Proceedings Report

INTRAMUROS
A Heritage of Resilience

Rancho Arcilla and Jeffrey Yap

Editors

PROCEEDINGS
Of the Second Annual
Intramuros Young Scholars Conference
11 - 12 December 2021

Via Zoom

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 Table of Contents

Message from The Honorable Secretary of Tourism..............................................................................4

Message from The Honorable Senator Richard J. Gordon ....................................................................6

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................7

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................8

Papers Presented ...................................................................................................................................9

PRESENTATION No. 1: Spanish Colonial City Planning in the Philippines: A Case Study on the
Effects of the Laws of the Indies in the Urban Formation of Intramuros in Manila .....................10

PRESENTATION No. 2: Reinterpreting Dissonant Heritage, Resisting Subalternity, &

Reconstructing Post- colonial Identities ..........................................................................................31

PRESENTATION No. 3: Kritikal na Pagsusuri sa Casa Manila at Museo de Intramuros bilang

Imahe ng Intramuros (1981-2020) .....................................................................................................49

PRESENTATION No. 4: Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of San Agustin Church In

Intramuros – Manila Using Fragility Curves ....................................................................................55

PRESENTATION No. 5: La Muni: Creative Hub Enhancing Workplace for Future Workforce
through Generation Z Suitable Architecture....................................................................................77

PRESENTATION No. 6: Creating Experiences Within the Walls of Intramuros: An Assessment

of the Tourism Transportation in Intramuros ..................................................................................95

PRESENTATION No. 7: Within Intramuros: A Perceived Safety and Security of Tourist in

Intramuros, Manila............................................................................................................................107

Commentaries ....................................................................................................................................115

About the Young Scholars ..................................................................................................................120

About the Panelists and Other Speakers ...........................................................................................122

Program ..............................................................................................................................................125

Report .................................................................................................................................................127

Call for Papers ....................................................................................................................................143

Posters ...............................................................................................................................................145

About the Organizer ...........................................................................................................................156

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 Message from The Honorable Secretary of Tourism

THE HONORABLE BERNADETTE ROMULO PUYAT

Secretary of Tourism of the Republic of the Philippines

Atty. Guiller B. Asido, student and teacher participants in the 2nd Intramuros Young Scholars
Conference. Good afternoon.

Foremost, allow me to extend my warmest appreciation for all the efforts and initiatives of the Intramuros
Administration the past several months. The Walled City, as everyone knows, is a premier tourist
destination in Manila, and the Covid-19 pandemic has immensely affected the tourism activities in
Intramuros. People coming in to museums, parks, restaurants, and open spaces are the lifeblood of the
Walled City hence, during these challenging times, I am pleased that despite the current circumstance
that hit not just Intramuros, but the entire tourism industry, the IA has stepped up and introduced a
number of online events and activities in order to sustain the interest of the general public in Intramuros.

Apart from its webinar the Intramuros Learning Sessions, weekly educational video Kulay ng
Kasaysayan, daily trivia through E-ntramuros, and Travel From Home campaign, the presence of
Intramuros in social media is impressive with its peak reach of more than 1.4 million in November 2020
alone.

And what a way to end the year with the Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference. In 2019, the
first Young Scholars Conference was held in Colegio de San Juan de Letran, and was well-attended
by the teachers and students from various colleges and universities, but what struck me is the
attendance of the Intramuros community. The topic varied from heritage conservation to community
involvement. And what a wonderful discussion it was to involve not just the people from the academia,
but also the Intramuros community in general. Conference such as this one, is not only meant for the
people within the educational sector. We want everyone to learn, to be involved, and to take part in the
development of Intramuros to lectures, open forums, and continuous dialogue. The narrative of
Intramuros relies heavily on its people and just with theories and discussions written on paper. It needs
to be acted upon, implemented, and completely understood by the people within the Intramuros
community. With this current YSC and through online platform, I am confident that it will reach more
people.

The Intramuros community has been cooperative and supportive in the preservation and development
of Intramuros. Through the presentations at the YSC, I hope that aside from the Intramuros community
who will greatly benefit from the suggested developments for improvement, the rest of the country will
learn from the presentations. You can tell from the way the student participants presented their papers
that they are passionate and sincere in helping Intramuros. And with the Covid-19 pandemic, we need

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all the help that we can get to ensure that Intramuros is on track and will continue its programs and
activities.

I am happy that IA has organized the 2nd YSC for a number of reasons. But one of which is I saw how
driven IA, its community, and stakeholders are in getting back to its feet even at the height of the Covid-
19 pandemic. I look forward for the next Intramuros Young Scholars Conference and thank you to
everyone involved in this very important milestone! Maraming salamat at mabuhay po kayong lahat!

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 Message from The Honorable Senator Richard J. Gordon

THE HONORABLE RICHARD J. GORDON

Senator of the Republic of the Philippines

Insert speech here.

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 Acknowledgements

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 Foreword

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 Papers Presented

Author/s University Thesis Panel

1 Panadero, Ariel Toyohashi Spanish Colonial City Planning in Elgin Salomon
University of the Philippines: A Case Study on University of the
Technology the Effects of the Laws of the Philippines Diliman
Indies in the Urban Formation of
Intramuros in Manila. Glenn Orbon

Presented by: Panadero, Ariel

2 Almojano, Luigie University of Reinterpreting Dissonant Claudia Montero

the Heritage, Resisting Subalternity, The Chinese
Philippines & Reconstructing Post- colonial University of Hong
Mindanao Identities: Post-colonial heritage Kong
adjustment of Spanish colonial
heritage in Intramuros. Elgin Salomon
University of the
Presented by: Almojano, Luigie Philippines Diliman

3 Baguan, Kinah University of Kritikal na Pagsusuri sa Casa

the Manila at Museo de Intramuros
Philippines bilang Imahe ng Intramuros
Diliman (1981-2020)

Presented by: Baguan, Kinah

4 Jambalos, Ar-Ar S. Colegio de Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Gabriel Caballero

Santos, Kyle R. San Juan de of San Agustin Church In International
Trillana, Rojan S. Letran Intramuros –Manila Using Fragility Council on
Curves Monuments and
Sites
Presented by: Jambalos, Ar-Ar S
Rona Repancol
5 Diokno, Praise Polytechnic La Muni: Creative Hub Enhancing University of Santo
University of Workplace for Future Workforce Tomas
the through Generation Z Suitable
Philippines Architecture

Presented by: Diokno, Praise

6 Robles, Ian Keith Lyceum of Creating Experiences Within the Bernardo

Turiano, Lord the Walls of Intramuros: An Arellano III
Timblaco, Gabriel Philippines Assessment of the Tourism University of the
Morales, Walter University Transportation in Intramuros Philippines Los
Palattao, Johnmark Banos
Camalig, Jocelyn Presented by: Robles, Ian Keith
Aberon Voltaire
7 Macaraeg-Pratt, Lyceum of Within Intramuros: A Perceived Palana
Lalaine the Safety and Security of Tourist in Heritage
De La Cruz, Joy D. Philippines Intramuros, Manila Conservation
Gamboa, Kathleen University Society
Atienza, Juan Pesented by: Macaraeg-Pratt,
Tapon, Alecxandra Lalaine
Camalig, Jocelyn

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PRESENTATION No. 1 : Spanish Colonial City Planning in the Philippines: A Case Study on the Effects of the Laws of the Indies in the Urban Formation of Intramuros in Manila

Spanish Colonial City Planning in the Philippines: A Case

Study on the Effects of the Laws of the Indies in the Urban
Formation of Intramuros in Manila

Ariel Cruz Panadero

Abstract

“The Laws of the Indies” is a compilation of laws and regulations previously enacted by the Spaniards
and served as a guide for founding and establishing new colonies from the 15th to the 19th Century. It
aimed to regulate social, political, and economic life in new Spanish settlements. It also provided a set
of ordinances that controlled the urban and spatial layout of new Spanish settlements throughout the
world. The city of Manila was the center of the Spanish East Indies for almost 400 years until 1898, and
was considered by many as the template for Spanish colonial towns in the Philippines. This study aims
to understand the effects of the Laws of the Indies on the physical urban formation of the walled city
Intramuros.

In order to understand the logic behind the Laws of the Indies and its implication in the urban
development of Intramuros, the topic was approached it in multiple perspectives. The study was divided
into: 1) Historical Approach 2) City Formation Approach and 3) Tropical Design Approach. Each
approach utilized tools and case studies such as maps, historical texts, and existing theories, as well
as analysis of other colonial towns and the Laws of the Indies itself.

The findings of the study showed that the urban formation of Intramuros was not solely based on the
Laws of the Indies alone. Rather, it is a multi-layered development that consists historical experiences
and knowledge by the Spaniards in the Americas combined with the colonizers understanding of the
tropical climate of the Philippines supported heavily by the 10 Books on Architecture by Vitruvius. The
study also showed the flexibility of the urban planning ordinances of the Laws of the Indies adapting to
the local climate of Manila. The analysis and findings in this study can be used in other Spanish towns
within the country in order to fully understand the bigger picture of Spanish city planning in the
Philippines.

1. Introduction

1.1. Background of the Study

As early as 1521, the Spaniards already started laying their foundations in the islands of the
Philippines. First landing on the islands of Samar, and from 1527 to 1529 they continued their
reconnaissance of the neighboring islands; Leyte, Cebu, Mactan, and the northern coast of
Mindanao. It was in 1565 that Miguel Lopez de Legazpi founded the first settlement in the
Philippines, San Miguel, on the island of Cebu. This was then followed by about 200 new
settlements and fortresses (presidios) spread across the islands (Chias and Abad, 2012). Upon
hearing stories of an area rich with resources located in the lands north of Cebu, de Legazpi ordered
his soldiers to explore the Philippines. And on 1571, after several years of battles with the native
Muslim leaders, de Legazpi finally conquered the area and founded the city of Manila, also known
as Intramuros.

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 The name Intramuros is derived from the Latin words Intra – within, and Muros – walls; which
literally translates to “within the walls” or “the city within the walls”. Out of all the Spanish colonies
throughout the world, only 14 cities were surrounded with walls, Manila being the 11th. However, it
is the first fortified city that was built that the Laws of the Indies immediately had an impact in.
Colonies such as Vera Cruz (1519) in Mexico and Sto. Domingo (1498) in the Dominican Republic,
did possess some qualities that would lead us to think that they were prototypes of early Spanish
colonial towns, this was just before the systemization of colonial city planning under the compiled
Laws of the Indies. In other words, Manila can be considered as an example that represents
Spanish colonial cities during the 16th Century (Verdejo, Arcas, Rubio-Bellido, 2014).

Today, the walled city of Intramuros has passed its glory days. Since the time of the Americans, it
was seen as an area blighted with informal settlers and run downed buildings. In World War 2,
during the fight between Japanese and American Soldiers, Manila was bombed and leveled to the
ground. The buildings Intramuros suffered the same consequences, 95% of the buildings inside of
the walls were destroyed, 40% of the walls were also damaged (Gatbonton, 2008). Intramuros
managed to rebuild, and is still one of the best examples of the impact of the Spanish occupation
in the Philippines. To this day, it is still considered to be the largest example of tangible culture that
the Spaniards left behind.

1.2. Objective and Scope of the Study

This study aims to describe and explain the formation of the built environment of Spanish colonial
towns in a tropical country, specifically Intramuros, by analyzing the effects and implications of the
ordinances of the Laws of the Indies in what is considered to be the template for Spanish colonial
towns in the Philippines: Intramuros. By using the walled city as our case study, this research will
push forward with this main question in mind: “How did the urban planning guidelines from the Laws
of the Indies affect the urban formation of Intramuros?”.

To answer the main question holistically, we must look and subdivide our main topic into 3
subtopics. We will be approaching this study in 3 different directions; the Historical Approach, City
Formation Approach, and Tropical Design Approach. By subdividing our main topic, we can break
down our main question and generate sub-questions per each subtopic respectively:

Historical Approach
- What were the characteristics of the urban fabric of other Spanish colonies before the Laws of
the Indies were promulgated?
- How did the urban fabric of Intramuros evolve from 1571 to 1898?

City Formation Approach

- What were the specific laws and ordinances from the Laws of the Indies that affected the
urban formation of Intramuros?
- What inspired the logic behind the promulgation of the urban planning guidelines from the
Laws of the Indies?

Tropical Design Approach

- How did Spanish colonial city planning and architectural design adapt to the tropical climate
of Manila?

However, with the Philippine’s colonial history spanning from 1565-1898 (1571 for Manila) under
the Spanish and 1898-1946 under the Americans, the urban fabric of the capital city of Manila has
changed drastically. With the involvement of American Planner Daniel Burnham in the
redevelopment of Manila with his “City Beautiful Movement” during the American occupation,
Manila saw a drastic changed to the urban landscape of the city. However, even with major plans
of redevelopment of the city, he left the interior of Intramuros untouched. Burnham had no desire
to keep the ancient moat surrounding the Intramuros, or city with in it. The space had become
stagnant and hazardous, a sanity and aesthetic nuisance, and Burnham thought it better to drain
and fill it with trees and grass to provide a circular park. This would provide a dramatic setting for
the old city walls.

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 With that in mind, this study will only focus on the urban formation of Intramuros during the Spanish
occupation of Manila from 1571-1898. And in relation to the data collection, maps and historical
texts to be reviewed would also fall under the same period of 1571-1898. As Intramuros’ urban form
evolved through time, so did its surrounding districts that housed the non-Spanish population, such
districts like Bagumbayan, Binondo, San Nicolas, and San Gabriel (Parian). As the study aims to
analyze the effects of the Laws of the Indies to a colonial town, the study will not include these
districts as their urban development was not directly influenced by the Laws of the Indies and would
solely focus on Intramuros (Figure 1). A study on the urban morphology of the surrounding districts
may be conducted in the future.

2. Methodology

2.1. Research Method

In order to understand the logic behind the Laws of the Indies and its implication in the urban
development of Spanish colonial cities, we must approach it in multiple perspectives. It is essential
to integrate different aspects of a topic and to enable a holistic understanding of a study, thus we
need to establish and consolidate the relationship between problems, objectives, approaches, and
goals of this study to design a scheme for this study. As stated earlier, the study will be divided into:
1) Historical Approach 2) City Formation Approach and 3) Tropical Design Approach. Each
approach will utilize tools and case studies such as maps, historical texts, and related literature.
The findings in each sub-topic will then be analyze side-by-side with the urban planning guidelines
of the Laws of the Indies in order to come up with our conclusion.

2.2. Research Framework

To summarize this study’s methodological approach; in order to answer our main question “How
did the urban planning guidelines from the Laws of the Indies affect the urban formation of
Intramuros?”, we divided the main topic into 3 approaches: Historical, City Formation, and Tropical
Design approaches. We can analyze the Laws of the Indies into these 3 points of views:

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 Historical Approach

Firstly, we will assess the historical transformation of Intramuros through time by analyzing maps
from specific points in time. We can also out into context the relevance of the Law of the Indies by
using case studies from other non-Spanish colonies in the same region of Southeast Asia. And by
looking at pre-Law of the Indies Spanish colonies, we can compare its impact and effects from
Intramuros. The results of this historical approach, among others, can verify the physical changes
that has occurred in the urban fabric of Intramuros.

City Formation Approach

Second, this approach’s aim is to look at Intramuros as a case study of city formation. There had
been numerous studies and theories relating to the formation of cities, with the likes of Kostof and
Lynch inquiring how cities are birthed and formed. The case of Intramuros presents an interesting
discussion as a colonial town formed through sets of laws and regulations. An example of a planned
and organized city formation during the colonial times. This approach also considers the reasoning
behind the ordinances of the Laws of the Indies, which will help in better understanding the what’s
and the why’s.

Design Approach

Lastly, the tropical design approach will give us an idea how the Spanish colonizers adapted to the
tropical climate of the Philippines. This approach will present some tropical design strategies that
are still being used today. We will be looking at the fundamental elements of tropical design, shade,
natural light, and ventilation.

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 Figure 2 illustrates the study’s research flow.

2.3. Study Location

Intramuros is located in the Philippine’s capital city of Manila, and is located in the largest island of
the country, Luzon. As stated in earlier parts of this study, it was founded by Spanish colonizer
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, built over lands taken over from the native Muslim settlers. Because of
its strategic military position, the city was always unedr preassure from attacks from other European
nations and other pirates. One notable seige was the attack of the Chinese pirate Li Mahong in
1574. The city was razed and the wooden barricades was burnt. This attack and other incidents of
the city burning, prompted the construction of new walls surrounding the city built in stone. The
construction of the stone walls was finished in 1603, then after, a moat was constructed for
additional defence. (Guijo, 2004).

Figure 3 – Study Location

3. Review of Related Literature

3.1. Previous Studies

Some of the previous studies that were analyzed in this study mainly covers the following subjects:

The Urban Formation of Colonial Towns in Southeast Asia During the Early Colonization Period

While numerous studies have been made comparing various socio-cultural aspects of Southeast
Asian nations, little has been written about the cities’ urban form. With Johannes Widodo’s (2009)
“Morphogenesis and Hybridity of Southeast Asian Coastal Cities”, being the most intensive, it gave
an analytical overview of the whole region’s socio-urban evolution. He explained that the layers that
make up the urban fabric of Southeast Asian cities, mostly those in the Malay Peninsula, was a
result of numerous cultural influences that came from the Chinese, Hindus, Islam, and eventually
the Europeans. He started by stating the importance of the location of the Southeast Asian region
as being in the crossroads of global maritime trading routes, calling it the Mediterranean of Asia.

