7.

1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.5 (continued)
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
Problem
7.12
7.13
Problem
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
 

7.19

Revalued data:
Mass of water is 1 kg.

At initial state, the water is saturated vapor at 130 C , the velocity is 25 m/s and the
elevation is 5 m.

At final state the water is saturated liquid at 12 C , the velocity is 20 m/s and the
elevation is 2.5 m.

Let T0  27 C , p0  1 atm and g  9.8 m / s 2

Solution:

(a) Use the following expression to determine the exergy at the initial state  IE1  :
 V 2  V02 
IE1  m  u1  u0   p0  v1  v0   T0  s1  s0   1  g  Z1  Z 0   ……
 2 
(1)

Refer the following values from table A-2:

For saturated vapour at 130 C ,
u1  2539.9 kJ / kg
v1  0.6685 m3 / kg
s1  7.0269 kJ / kg  K

And at T0  27 C ,
u0  113.25 kJ / kg
v0  1.0035  103 m3 / kg
s0  0.3954 kJ / kg  K

Substitute 1 kg for m, 2539.9 kJ / kg for u1 , 113.25 kJ / kg for u0 , 1.013 105 N / m 2

for p0 , 1.0035 103 m3 / kg for v0 , 0.6685 m3 / kg for v1 ,  27  273 K for T0 ,
 

7.0269 kJ / kg  K for s1 , 0.3954 kJ / kg  K for s0 , 25 m/s for V1 , 0 for V0 , 9.8 m / s 2

for g, 5 m for Z1 and 0 for Z 0 in equation (1).

 2539.9  113.25  kJ / kg 
 
 
  1.013 10 N / m  0.6685  1.0035 10  m / kg 103 N  m 
5 2 3 3 1 kJ

IE1  1 kg   
   27  273 K   7.0269  0.3954  kJ / kg  K 
 
   25 m / s 2   0 2  
  9.8 m / s 2   5  0  m 
1 N 1 kJ
  
 1 kg  m/s 10 N  m 
2 3
  2
 1 kg   2426.65  67.61  1989.45  0.3125  0.049  kJ / kg
 505.17 kJ

Thus, exergy at the initial state is 505.17 kJ .

(b) Use the following expression to determine the exergy at the final state  IE2  :
 V 2  V02 
IE2  m  u2  u0   p0  v2  v0   T0  s2  s0   2  g  Z2  Z0  ……
 2 
(2)

Refer the following values from table A-2:

For saturated liquid at 12 C ,
u2  50.41 kJ / kg
v2  1.0005  103 m3 / kg
s2  0.1806 kJ / kg  K

Substitute 1 kg for m, 50.41 kJ / kg for u2 , 113.25 kJ / kg for u0 , 1.013 105 N / m 2

for p0 , 1.0035 103 m3 / kg for v0 , 1.0005 103 m3 / kg for v2 ,  27  273 K for
 

T0 , 0.1806 kJ / kg  K for s2 , 0.3954 kJ / kg  K for s0 , 20 m/s for V2 , 0 for V0 ,

9.8 m / s 2 for g, 2.5 m for Z 2 and 0 for Z 0 in equation (2).
 50.41  113.25  kJ / kg 
 
 1 kJ 
  1.013 10 N / m 1.0005  10  1.0035 10  m / kg 103 N  m 
5 2 3 3 3

IE2  1 kg   
   27  273 K   0.1806  0.3954  kJ / kg  K 
 
   20 m / s 2   0 2  
  9.8 m / s   2.5  0  m 
1N 1 kJ
  
2

 1 kg  m/s 10 N  m 
2 3
 
2
 1 kg   62.84  0.0003  64.44  0.2  0.0245  kJ / kg
 1.82 kJ

Thus, exergy at the final state is 1.82 kJ .

(c) Calculate the change in exergy as follows:

IE  IE2  IE1
 1.82 kJ  505.17 kJ
 503.35 kJ

Thus, the change in exergy is 503.35 kJ .

