestic Poultry is not fully vaccinated; however, all commercial
poultry farms are hundred percent vaccinated against the viral disease. The Breeders of flocks do not
use local vaccine to avoid vertical transmission of virus. It is estimated that poultry vaccines worth Rs.
1.2 billion are imported every year. There is urgent need to have Specific Pathogen Free Eggs production
facilities in the country for the production of better-quality vaccines. Biotechnological Interventions can
be very effectively used for production of better-quality vaccines for poultry diseases to capture ever-
increasing demands for all types of poultry vaccines.
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 Vaccines for the infectious disease of dogs and cats are imported. The Veterinary Research
Institute (VRI) Lahore is producing Anti-Rabies vaccine for dogs in limited quantity but these are not
well accepted by the dog’s owners. They prefer to use imported vaccines for their pets/dogs etc. It is
estimated that every year 02 million doses of Rabies vaccine for dogs and cats are imported.

CONCLUSION
The needs for public health and new vaccines in Pakistan are enormous and increasing. Despite,
the mandate of the NIH to supply the vaccine needs of the country, the majority of public sector vaccine
requirements have been met through import of vaccines produced by multi-national suppliers. The NIH
has been providing a fraction of national requirements. Pakistan has fully advanced in the field of
technology, know how, and having well qualified and trained human resources. Indigenous vaccine
production can be started with the support of the available HRD and Technology, and gradually these
inputs can be refined for enhanced Production and export of vaccines to other countries of the regions.

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