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 Early Spanish Colonization in Latin America

A formless and unorganized city planning system was brought by the Spaniards to the New World,
evident by the lack of specific instructions from the Spanish Crown. During the beginning of early
stages of colonization, Spain was uninformed with the importance of town planning when it comes
to the very objectives they had when colonizing the New World (Stanislawski, 1947). The first
colonizers sent out to the New World was “…establish settlements in the numbers and the places
that seem proper to you”. The conquistadors’ casual manner of setting up settlements was subpar
as they soon found out that town planning is necessary for native population control, distribution of
supplies and goods among settlers, taxation, labor, and spreading Christianity. Stanislawski also
pointed out the similarities of the Laws of the Indies with the Greek and Roman city planning, more
specifically, Vitruvius’ 10 Books of Architecture. He went as far as noting that the Laws of the Indies
was completely dependent on Roman and Greek city planning.

Urban Planning in the Philippines During the Spanish Occupation

To begin to understand the urban planning systems of the Spanish during their time in the
Philippines, we must also take note of the pre-colonial planning, or the lack thereof, of the native
Filipinos pre-colonization. In Romeo B. Ocampo’s (1992) article Planning and Development of
Prewar Manila, he presented arguments from scholars stating pre-Spanish Filipinos had any
knowledge and understanding of urbanism or community design (Reed 1978). However, he argued
that the native Filipinos’ settlements followed discernible patterns that hinted of planning. A study
by Verdejo, Cabeza-Lainez, Pulido Arcas, and Rubio-Bellido (2014) analyzes the morphological
characteristics and the historical evolution of Intramuros. The research enumerated major
milestones from the foundation of Intramuros to the eventual downfall of the Spanish empire as well
as the brief occupation of the Americans. Aside from Intramuros and Manila, little has been studied
about the colonial urban planning of other Spanish colonial towns in the Philippines. However, in
Chias and Abad’s (2012) research they argued that because of the lack of researches about the
Philippine colonial urban planning and land structure, there was a notion that the only pattern
applied to new settlements was the regular grid. In their study, they classified the colonial towns
according to function and according to urban type.

City Formation Theories

There are various schools of thinking and theories on where cities originated and how they were
formed. More often than not, the questions became a paradox; similar to the famous question of
“which came first, the chicken or the egg?”. The question can be “did [x] create the need for cities?
Or did cities create the need for [x]?”.

As Kevin Lynch (1991) stated in his book Good City Form, “cities were said to have appeared as
warehouses and breakpoints in trade, or as fortified centers of war, or as administrative centers for
managing complex and centralized public works. But organized war, trade, and public works seem
to have appeared after the emergence of cities. They seem to have been products of city society
rather than the cause of it”.

Kostof (1991), noted that the same paradox arises in theories that sees the birth of cities and towns
as an agent of defense and control, or the town as a holy place congregating to a temple or church.
He argued that if concentration of settlements generated cities for the purpose of defense, why did
it not start earlier since defense was also a problem during the pre-urban period? However, he also
stated that the reverse may also be true, that once a concentration of settlements grows and
become a city, defense must grow as well. Thus, the paradox of city origins still remains.

3.2. Analysis of Historical Maps

There are 393 materials relating to the Philippines in the Archivo General de Indias (General
Archive of the Indies), code AGI, in Seville, Spain; the largest collection of documents related to the
Spanish colonial expansion. Out of these 393 materials, 105 are related to Manila; and out of the
105, 22 maps were selected. These were obtained from the online archives PaRes (Portal de
Archivos Espanoles) of the Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte (Ministry of Culutre and Sports) of the
Spanish government. Other sources of maps include 2 from the online collection of the National

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 Library of Australia (NLA); 3 from the Biblioteca Virtual del Ministerio de Defensa (Online Library of
the Ministry of Defense) in Madrid. 1 map from the University of Texas Library Collection; and 1
map as well from the Filipinas Heritage Library (FHL). Other maps were lifted from the book Old
Manila 2nd Edition by Carlos L. Quirino. Most notably, the most graphic map of Manila drawn by a
veteran sea captain named Antonio Fernandez de Roxas titled Topographia de Manila dated 1720.
Table.1 shows the maps used for analysis along with their contents and dates.

Map Code Year Source Description/Title

1 Topographia de 1720 Most graphic map of Manila by Antonio
Manila Fernandez-Roxas
2 MP-Filipinas 10 1671-11-08 AGI Map of the City of Manila and its
Suburbs
3 MP-Filipinas 31 1746-05-14 AGI Map of Quiapo and its Surrounding
Lands
4 MP-Filipinas 42 A/B 1762-07-29 AGI Iconographic Map of Plaza de Manila
5 MP-Filipinas 42 TER 1762 AGI Iconographic Map of Plaza de Manila
6 MP-Filipinas 43 1764-01-04 AGI Defensive Map of Manila During the
British
Invasion
7 MP-Filipinas 51 1767-09-30 AGI Map of the Current State of Plaza de
Manila and its Suburbs
8 MP-Filipinas 63 1770 AGI Map of the Current State of Plaza de
Manila and
its Suburbs
9 MP-Filipinas 72 1772-07-01 AGI Map of the City of Manila and its
Suburbs
10 MP-Filipinas 93 1779 AGI Contour Map of the Coast of Manila and
its Surroundings
11 MP-Filipinas 120 1783-05-31 AGI Map showing the works executed in the
Plaza de Manila in the year 1783
12 MP-Filipinas 123 1785-05-31 AGI Map of the Exterior of Manila
13 MP-Filipinas 131 1796-06-28 AGI Plan of Manila and its Outlines
14 MP-Filipinas 133 1814-01-04 AGI Contour Map of Manila
15 MP-Filipinas 160 BIS 1764-07-12 AGI Map of the City of Manila (San Lazaro
Archipelago)
16 MP-Filipinas 185 1793-05-12 AGI Plan of Manila and its Outlines
17 MP-Filipinas 188 1795-12-23 AGI Plan of Manila and its Outlines
18 MP-Filipinas 189 1796-12-31 AGI Contour Map of Manila
19 MP-Filipinas 225 1783-12-14 AGI Plan of an Alcazeria de San Josef
20 MP-Filipinas 228 1783-06-05 AGI Plan of an Alcazeria to be built in the
destroyed neighborhood of Mabolo
21 MP-Filipinas 229 1783-06-26 AGI Map of the City of Manila Demolition of
Buildings
22 MP-Filipinas 232 1771-12-15 AGI Map of the City of Manila
23 MP-Filipinas 275 1753 AGI Map of the City of Manila
24 NLA-Manila 1 1730 NLA Topographic Map of Manila
25 NLA-Manila 2 1884 NLA Map of the City of Manila
26 FHL-Manila 1 1875 FHL Map of the City of Manila and its
Suburbs
27 MN-76-13 1800 MD Map of the City of Manila and its
Suburbs
28 MN-76-8 1817 MD Plan of Manila
29 MN-76-36 1800 MD Contour Map of Manila
30 UT-Manila 1 1898 UTL Map of the City of Manila and its
Suburbs
31 DG-Manila City Map 1851 DG Plan of Manila. With view from the sea
and view from land

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 AGI=Archivo General de Indias; NLA=National Library of Australia; MD= Biblioteca Virtual del
Ministerio de Defensa; FHL= Filipinas Heritage Library; UTL=University of Texas Library;
DG=Diccionario Geografico-Estadistico-Historico de las Islas Filipinas

Table 1 – List of Maps of Manila Used

4. Analysis of the Laws of the Indies

4.1. Structure of the Laws of the Indies

Because King Philip’s ordinances are a compilation of earlier passed laws, the organization of the
laws does not always have consistent flow thorughout one topic. The Laws of the Indies consists
of 148 ordinances varying from urban planning guidelines to control of native population. Taking
elements from Mundigo and Crouch (1977) classification, this study will classify the ordinances
accordingly: 1) Political Structure, Control, and Governance, 2) Exploration, Discovery, and
Interaction with Natives, 3) Culutral and Religious Undertakings, and 4) Urban Planning
Ordinances.

As the Laws of the Indies is a compilation of previously enacted laws, it is organized chronologically
in terms of which laws were promulgated first. We can see in Table 4.1, which shows the distribution
of the ordinances as per the classifications used, that during the early stages of the colonization of
the New World, urban planning was not a top priority as the majority of the urban planning guidelines
were further down the table. It shows that initially, the Spaniards were more focused in finding new
land and resources rather than trying to build an organized and functioning town. This backfired as
uprisings were more frequent during the early beginnings of their conquest (Stanislawski, 1947).
They tried to control these by asserting more laws, not only how to deal with the natives but as well
as the settlers themselves. And later on, with addition of several ordinances pertaining to urban
planning, they realized that they needed a well-planned town if they were to live long term in their
settlements. We can also note that the spread of religion was not given as much importance as the
other ordinances during the beginning of the Spanish conquest.

By using this classification we can establis that the Laws of the Indies have 73 ordinances for
political structure, control, and governance; 26 ordinances for exploration, discovery, and
interaction with natives; 14 ordinances for cultural and religious undertakings; and 35 ordinances
related to urban planning.

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 Table 2 – Distribution of the Ordinances of the Laws of the Indies

4.2. Urban Planning Ordinances of the Laws of the Indies

The 35 urban planning ordinances of the Laws of the Indies will be further subdivided into 3
categories in order to further analyze its effects on Intramuros. (Figure 4) The urban planning
guidelines will be categorized into: Site Selection, Legal Provisions, and Planning Guidelines

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 18

 Fig.4 – Categorical Breakdown of the Laws of the Indies

4.3. Correlation of the 10 Books on Architecture to the Laws of the Indies

Numerous historians (Stanislawski, 1947; Morse, 1962, Caplow, 1952) pointed out the similarity of
the Laws of the Indies compiled by King Philip II with the 10 Books on Architecture (De Arquitectura)
by renowned Roman military engineer, Marcus Vitruvious Pollio. During the early period of the
colonization in the Americas, the Spaniards lacked direction when it came to town planning. But
due to numerous failed cities (Vigil, 1990), the Spanish Crown realized that they needed an
organized town layout if they want to be able to build and sustain several new cities in the New
World. The 10 Books on Architecture was written by Roman architect and military engineer, Marcus
Vitruvius Pollio between 30 and 15 BCE, during the reign of Augustus Caesar. These books are a
collection of numerous knowledge and views of many ancient writers collected over the years.
Vitruvius covered a wide range of topics, not only architecture.

But as stated in earlier chapters, town planning was a foreign concept to the Spaniards during this
period. Their casual manner to setting up new towns according to their “best judgement” was far
from satisfactory either to the natives or to the Spaniards themselves (Stanislawski, 1947). As this
was a new undertaking for the Spanish colonizers, it was only natural for them to look at historical
knowledge that they were aware of, ancient Roman and Greek planning; and what was considered
to be the most intensive discussion during the period, Vitruvius’ De Arquitectura.

In a way, the compilation of the Laws of the Indies by King Philip II showed the almost complete
dependence of the Spanish Crown on Greek and Roman principles and experiences. Obvious
interpretations and derivations from the Vitruvian books implied the heavy reliance of the Spaniards
from the Greeks and the Romans during the onset of their conquest of the New World. As
Stanislawski (1947) described it as whatever the qualities of Spanish genius, the experience and
knowledge necessary for successful town planning were lacking, and instead of showing
improvisation, the Spaniards adopted early Roman and Greek practices and followed them almost
slavishly. But we must give credit to the Spaniards as the grid plan and other urban planning
elements in the Laws of the Indies were implemented effectively and had proved their usefulness.
At the end of the day, the goal of the Spaniards was to conquer, control, and expand their lands.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 19

 We can conclude that the Laws of the Indies was the product of the 10 Books on Architecture and
the experience of the Spaniards in Latin America during the early colonization of the Indies (Figure
5). Having no set guidelines during the early stages of colonization, the Spaniards remained flexible
when the Laws of the Indies was applied, this resulted in multiple iterations of the Laws of the Indies
seen in different colonies.

Fig. 5 – Correlation of Vitruvius to the Laws of the Indies

5. Correlation of the Laws of the Indies to the Urban Form of Intramuros

5.1. Urban Morphology of Intramuros

To better understand the implication of the ordinances of the Law of the Indies, we must have a
better understanding of the development process and transformation of the urban fabric of the
walled city. Little is known about the urban development of pre-colonial Manila. Skeletal remains
and ancient artifacts were found in the Islands of the Philippines dating more than 30,000 years
ago; yet as Doeppers (1972) pointed out that that unlike Cambodia or Myanmar, no ruins of Angkors
or temples can be found in the Philippines. Even with the lack of monuments and stone structures,
the natives formed communities, called barangays, that were engaged in farming, hunting, and
fishing. Local trade was also being conducted but the majority of wares were acquired through
external trade with China, Japan, and Brunei (Doeppers, 1972). But as Ocampo (1992) stated, an
informal form of urbanism and planning can be discerned through the patterns of the natives’
settlements. As Antonio de Morga chronicled in his book Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609), that
the houses in pre-Spanish Manila were “built in a uniform manner” and their settlements were
always located bear bodies of water such as along seashores or in between rivers and creeks. It
was also evident that the dwellings were concentrated depending on ecological and economic
conditions, including the current mode of food procurement.

It was only until the Spaniards arrived when an organized system of urban planning was introduced.
Figure 6 illustrates the urban transformation of the walled city during the Spanish occupation of
Manila, 1571-1898. During the pre-colonial period (Figure 6-1), as stated earlier, the concept of
urban planning was foreign to the natives. When the conquistadors conquered the city in 1571, as
per stated by Ordinance number 112, when the center of the town was decided, the main plaza
was built along with the main church. A wooden fort and another church nearer to the native
population was also built (Figure 6-2). As the city grew and more agricultural lands were turned to
urban lots, it also faced attacks from pirates preempting the construction of a wooden wall that
surrounds the city in 1574 (Figure 6-3). A fire that that burned down mist of the cities wooden
buildings resulted in the reconstruction of the city, along with its defensive walls, in to stone. The
fort in the mouth of the river was also reconstructed in stone (Figure 6-4). 1671-1730, more urban
lots were built as well bastions at the eastern walls. A moat was also built surrounding the east-
southeast part of the city (Figure 6-5). Between 1730-1785, the only major change was the
construction of a moat that separated Fort Santiago from the main city (Figure 6-6). In 1762-1764,
Manila was briefly occupied by the British, in 1785, the Spaniards decided to increase their
fortification in order to prevent any forthcoming invasions. A Chinese market was also built inside
the city (Figure 6-7). The periods of 1800-1898 saw no major changes in the urban form of
Intramuros aside from additional improvements in fortification (Figure 6-8). In 1898, Manila gained
independence from the Spaniards but control was eventually passed to the Americans after the
Spanish-American war. The final form of Intramuros during the Spanish occupation can be seen in
Figure 5-9. As we can see, between 1671- 1898, the block structure and form barely changed aside
from minor changes with blocks splitting and improvement of fortifications (Figure 7). We can
assume, as with the case of other Spanish colonies, is because of the restrictions the Laws of the

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 20

 Indies placed when setting up its ordinances. Figure 7 shows the distribution of building use
between 1861 and 1898.

Fig. 6 – Urban Evolution of Intramuros 1571-1898

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 21

Fig. 7 – Maps Showing Urban Form and important buildings from 1571-1898 (by author)

5.2. Impact of the Laws of the Indies on the Urban Form of Intramuros

As stated in previous chapters, the Laws of the Indies that the Spaniards followed when planning
Intramuros consisted of 148 ordinances that touches on various subjects. Among those 148 were

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 22

 35 ordinances that are related to the urban planning. This section will discuss the implications of
selected ordinances in the urban fabric of the walled city:

Table 3 – Summary of the Ordinances used in the Urban Formation of Intramuros and its Effects in
the City

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 23

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 24
Figure 8 – Illustration of the Effects of the Laws of the Indies in Intramuros (by author)

5.3. Physical Characteristics

Main Plaza - According to GIS and the as-built plans from the Intramuros Administration, the size
of the main plaza is approximately 72.16 meters by 75.70 meters. It has been modified and changed
through various road modifications and expansions, we can assume that the main plaza was
designed to be 90x90 Varas, (Varas – Spanish unit of measurement during this period; 1 Varas =
0.8359 meters).

Blocks and Lots - The 48 blocks inside Intramuros can be categorized into 2, square blocks and
rectangular blocks. As per the as-built plants from the Intramuros Administration, the square blocks
dimensions in average were 79.28 meters x 75.39 meters, while the rectangular blocks average
dimensions were 118.10 meters x 72.32 meters. After considering discrepancies from historical
maps and possible alterations, we can also assume that the square blocks were designed to be 90
x 90 Varas, while the rectangular blocks were planned to be 90 x 150 Varas. In the Laws of the
Indies, only 2 urban lots are categorized under ordinances number 104 & 105. A peonia is an urban
lot with dimensions of approximately 14.02 meters x 28.04 meters, while a caballeria is an urban
lot approximately 28.04 meters x 56.08 meters in size. Although not in the ordinances, another type
of lot that is commonly found in Spanish towns is the media-peonia, literally translates to “half of a
peonia” or an urban lot with dimensions of 7.01 meters x 14.02 meters.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 25

 Fig 8 – Block Division Process

Fig 9 – Common Urban Lot Types in Intramuros during Spanish Occupation

5.4. Tropical Design Considerations

Being located in a tropical country, the Spaniards needed to adapt to the different climate in the
Philippines. However, they did have some experience in planning settlements in Latin America with
the similar tropical climate. According to Chang (2016), the foundations of tropical design are shade,
natural light, and natural ventilation. This are the fundamental design considerations of tropical
design in order to design comfortable living conditions. Shade can be defined as a space sheltered
from light or heat, in tropical design terms, this are the spaces protected from the heat and light of
the sun. While natural light and ventilation are essential in adding comfort to a space or area.
Natural winds can cool down a place by placing openings in strategic locations. At the same time,
it is also important that natural light reaches corners that are normally dark and damp that can result
in breeding of various diseases.