Problem
7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.26
7.27
Problem
7.28
7.29
7.30
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.34
7.34 (continued)
7.35
7.35 (continued)
7.36
7.36 (continued)
7.37
7.38
7.39
Problem 7.40
7.41
Problem
7.42
Problem
7.43
Problem 7.44
Problem 7.45
7.46
 GENERATED PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 7
7.47:
New Problem 7.62
Steam undergoes a throttling process as it passes through a valve operating at steady
state. Steam enters the valve at 6 MPa, 360C and exits at 3 MPa. Determine the exit
temperature and the exergy rate destruction per kg of steam flowing through the valve.
Let T0  25 C, p0  100 kPa .

Solution:

Refer the following values from table A-4 corresponding to p1  6 MPa and T2  360C :
h1  3071.1 kJ / kg
s1  6.3782 kJ / kg  K

In a throttling process enthalpy remains constant. Therefore,

h2  h1  3071.1 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-4 and apply interpolation to determine the temperature and specific
entropy at the exit corresponding to p2  3 MPa and h2  3071.1 kJ / kg :
T2  331.6 C
s2  6.6696 kJ / kg  K

Thus, the exit temperature of steam is 331.6 C .

Write the exergy rate balance equation for steady state as follows:
 T 
0   1  0  Q j  Wcv  m  e f 1  e f 2   Ed
 T 
j  j 

For the given conditions,

 T 
j 1  T0  Q j 0
 j 

Wcv  0

Therefore,
 Ed
 ef 1  ef 2
m
  h1  h2   T0  s1  s2 

During throttling process, h1  h2 , therefore, above equation becomes

Ed
 T0  s2  s1 
m

Substitute  25  273 K for T0 , 6.6696 kJ / kg  K for s2 and 6.3782 kJ / kg  K for s1 .

Ed
  25  273 K   6.6696  6.3782  kJ / kg  K
m
 86.8 kJ / kg

Thus, the rate of exergy destruction is 86.8 kJ / kg .

Problem 7.48
7.49
7.50
 

7.51

Revalued data:
Air is compressed in an axial-flow compressor operating at steady state from 22 C , 1
bar to a pressure of 2.5 bar. The work required is 90.5 kJ per kg of air flowing. Heat
transfer from the compressor occurs at an average surface temperature of 35 C at the
rate of 15 kJ per kg of air flowing.

Solution:

(a) Refer the following value from table A-22 corresponding to

T1  22 C or 295 K :
h1  295.17 kJ / kg

Write the steady state energy balance equation as follows:

 V 2  V22 
0  Q cv  Wcv  m  h1  h2   1  g  Z1  Z 2  
 2 

Neglect the effect gravity and motion, and modify above expression to obtain the
following expression:
Q cv  Wcv  m  h1  h2   0
Q W
h2  h1  cv  cv
m m
 295.17 kJ / kg   15 kJ / kg    90.5 kJ / kg 
 370.67 kJ / kg

Take the value of temperature of air at exit T2  corresponding to h2  370.67 kJ / kg

from table A-22:
T2  370 K   370  273 C  97C

Thus, the temperature of air at the exit will be 97C .

 

(b) Write the entropy rate balance equation as follows:

Q cv
0  m  s1  s2    cv
Tb
 Q cv 
  
 cv

m 
 s2  s1
m Tb
 Q cv 
  

m  p
 s T2   s T1   R ln 2
Tb p1

From table A-22, take the following values:

s T2   s  370 K   1.91313 kJ / kg  K
s T1   s  295 K   1.68515 kJ / kg  K

 cv
Substitute all the known values in above expression of .
m
  15 kJ / kg  
  1.91313 kJ / kg  K  1.68515 kJ / kg  K 
 cv   273  35  K 

m   8.314   2.5  
  kJ / kg  K   ln   
  28.97   1  
 0.0137 kJ / kg  K

Use the following expression to determine the rate of exergy destruction:

E d   
 T0  cv 
m  m 
  273  20  K   0.0137 kJ / kg  K 
 4.01 kJ / kg

Thus, the rate of exergy destruction within the compressor is 4.01 kJ / kg .

  

7.52

Revalued data is shown in the following figure:

Solution:

(a) Use the following expression to determine the rate exergy enters
accompanying the heat transfer:
 

 T 
E q   1  0  Q cv
 Tb 
 293 K 
 1    4.25 kW 
  500  273 K 
 2.64 kW

Thus, the rate exergy enters accompanying the heat transfer is 2.616 kW .

(b) Write the steady state energy balance equation as follows:

 V 2  V22 
0  Q cv  Wcv  m  h1  h2   1  g  Z1  Z 2  
 2 

Neglect the effect gravity and motion, and modify above expression to obtain the
following expression:
Q cv  Wcv  m  h1  h2   0
Q  Wcv
h2  h1  cv
m

Take the value of h1 from table A-4 corresponding to 3 bar pressure and 475 C
temperature.
h1  3432.96 kJ / kg

Substitute all the known values in above expression of h2 .

 1  kJ / s 60 s
h2  3432.96 kJ / kg     4.25 kW  6.1 kW 
 1.5 kg / min  kW 1 min
 3432.96 kJ / kg  74 kJ / kg
 3358.96 kJ / kg

Take the value of s2 corresponding to p2  1 bar and h2  3358.96 kJ / kg from table

A-4.
s2  8.66 kJ / kg  K

Take the value of s1 from table A-4 corresponding to 3 bar pressure and 475 C
temperature.
s1  8.2537 kJ / kg  K

Calculate the net rate exergy carried in by the steam:

 

E f 1  E f 2  m  h1  h2   T0  s1  s2  
1 min
 1.5 kg / min   3432.96  3358.96  kJ / kg   293 K  8.2537  8.66  kJ / kg  K 
60 s 
1 min 1 kW
 1.5 kg / min  193 kJ / kg 
60 s 1 kJ / s
 4.825 kW

Thus, the net rate exergy carried in by the steam is 1.87 kW .

(c) Write the exergy rate balance equation as follows:

0  E q  Wcv   E f 1  E f 2   E d
E d  E q  Wcv   E f 1  E f 2 
 2.64 kW  6.1 kW  4.825 kW
 1.365 kW
Thus, the rate of exergy destruction in the device is 1.365 kW .
Problem
7.53
New Problem 7.71:
7.54

An insulated compressor is used to compress the air from 25 C , 1 bar to a pressure of

2.6 bar. The work required is 100 kJ per kg of air flowing. Neglect the effect of motion
and gravity. Assume the ideal gas behaviour of air and operation of compressor to be
steady. Determine
(a) The exit temperature of air in C
(b) The rate of exergy destruction within the compressor per kg of flowing air.

Let T0  20 C, p0  1 bar

Solution:

(a) Apply interpolation to obtain the following value by using the data of table A-22
corresponding to T1  25 C or 298 K :
h1  298.18 kJ / kg

Write the steady state energy balance equation as follows:

 V 2  V22 
0  Qcv  Wcv  m  h1  h2   1  g  Z1  Z 2  
 2 

The compressor is insulated that is Qcv  0 . Neglect the effect gravity and motion, and
modify above expression to obtain the following expression:
Wcv  m  h1  h2   0
Wcv
h2  h1 
m
 298.18 kJ / kg   100 kJ / kg 
 398.18 kJ / kg

Take the value of temperature of air at exit T2  corresponding to h2  398.18 kJ / kg

from table A-22:
T2  397 K   397  273 C  124C

Thus, the temperature of air at the exit will be 124C .