In Intramuros, these elements were considered by the Spaniards, as the streets and arrangement
of the blocks with in the walls were precisely planned in a manner that one side of the street is
always shaded. Although this plan was applicable for most of the day, pedestrians were not much
protected from the direct sun or rain as overhangs and roof eaves were not wide enough to provide
shade especially during the hot hours of the day between 11:00 am to 2:00 pm, where the sun is
the highest (Orbon, 2013). Also indicated in ordinance number 114 in the Laws of the Indies, that
the corners of the main plaza should face the direction of the prevailing winds (Figure 10-1), so that
the streets would not be exposed to strong winds. However, in Figure 10-2, we can see that the
corners of the main plaza of Intramuros was oriented to the cardinal directions, exposing the streets
to the wind. The orientation was decided more on the sun’s path rather than the wind (Orbon, 2013).
This also shows that the Spaniards in Manila would rather be exposed to the tropical winds rather
than be under the sun that they designed the city against the ordinance in the Law of the Indies.
This also shows, like with the other Spanish colonies in Latin America, the flexibility of the Laws of
the Indies.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 26

Fig. 10 – Orientation of Intramuros with regards to Wind Direction and Sun Path

6. Conclusion and Suggestions for Future Studies

6.1. General Description

The main objective of this study was to understand how the urban fabric of the walled city of
Intramuros came to be. The study then proceeded to try to answer the research’s main question
“How did the urban planning guidelines from the Laws of the Indies affect the urban formation of
Intramuros?”. This question was divided into 3 parts so that the study could explain and analyze
the different layers of urban formation in the Walled City. By looking at Intramuros as a historic
artifact, a case study for of city formation, and as an example of tropical design application, the
researcher was able analyze the study in 3 different approaches; historical, city formation, and
tropical design approaches.

Similar to the other earlier Spanish colonies, the conquistadors needed to adapt to certain
conditions in Manila. For instance, they needed to acclimatize to the tropical climate of the
Philippines. As a result, measures were taken so that the city would be able to withstand the
immense sun and heat and utilize the tropical winds to their advantage. This showed that when the
need for modifications arise, the city planners were willing to prioritize comfort rather than strictly
complying to the Laws of the Indies. This also demonstrated the flexibility and the openness to
interpretation of the ordinances in the Laws of the Indies. This was also proved by the different
urban layout of other Spanish colonies to the Philippines.

Based on this study, major developments in the urban form of Intramuros only occurred from 1571-
1671, when the city was at its early conception. But from 1671-1898, the urban form barely changed
aside from rectification of fortifications. The blocks and streets were already set in place with only
minor modification to zoning and block divisions in the later part of its development. Block sizes
were relatively uniform measuring, on average, 79.28 meters x 75.39 meters. Taking into
consideration the discrepancies from historical maps and possible alterations, we can also assume
that the square blocks were designed to be 90 x 90 Varas. However, a unique point in Intramuros
that it had rectangular blocks that measured 90 x 150 Varas. Which was contradictory to the Laws
of the Indies.

Over all, the study showed that the Laws of the Indies was not merely a set of rules and regulations
that the Spanish Crown used in the New World, but it is also a historical record of the Spaniards
experiences in establishing new cities in Latin America and in the Philippines. With heavy reliance
on Vitruvius’ 10 Books on Architecture combined with the ordinances they promulgated in response
to problems they face in Latin American settlements, the application of the Laws of the Indies in
forming the urban fabric of Intramuros, Manila can be considered as the culmination of early
Spanish colonization and can be seen as the best example of 16th Century Spanish colonial
planning.

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 6.2. Suggestions for Further Study

Being considered as the template of Spanish city planning in the Philippines (Orbon, 2013), the
methodology and findings in this study can be applied in researches on other Spanish towns within
the Philippines. Only a few studies had been made about the urban formation of Spanish towns in
the country, and as Chias and Abad (2012) stated in their study, there were different applications
of the Laws of the Indies in other Filipino Spanish towns. Taking into account historical value,
tropical design & geographic considerations, as well as approaching it technically as a case study
of city formation, a more in-depth analysis can be conducted. By looking at Spanish colonial urban
planning in a macro point of view, we would be able to fully grasp how the colonizers approached
city building in the Philippines.

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PRESENTATION No. 2 : Reinterpreting Dissonant Heritage, Resisting Subalternity, & Reconstructing Post- colonial Identities

Reinterpreting Dissonant Heritage, Resisting Subalternity, &

Reconstructing Post- colonial Identities: Post-colonial heritage
adjustment of Spanish colonial heritage in Intramuros

Luigie Lursh G. Almojano

Abstract

Spain exercised its colonial power and laws in the Philippine archipelago from 1521 to 1898, resulting
in several social, cultural, political, and economic implications for the colonized people. Spaniards also
brought some aspects of their culture in the Philippines, and some of these are still integral to the
contemporary Philippine society. At present, some of these cultural influences that are considered
colonial heritage are kept despite the fast pace of modernization and urbanization happening in the
present-day Philippines. The continued conservation of the Spanish colonial heritage is affected by
competing viewpoints that reflect the multiplicity of perspectives concerning its colonial nature. This
research builds upon this dissonance in heritage claims surrounding Spanish colonial heritage in the
Philippines. This investigation of the post-colonial heritage adjustment in Intramuros aims to uncover
the impetus regarding the qualified acceptance and continued conservation of the Spanish colonial
heritage in Intramuros, and analyze how this qualified acceptance and continued conservation of the
Spanish colonial heritage helps in the resistance to subalternity and in the reconstruction of the post-
colonial identities of Filipinos. In this regard, I argue that the reinterpretation of the heritage meanings
of dissonant Spanish colonial heritage in Intramuros motivates the qualified acceptance and continued
conservation of the colonial heritage structures. Moreover, as an effect, subaltern heritage narratives
are produced to help facilitate resistance to subalternity and the recreation of the post-colonial identities
of Filipinos. Overall, the Spanish colonial heritage of Intramuros are now reinterpreted as a product of
Filipino genius, a manifestation of what is Filipino, and a testament of the reconstructed post-colonial
identities of Filipinos.

1. Introduction

1.1. Background of the Study

Europe’s colonial past is considered a critical moment of its history. In this period of expansion in
the so-called East, several European empires occupied many territories and controlled the lives of
the indigenous communities living in these areas. The Philippines, considered as the Pearl of the
Orient Sea in South East Asia, was unexempted in this colonial domination under European
imperial rule. After the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 and with successful establishment of
the Spanish colonial settlement in Cebu in 1565, the colonization of the Philippines under the
Spanish Empire subjected the Filipino people for 333 years of colonial control. From 1521 to 1898,
Spain exercised its colonial power and laws in the archipelago, resulting in several social, cultural,
political, and economic implications for the colonized people.

Spaniards also brought some aspects of their culture in the Philippines, and some of these are still
integral to the contemporary Philippine society. At present, some of these cultural influences that
are considered colonial heritage are kept despite the fast pace of modernization and urbanization
happening in the present-day Philippines. These relics and reminders of Spanish colonization are
still being preserved despite its associated critical nature of being colonial. The history of the

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 31

 Philippines may have been dominated by an overlapping period of colonial domination under the
Spaniards, Americans, and the Japanese, but the Spanish colonization has persisted the longest
and has, therefore, deeply influenced the lives and culture of the pre-colonial Filipinos.

The primary motivation of the Spaniards in their colonial expansion in the Philippines is a “curious
amalgam of religious and secular motives” (Reed, 1978, p. 11) As described by Reed, “[f]or many
generations in fact both the Crown and considerable numbers of individual colonists shared an
apostolic zeal to spread Christianity throughout the non-Western world and a firm commitment to
bring all new converts into the political fold of the Spanish empire” (Reed, 1978, p. 11). The arrival
of the Catholic Church was the second aspect of Spanish colonialism that up to now is a vital aspect
of the Philippine society (Skowronek, 1998, p. 52). In the course of the Spanish colonial control,
Philippines became an important outpost in Asia to propagate their dual purpose of spreading the
influence of the Crown and the Word. Aside from religion, Hispanic influence from Spain and other
parts of Spanish America also penetrated Filipino’s idea of music, cookery, visual styles,
vocabulary, and social customs (F. N. Zialcita, 2005, p. 6). Another important colonial influence of
the Spaniards in the Philippines are the different towns and cities across the country that were
based on the Spanish colonial urban planning (Ahmad, 2004, p. 188). All of these colonial
influences, encompassing several aspects of the Philippine society, can be collectively identified
as the Spanish colonial heritage of the Philippines. Overall, the Spanish colonizers considered it “a
right and a duty to colonize, to Catholicize, to civilize, and to urbanize the Filipinos” (Reed, 1978,
p. 15).

At present, the continued conservation of the Spanish colonial heritage is affected by competing
viewpoints that reflect the multiplicity of perspectives concerning its colonial nature. For some, these
aspects of the colonial past should not be preserved, for it is a reminder of colonial oppression.
Several historians and nationalist push for the demolition of the different remnants of the Spanish
colonial period in the Philippines during the heat of decolonization efforts in the 1960s. These
structures, as a Filipino National Artist has expressed, stand as “monument to Spanish colonialism,
and the four centuries that [Filipinos] were subjugated and tyrannized by Spain” (Sionil Jose, 2020).
For them, the highly political connotation of the Spanish colonial heritage structures as colonial
imprint is enough rationale to push for the destruction of these reminders of the Spanish colonial
past.

On the other hand, there are also some groups who advocate for its conservation because of its
social and historical value and the historical importance of these colonial heritage structures is
enough justification to advocate for its conservation. Moreover, there are also people who see the
architectural and artistic intricacies of these colonial heritage structures as enough reason to keep
them in place.

It is clear that the state of colonial heritage in a post-colonial society is affected by multiple,
competing, and dissonant heritage interpretations. This research builds upon this dissonance in
heritage claims surrounding Spanish colonial heritage in the Philippines. Dissonant heritage arises
from multiple and competing ideas about the meanings and uses of heritage (Tunbridge &
Ashworth, 1996). By using the conventional notion of heritage as aspects of the past that were
deemed valuable for the present and the future (Harrison, 2013, p. 7), this research investigates
how Filipinos interpret the nature and meaning of Spanish colonial heritage at present.
Acknowledging the importance of heritage as a discourse that legitimizes and underwrites claims
to identity (Smith, 2009, p. 7), it is essential to assess the changing meanings of colonial heritage
in relation to post-colonial identity (re)construction. These questions, therefore, focus on
understanding how dissonant colonial heritage from the colonizers can affect the construction of
the national identity of the people who were colonized in the past.

The selected site of this paper is Intramuros, then referred to as the colonial Manila. Intramuros, is
one of the 14 Spanish colonial cities that were constructed with wall fortifications and is the center
of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines (Jimenez Verdejo et al., 2017a, p. 397). With that, the
development of Intramuros is a product of the imposition of the Hispanic colonial order (Doeppers,
1972, p. 769). In the span of Spanish rule in the Philippines, they have founded “more than 200
cities with the traditional grid typology, along with extensive defensive structures and also religious
complexes, convents and churches, as part of colonization of the territory” (Jimenez Verdejo et al.,
2017, 133) These areas are important contact points and witnesses of the colonization period. At

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 32

 present, these heritage sites stand as important relics and living examples of the Hispanic urbanism
and architecture implemented in the colonial missions in the New World and the Philippines.

This paper is grounded on analyzing the intersection of issues on heritage, identity, and post-
colonialism. It touches a multidisciplinary approach by using theoretical and methodological
perspectives from heritage studies, anthropology, history, and postcolonial studies. In this research,
I am guided by the theorization of dissonant colonial heritage in the case of post- colonial societies.

This paper aims to understand two things: first, to uncover the impetus regarding the qualified
acceptance and continued conservation of the Spanish colonial heritage in Intramuros; and second,
to analyze how this qualified acceptance and continued conservation of the Spanish colonial
heritage helps in the resistance to subalternity and in the reconstruction of the post- colonial
identities of Filipinos. In this regard, I argue that the reinterpretation of the heritage meanings of
dissonant Spanish colonial heritage in Intramuros motivates the qualified acceptance and continued
conservation of the colonial heritage structures. Moreover, as an effect, subaltern heritage
narratives are produced to help facilitate resistance to subalternity and the recreation of the post-
colonial identities of Filipinos. I submit this phenomenon happening in Intramuros under the
framework of post-colonial heritage adjustment process discussed by Tunbridge and Ashworth in
their analysis of the reversal of marginalization in the heritage process of post-colonial African
states. By using this framework, I put forward the case of the Spanish colonial heritage of Intramuros
as an empirical contribution to better interrogate dissonant colonial heritage in post-colonial
contexts.

To properly analyze the post-colonial heritage adjustment process of Spanish colonial heritage in
Intramuros, the following research questions are discussed in this paper:

- How are the present heritage meanings of dissonant Spanish colonial heritage in Intramuros
being reinterpreted beyond its colonial association?
- What are the subaltern heritage narratives regarding Spanish colonial heritage in Intramuros
that contribute to the Filipino’s resistance to subalternity and help in the recreation of the post-
colonial identities of the Filipinos?

2. Research Framework and Methodology

2.1. Research Framework

From monuments and landscapes to music and artwork... almost everything now can be called
heritage. With the increasing popularity and importance of heritage, “we live in an age in which
heritage is ever-present” (Harrison, 2013) In everyday language, heritage refers to “the objects,
practices, knowledge, and environments that sustain cultural worlds across generations” (Geismar,
2015, p. 72) But more than this distinct definition, the identification, designation, protection, and
management of heritage involve a complex process that says more about the meanings and
importance of heritage.

Smith proposes that to understand better the complexity of heritage and its corresponding products
and consequences, one should “de-privilege the material, and look at heritage as a verb rather than
a noun” (Smith, 2009, p. 2) By doing this, it is possible to further “challenged the popular conception
of heritage by retheorizing heritage as an essentially intangible common, but dissonant, cultural
process or performance whereby constructions of the past are valorized, negotiated or contested,
and instrumentalized in the present for future goals” (Giblin, 2015, p. 317) Indeed, if heritage is
being treated as a way of bridging the past, present, and future, this involves a variety of selection
and exclusion of the different products or consequences of heritage activities: which can either be
emotions, experiences, and memories of them that they create (Smith, 2009, p. 2).

Heritage facilitates a sense of identity and belonging, and the social networks and the historical and
cultural narratives that underpin these binding relations are also created, and continually recreated
(Smith, 2009, p. 2). Through this process, heritage certainly becomes an engaged process that is
not merely about identifying tangible and intangible aspects of culture that needs to be preserved
and passed on to the next generation. It is a cultural process that is involved with mechanisms of
inclusion and exclusion. Looking at heritage as a process also facilitates the understanding that:

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 Heritage is dissonant – it is a constitutive social process that on the one hand is about regulating
and legitimizing, and on the other hand is about working out, contesting and challenging a range
of cultural and social identities, sense of place, collective memories, values and meanings that
prevail in the present and can be passed to the future (Smith, 2009, p. 82).

The narrative of heritage dissonance is undoubtedly a vital dimension to properly analyze its
importance to the multiplicity of discourse about the relationship of the past to the present and
future. Since its initial theorization in the late twentieth century, the concept of dissonant heritage is
understood as heritage that involves “ideas of discrepancy and incongruity or the discordance or
lack of agreement and consistency” about the meanings of heritage in society (Tunbridge &
Ashworth, 1996, p. 20). It can be seen as an inherent nature of heritage that is due to the
“simultaneous holding of mutually inconsistent attitudes or existence of a lack of consonance
between attitudes and behaviors” (Tunbridge & Ashworth, 1996, p. 20) of the people involved in the
heritage creation process. Considering that ownership has a significant role in the heritage process,
heritage dissonance is an inevitable consequence of the equal inheritance of heritage and, in effect,
disinheritance for some. As Tunbridge and Ashworth (1996) perfectly explain:

At its simplest, all heritage is someone’s heritage and therefore logically not someone else’s:
the original meanings of an inheritance implies the existence of disinheritance and by extension
any creation of heritage from the past disinherits someone completely or partially, actively or
potentially. This disinheritance may be unintentional, temporary, of trivial importance, limited in
its effects and concealed; or it may be long- term, widespread, intentional, important, and
obvious (p. 21).

Equally related in this respect, it is crucial to give attention to the multivocality that can result from
this inheritance and disinheritance. In effect, this leads to the creation of a tensed political context
where meanings of heritage will always be regulated and legitimized, but at the same time,
contested and challenged. In this paper, I present the case of colonial heritage in the post- colonial
context as a contextual example of dissonant heritage. By understanding the heritage dissonance
of colonial heritage, it will guide the analysis on how heritage meanings are being contested and
challenged by post-colonial societies who are in the process of decolonizing their colonial past.

After the decline of the different colonial empire and with the assertion of the independence of
formerly colonized societies, much of the attention and efforts are focused on creating a unified
sense of belongingness among its people. With this freedom to start political, social, and cultural
independence, there is a need to gather and reclaim what has been lost in the past years of colonial
domination. One aspect that is crucial and critical in this process is to free the colonized people not
just from the political oppression but also from the after-effects of the cultural dominance of the
colonizers. Heritage enters the dynamics of post-colonial narratives as a powerful tool to assert and
reclaim what has been deprived of the colonized. Several studies using the concept of dissonant
heritage have looked into how post-colonial societies dealt with and treated the colonial heritage
that exist in their communities. A variety of treatments that can be retentionist, politicized, or neutral
responses can happen in each dissonant heritage site depending on the context and prevailing
narratives. In reality, “dissonant heritage messages can be ignored, denied, neutralised through
incorporation or accepted as part of a changed orthodoxy” (Ashworth & Ashworth, 1998).