(b) Write the entropy rate balance equation as follows:

 Qcv
0  m  s1  s2    cv
Tb
 Qcv 
 
 cv
 s s
m
2 1
m Tb
 Qcv 
 
   s T  s T  R ln p2
m
 2   1
Tb p1

The compressor is insulated that is Qcv  0 . Therefore, above expression becomes

 cv p
 s T2   s T1   R ln 2
m p1

From table A-22, take the following values:

s T2   s  397 K   1.98425 kJ / kg  K
s T1   s  298 K   1.69527 kJ / kg  K

 cv
Substitute all the known values in above expression of .
m
 cv  8.314   2.6 
 1.98425 kJ / kg  K  1.69527 kJ / kg  K   kJ / kg  K   ln  
m  28.97   1 
 0.01476 kJ / kg  K

Use the following expression to determine the rate of exergy destruction:

Ed  
 T0  cv 
m  m 
  273  20  K   0.01476 kJ / kg  K 
 4.32 kJ / kg

Thus, the rate of exergy destruction within the compressor is 4.32 kJ / kg .

7.55
 

7.56

Revalue data:

A counterflow heat exchanger operating at steady state has water entering as saturated
vapor at 1 bar with a mass flow rate of 2.5 kg/s and exiting as saturated liquid at 1 bar.
Air enters in a separate stream at 298 K, 1 bar and exits at 330 K with a negligible
change in pressure.
Let T0  298 K, p0  1 bar .

Solution:

(a) Write the energy balance equation for the heat exchanger as follows:
0  Q cv  Wcv  m  h1  h2   m a  h3  h4 
Here, m is mass flow rate of water, h1 is initial specific enthalpy of water, h2 is final
specific enthalpy of water, m a is mass flow rate of air, h3 is initial specific enthalpy
of air and h4 is final specific enthalpy of air.

There is no heat transfer and work that is Q cv  Wcv  0 . Therefore,

0  m  h1  h2   m a  h3  h4 
 h h 
m a  m  2 1  …… (1)
 h3  h4 

Refer the following values from the table A-3 corresponding to 1 bar pressure:
h1  hg  2675.5 kJ / kg
h2  h f  417.46 kJ / kg

Refer the following values from the table A-3 corresponding to 1 bar pressure:
At 298 K, h3  298.18 kJ / kg
At 330 K, h4  330.34 kJ / kg

Substitute all the known values in equation (1).

 

 417.46 kJ / kg  2675.5 kJ / kg 
m a   2.5 kg / s   
 298.18 kJ / kg  330.34 kJ / kg 
 175.5 kg / s

Calculate the change in flow exergy rate for the water stream:
E f 2  E f 1  m  h2  h1   T0  s2  s1  

Refer the following values from the table A-3 corresponding to 1 bar pressure:
s1  sg  7.3594 kJ / kg  K
s2  s f  1.3026 kJ / kg  K

Therefore,
 417.46 kJ / kg  2675.5 kJ / kg  
E f 2  E f 1   2.5 kg / s   
   298 K 1.3026 kJ / kg  K  7.3594 kJ / kg  K  
 1132.78 kW

Thus, the change in flow exergy rate of water stream is 1132.78 kW .

Calculate the change in flow exergy rate for the water stream:
E f 4  E f 3  m a  h4  h3   T0  s4  s3  
   p  
 m a  h4  h3   T0  s T4   s T3   R ln  4  
   p3  

p 
As p4  p3 so ln  4   0 .
 p3 
E f 4  E f 3  m a  h4  h3   T0 s T4   s T3 

Refer the following values from the table A-3 corresponding to 1 bar pressure:
At 298 K, s T3   1.69528 kJ / kg  K
At 330 K, s T4   1.79783 kJ / kg  K

Therefore,
 330.34 kJ / kg  298.18 kJ / kg  
E f 4  E f 3  175.5 kg / s   
   298 K 1.79783 kJ / kg  K  1.69528 kJ / kg  K  
 280.82 kW

Thus, the change in flow exergy rate of air stream is 280.82 kW .

Write the exergy rate balance equation for steady state as follows:
 

 T   dV 
0   1  0  Q j  Wcv  p0    E f 1  E f 2    E f 3  E f 4   Ed
    

j  T   dt
j 

For the given conditions,

 T 
j 1  T0  Q j 0
 j 

Wcv  0
dV
p0 0
dt

Therefore,
E d    E f 2  E f 1    E f 4  E f 3 
   1132.78 kW   280.82 kW
 851.96 kW

Thus, the rate of exergy destruction in the heat exchanger is 851.96 kW .

7.57
New Problem 7.58
7.76:

Steam enters a well insulated nozzle operating at steady state at 540 C , 3 MPa and a
velocity of 4 m/s. At the nozzle, exit the pressure is 150 kPa and the velocity is 300 m/s.
Determine the rate of exergy destruction in kJ/kg of steam flowing. Let
T0  25 C, p0  100 kPa .

Solution:

Write the entropy rate balance equation as follows:

Q
0   i  m  s1  s2    cv
j Tj

The nozzle is insulated so there is no heat transfer between the nozzle and the
Q
surrounding that is term  i  0 . Therefore,
j Tj

0  0  m  s1  s2    cv
 cv
 s2  s1 …… (1)
m

Refer the following values from table A-4 corresponding to p  3 MPa and T  540 C :
h1  3546.6 kJ / kg
s1  7.3474 kJ / kg  K

Write the steady state energy balance equation as follows:

 V 2  V22 
0  Qcv  Wcv  m  h1  h2   1  g  Z1  Z 2  
 2 

There is no heat transfer as well as no work that is Qcv  Wcv  0 . Neglect the effect
gravity and modify above expression to obtain the following expression:
 V 2  V22 
m  h1  h2   1 0
 2 
V12  V22
h2  h1 
2
  4 m / s 2   300 m / s 2  1N 1 kJ
 3546.6 kJ / kg   
 1 kg  m / s 1 kN  m
2
 2
 3546.6 kJ / kg   44.99 kJ / kg 
 3501.61 kJ / kg
Refer the following value of specific entropy for steam at 150 kPa from table A-4
corresponding to h2  3501.61 kJ / kg :
s2  8.6636 kJ / kg  K

Substitute 8.6636 kJ / kg  K for s2 and 7.3474 kJ / kg  K for s1 in equation (1).

 cv
 8.6636 kJ / kg  K  7.3474 kJ / kg  K
m
 1.3162 kJ / kg  K

Use the following expression to determine the rate of exergy destruction:

Ed  T0 cv
Ed  
 T0  cv 
m  m 
  25  273 K  1.3162 kJ / kg  K
 392.2 kJ / kg

Thus, the rate of exergy destruction is 392.2 kJ / kg .

7.59
7.60
7.61
7.62
Problem 7.63
7.64
7.64 (continued)
7.65
7.65 (continued)
7.66
7.67
7.68
7.68 (continued)
7.69
7.69 (continued)
7.70
7.70 (continued)
7.71
7.72
7.73
 

7.74

Revalued data:

Saturated liquid water at 0.04 MPa enters a power plant pump operating at a steady
state. Liquid water exits the pump at 10 MPa. The isentropic pump efficiency is 85%.

State p  MPa  h  kJ / kg  s  kJ / kg  K 
Pump inlet 0.02 251.4 0.8320
Pump exit 10 267.9 0.8437

Let T0  298 K, p  100 kPa .

Solution:

(a) There is no heat transfer that is Q cv  0 . Neglect the effect of motion and
gravity to write the energy rate balance equation as follows:
Wcv
 h1  h2 …… (1)
m
 251.4 kJ / kg  267.9 kJ / kg
 16.5 kJ / kg

Thus, power required by the pump is 16.5 kJ / kg .

Use the following expression to determine the rate of exergy destruction:

 

E d
 T0  s2  s1  …… (2)
m
  298 K  0.8437 kJ / kg  K  0.832 kJ / kg  K 
 3.48 kJ / kg

Thus, the rate of exergy destruction is 3.48 kJ / kg .