Tunbridge and Ashworth presented a comprehensive analysis of post-colonial heritage in Africa in

their pioneer exposition about dissonant heritage. In their study of the “black man’s burden”
(Tunbridge & Ashworth, 1996, p. 225) of heritage dissonance, they highlighted that you could not
separate the impact of “master-servant relationships” in colonialism from the identification and
interpretation of heritage. Also, because of the stigma of disinheritance and the historical pain felt
by these societies, a variety of alternative heritage identification are being employed in the heritage
process (Tunbridge & Ashworth, 1996, p. 32) One of the striking ideas that they have proposed in
their survey of the post-colonial heritage in Africa is the case of post-colonial heritage adjustment:

Where no earlier city existed, urban form was explicitly dictated and heritage appropriated by
the minority, classically exemplified by South Africa and adjoining states. The process of post-
colonial heritage adjustment, in which marginalization has been reversed, concerns us along

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 with its tourism implication (...) with particular reference to South African case (Tunbridge &
Ashworth, 1996, p. 90).

In this paper, the analysis of the reinterpretation of dissonant heritage will look at the heritage
meanings attributed to the Spanish colonial heritage by utilizing the values and significance- based
approach to heritage. With the values and significance-based approach, a useful analysis of the
reinterpretation of heritage dissonance can be employed in the case of the Spanish colonial
heritage. This approach will also provide a more nuanced understanding of dissonant heritage since
“heritage interpretation and value assessment is an on-going process, where time, space, and
social and cultural experiences contribute to the potential diversity of value assessments” (Mydland
& Grahn, 2012, p. 570) The heritage values and cultural significance attributed by the people in the
heritage sites are the gauge by which this research determines how the meanings of the dissonant
Spanish colonial heritage are being reinterpreted beyond the colonial meanings. Overall, heritage
meanings “denote what a place signifies, indicates, evokes or expresses to people” (Australia
ICOMOS & International Council on Monuments and Sites, 2013, p. 3).

Post-colonial heritage adjustment speaks of the reversal of marginalization between the colonizer
and the colonized in the heritage process. In the period of colonization, the colonized people were
silenced and ignored by the colonial masters. They were not given a chance to participate in the
selection and identification of what is to be seen as heritage. In this research, subalternity provides
a theoretical dimension on how post-colonial societies are facilitating this reversal of marginality.
Subalternity has been defined as the condition of the social groups excluded from dominant power
structures, be these (neo)colonial, socio-economic, patriarchal, linguistic, cultural, and/or racial
(Coghlan & Brydon-Miller, 2014, p. 736). By definition, I take Spivak’s description of the subaltern
as “everything that has limited or no access to the cultural imperialism (...) —a space of difference”
(Kock, n.d., p. 45) The post-colonial heritage adjustment works as a process to resist subalternity
wherein the post-colonial people are utilizing the subaltern heritage narratives:

which stand outside of dominant discourses, challenge consensus views and, in some cases,
undermine those views through dissonant and alternate heritage perspectives – become a
means by which communities participate in creating and shaping their heritage and identity,
particularly when these community heritages have been ignored, marginalised or silenced
(Ramshaw, 2017, p. 170).

By utilizing this subaltern heritage narratives, the colonial subalterns “oppose or resist the dominant
as he or she may draw upon alternative values and ideas and can refer back to different
experiences and behavioral expectations” (Antolihao, 2009, p. 8) The reinterpretation of the
dissonant colonial heritage is a way to “work against subalternity” (Kock, n.d., p. 46).

Another dimension that is conceptually important to the approach of this research to dissonant
heritage is its relation to identity. Kaplan explains that “the ideas of heritage and cultural identity are
intertwined” (Kaplan, 2009, p. 156). The close relationship between the heritage process and the
identity (re)construction is crucial in the investigation of Spanish colonial heritage in this research
(Geismar, 2015, p. 72). By taking the present values and significance associated with the Spanish
colonial heritage, it is possible to see the relationship of heritage to the “creation and reinforcement
of official constructions of identity” (B. Graham et al., 2000, p. 35). In the process of resisting
subalternity as a way of reversing marginalization, the reinterpretation of dissonant heritage
produces new meanings that result in new constructions of identity that correspond to the post-
colonial narrative being in place. Through this approach, identity is:

not simply represented by heritage places, but rather is actively and continually recreated and
negotiated as people, communities, experts (...) and institutions reinterpret, remember, forget
and reassess the meaning of the past in terms of the social, cultural and political needs and
aspirations of the present (Smith, 2009, p. 2).

2.2. Methodology

As this research illustrates the post-colonial heritage adjustment of Spanish colonial heritage in
Intramuros, the primary methodology used in this research is ethnographic case study. This
methodology provides a more grounded approach to properly unravel the interplay of heritage,

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 identity, and power in a post-colonial setting. In essence, this follows the main methodological
principles espoused by the traditional ethnography which “usually involves the researcher
participating (...) in people’s daily lives for an extended period of time (...) gathering whatever data
are available to throw light on the issues that are the emerging focus of inquiry” (Hammersley &
Atkinson, 2007, p. 1). With that in mind, ethnographic case studies are “case studies employing
ethnographic methods and focused on building arguments about cultural, group, or community
formation or examining other socio-cultural phenomena (...) or are focused on “writing culture””
(Schwandt & Gates, 2018, p. 604-605).

The respondents for this research comprise of several stakeholders involved in the heritage process
in Intramuros. These are the people who know the sites since their everyday activities and
endeavors involve one way or another interaction within the premises of Intramuros. Most of the
research participants are heritage practitioners, policymakers, government officials, academic
researchers, teachers, students, and homeowners. Although the research time frame was affected
by the COVID-19 pandemic, a remedy was found in the use of digital and online approaches and
methods. This resulted to a shift to digital and online methods to facilitate the next steps of the data
gathering process. In this regard, an alternative methodological solution was explored, and I
resorted to engaging the methods of digital ethnography. As highlighted by Born and Haworth,
digital ethnography “has a double meaning—it refers to deploying the ethnographic to understand
digital culture as it does apply to the use of digital methodologies increasingly within ethnographic
research” (Born & Haworth, 2017, p. 70). For this ethnographic case study, particular methods that
traditionally should be conducted face-to-face were transformed into the use of digital tools.

Several rounds of the participant-observations were conducted from December 2019 to March
2020. These participant-observations include initial meetings with the officials and staff of the
government units assigned in the management of the heritage sites. Additional insights were also
employed from my views and experiences from visiting these heritage sites as part of my
professional work and recreational visits in 2015, 2017, and 2018.

In connection with the participant-observations, several in-depth interviews were conducted with
the research participants during the field data gathering. The questions were aimed to understand
the experiences of the research participants in their everyday activities in the heritage sites,
perceptions about the heritage meanings of the heritage sites, and the relation of the heritage sites
to their identity and place attachments.

3. Post-colonial heritage adjustment in Intramuros, Manila

At present, it is inevitable not to associate the cultural influences of the Spanish colonial period found
in Intramuros with the critical connotation of colonization as a dark period of Philippine history. There is
a tendency in a post-colonial nation to see anything that is linked with colonization as a reminder of a
period of domination and abuse of the colonizers. As a result, post-colonial populations tend to have
mixed feelings about the conservation of colonial heritage in their communities. Most of them have an
ambiguous relationship with their colonial heritage that is primarily dependent on psychological,
political, and economic factors (Marschall, 2008, p. 349). This relationship, in turn, influence differential
treatments and conflicting perspectives about the future of colonial heritage from a complicated colonial
past.

For the case of Intramuros, most of the Spanish colonial heritage structures acquired qualified
acceptance and are still being conserved up to now. However, this qualified acceptance of the Spanish
colonial heritage is surrounded by competing perspectives and opinions that makes them clear
examples of dissonant heritage. Prof. Fernando Zialcita, an anthropologist with extensive research on
the urban heritage of the Philippines and one of the respondents of this research, described the
dissonant Spanish colonial heritage in Intramuros as a product of different streams of opinions about
the conservation of these reminders of the Spanish colonial past:

One stream is the very nationalist [that] they just see these [structures] as colonial. [There’s
also] a stream of Filipinos who love these things, but they cannot articulate. (...) except that
they love them, they have been used to them, (...) they saw these structures as part of their
own personal identity differentiating them from other towns and cities in the country. And some
of them actually lived in such structures, so they have personal identification. (...) Also, in that

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 stream are those who appreciate the aesthetic value (...), but if you ask (...) them to connect it
to a wide nationalist discourse of nation-building, they can’t connect it. (...) But there’s also
another stream who doesn’t care about the structures because they are (...) old structures. And
they think [because it is] older than 20 years it should be demolished (Prof. F. Zialcita, personal
communication, February 21, 2020).

These competing streams of perspectives that surround the qualified acceptance of the Spanish
colonial heritage in Intramuros are a significant consideration in the heritage conservation and
management of colonial heritage in the post-colonial Philippines. In considering the dissonance of
colonial heritage in Intramuros, this research illuminates Smith’s proposition that “no heritage discourse
or moment of heritage is necessarily uniformly shared or homogeneously constructed; rather, there are
always elements of dissent and challenge, and thus the possibility of change within it” (Smith, 2009, p.
306). The changes in heritage meanings of Spanish colonial heritage in Intramuros involves the
relationship between memory, representation, identity, ownership, and colonial power relations
(Sîntionean, 2017, p. 147).

3.1. Intramuros: the historic core of the nation

Up to this day, some Filipinos still have mixed feelings about Intramuros because of its colonial
association. This scenario is not surprising because, for the longest time, Filipinos’ impression
about the Spanish colonization is affected by the way Spanish conquest was depicted in history
lessons. The history of Intramuros attested that during the Spanish colonial period, the walled city
“reigned supreme as the military stronghold, the seat of government, the womb of the Catholic faith,
and the exclusive residential quarter of the Spaniards” (Reed, 1978, p. 51).

During the early genesis of the colonial city, the Spaniards introduced a policy of communal
separation that marked Intramuros as “as an urban precinct reserved for the Spanish elite.” This
narrative of Intramuros being an exclusive quarter for Spaniards, occupied the mind of the indios
who, for centuries, were deliberately expelled out of the walled city to settle in the extramural
communities (Esperanza Bunag Gatbonton & Administration, 1980, p. 8). From the 1940s up until
the 1960s, the majority of the influential sectors of the educated public fixated the idea of Intramuros
on its symbolism of colonial domination during the Spanish colonial period (F. N. Zialcita, personal
communication, February 19, 2020). This scenario complicates the heritage management of the
site and, in the process, affects all moves to preserve the place. But nowadays, there is an emerging
change of perspective that tries to see other narratives that highlight Intramuros' history and
importance beyond its colonial shadow. In this research, I am going to present these narratives that
highlight the different ways the dissonant Spanish colonial heritage of Intramuros was reinterpreted
beyond its colonial image. These narratives, instead of seeing Intramuros as a reminder of a difficult
past, now highlights its glory as the old Manila – the historic core of the Filipino nation.

3.2. Heritage values and significance of the site

Understanding the historical value and significance of Intramuros as a Spanish colonial city can
help facilitate better analysis of Spanish colonialism in the Philippines. More than anything else,
Intramuros is considered as the most influential colonial outpost established by the Spaniards in
Asia. Intramuros was Manila - the colonial Manila (Esperanza Bunag Gatbonton & Administration,
1980, p. 5) and presently one of the most important heritage districts in the City of Manila.

Based on the narratives of the respondents of this research, the most dominant perspective that
motivates the continued preservation of Intramuros is grounded on its historical value and
significance. At present, the Philippines’ legal framework declared Intramuros as “a priceless
heritage of the past for the City of Manila,” “a major historical landmark of the Philippines,” and a
“monument to the Hispanic period of Philippine history” (Presidential Decree 1616, 1979).

Most of the respondents of this study attributed the historical value and significance of Intramuros
with the emergence of the Filipino nation and the development of the present-day City of Manila.
Paolo Mercado, the founder of the Creative Economy Council of the Philippines, described the
walled city as the “soul of the country” (We Are Intramuros Episode 11:Intramuros as a Creative
Urban Heritage City, 2020). Intramuros, being the soul of the country, is vital in the history of the
making of the Filipino nation. Without the institutionalization of Intramuros, the development of

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 Manila, its surrounding cities, and eventually, the country would not be possible. As such, the
historical significance of Intramuros is grounded on its charm as Manila’s old town.

Philippine Department of Tourism (DOT) Secretary Bernadette Romulo-Puyat described Intramuros

as “a place where it’s like you’ve gone back in time” (We Are Intramuros Episode 23: DOT Secretary
Bernadette Romulo-Puyat, 2020). In this respect, the place of Intramuros in the historical
consciousness of the Filipinos is very prominent because its historical significance in building the
narrative of Manila as the country’s prime city and with the emergence of the Filipino nation are
now highlighted. Prof. Fernando Zialcita acknowledged the development of Hispanic Intramuros as
a “representation of genuine urbanism (...) a step forward in an evolution of a culture” (Prof. F.
Zialcita, personal communication, February 21, 2020). With the development of Intramuros as a
colonial city, a new form of urban fabric, culture, and lifeways has emerged. Historically, Intramuros
influenced the emergence of the Filipino nation and the development of other communities outside
its walls. John Arcilla, the archivist of Intramuros Administration, described Intramuros as “a prime
example, (...) a prime relic of our Hispanic heritage. It’s a big help towards the understanding of the
Spanish colonial era in the country” (J. Arcilla, personal communication, February 7, 2020). More
importantly, Intramuros also stands as the iconic symbol of Manila’s rich history. Erik Akpedonu, a
member of ICOMOS Philippines, explained that this is because Intramuros is the closest to iconic
architecture that can be identified with the City of Manila (E. Akpedonu, personal communication,
February 21, 2020).

Because of Intramuros' distinctive role in the history of the Filipino nation, Rosalia De Leon narrated
that the historical district helped facilitate “a deep sense of our history, the richness our culture, and
the sense of our very rich heritage that we have inherited from our forefathers” (We Are Intramuros
Episode 17: Rosalia De Leon, Treasurer, Bureau of the Treasury, 2020). Adding to this, Olivia
Limpe-Aw described Intramuros as “the archive of our history, (...) the archive of who we are as
people” (We Are Intramuros Episode 29: Destileria Limtuaco Museum, 2020). With all the
developments happening in the premises of Intramuros, IA’s former Administrator Jose Capistrano
highlighted that Intramuros’ special value should be appreciated even in the modern times because
it is a reminder of “where we came from” (We Are Intramuros Episode 22: Mr. Jose Capistrano,
2020). Marietta Allaga, another employee of Intramuros Administration, expressed that “Intramuros
should be cherished, should be loved, and should be taken care of because Intramuros is historical,
we are part of the history of the Philippines” (We Are Intramuros Episode 19: Mayette Allaga,
Intramuros, 2020).

Another essential dimension of the reinterpreted heritage meanings of Intramuros focuses on its
economic value and significance. The economic importance of Intramuros can be traced as early
as the Spanish colonial period, where its greatness and prestige were popularized by the
importance of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. John Arcilla explained that the economic
significance of Intramuros in the Spanish colonial period is due to its role as the “endpoint of the
Galleon Trade [and] for [connecting] the Far East specifically Japan and China to the rest of the
world” (J. Arcilla, personal communication, February 7, 2020). At present, several government
offices and different places of work can be found inside the heritage district. For Christian Roa, a
security guard working for IA, Intramuros, aside from being a place that’s full of stories and history,
is a special place for him because it is his place of work (We Are Intramuros Episode 08: Guardia
of Ciudad Murada, 2020).

Apart from being a place of employment, the economic significance of Intramuros is also enhanced
by its appeal as a tourist destination in Manila. From the post-war decades up until the present,
Intramuros’ development was driven by the different economic activities happening inside the
heritage district. Tourism activities that capitalize on the historic character of the urban fabric have
become a significant source of funds to keep the developments inside the Intramuros (Digiscript
Philippines, Inc. & TwoEco, Inc., 2019, p. 3.9). Inside Intramuros, tourism activities are part of
everyday life. Different organizations help promote tourism by facilitating tour groups inside
Intramuros like the case of Don’t Skip Manila organized by Andrei Julian and Anne Uy. For them,
Intramuros is “a good backdrop; of being in a place where the destination speaks for itself” (We Are
Intramuros Episode 12: Telling the Story of Intramuros, 2020). With the historical buildings and the
going back in Spanish time atmosphere, Intramuros has its peculiar character that appeals to both
local and international tourists.

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 With the increasing economic value and significance of the Intramuros as a tourism site, it is
undeniable that it helps improve the lives of the communities. However, Erik Akpedonu expressed
his concern that for some Intramuros is:

maybe a place to go to hangout to take selfies, to have Instagrammable pictures, but I don’t
think many people care much to learn about it. It’s more of a cool place to see to check off your
list and to move on” (E. Akpedonu, personal communication, February 21, 2020).

Prof. Fernando Zialcita highlighted that “unless Filipinos see the value of Intramuros beyond
tourism, efforts in its rehabilitation will always be difficult” (F. N. Zialcita, personal communication,
February 19, 2020). In this respect, there is still a need to strengthen the appreciation of the heritage
values and significance of Intramuros beyond its economic and touristic value. With the increasing
importance of heritage in tourism promotions, it is also important to highlight and sustain other
heritage value and significance of Intramuros beyond its importance as tourism destination. By
doing this, a more nuanced understanding and reinterpretation of the dissonant colonial heritage
will help strengthen appreciation for the role of Intramuros in the history of the Filipino nation.