Calculate the exergetic pump efficiency from the following relation:

ef 2  ef 1

W
 cv
m
h  h  T s  s 
 2 1 0 2 1
W
 cv
m

From equations (1) and (2),

W E
 cv  d
 m  m
W
 cv
m
 E d 
  
 1  
m
 Wcv 
  
 m 
3.48
 1
16.5
 0.7878 or 78.78%

Thus, the exergetic pump efficiency is 78.78% .

7.75
7.76
 

7.77

Revalued data:
Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state at 6 MPa, 640 C and exits at 100 kPa.
Stray heat transfer and the effects of motion and gravity can be ignored. If the rate of
exergy destruction is 25.71 kJ per kg of steam flowing.

Let T0  298 K, p0  1 bar .

Solution:

Refer the following value from table A-4 corresponding to 6 MPa pressure and
640 C temperature:
s1  7.2731 kJ / kg  K
h1  3752.6 kJ / kg

There is no heat transfer between the turbine and surrounding. So, entropy generation
rate will be
 cv  m  s2  s1 

Write the expression for exergy destruction to determine the value of s2 .

E d   
 T0  cv 
m  m 
 T0  s2  s1 
 E d 
  
s2   s
m
1
T0

E d
Substitute 25.71 kJ/kg for , 298 K for T0 and 7.2731 kJ / kg  K for s1 .
m
25.71 kJ / kg
s2   7.2731 kJ / kg  K
298 K
 7.3594 kJ / kg  K

The value of s2  sg for 100 kPa pressure, that is at state 2 saturated vapors are
obtained at the exit of turbine.
 

Refer the following value from table A-3 corresponding to 100 kPa pressure:
s f  1.3026 kJ / kg  K
sg  7.3594 kJ / kg  K

Calculate the value of quality of steam when specific entropy s2 s is equal to s1 .

s  s f 7.2731 kJ / kg  K  1.3026 kJ / kg  K
x2 s  2 s   0.9857
sg  s f 7.3594 kJ / kg  K  1.3026 kJ / kg  K

Refer the following value from table A-3 corresponding to 100 kPa pressure:
h f  417.46 kJ / kg
h2  hg  2675.5 kJ / kg

Calculate the value of h2 s .

h2 s  h f  x2 s  hg  h f 
 417.46 kJ / kg   0.9857  2675.5 kJ / kg  417.46 kJ / kg 
 2643.21 kJ / kg

Use the following expression to determine the isentropic efficiency:

h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
3752.6 kJ / kg  2675.5 kJ / kg

3752.6 kJ / kg  2643.21 kJ / kg
 0.9708 or 97.08%

Thus, the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 97.08% .

Calculate the exergetic pump efficiency from the following relation:

Wcv
 m
ef 1  ef 2
h1  h2

 h1  h2   T0  s1  s2 
3752.6 kJ / kg  2675.5 kJ / kg

 3752.6 kJ / kg  2675.5 kJ / kg    298 7.2731 kJ / kg  K  7.3594 kJ / kg  K 
 0.9766 or 97.66%
Thus, the exergetic turbine efficiency is 97.66% .
7.78
7.79
7.80
 7.81 :
New Problem 7.107
Saturated water vapor at 25 bar enters an insulated turbine operating at steady state. A
two-phase liquid–vapor mixture exits at 0.06 bar with a quality of 80%. Ignore the effects
of motion and gravity. Determine
(a) the power developed and the rate of exergy destruction, each in kJ/kg of steam
flowing.
(b) the isentropic turbine efficiency.
(c) the exergetic turbine efficiency.
Let T0  20 C, p0  1 bar .