Since Intramuros became the center of the Spanish colonial control, most of the administrative
decisions about the colony emanated from the walled city. Because of this, the majority of the
precursors of various socio-cultural developments for the archipelago happened in Intramuros. For
example, Prof. Fernando Zialcita explained that what can be considered as the first formal schools
in the colony existed inside the heritage district (Prof. F. Zialcita, personal communication, February
21, 2020). With that, the public education system in the Philippines has its historical roots in
Intramuros. He also added that early studies on Mathematics and formal sciences like Chemistry
and Botany happened inside the walled city. The schools and training centers for formal arts
(painting, sculpture) were also first instituted in Intramuros. This character of Intramuros as the
country’s center for education still holds today as several universities and schools are still situated
inside the district. Intramuros has also been considered as instrumental in educating the people
about the historical past of the Filipinos. As one of the few historical and heritage sites in Manila,
National Commission for Culture and the Arts Commissioner Fr. Harold Rentoria wished that
Intramuros would be a place where people will be educated on the heritage of the past (We Are
Intramuros Episode 33: National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), 2020). Meanwhile,
DOT Assistant Secretary Robert Alabado emphasized the potential role of Intramuros as a “site
where we can educate people on the version of history according to the Filipinos” (We Are
Intramuros Episode 24: DOT Asec. Robby Alabado, 2020).

The socio-cultural value of Intramuros also lies in its dual character as a historical district and a
residential area. Different communities spread over five barangays can be found inside the walls of
Intramuros. Intramuros resident like Edna Afable, who is also a vendor inside the district, hopes
that they “will be able to stay and make a living in Intramuros forever” (We Are Intramuros Episode
06: Inclusive Approach of Development, 2020). Edna is just one of the thousands of people that
considers Intramuros as their home, as their community. Because of the people who live inside the
district, Intramuros’ socio-cultural value is being exemplified by its character as both being a
historical district and a living community. Fr. Clarence Victor- Marquez perfectly explained that the
idea of Intramuros as a living community is all about its people (We Are Intramuros Episode 35:
Colegio de San Juan de Letran, 2020).

The arrival of Catholicism in the Philippines is considered as a crucial imprint of the Spanish colonial
period in the archipelago. The Catholic Church, dominated by Spanish friars and authorities during
the Spanish colonial period, was heavily criticized by Filipino intellectuals and clergy (Hoh, 2018).
In this respect, the religious character of Intramuros is also a source of dissonance for it is the
stronghold and center of the Christian faith, especially during the Spanish colonial domination. Prof.
Zialcita discussed that “religion (...) obviously the center was here [in Intramuros]. (...) And it was
from here that missionaries were based. The religious orders [and] their mother houses were in
Intramuros” (Prof. F. Zialcita, personal communication, February 21, 2020). John Arcilla also
emphasized that “in the religious sense, the most important [structure in Intramuros] is the Manila
Cathedral because it is the seat of the Archbishop of Manila, the unofficial primate of the Philippines.
(...) the first bishop of a country (J. Arcilla, personal communication, February 7, 2020). Aside from
that, the oldest surviving structure that can be found in Intramuros was the San Agustin Church, a
UNESCO World Heritage Site declared for its outstanding character as Spanish colonial Baroque

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 church. Fr. Reginald Malicdem, rector of the Manila Cathedral, perfectly explained the spiritual
value of Intramuros as the “center of Philippine faith” (We Are Intramuros Episode 02: Discovering
the Mother Church, 2020). Despite the dissonant and critical perception about the influence of
Catholicism in the Philippine society, Intramuros’ spiritual value counter-balanced this dissonance
by highlighting its spiritual value in the history of the Catholic Church in the Philippines.

On a political level, Intramuros’ importance as a place of power and politics can be traced from the
Spanish colonial period up until the present. Intramuros was designed to be the center of the
Spanish colonial empire in the archipelago and the whole Far East. Sandra Martinez, Tourism
Promotions Division Head of IA, narrated that “the Philippines was actually run by the Spanish from
Intramuros because this was the capital [and] it became the Philippines later after the Spanish
colonized the Philippines” (S. Martinez, personal communication, February 10, 2020).

Explaining the political character of Intramuros, Prof. Fernando Zialcita highlighted that “all [towns
and cities] (...) was controlled from Manila, politically” (Prof. F. Zialcita, personal communication,
February 21, 2020). He also added that “the conscious formation of Philippine nationalism has its
roots in Manila.” Overall, the political significance of Intramuros can be attributed both from being
the center of Spanish colonial control and its role in awakening the nationalist sentiments of the
Filipinos during the colonial period up until the present.

Lastly, Intramuros is also valued for its unique aesthetic, architectural, and technological aspects.
For one, it is a product of the Hispanic colonial urbanism and town-planning, a 16th- century
Spanish colonial city boasting its well-structured and distinctive morphological elements. The
elements of colonial Intramuros include a grid form, a monumental Catholic cathedral, many stately
public buildings, a nuclear plaza mayor, several smaller squares, five large monastic complexes,
and about 600 handsome two-story houses occupied by Spaniards and their dependents (Reed,
1978, p. 69). Architect Bettina Bulaong, Project Director of Escuela Taller in the Philippines,
mentioned the importance of Intramuros as being a representative of what or how the Spanish
colonial settlements were developed in Manila in particular. For her, Intramuros became a special
heritage district because it is a good example of the application of the Laws of the Indies (A. B.
Bulaong, personal communication, February 13, 2020). She also added that it is only in Intramuros
that you can find a condensed group of structures that can be considered as representative of the
colonial era. Architect Ramil Tibayan, the head of IA’s Cultural Properties Conservation Division,
mentioned that the most important structure of Intramuros are its walls and fortifications system
because “that’s what defines physically Intramuros” (A. R. Tibayan, personal communication,
February 10, 2020).

Erik Akpedonu emphasized the architectural importance of the walls of Intramuros as “an important
form [because] they are basically following Italian models of the 16th-17th century, state-of-the-art
of that time” (E. Akpedonu, personal communication, February 21, 2020). Talking about the main
plaza of Intramuros, John Arcilla mentioned that Plaza Roma is the most important place in
Intramuros in the historical sense because it is the nucleus of the Spanish Empire in the East. This
plaza that is surrounded by the Cathedral, the Palacio del Gobernador, the Audiencia, and the
Ayuntamiento is the “sun of the Spanish universe because everything is revolving around it, (...) the
converging point of everything” (J. Arcilla, personal communication, February 7, 2020) in
Intramuros. The existence of different aesthetic, architectural, and technological values of
Intramuros is due to the Spaniards’ long years of developing the military and defense capacity of
the walled city. Moreover, the international character of Intramuros as a global city gave it “more
flexibility, especially in the hybridization of cultural expressions, especially that of architecture and
urban spaces” (Digiscript Philippines, Inc. & TwoEco, Inc., 2019, p. 3.6).

Despite Intramuros’ reputation as one of the most important Spanish colonial heritage districts in
the Philippines, some of the respondents of this study expressed their expert opinion and
assessment of the reconstruction and redevelopment of Intramuros in the past. Ar. Bettina Bulaong
explained that she has conflicting views about the reconstruction efforts in the Intramuros because
she believed that “the designs may not necessarily really represent what was inside originally
especially when we talk about residential architecture” (A. B. Bulaong, personal communication,
February 13, 2020). Erik Apedonu also mentioned that Intramuros is “an urban landscape which is
not what it should be” (E. Akpedonu, personal communication, February 21, 2020). He added that

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 40

 “[i]t is too loose in my mind, in the interpretation of what is Spanish and a lot of people call it kitschy,
corny, Disneyland.”

Another crucial consideration about the restoration efforts on Intramuros is also centered on the
prioritization of historic restoration in the government program of development (Santiago, 2003, p.
234-235). As such, the reconstruction and conservation of Intramuros were undertaken only four
decades later after its destruction in 1945 due to the pragmatic approach of least developed
countries to “prioritize the solving of immediate problems of poverty and other socio-political
problems putting urban conservation on the lowest priority” (Lasafin & Kammeier, 1993, p. 2).

At present, some developments outside Intramuros also pose a threat on the heritage values and
significance of the site. For example, the ICOMOS Philippines expressed their concern about the
construction of a vehicular bridge between Intramuros and Binondo to be funded by the Chinese
government. ICOMOS expressed concern on the “anticipated negative impact on several heritage
sites, on-going conservation efforts, and current and future tourism efforts” (International Council
on Monuments and Sites Philippines, 2020). Lastly, Erik Akpedonu also commented on the
enormous potential of Intramuros that is not fully utilized. He noted that “the lack of a single museum
in Intramuros that tells about how Intramuros evolved as a colonial city (...) is very telling” (E.
Akpedonu, personal communication, February 21, 2020).

3.3. Intramuros as Filipino heritage

The next dimension of post-colonial heritage adjustment process in Intramuros will focus on the
subaltern heritage narratives that connect the conservation of Spanish colonial heritage in
Intramuros to resistance to subalternity of the formerly colonized Filipinos and on its relationship to
the reconstruction of the Filipino national identity. Instead of focusing on the dissonant association
of being colonial, the different heritage stakeholders interviewed in this study treats the Spanish
colonial heritage in Intramuros as a testament to the participation and adaptation of the indios in
the emergence and development of the colonial Intramuros. As this portion will expound, Intramuros
that used to be associated as a colonial symbol and an exclusive space for the Spanish colonial
elite is now viewed as a source of Filipino pride and national identity.

Connecting the relationship of Intramuros to the Filipino identity and consciousness was never an
easy process. According to Prof. Fernando Zialcita, “many continue to perceive it as an enclave for
the Spaniards, with therefore little meaning for the making of the Philippines” (F. N. Zialcita, 2017).
In this respect, he emphasized that “it is impossible to imagine a Philippines without Intramuros de
Manila.” Erik Akpedonu expressed that Filipinos tend to have a conflicted relationship with
Intramuros and were wondering if it is Filipino or Spanish. He mentioned that instead of seeing
Intramuros as Spanish, it would be useful to treat it as Spanish influence instead:

We do not have to be proud of Intramuros. There is no need to be proud of it, as long as we

accept it. And the second thing is Intramuros is part of us because over 333 years of Spanish
influence, we all become a little bit Spanish. Your name, our attitudes, our religion, our words,
the way we do certain things, the way we eat certain things are all Spanish influence. I am not
saying they are Spanish, but they are Spanish influence (E. Akpedonu, personal
communication, February 21, 2020).

Ar. Bettina Bulaong highlighted that Filipinos now “identify [Intramuros] as part of our history.” She
also added that “other people would see [Intramuros] as part of their identity (...); an exchange of
influences (A. B. Bulaong, personal communication, February 13, 2020). Meanwhile, Sandra
Martinez connected the idea of pre-colonial origins of Intramuros to the importance of Intramuros
to Filipino. She asserted that Intramuros is “part of our identity because [even if] we were under the
Spanish for 400 years or so years (...) this is where [pre- colonial] Manila started and it was headed
by Rajah Sulayman” (S. Martinez, personal communication, February 10, 2020).

There is also a prevailing narrative among the respondents of this research, which emphasized that
Intramuros should not be seen as purely colonial and that the contribution of the indios to the
development of Intramuros should be acknowledged. Ar. Ramil Tibayan explained that:

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 41

 With Intramuros, the first thing that will come into your mind is it is a product of Spanish colonial
period. But for the way this is constructed, it is not purely Spanish. There are Filipinos who have
built Intramuros. I think that can be pointed out to the identities of the Filipinos being a
participant in the development of Intramuros as far as during the early years of the Spanish
colonial period. So not everything can be attributed to the Spanish colonizers but also to the
early Filipinos who have been part of these (A. R. Tibayan, personal communication, February
10, 2020).

Meanwhile, in further establishing the importance of Intramuros as part of the Filipino heritage, John
Arcilla connected this to the narrative of Intramuros as being a product of Filipino craftsmanship:

It is Filipino heritage, the design is Spanish, but the execution is by Filipino hands. You can’t
deny that, and no one can’t deny that. It is a product of Filipino craftsmanship. It is a product of
Filipino labor. You cannot remove that from the equation. It’s very important. (...) So, whenever
I see old buildings, I see the hands of who made the buildings, and they are Filipinos (J. Arcilla,
personal communication, February 7, 2020).

For the longest time, there is also a dissonant perspective about Intramuros being a product of
forced labor during the Spanish colonial period. This view was debunked by Dr. Esperanza 14
Gatbonton wherein she highlighted that there are Filipinos who played an essential role in the
constructions of the walls of Intramuros:

It is wrong to think that Intramuros was done by slave labor. It’s not true. People were paid. And
it’s not true that it’s [only] the Chinese [who were part of the construction], the records of the
Augustinians have two [Filipino] brothers who headed the fortifications of the walls (...) I wanted
to focus on the participation of the Filipinos. (...) At least there was a record of their names (...)
that is very important to know (Esperanza B. Gatbonton, personal communication, March 2,
2020).

As evidenced by the narratives of the respondents of this study, they emphasized the narrative that
“it was modern Filipino’s ancestors who built Intramuros, learned the skills of masonry and of
military design and construction. Their industry built the walls. Their art and craft adorned the city”
(Esperanza Bunag Gatbonton & Administration, 1980, p. 9). Moreover, respondents of this study
also opened the idea that Intramuros should be collectively seen as a Filipino heritage because it
represents the response of the Filipino natives to the colonial influence of the Spaniards. Ar. Bettina
Bulaong explained that the response of the Filipinos was to “take on what is here as a culture and
adapt to it.” She also added that “maybe you can say it’s Fil-Hispanic, but it was designed to address
or to respond to our local context, which makes it very Filipino. So, in that sense, it’s a Filipino
architecture” (A. B. Bulaong, personal communication, February 13, 2020).

Moreover, Prof. Erik Akpedonu further supported this narrative by citing the case of San Agustin
Church in Intramuros as not entirely Spanish for it is a structure that is already a bit Filipino because
it takes local conditions into account (E. Akpedonu, personal communication, February 21, 2020).
Dr. Esperanza Gatbonton highlighted the need for Filipinos to see the importance of Intramuros in
the narrative of the Filipino identity as a testament to the Filipinos’ victories amidst the long history
of colonial domination. She mentioned that Intramuros “represents failure, but it also represents
achievements. It’s about time that our people should see Intramuros, not just a symbol of
colonization, but the symbol of our spirit to rise above that” (We Are Intramuros Episode 01:
Resiliency and Filipino Identity, 2020). She further added that:

Even if Intramuros is colonial, we are the ones who made it happen. Who were the ones who
lived there? There are very few Spaniards who were living in Intramuros in the latter part of the
colonization. Who lived there after? It was Filipinos. This is a big testament that we won and
that we prevailed despite our colonial past. We are now the caretaker of this place. Even if the
colonizers claimed it, we regained it. It is now ours. We are the ones who built Intramuros. Even
if we were colonized in the past, we were able to reclaim Intramuros. Who risked and offered
their lives for the independence? The Filipinos, right? (Esperanza B. Gatbonton, personal
communication, March 2, 2020)

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 42

 Moreover, Intramuros is now seen as “a piece of antiquity that represented a colonizer’s empire
centuries ago and the heritage of a nation’s people we call Filipino” (Torres & Administration, 2005,
p.v) In the end, Erik Akpedonu’s analogy of Intramuros as the Judas of the Filipino nation perfectly
illustrated the critical role of Intramuros in the building of the Filipino nation and as a source of
Filipino identity:

Intramuros, if you want to look at it from the nationalist perspectives, it’s pretty much the Judas
that was needed in order to make the Philippines emerge. Without Judas, no Christianity.
Without Intramuros, no Philippines. So, we condemn Judas but forget to see that without Judas,
there would be no Christianity. We should be actually honoring [Intramuros] rather than cursing
[it] (E. Akpedonu, personal communication, February 21, 2020).

3.4. Reinterpreted dissonant heritage meanings

As supported by the narratives of the respondents of this study, the qualified acceptance and
continued conservation of the Spanish colonial heritage in Intramuros is facilitated by the
reinterpretation of the heritage dissonance beyond its colonial association. The respondents of this
study emphasized the role of the former Spanish colonial capital in the making of the Filipino nation.
Intramuros is valued as an important historical and heritage site that witnessed many firsts for the
Filipinos – the first site of the pre-colonial Maynila, the first city constructed following the Laws of
the Indies, the first center of formal education, sciences, arts, and literature, the first site of several
religious congregations and center of religious power, and the first center of political administration.
Intramuros is also considered as one of the most distinguished tourism destinations in the City of
Manila and attracts a considerable number of local and international tourists. Intramuros, given its
multi-layered histories and multiple heritage values assigned by its stakeholders, is now managed
as a model of a resilient settlement that thrives as being both a historical district and a living
community.

The heritage stakeholders of Intramuros see the meanings of the Spanish colonial heritage beyond
its colonial association. The dissonant nature of being colonial was replaced by the reinterpreted
values and significance of the Spanish colonial heritage that corresponds to the present needs and
context of Intramuros. Overall, Intramuros’ value and significance are highlighted with its role in the
making and emergence of the Filipino nation. With the reinterpretation of dissonance associated
with the Spanish colonial heritage, the stakeholders of Intramuros were able to facilitate a qualified
acceptance of the heritage of Spanish colonialism in their community.

3.5. Resisting subalternity and reconstructing post-colonial identities

The next dimension of the post-colonial heritage adjustment described in this research focuses on
the role of the Spanish colonial heritage in Intramuros in facilitating the resistance to subalternity of
the post-colonial Filipinos. The condition of subalternity described in this study refers to the “the
position of the Philippines (and the Filipinos) as a colonial and neo-colonial subject/s that has been
continually exposed to the political, economic, and cultural dominance of (...) its colonial master[s]”
(Antolihao, 2009, p. 8). This refers to the consequence of the limited access to structures of
authority of the colonial subalterns who “lack voice, [and were] barred from systems of political or
cultural representation” (Coghlan & Brydon-Miller, 2014, p. 736). For this case, this can be correctly
seen in the scenario wherein the indio participation and the role of the Filipinos in the making of
Intramuros are not adequately recognized. In this manner, the indios were kept in a “position without
identity, a position where social lines of mobility, being elsewhere, do not permit the formation of a
recognisable basis of action” (Spivak, 2005, p. 476). The dominant narrative that most Filipinos
think is that Intramuros is an exclusive work of the Spanish colonizers and that the Spanish colonial
heritage in these sites represents what is not ours, what is not Filipino.