Solution:

The given process is shown in the following T-s diagram:

(a) Write the steady state energy balance equation as follows:

 V12  V22 
0  Qcv  Wcv  m  h1  h2    g  Z1  Z 2  
 2 

There is no heat transfer between the turbine and surroundings that is Qcv  0 . Neglect
the effect of gravity and motion, and modify above expression to obtain the following
expression:
Wcv  m  h1  h2 
Wcv
 h1  h2 …… (1)
m

Initially determine the value of properties at different states:

State 1: Refer the following value for saturated vapour at p1  25 bar from table A-3:
 s1  sg  6.2575 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  2803.1 kJ / kg

State 2: Refer the following values from table A-3 corresponding to p2  0.06 bar
pressure:
hg  2567.4 kJ / kg
h f  151.53 kJ / kg
sg  8.3304 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.5210 kJ / kg  K

Calculate the specific entropy at state 2.

s2  s f  x2  sg  s f 
 0.5210 kJ / kg  K   0.80 8.3304 kJ / kg  K  0.5210 kJ / kg  K 
 6.7685 kJ / kg  K

Calculate the specific enthalpy at state 2.

h2  h f  x2  hg  h f 
 151.53 kJ / kg   0.80  2567.4 kJ / kg  151.53 kJ / kg 
 2084.22 kJ / kg

State 2s: When the expansion process through turbine is isentropic that is
s2 s  s1  6.2575 kJ / kg  K .

Calculate the quality of mixture at state 2s.

s  s f 6.2575  0.5210
x2 s  2 s   0.734
sg  s f 8.3304  0.5210

Calculate the specific enthalpy at state 2s.

h2 s  h f  x2 s  hg  h f 
 151.53 kJ / kg   0.734  2567.4 kJ / kg  151.53 kJ / kg 
 1924.78 kJ / kg

Substitute 2803.1 kJ / kg for h1 and 2084.22 kJ / kg for h2 in equation (1).

 Wcv
 h1  h2
m
 2803.1 kJ / kg  2084.22 kJ / kg
 718.88 kJ / kg

Thus, the power developed is 718.88 kJ / kg .

Write the entropy rate balance equation as follows:

Q
0  cv  m  s1  s2    cv
Tb
 Qcv 
 
 cv  m 
  s2  s1
m Tb

Since, Qcv  0 , therefore,

 cv
 s2  s1
m

Substitute 6.2575 kJ / kg  K for s1 and 6.7685 kJ / kg  K for s2 .

 cv
 6.7685 kJ / kg  K  6.2575 kJ / kg  K  0.511 kJ / kg  K
m

Use the following expression to determine the rate of exergy destruction:

Ed  
 T0  cv 
m  m 
  273  20  K   0.511 kJ / kg  K 
 149.72 kJ / kg

Thus, the rate of exergy destruction is 149.72 kJ / kg .

(b) Use the following expression for isentropic turbine efficiency:

h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
2803.1 kJ / kg  2084.22 kJ / kg

2803.1 kJ / kg  1924.78 kJ / kg
 0.818 or 81.8%
Thus, the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 81.8% .

(c) Calculate the exergetic turbine efficiency from the following relation:
Wcv
 m
ef 1  ef 2
h1  h2

 h1  h2   T0  s1  s2 

Substitute 2803.1 kJ / kg for h1 , 2084.22 kJ / kg for h2 ,  273  20 K for T0 ,

6.2575 kJ / kg K for s1 and 6.7685 kJ / kg  K for s2 .

 
 2803.1  2084.22  kJ / kg
 2803.1  2084.22  kJ / kg   273  20  K   6.2575  6.7685  kJ / kg  K
 0.8276 or 82.76%

Thus, the exergetic efficiency of the turbine is 82.76% .

New Problem 7.109:
7.82

Steam at 320 C and 20 bar pressure enters an insulated turbine operating at steady state.
Steam exits the turbine at 0.08 bar as saturated vapor. Ignore the effects of motion and
gravity. Determine
(a) the power developed and the rate of exergy destruction, each in kJ/kg of steam
flowing.
(b) the isentropic turbine efficiency.
(c) the exergetic turbine efficiency.
Let T0  20 C, p0  1 bar .