For the longest time, the dominant narratives associated with the heritage activation processes
ignored the role and participation of the Filipinos in the making of the Spanish colonial heritage in
Intramuros. In the case of heritage activation in Intramuros, the failure to acknowledge the invisible
and ignored narratives of the indios confined them in a position of subalternity, “a condition of
subordination brought about by colonization or other forms of economic, social, racial, linguistic,
and/or cultural dominance” (Beverley, 1999, p. 1).

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 43

 The findings of this paper, in consideration of the post-colonial heritage adjustment in Intramuros,
reveals that the Spanish colonial heritage in this former Spanish colonial city are now being used
to highlight the different perspectives to counter the subalternity experienced by the invisible and
ignored narratives of Filipinos. The respondents of this paper highlighted the different subaltern
heritage narratives to counter the subalternity experienced by the Filipinos in the heritage stories
of Intramuros. This was perfectly exemplified by the narrative about the role of the Filipino indios
who helped in the construction of the walls and other heritage structures inside the walled city. It
was also supported by the stories on how Intramuros represents the craftsmanship of the Filipinos,
and how the indios interpreted the Spanish colonial imprints according to the local contexts and
perceptions. Through the incorporation of these subaltern heritage narratives, a reframed
perspective on the heritage dissonance of Spanish colonial heritage in Intramuros is being
emphasized. The meanings of the Spanish colonial heritage are being made and remade
incorporating the subaltern heritage narratives that give due importance to the Filipino participation,
the indio response and contribution in the making and development of Intramuros.

The last dimension of post-colonial heritage adjustment is on the role of the Spanish colonial
heritage of Intramuros in the reconstruction of the post-colonial identities of Filipinos. As evidenced
by the perspectives of the respondents of this paper, Intramuros’ qualified acceptance and
continued conservation also helps in redefining new perspectives to reconstruct the post-colonial
identities of Filipinos. By recognizing the role of the Spanish colonial heritage in the remaking of the
post-colonial identities of the Filipinos, the associated dissonance of the heritage of colonialism was
watered-down, and the emergence of a feeling of belongingness is facilitated (Battilani et al., 2018,
p. 1432). The linkage of the Spanish colonial heritage of Intramuros to the post-colonial identities
of Filipinos mirrored the position of Smith that sets “heritage [as] a discourse about and through
which identity claims are re/created and legitimized” (Smith, 2009, p. 302). Intramuros, as a Spanish
colonial heritage site, served “as a resource for the representation of identities and a place for its
performance” (Anico & Peralta, 2009, p. 1). The Spanish colonial heritage in Intramuros, through
their reinterpreted meanings, served as a “marker of having an identity, [a] materialisation – an
embodiment even – of one’s (collective) self” (Macdonald, 2013, p. 223) – of being Filipino.

4. Conclusion

Intramuros represents the identity of the Filipinos, for it served as the place of the making of the nation.
Intramuros is being valued as a symbol of the Filipino victory to rise above the long period of colonial
domination in the past. It is considered as a cradle of the different firsts for the Filipino nation – a place
where the national consciousness was born. At present, Intramuros is regarded as the soul of the
Filipino nation and, with it, the capacity of the post-colonial Filipinos to rise above and to reclaim their
identity and territory. Intramuros represents the Filipinos persistence and resilience in the three
centuries of Spanish colonial control.

Overall, the Spanish colonial heritage in Intramuros served as a resource to support the embodiment
of the reconstructed post-colonial Filipino identities. It also supported the proposition to recognize the
local genius, the indio response, the Filipino’s participation in the making and development of the
Spanish colonial Intramuros. The heritage of Intramuros represents the ““[l]ocal genius,” too, asserted
(...) in the encounter between Spanish and indigenous culture, and resulted in what we now call “Filipino
culture”” (F. N. Zialcita, 2005, p. 193). The Spanish colonial heritage of Intramuros, reinterpreted beyond
its colonial associations, now signifies the Filipino adaptation, resilience, and response to the Spanish
colonial domination. Although it may be viewed as colonial imprints, the Spanish colonial heritage of
Intramuros are now reinterpreted as a product of Filipino genius, a manifestation of what is Filipino, and
a testament of the reconstructed post-colonial identities of Filipinos.

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Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 47

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We Are Intramuros Episode 17: Rosalia De Leon, Treasurer, Bureau of the Treasury. (2020, April 6).

We Are Intramuros Episode 19: Mayette Allaga, Intramuros. (2020, April 26).

We Are Intramuros Episode 22: Mr. Jose Capistrano. (2020, April 26).

We Are Intramuros Episode 23: DOT Secretary Bernadette Romulo-Puyat. (2020, April 26).

We Are Intramuros Episode 24: DOT Asec. Robby Alabado. (2020, April 26).

We Are Intramuros Episode 29: Destileria Limtuaco Museum. (2020, April 27).

We Are Intramuros Episode 30:Kutsero in the Walled City. (2020, April 27).

We Are Intramuros Episode 33: National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). (2020, April 29).

We Are Intramuros Episode 34: Design Center of the Philippines. (2020, April 29).

We Are Intramuros Episode 35: Colegio de San Juan de Letran. (2020, April 29).

World Bank, & Intramuros Administration. (2016). Draft Intramuros Identity and Urban Design
Guidelines.

Zialcita, F. N. (2005). Authentic though not exotic: Essays on Filipino identity. Ateneo de Manila
University Press.

Zialcita, F. N. (2017). COMMENTS ON INTRAMUROS IDENTITY AND URBAN DESIGN

GUIDELINES.

Zialcita, F. N. (2020, February 19). Why preserve Intramuros? [Personal communication].

Zialcita, Prof. F. (2020, February 21). Semi-Structured Interview [Personal communication].

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 48

PRESENTATION No. 3 : Kritikal na Pagsusuri sa Casa Manila at Museo de Intramuros bilang Imahe ng Intramuros (1981-2020)

Kritikal na Pagsusuri sa Casa Manila at Museo de Intramuros

Bilang Imahe ng Intramuros (1981-2020)
Kinah Baguan

Abstrak

Sa pagtalakay ng mga usaping nakakawing at nakasalikop sa usaping pamana at kolektibong

pagkakilanlan sa kontemporaryon panahon, nais bigyang-diin ng pag-aaral na ito ang kritikal na pagsuri
sa mga kolonyal na sining na pangunahing nasa pangangalaga ng estado. Sa kontekstong ito,
itatampok ang Casa Manila at Museo de Intramuros bilang kultural na aparato ng Intramuros
Administration mula 1981 hanggang kasalukuyan. Mula sa punto de bista ng Institutional Theory of Art
(Danto 1969) ito ang magsisilbing batayan sa pagsusuri ng relasyon sa pagitan ng historikal at
museyolohikal na konteksto kasama ang institusyonal na motibasyon sa likod ng mga malikhaing
proyekto na nabanggit. Mula rito ay mas matataos ang kahalagahan ng kasaysayan bilang bintana sa
kasalukuyan at inaasahan na magbubunga ito ng kamalayang nakasandig sa danas ng lipunang
Pilipino. Maliban dito, ang pag-aaral na ito ay lumilikha ng isang panimulang diskurso sa museyolohikal
na pag-aaral na tumatayong suplmentaryo sa disiplina ng Kasaysayang Pansining.

1. Panimula

Sa mahabang panahon, ang pag-imahe sa Intramuros ay naka-sandig sa kolonyal na naratibo, batay

na rin sa kasaysayan ng Intramuros bilang sentro ng pamahalaang kolonyal. Ang imbensyon ng Casa
Manila at Museo de Intramuros na kumakatawan sa sining at kasaysayan ng Intramuros ay naka-angkla
sa mga motibasyon ng IA. Sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng mga espasyo ng sining at kultura,
mahalagang maunawaan kung papaano isinasalaysay ang kasaysayan batay sa punto de bista ng
kasalukuyang panahon. Ano ang naging papel ng Intramuros Administration sa pagpapalaganap
ngideyolohiyangpag-imaheng Intramuros? Ang mga eksibisyon ba ay maaaring tignan bilang
indikasyon ng kolonyal na karanasan ng mga Pilipino o posible ba itong maging isang porma ng
pagsalungat sa pamamagitan ng pagbalik-tanaw sa sariling karanasan?

Layunin ng pag-aaral na ito na suriin ang Casa Manila at Museo de Intramuros bilang pinagmumulan
ng imahe ng Intramuros sa panahon ng Re-depinisyon. Sa kontekstong ito, ang eksibisyon ay itinuturing
na isang plataporma na nagbibigay pagkakataon upang gawing buhay at dinamiko ang koleksyon dahil
dumadaan ito sa proseso ng pananaliksik at patuloy na pagsasaayos. Sa unang bahagi ng pananaliksik
na ito ay itatampok ng mananaliksik ang ginampanang papel ng Intramuros Administration bilang
kultural na aparato mula 1981 hanggang kasalukuyan. Ito ang magsisilbing batayan upang lubos na
maunawaan ang institusyonal na motibasyon sa likod ng mga malikhaing proyekto sa loob ng
Intramuros. Mula rito ay tatalakayin ko ang historikal at museyolohikal na konteksto ng mga ito. Ang
panghuling bahagi ay sumusuri sa mga naratibong eksibisyon gayundin ang mga popular na koleksyon
gamit ang napiling teorya sa sining.

2. Metodolohiya

Dahil sa pandemikong sitwasyon habang isinasagawa ang pananaliksik na ito, ginamit ng mananaliksik
ang netnography (Kozinets 2010) bilang alternatibong metodo sa pagkalap ng datos, pagmamasid sa
mga eksibisyon at iba pang salik ng pag-aaral bago idineklara ang lockdown noong Marso 2020. Ang
netnography ay binubuo ng tatlong anyo: mga datos na direktang ikinalap ng mananaliksik na bahagi

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 49

ng mga tala; mga datos mula sa online events tulad ng webinar at online exhibit(mula sa Google Arts
and Culture); at mga datos mula sa mga online interbyu (sa paraan ng video calls at e-mail).
Pangunahin sa mga pinagbatayan na online exhibits at webinar para sa pananaliksik ay ang―
Rebultong Garing: Religious Images in Ivory, ―An Interpretation of the Virgin, ―In Praise of the
Popular: a lecture of folk santos with Floy Quintos, ―Stone Heritage of the Philippines: a lecture of
historical heritage sites with Rona Repancol, at ―Intramuros and theMaking of the Filipino Nation with
Fernando Zialcita, Ph.D. Sa kabilang banda, ilan sa mga susing informant para sa pag-aaral na ito ay
ang mga museum curator at mga opisyal ng IA. Layunin ng disenyo na malaman ang mga indibidwal
na pananaw ng mga taga-pamahala na bumubuo sa institusyon. Mula rito, ang mga nakalap na datos
mula sa interbyu ay sinuri gamit ang pagsasapapel (o transcribing). Maliban sa mga nabanggit, ang
mga kaugnay na pag-aaral na inilimbag ng IA at ng ibang historyador ng sining kasama ang ilan sa
mga sariling dokumentasyon ay kumakatawan bilang mga pangunahing gabay sa pag-unawa at
pagpayabong ng pag-aaral na ito. Sa kabilang banda, kinikilala ng mananaliksik ang limitasyon ng
disenyo sa pagkalap ng datos na may direktang korelasyon sa pag-unawa nito.

3. Mga nakalap na datos para sa pag-aaral

Sakasalukuyan,ang promosyon ng local na kultura at pagpapahalaga para sa Intramuros ay naka-

angkla sa Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022. Nakasaad dito ang lubos na pagbibigay pansin sa
preserbasyon at pagpapaunlad ng mga pamanang yaman, kasabay ang rekognisyon ng malikhain at
kultural na kamalayan tungo sa makabansang patriyotismo (kabanata 7). Maliban dito, pangunahin sa
mga kultural na adyenda ng organisasyon mula1981 hanggang sa kasalukuyan ay ang mga
sumusunod:pamamahala ng mga kultural na pamana tulad ng makasaysayang lugar at kultural na
koleksyon; patuloy na pagpapanukala ng inklusibong sistema ng mga kultural na yaman para sa
serbisyongpampubliko;at pagpapayabong ng kultura bilang malikhaing estratehiya para sa sosyo-
ekonomikong pag-unlad.Upang masakatuparan ang mga nabanggit na ideya tungo sa konserbasyon
at restorasyon ng Intramuros, sinusugan ito ng Conservation Management Plan of 2020 na
kasalukuyang batayan sa re-depinisyon ng distrito. Kabilang sa mga naitalang estratehiya ng
organisasyon ang pagpapanukala ng mga makasaysayan at kultural na espasyo sa porma ng mga
museo, galeriya at sentro ng pangkultural upang tugunan ang institusyonal na motibasyon ng IA tulad
ng pampublikong edukasyon, libangan at turismo. Dagdag pa, gamit ang sining biswal, lumilikha ang
IA ng espasyo para sa diyalogo at palitan ng ideya patungkol sa aspeto ng kultural (Tibayan 2020). Sa
mahabang panahon, patuloy na binibigyang halaga ng Intramuros Administration kasama ng ilang
kultural na orgnisasyon tulad ng UNESCO sa kakayahan nitong magtalaga ng World Heritage Sites;
mga lokal na institusyon tuladng NCCA, NHC at NM ang Intramuros bilang kultural na produkto.Sa
pamamagitan nang patuloy na pagsisinop, pangangalaga, pananaliksik at malikhaing gawain sa loob
nito ay nagsisilbi itong paraan sa pagpapatuloy ng ideyal na pag-imahe ng organisasyon.

4. Museo de Intramuros

Ang inisiyatibo ng IA tungo sa restorasyon ng lumang simbahan ay pinasimulan ng ilang Arkiyolohikal

na pag-aaral na pinamunuaan ng mga batikanong iskolar na sina Dr. OtleyBeyer at Dr. Esperidon
Arsenio Manuel. Ang panimulang eksplorasyon ng mga nabanggit na iskolar sa disiplina ng
Arkeyolohiya gayundin ang pamamahala ng Pambansang Museo ang nag-udyok na bigyan ng mas
malalim na importansiya ang simbahan ng San Ignacio. Pangunahin sa mga layunin tungo sa
kasalukuyang restorasyon ng simbahan ng San Ignacio ay tumatayong paraan ng pagsalba ng kultural
na yaman para sa susunod na henerasyon.Taong 2018 nang pinasimulan ang museyolohikal na
pagplano sa Museo de Intramuros dahil sa layunin na itanghal ang mga kultural na kagamitan sa
pamamagitan ng eksibisyon. Malibandito,ang museo ay tumutugon sa panturismong promosiyon ng
kasalukuyan. Sa pamumuno ng IA, binigyan ng bagong interpretasyon ang dating simbahan bilang
eklesiyastikong museo. Kasabay ng mahabang pagpaplano, maraming eksperto sa disiplina ng
Museyolohiya, Akitektura, Kasaysayang Pansining at programa ng Konserbasyong Pang-pamana ang
nagsama-sama para pagplanuhan ang kabuuang restorasyon. Kapansin-pansin ito sa modernong
disenyo ng loob at labas ng simbahan. Kaiba sa orihinal na anyo, mistulang na bura ang sopistikado at
ma-ornamentong disenyo sa loob kasama na ang pagiging bida ng altar. Samantala, ang ilan sa mga
orihinal na bahagi ng simbahan particular na ang kampanang kampanilya gayundin ang ablution
fountain ay nanatili gayong hindi na ito ginagamit. Humigit kumulang 300-milyong piso ang kinailangan
na pondo mula sa Pambansang Ahenisya para sa Kultura at Sining kasama ang Tourism Infrastracture
and Enterprise Zone bilang bahagi ng Intramuros Rehabilitation Program. Taong 2019 nang opisyal na
binuksan para sa publiko ang museo bilang bahaging paggunita sa ika-40 na anibersaryo ng Intramuros

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 50

Administration. Ito ay produkto ng kritikal at malikhaing interpretasyon nina Dr. Esperenza Gatbonton,
Ginoong Gino Gonzales, Dr. Cecilia Dela Paz, Ginoong Santiago Pilar at Ginoong Martin Tinio. Mariin
na ipinayahag ng mga curator mula sa iba„t-ibang disiplina na ang museo ay pumapaksa sa
kasaysayan at sining ng mga Pilipino at hindi sa interes ng mga kolonisador.

Sa kontekstong Museo de Intramuros na isang ekleksiyastikong museo, nakabalangkas ang

tematikong eksibisyon sa sosyo-historikal at kultural na konteksto ng mga koleksyon. Ang paglapat ng
museyolohikal na naratibo ay binibigyang laya ang kritikal na pag-usisa sa mga gamit bilang
instrumento ng kolonisasyon. Ang unang eksibisyon na pinamagatang Larawan: Religious Images as
Representation ay pumapaksa sa makasaysayang tagpo ng relihiyong Kristiyanismo sa Pilipinas (mga
larawan15-16).Sa pamamagitan ng sining, nagging matagumpay ang ebanghelisasyon ng mga
misyonaryong prayle partikular na sa lungsod ng Maynila. Ang pangalawang eksibisyon na
pinamagatang Sakramento: The Centrality of the Main Altar ay humahamon sa institusyonal na
kapangyarihan ng Simbahan. Pangunahin sa mga naitalang koleksyon para sa eksibisyon na ito ay
ang mga kagamitan sa sakramento at retablo na yari sa ginto at pilak. Sa kasaysayan ng kolonyalismo
sa Pilipinas, ang ginto ay sumasagisag sa kapangyarihan at kayamanan na Simbahan at Estado
lamang ang may pangunahing kontrol. Sa pamamagitan ng mga koleksyon ay kumakatawan ito sa
etnosentrismong Kanluraning lahi. Ang pangatlong eksibisyon na pinamagatang Santos Around Us:
Images of the Saints for Home Devotion ay pumapaksa sa malikhaing interpretasyon ng mga Indio
partikular na sa mga santo. Pangunahin sa mga binigyang pansin sa eksibisyon ay ang relasyon ng
paggawa ng mga santo na humahamon sa kolonyal na kapanagyarihan. Sa kabilang banda,
ipinapahayag nito ang mapagpalaya at malikhaing pagpapahayag at interpretasyon ng mga Pilipino na
malaki ang kaibahan sa mga Kanluraning imahen.

5. Casa Manila

Ang Casa Manila ay isa sa mga tanyag na pook pasyalan ng mga turista at estudyante sa Intramuros
dahil sa angking taglay nito na magbalik-tahak sa nakaraan. Ang museo na tinaguriang lifestyle
museum ay itinayo noong 1981 sa pamumuno ng dating IA Administrator na si Jaime Laya. Kung
susuriin ang konteksto ng panahon, ito marahil ay bahagi ng Ginuntuang Panahon ng Maynila na kung
saan maraming mga espasyo sa sining at kultura ang itinampok bilang bahagi ng City Beautification
project ng Dating Unang Ginang na si Imelda Marcos.

Batay sa taon ng institusyunalisasyon ng IA, ang re-konstruksyon ng estrkatura ay upang tugunan ang
layunin na gawing buhay muli ang Intramuros. Sa kasalukuyan, ito ay bahagi ng Plaza San Luis
Complex na binigyang konsepto ng IA bilang isang lumang lungsod. Ang lugar na ito sa Intramuros ay
kalimitang dinadayo ng mga turista dahil karatig nito ang Simbahan ng San Agustin at mga pook
pasyalan na nagpapahayag ng re-interpretasyon ng karanasan. Ang konsepto sa likod ng Casa Manila
ay naka batay sa isang tradisyunal na estraktura sa anyo ng bahay-na-bato. Sa kabuuan, ito ay
nahahati sa tatlong palapag. Ang orihinal na estraktura ay nakatayo sa kalye Jabaneros, Binondo na
pagmamaya-ari ng isang impluwensiyal na pamilya. Ang orihinal na museyolohikal na proyekto ay
pinatnubayan ng mga batikanong iskolar at eksperto mula sa iba„t-ibang disiplina tulad ni Ramon
Faustmann, David Barradas, Martin Tinio, at Conrado Escudero (Laya 2017).

6. Paglalagom

Mula 1981 hanggang sa kasalukuyan, ang institusyunalisasyon ng Casa Manila at Museo de

Intramuros ay isang kultural na aparato sa pag-imahe ng Intramuros bilang sentro ng kultura at
komersyo. Sa porma ng mga eksibiyon, ipinapakita ang kapangyarihan ng institusyon sa paglikha ng
halaga at kahulugan ng mga antigong koleksyon na kumakatawan sa pamanang Pilipino at kasaysayan
ng Intramuros. Sinuri ng pag-aaral na ito ang re-konstruksyon ng Casa Manila sa Plaza San Luis
Complex na tumutugon sa pangunahing mandato ng IA tungo sa preserbasyon ng urban na pag-unlad
na naka batay sa panahon ng pananakop ng bansang Espanya. Sa kontekstong ito, malinaw na ang
paggamit ng nakaraan ay naka ayon sa politika ng kasalukuyan at tungo sa hinaharap na motibasyon
ng institusyon. Nais bigyan diin ng Intramuros Administration ang malalim na koneksyon sa kasaysayan
sa pagitan ng lokal na komunidad at Intramuros. Sa kabila ng edukasyonal na layunin na ito, ilan lamang
sa mga naitala ng pag-aaral ay ang alienasyon ng mga lokal na komunidad na karamihan ay binubuo
ng mga informal settler. Isa sa mga mungkahi ng pag-aaral na ito na maituturing kapakipakinabang
para sa hinaharap ay ang pagpapayabong ng museyolohikal na programa tulad ng mga libreng

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 51

museum tour para sa lokal na komunidad, at pagsasagawa ng interactive na plataporma para sa mga
unibersidad na pumapaloob sa bisinidad ng Intramuros.

Samantala, sinuri rin ng pag-aaral na ito ang re-konstruksyon ng Museo de Intramuros sa pagtugon ng
institusyonal na mandato sa pangangalaga at pamamahala ng mga eklesiyastiko at kagamitang
debosyonal sa nabanggit na panahon. Sa kabuuan, ang seleksyon ng mga koleksyon ayon sa
pamamahala ng artworld (partikular na ang Administrador, at mga curator sa bawat museum) ay
lumilikha ng re-interpretasyon sa pamamagitan ng mga naitalang popular na motifs at tema. Sa
pamamagitan ng mga eksibisyon bilang bahagi ng pampublikong programa, naka-kubli sa mga ito ang
hamon para sa dinamikong negosasyon at pag-unawa ng pamanang Pilipino.

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Tibayan, Ramil. Online Interview. 20 May 2020.

Torres, JoseVictor. Ciudad Murada: A walk through historic Intramuros, Manila: Intramuros
Administration, c2005.

---------------------―Death of a heritage: Dominican War Accounts of the Burning of Santo Domingo

1941 and the Battle of Manila 1945ǁ, In Clio on a Elephant: Historical Essays and others, UST
Publishing House, c2003.

Uffelen,Chris. Contemporary Museum Architecture History Collections, Arenenbergstrasse Salenstein

Switzerland, 2011: 25-26.

Vanhee, Vein. ―On Shared Heritage and Its (False) Promisesǁ. In African Arts, Vol.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 54

PRESENTATION No. 4 : Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of San Agustin Church In Intramuros – Manila Using Fragility Curves

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of San Agustin Church in

Intramuros – Manila Using Fragility Curves
Ar-Ar S. Jambalos, Kyle R. Santos, Rojan S. Trillana, Natasha Mae V. Quinsaat, Michael Baylon

Abstract

Presently, San Agustin Church (SAC) in Intramuros–Manila, the country’s oldest church is about 413
years old. The structure’s age can be one of the factors of its vulnerability to seismic hazard. Moreover,
inclusion of seismic provisions in the NSCP was considered only in 1987. Those structures that have
not been designed to seismic codes are advised to undergo seismic assessment. Possibility of having
different damages after the event of seismic activities can be measured through structural modeling
and subjecting to earthquake simulation. In this study, SAC’s seismic vulnerability was analyzed using
Pushover Analysis and Time History Analysis. Model of SAC was subjected through a total of 7 ground
motion data of local earthquakes, with each ground motion data normalized from 0.1g to 2.0g of peak
ground acceleration (PGA). The damage rank obtained was “No Damage”. Unfortunately, the
researchers did not come up with the seismic fragility curves due to time constraints and pandemic.
However, following the standards set by the NSCP and SEAOC, the structure is therefore unsafe for
occupancy when subjected to seismic activity, considering only base shear as the mode of failure.

Keywords: fragility curves, Pushover Analysis, Time History Analysis, seismic vulnerability

1. The Problem and its Background

1.1. Introduction

The unique geographic location of the Philippines within the Pacific Ring of Fire causes the country
to be a seismically vulnerable region (National Geographic, 2019). In fact, there are five active fault
lines that rest in the country, namely the Western Philippine Fault, the Eastern Philippine Fault, the
South of Mindanao Fault, Central Philippine Fault and the Marikina/Valley Fault System (Medina,
2019).

Last 2013, the country suffered from a 7.2 magnitude Bohol earthquake that killed a total of 222
people and destroyed approximately 73,000 structures (PHILVOCS, n. d.). The Philippine Institute
of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is expecting the so-called “Big One”, a 7.2 magnitude
earthquake that would shake the ground along 100–kilometer West Valley Fault that traverses six
cities in Metro Manila (Reyes-Aguila, 2019). About 40 percent of residential and commercial
buildings will be destroyed, an estimated 34,000 people will die wherein 90 percent of it are due to
the collapsed structures including schools, hospitals, malls and churches (Pamintuan, 2019)
(NDRRMC, 2004).

Since 1972, the country’s civil and structural engineers are being guided by the National Structural
Code of the Philippines (NSCP) wherein minimum requirements for building structural systems
using perspective and performance-based provisions were established. It was only on 1987 in the
3rd edition of the book, when the seismic provisions were considered. The purpose of the seismic
provisions is to design seismic-resistant structures to safeguard against major structural damage
that may lead in loss of life and property (ASEP, 2013).

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 This study will focus on the masonry churches that are considered as one of the cultural heritage
sites in the country and were built using structural codes that were no longer used today that had
significant changes in the earthquake design.

1.2. Background of the Problem

Metro Manila, home to various historical sites is highly vulnerable to earthquakes. About 124
historical sites and structures are vulnerable to collapse when an earthquake with a magnitude
similar or higher than the 6.7 magnitude (Surigao Earthquake) happens in the country’s capital
(Gagalac, 2017).

San Agustin Church, an adobe stone church in Intramuros–Manila is known to be the oldest church
in the Philippines constructed in 1586. It was recognized as National Historical Landmark in 1976
and was named as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993 (Santos, 2012) (Aquino, 2019). The
current San Agustin Church is already the third version of the originally built San Agustin Church in
the area. The first version of the church was of bamboo and nipa while the second was constructed
out of wood, both destroyed by a fire. The third one which is the currently rising was made of adobe
stones which makes it the strongest one among the three versions. However, the structures
constructed with masonry materials are mostly brittle and vulnerable type of buildings when hit by
an earthquake (Murty, n.d.).

San Agustin Church withstood earthquakes in the past years. With the experienced earthquakes,
having not designed with seismic codes increases the collapse risk of the church. Last 2017, San
Agustin Church was reportedly hit by a series of medium sized earthquakes that shook Batangas
and its neighboring provinces and damaged several structures, including century old churches in
Batangas City and Taal. Because of this series of earthquakes, San Agustin Church suffered huge
cracks particularly on the area supporting the choir loft. A total of four cracks were appeared, with
one measuring 56 inches long and 36 inches deep; and another, 59 inches long and 30 inches
deep. The damage created a gap measuring two to five inches long (Sembrano, 2017).

Failure to study the effect of an earthquake to a structure may cause not only poverty but also loss
of lives of many, due to this matter seismic assessment is done to prevent or at least reduce the
damage. Also, those structures that have not been designed to resist seismic forces or designed
before the publication of the current seismic codes, buildings that are apparently of poor quality or
deteriorated with time are advised to undergo seismic vulnerability assessment. The results of this
assessment will determine if a building can be demolished, retrofitted to increase its capacity, or
modified to decrease its seismic demand (ASCE, 2014).

One of the widely used in the pre-earthquake disaster planning and post-earthquake recovery is
the fragility curves. Using fragility curves, the level of vulnerability of structures and its probability
to fail because of the occurrence of such hazard will be identified. Also, it states the possibility if
structures to exceed a certain level of damage due to the intensity of ground motion shaking
(Hemaltha G. M., 2017).

Fragility curves are utilized to lessen hazards that earthquakes may cause through the improvement
of seismic code. Fragility curves represent the probability that a structure passes a stated state of
damage as a result of a parameter that defines the seismic intensity. These curves are generated
through simulation (Remki, 2017).

Likewise, Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM) can be used for a number of purposes, such as speedy
assessment of a large inventory of structures, validation of plans of new buildings, analysis of the
existing building system to determine harm states and comparison of damage situations in buildings
with different soil movement amplitudes (Freeman, n.d. ).

The researchers intend to assess the seismic vulnerability of San Agustin Church using fragility
curve. The assessment will be possible through the utilization of the Capacity Spectrum Method. If
the seismic assessment was done, the hazards present in the church will be determined.

1.3. Statement of the Problem

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 This study intends to assess the vulnerability of San Agustin Church (SAC) in Intramuros – Manila
to seismic hazards using fragility curves. Specifically, this study will focus on the following:

- Develop a structural model of SAC;

- Utilize the Capacity–Spectrum Method in the determination of the SAC’s structural integrity
state;
- Simulate selected ground motion data to the church, thus, identifying the performance of the
SAC;
- Construct a set of seismic fragility curves in assessing the SAC;
- Provide a vulnerability assessment of SAC by using the derived set of fragility curves based
from the utilization its thresholds.

1.4. Significance of the Study

Earthquake does not kill people, but collapsing structures does. Failure to design to seismic codes
result most of the casualties. The structural integrity and reliability of the structures may depreciate
through the years due to general wear and tear, elements of nature and structural deterioration.
This will give preventive measurements to be done to assess the structure to save a thousand of
people lives.

This study will provide the San Agustin Church with a seismic vulnerability assessment providing
them information of the possible damage that may occur preparing the structure once the Metro
Manila hit by a major earthquake. Furthermore, this study will give a significant role to the structural
engineers and architects of the Church for this can serve as their future reference when a large-
magnitude earthquake strikes the Metro.

Moreover, this study will also benefit the owner (Order of San Agustin Fathers), Intramuros
Administration (IA), National Commission for Culture and Arts (NCCA), United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and other concerned organizations/agencies of the
Church, who are in charge for the welfare of the structures. These agencies will be provided a
concrete seismic evaluation that will assist them in making effective solution in dealing with
earthquake.

Finally, Conceptual Framework to the future researchers of Earthquake Engineering concerning

San Agustin Church, for this can serve as their stepping-stone to the next phase of seismic
assessment.

1.5. Conceptual Framework

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 Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

1.6. Scope and Limitation

The scope of this study is to have a seismic vulnerability assessment of San Agustin Church (SAC)
in Intramuros Manila using fragility curves. Rebound hammer test, a non-destructive test will be
used to gather the material properties of the desired member. AUTOCAD will be the software to be
used in making the As-Built plans – architectural and structural plans. SAP 2000 will be the software
to be used in making and simulation of the structural models when exposed to earthquakes.
Microsoft Excel will be used to analyze the result and generate curves from the data gathered and
performing the simulation.

On the other hand, this study limits on the seismic assessment method for generating fragility
curves to Non-Linear Static Analysis (Capacity Spectrum Method using Push-Over Analysis)
considering only shear as the mode of failure. Additionally, the structural performance of San
Agustin Church will be evaluated under the effects of numerous normalized peak ground
acceleration (PGA).

Twenty (20) strongest ground motion data will be gathered from the Incorporated Research
Institutions for Seismology (IRIS): ten (10) from the Philippines (local) setting and ten (10) form the
International (foreign) setting.

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 Table 1. Ground Motion Data
Source: Incorporated Research Institution for Seismology, 2020

2. Methodology

Structural Modelling of San Agustin Church (SAC)

The As-Built plan pertained to drawings having the current and present dimensions, conditioned
and layout of the existing structure. In this phase, the As-built plan of the San Agustin Church was
used in structural modeling using the following steps:

1. Acquire the As-built plans (architectural and structural) from NCCA. An updated and
completed As-built plans of San Agustin Church were available at the National Commission
for Culture and Arts (NCCA).

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 2. Perform a Rebound Hammer Test to establish the compressive strength of the
materials used in the San Agustin Church. The following were the procedures followed
for rebound hammering test (Mishra, 2019):

2.1. Hold the instrument firmly so that the plunger is perpendicular to the test surface.
2.2. Gradually pushed the instrument toward the test surface until the hammer impacts.
2.3. After impacted, maintain pressure on the instrument and, if necessary, depress the
button on the side of the instrument to be locked the plunger in its retracted position.
2.4. Read the rebound number on the scale to the nearest whole number and recorded
the rebound number.
2.5. Took ten readings from each test area. No two impact tests shall be closer together
than 25mm (1 in.).
2.6. Examined the impression made on the surface after impacted, and if the impacted
crushes or breaks through a near-surface air void disregarded the reading and took
another reading. Likewise, data pertained to the compressive strength and other
properties of materials used for San Agustin Church were available at NCCA.

3. Design a structural model of the San Agustin with the ground motion data from and
load predictions. Ten (10) strongest ground motion data in the Philippines setting and ten
(10) strongest ground motion in International setting were used and gathered from the
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS).

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of the SAC using Capacity Spectrum Method.

The Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM) was used to evaluate existing structures. The procedure
of CSM compares the capacity of the structure with the demand on the structure. The capacity
represented by the load-deflection curve and the demand was represented by response
spectra. On this phase, the researchers will be used the following steps:

4. Run the Pushover analysis in structural model of SAC. The following were the steps
followed in running the pushover analysis using SAP2000 (SAP2000, 2019):

4.1. Defined the acceptance criteria and the properties for pushover hinges.
4.2. Established the pushover hinges on the model then assigned its location and
properties.
4.3. Defined the pushover load cases.
4.4. Run the nonlinear static pushover analysis.
4.5. Displayed the pushover curve by selecting the showed push over function in the
display bar. Through this, the coordinates of each step of the curve will be viewed.

Pushover curve can be converted to capacity curve automatically in SAP2000 using formulas
from ATC-40.

5. From the ground motion data, derive the response spectrum; from the capacity
curve and response spectrum, determine the performance points.

Response spectrum of the 20 strongest ground motion data were derived using PRISM. Import
the Ground Motion Data (GMD) into the PRISM app to be generated the curve. Response
spectrum shown the relationship between the peak acceleration and its corresponding
structural response period.

On the other hand, the intersection between the capacity curve and response spectrum curve
are the performance points.