Solution:

The given process is shown in the following T-s diagram:

(a) Write the steady state energy balance equation as follows:

 V 2  V22 
0  Qcv  Wcv  m  h1  h2   1  g  Z1  Z 2  
 2 

There is no heat transfer between the turbine and surroundings that is Qcv  0 . Neglect
the effect of gravity and motion, and modify above expression to obtain the following
expression:
Wcv  m  h1  h2 
Wcv
 h1  h2 …… (1)
m

Initially determine the value of properties at different states:

State 1: Refer the following value of superheated steam corresponding to T1  320 C and
p1  20 bar from table A-4:
s1  sg  6.8452 kJ / kg  K
h1  hg  3069.5 kJ / kg

State 2: Refer the following values from table A-3 corresponding to p2  0.08 bar
pressure:
hg  2577 kJ / kg
h f  173.88 kJ / kg
sg  8.2287 kJ / kg  K
s f  0.5926 kJ / kg  K

Saturated vapors are obtained at state 2, therefore,

h2  hg  2577 kJ / kg
s2  sg  8.2287 kJ / kg  K

State 2s: When the expansion process through turbine is isentropic that is
s2 s  s1  6.8452 kJ / kg  K .

Calculate the quality of mixture at state 2s.

s  s f 6.8452  0.5926
x2 s  2 s   0.8188
sg  s f 8.2287  0.5926

Calculate the specific enthalpy at state 2s.

h2 s  h f  x2 s  hg  h f 
 173.88 kJ / kg   0.8188  2577 kJ / kg  173.88 kJ / kg 
 2141.55 kJ / kg

Substitute 3069.5 kJ / kg for h1 and 2577 kJ / kg for h2 in equation (1).

Wcv
 h1  h2
m
 3069.5 kJ / kg  2577 kJ / kg
 492.5 kJ / kg

Thus, the power developed is 492.5 kJ / kg .

Write the entropy rate balance equation as follows:

 Qcv
0  m  s1  s2    cv
Tb
 Qcv 
 
 cv  m 
  s2  s1
m Tb

Since, Qcv  0 , therefore,

 cv
 s2  s1
m

Substitute 6.8452 kJ / kg  K for s1 and 8.2287 kJ / kg  K for s2 .

 cv
 8.2287 kJ / kg  K  6.8452 kJ / kg  K  1.3835 kJ / kg  K
m

Use the following expression to determine the rate of exergy destruction:

Ed  
 T0  cv 
m  m 
  273  20  K  1.3835 kJ / kg  K 
 405.36 kJ / kg

Thus, the rate of exergy destruction is 405.36 kJ / kg .

(b) Use the following expression for isentropic turbine efficiency:

h h
t  1 2
h1  h2 s
3069.5 kJ / kg  2577 kJ / kg

3069.5 kJ / kg  2141.55 kJ / kg
 0.531 or 53.1%

Thus, the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 53.1% .

(c) Calculate the exergetic turbine efficiency from the following relation:
 Wcv
 m
ef 1  ef 2
h1  h2

 h1  h2   T0  s1  s2 

Substitute 3069.5 kJ / kg for h1 , 2577 kJ / kg for h2 ,  273  20 K for T0 ,

6.8452 kJ / kg  K for s1 and 8.2287 kJ / kg  K for s2 .

 
 3069.5  2577  kJ / kg
 3069.5  2577  kJ / kg   273  20  K   6.8452  8.2287  kJ / kg  K
 0.549 or 54.9%

Thus, the exergetic efficiency of the turbine is 54.9% .

7.83
7.83 (continued)
7.84
7.85
7.85 (continued)
7.86
7.87
7.88
7.89
7.90
7.91
7.92
7.93
7.93 (continued)
7.94
7.95
7.96
7.96 (continued)
7.97
7.98
7.99
7.100
7.100 (continued)