6. Identify the performance points based on the HAZUS limit state with their respective
rankings.

The damage state thresholds were defined with the agreement of the capacity spectrum as
shown in the table 2:

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 Table 2. Damage State Threshold

where:

Dy = yield spectral displacements; Du = ultimate spectral displacements

The damage indices were determined and calibrated to their respective level using estimated
value of the state thresholds in table 2. The measured values of the thresholds of the damage
state were used to be obtained the number of occurrences to obtain the number of occurrences
of each thresholds of the damage state. The table 3 showed the Damage index and Damage
Rank relationships:

Table 3. Damage Index and Damage Rank Relationship

7. Get the probability occurrence and obtain the damage ratio. Compute for the
cumulative damage ratio. The damage ratio is the number of occurrences of each
damage rank (no, slight, moderate, extensive, and complete) divided by the total number
of records. It was plotted against the natural logarithm (ln) of (PGA) to be determined the
mean and standard deviation that will be used to construct the fragility curves. The figure
shown an example of number of occurrences in each damage ranks.

Development of Seismic Fragility Curves

Fragility curves represented the probability of structural damage due to various ground shakings.
And more so they described a relationship between ground motion and level of damage. The
researchers followed the following steps in the development of seismic fragility curve of San Agustin
Church:

1. Estimate the statistical parameters to be used in the assessment. These statistical

parameters were the Maximum likelihood estimates, General least squares, and Moment
method.
2. Compute for the Probability of Exceedance (POE).
3. Plot the probability of exceedance (POE) and the peak ground acceleration (PGA) to obtain
the seismic fragility curve of San Agustin Church.

Parameters such as mean and standard deviations were used to be established a set of seismic
fragility curves. The value of damage ratio against the natural logarithm of PGA was plotted on a
lognormal probability paper to be obtained these parameters. On acquiring the values of standard
deviation and mean, the cumulative probability of occurrence (Pr) of the damage equal or higher
than the damage rank was computed by using equation (1).

𝑃𝑟 = Ф[{ln(X)−λ}] ξ

Where:
Pr – Cumulative Probability
Ø – Standard Normal Distribution X – Peak Ground Acceleration
λ – Mean; ξ – Standard Deviation

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 Seismic Vulnerability Assessment using Fragility Curves.

The following were the steps used in assessing the SAC’s vulnerability to seismic hazards using
fragility curves.

1. Determine the PGA at 10 percent (10%) of the moderate damage fragility curve.
2. Scale all the ground motion data (GMD) to PGA from the Step 10.
3. Simulate all the GMD from the Step 11 to the modelled structure.
4. Derive the maximum acceleration among GMD based from the simulation.
5. Calculate the base shear by multiplying the mass of the column to the acceleration from
the Step 14.

Data Gathering Instruments

In modelling the structure of San Agustin Church, an As-built Plans were used and a Rebound
Hammer Test, a non-destructive test in determining the compressive strength of the adobe stones
used in the church. Moreover, PRISM software was used for automatically processed raw strong
ground motion acceleration records to be generated acceleration, velocity, and displacement
response spectra.

Thus, the researchers used SAP2000, an engineering software that will be generated the data and
the three-modelled SAC for the development of fragility curves.

Rebound Hammer Test.

Rebound hammer consists of a spring-loaded steel hammer which was pushed through concrete
at a specific energy. The rebound generated when the hammer is pushed, indicated the values that
used to be determined the compressive strength of the concrete in accordance with conversion
chart. The basis of the rebound hammer test is from ASTM C805/C805M-13A.

PRISM

PRISM is a free program for seismic response analysis of structures idealized as single-degree-of-
freedom systems. The main features of the program include modification of earthquake records,
calculation of response time histories of various hysteresis models, and generation of elastic and
inelastic response spectra.

SAP2000

SAP2000 was developed by Computer and Structures, Inc. (CSi), a general-purpose civil
engineering software ideal for the analysis and design of engineering working on transportation,
industrial, public works, sports and other facilities. Basic and advanced systems, ranging from 2D
to 3D, of simple geometry to complex, may be modeled, analyzed, designed, and optimized using
a practical and intuitive object-based modeling environment that simplifies and streamlines the
engineering process. SAP2000 has proven to be the most integrated, productive and practical
general-purpose structural program.

Research Design

A quantitative research design was used in this study. The vulnerability of San Agustin Church in
seismic activities was assessed using fragility curves. The process of this study started from the
gathering of the ground motion data that will be gathered from the website: IRIS. The initial state of
the structure was obtained from the concern administration with regards to the buildings located in
Intramuros, Manila. An As – built plans were gathered and a non – destructive test– rebound
hammer test was conducted. After acquiring needed data, mathematical model of the structure was
created with the usage of the SAP 2000 – an analysis and design software. The next process was
the simulation using the ground motion data. Afterwards, different parameters derived from the
simulation were utilized to generate fragility curves. The performances of the three models of San
Agustin Church were analyzed in terms of yield strength and seismic capacity.

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 Research Setting

The As-Built Plan of San Agustin Church were gathered in National Commission for Culture and
Arts (NCCA). Moreover, the rebound hammer test was conducted in the location of the San Agustin
Church. On the other hand, further evaluation of vulnerability of the church, design and analysis
were taken place at Colegio de San Juan de Letran – Manila.

Respondents of the Study

The San Agustin Church (SAC) was the respondent of the study. The selected church was the
result from the selection among the historical masonry church in Manila.

Statistical Treatment

Fragility curves was a statistical tool representing the probability of exceeding a given damage state
as a function of and engineering demand parameter that represented the ground motion. The
following were the treatments of the statistics that used in the study:

Standard deviation

Where:
λ = mean ground motion data obtained
xi = individual ground motion data obtained
N = the sample size of ground motion data obtained

Damage Ratio

Where:
Dr = Damage Ratio

Probability of Exceedance

Where:
Pr – Cumulative Probability
Ø – Standard Normal Distribution
PGA – Peak Ground Acceleration
λ – Mean;
ξ – Standard Deviation

3. Results and Discussion

PHASE I: Structural Modelling of San Agustin Church (SAC)

Acquire the As-built plans (Architectural and Structural)

The As-built plans including architectural and structural of SAC were acquired from the Intramuros
Administration (IA) and National Commission for Culture and Arts (NCCA) and were documented

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 on the year 1995 and 2005, respectively. Both plans were used for the comparison. By description,
SAC is a 2–story masonry church, ground floor has an elevation of 7.16–meters and the second
floor has 7.29–meters, wall thickness is approximately 2–meters. SAC’s bell tower has a second
level with a total elevation of 15.06–meters and wall thickness of 2.1–meters. Scanned plans are
shown below:

Figure 2. Front Elevation, Left Side Elevation, and Cross Section of SAC
(Source: Intramuros Administration, 1995)

Figure 3. Ground and Second Floor Plan of SAC

(Source: Intramuros Administration, 1995)

Figure 4. Belltower Detail, Side Entrance A, and Elevation of SAC

(Source: Intramuros Administration, 1995)

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 Figure 5. Ground Floor Plan
(Source: NCCA, 2005)

Figure 6. Front Elevation

(Source: NCCA, 2005)

Design a structural model of SAC with the ground motion data from IRIS and load
description

The tables below show the selected ground motion data (GMD) and the peak ground acceleration
(PGA). The GMD were acquired from the databases of IRIS. On the other hand, the researchers
obtained the PGA with the used of PRISM.

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 Table 4. Ground Motion Data (Maximum and Minimum)

Table 5. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)

The researchers developed the structural model of SAC using the Sketch UP 2020 and SAP2000.
The gathered As-built plans were drawn were drawn using Sketch UP 2020 and then converted to
SAP2000. Screenshots of the structural model are shown below.

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 Figure 7. SAC’s Structural Model in Sketch UP

Figure 8. SAC’s Structural Model in SAP200

PHASE II to PHASE IV (The COVID-19 Effect)

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new strain of virus first detected in Wuhan, China in 2019.
This pandemic caused a global health crisis that has a deep impact on the people living. Almost 200
countries (and still counting) globally including the Philippines had been affected by the said pandemic.
The arising virus made the government decide to suspend the face-to-face classes and imposed an
enhanced community quarantine (ECQ). This caused the researchers to stop the data gathering for the
research study.

The suspension of classes led the researchers not to perform the Rebound Hammer Test, a test used
to determine the compressive strength of the materials in SAC that will be used also in SAP2000.
Fortunately, the researchers still gathered the set of properties of materials used in San Agustin Church
from the NCCA. Despite of the pandemic, the researchers still provide an output using a time history
analysis to present the simulation of the earthquake to the structure. Moreover, due to time constraints,
the researchers only use 7 local earthquakes and unable to simulate using international earthquakes.

Pushover Curve

The Figure 9 presents the Pushover curve in X-direction while Table 4.3 displays the summary of
its values. The figure shows that the maximum displacement occurred at 0.000488 m. withstanding
a base shear force of 8583.108 kN. Moreover, the yield point was reached at a base force 5925.937
kN. at 0.000361 m. displacement.

Figure 9. Push-over Curve X-direction

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 Table 6. Summary of the Pushover curve at X-direction

On the other hand, Figure 10 presents the Pushover curve at Y-direction while Table 7 displays the
summary of its values. The figure shows that the maximum displacement occurred at 0.138904m
withstanding a base shear force of 8680.081 kN. The yield point was reached at a base force
4475.43 kn. at 0.056009 m. displacement.

Figure 10. Push-over Curve Y-direction

Table 7. Summary of the Pushover curve at Y-direction

In comparison of the two summary it shows that X-direction is a weak axis and the Y-direction is
the strong axis resisting a larger base shear force. The yielding point of the structure was
determined where the linearity of the slope of the pushover curve ends.

Hysteresis Curve

The following figures are the hysteresis curves acquired from the nonlinear dynamic analysis
procedure generated by the SAP2000 simulation using the ground motion data of a local
earthquakes. Hysteresis curves show the nonlinear response of the structure from different ground
motion data of different earthquakes. The area bounded by the hysteresis curve is the hysteretic
energy that was used in the calculation of ductility factors.

This study used 7 of local earthquakes with the East-West (EW) and North South (NS) direction of
the ground motion data.

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 Figure 11. Base Shear X with respect to Time at EW direction

Figure 12. Base Shear Y with respect to Time at EW direction

Figure 13. Displacement at Joint 37 X with respect to Time at EW direction

Figure 14. Displacement at Joint 37 Y with respect to Time at EW direction

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 Figure 15. Base Shear X with respect to Joint 37 X at EW direction

Figure 16. Base Shear Y with respect to Joint 37 Y at EW direction

Figure 17. Base Shear X with respect to Time at NS direction

Figure 18. Base Shear Y with respect to Time at NS direction

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 Figure 19. Displacement at Joint 37 X with respect to Time at NS direction

Figure 20. Displacement at Joint 37 Y with respect to Time at NS direction

Figure 21. Base Shear X with respect to Joint 37 X at NS direction

Figure 22. Base Shear Y with respect to Joint 37 Y at EW direction

Performance Points

The Table 8 shows the performance points of local earthquakes at East-West (EW) direction and
the Table 9 are the performance points at North-South (NS) direction.

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 Table 8. Performance Points at East-West (EW) Direction

Table 9. Performance Points at North-South (NS) Direction

The displacement of performance points at East-West respective yield displacement, results a “No
Damage” occurrences.

4. Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1. Conclusion

Historical sites and buildings are highly vulnerable to seismic events. The structural integrity and
reliability of the structures are depreciating through the years making the safety of the people within
and outside of the structure are at stake when a devastating earthquake occurs. Due to this matter,
the need for the seismic vulnerability assessment for historical buildings arises to assess the
structural soundness of a structure against earthquakes.

This study intends to assess the vulnerability of San Agustin Church (SAC) in Intramuros–Manila
to seismic hazards using its As-built plans and seismic fragility curves. The researchers performed
the procedures for this study and came up with the following conclusion:

- The first phase of this study was to develop a structural model of San Agustin Church. The
researchers were able to design the structural model of SAC using the As-built plan including
elevation, floor plans and structural plans obtained from the NCCA and Intramuros
Administration. The accuracy of the structural model depends on the precision and accuracy of
the existing As-built plans.

- The results from the pushover and dynamic nonlinear analyses were used to determine the
ductility parameters of this study and subsequently to calculate the damage indices. Using the
damage index and damage rank relationship by HAZUS, the damage rank obtained in this
study was No Damage. This is because only local earthquakes were only used in the analyses
and not international earthquakes with higher peak ground acceleration.

- Unfortunately, the researchers did not come up with the fragility curves of San Agustin Church
due to time constraints and the pandemic.

- However, in section 2.3.3 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) Volume 1,
the following figure 23 is excerpted:

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 Figure 23. NSCP Specifications on 0.4g PGA for Zone 4

- In addition, the Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) has the following
excerpt:

“A structure with a 30 or more years of lifespan is NOT SAFE when subjected to a seismic
event of 10% probability of exceedance of collapse or total damage. The structure being more
than 50 years old is vulnerable to large magnitude earthquakes.”

- Thus, the San Agustin Church, the country’s oldest church is almost 413 years old. Following
the standards set by the NSCP and SEAOC, the structure is therefore unsafe for occupancy
when subjected to seismic activity, considering only base shear as the mode of failure.

4.2. Recommendation

The seismic vulnerability assessment of this study presented specifically in the following areas (1)
usage of a single structural analysis software – SAP2000 (2) the consideration of only one mode
of failure – the base shear in X and Y direction and analysis of the generated fragility curves. With
these concerns, future researchers and those associated in this study, the authors recommend the
following:

- Consider the cost of retrofitting or repairs in seismic response mitigation policies in defining
fragility curves. This will require an evaluation of economic losses of San Agustin Church, it is
possible to generate fragility curves considering economic point of view. The damage level and
the building type should serve as the basis of the repair cost.

- As per the damage rank obtained using local earthquakes resulting a no damage, the
researchers recommend using international earthquakes with higher PGA for better results and
might be possible to generate fragility curves.

- The researchers would like to recommend the San Agustin church to start a retrofitting
procedure to the whole structural system as a counter measure against the impending high
magnitude earthquakes. This will provide an opportunity to San Agustin Church to reconstruct
with earthquake-resistive specifications and enforce safety to the users of the church.

- Despite the pandemic happening, the research study is necessary to finish the semester of a
five – year course. Given the situation encountered, it is very difficult to finish the research.
Therefore, the researchers also recommend to prepare for unexpected events to happen that
might affect the data gathering, install the needed software earlier than experimentation day to
reduce time constrain, availability of resources at home if the study is an application base using
a system and mastery to use the needed software to avoid errors and delay of completion.

Bibliography

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PRESENTATION No. 5 : La Muni: Creative Hub Enhancing Workplace for Future Workforce through Generation Z Suitable Architecture

La Muni: Creative Hub Enhancing Workplace for Future

Workforce through Generation Z Suitable Architecture

Praise S. Diokno

Abstract

Ateneo de Manila University, of great importance in Philippines history, once stood in Intramuros,
Manila. It was obliterated in WWII in 1945. At the time of writing, the site of Ateneo Municipal in
Intramuros is occupied by the DOT Clamshell with no trace. AI's developments, by the PD1616, shall
there be anything built on the site of Ateneo Municipal, it should be the Ateneo Municipal as it was
known. However, the Conservation Management Plan (CMP) discusses international practice does not
favor the reconstruction of built heritage that had already been lost. The goal of this research is to
discuss the cultural significance indicators of Ateneo Municipal; to analyse the site and trace the trend
of physical developments and events in Intramuros; and to develop a criteria to ultimately arrive with
the best function for the reconstructed Ateneo Municipal. Knowing this will make Ateneo Municipal
resilient and therefore will further its cultural significance into the future. Ateneo Municipal indicates
aesthetic and historical value satisfying its potential cultural significance. In order of importance, the
criteria developed was (1) Coordinates with Intramuros as a place of residence, education, religion, and
government; (2) Aligns to the past developments and events in Intramuros; (3) Relates to the view of
the stakeholders regarding DOT Clamshell; (4) Incorporates with Museo de Intramuros; and lastly (5)
Conforms to the original use of Ateneo Municipal. Tested with two other proposals, the best function for
the reconstructed Ateneo Municipal is a professional-centered creative hub.

Keywords: Intramuros, Reconstruction, Ateneo Municipal, Cultural Significance

1. Introduction

1.1. Background of the Study

Reconstruction is the process of rendering the form, features, and detailing of a non-surviving
building or structure through new construction for the purpose of its appearance at a specific period
of time and in its historic location. It is appropriate only when there is sufficient evidence to
reproduce an earlier state and should be identifiable on close inspection or through additional
interpretation. (Australia ICOMOS Incorporated, 2013)

Intramuros, which literally means “within the walls” in Spanish is a walled district. During the
Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, it was synonymous with Manila City, which is the capital
of the country. It was the center of political powers, religion, education, and commerce.
Unfortunately, it was destroyed in the Battle of Manila in 1945. Consequently, churches,
government buildings, educational institutions and other heritage structures were obliterated. Only
the San Agustin Church was left somehow intact. The Presidential Decree No. 1616, s 1979 (P.D.
1616) created “Intramuros Administration” for the purpose of restoring and administering the
development of Intramuros. As the purpose of the Administration, it has been successful in restoring
the walls and conserving a number of structures within. This includes the Ayuntamiento which was
reconstructed in 2013. Along with these destroyed structures is the San Ignacio Church adjoining
the Casa Mision Convent, which was recently reconstructed as Museo de Intramuros. It officially
opened on April 29, 2019 as one of the highlights of Intramuros Administration’s 40th anniversary

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 as an institution. (The Manila Times, 2019) The museum now houses ecclesiastical museum that
will house a thousand artifacts that the Intramuros Administration had collected over time. San
Ignacio Church was built by the Jesuits. The lot of Museo de Intramuros is one block away from the
San Agustin Church block. Immediately beside the lot of the now Museo de Intramuros is the site
of Ateneo Municipal, an educational institution also built by the Jesuits. It is divided by Anda street
but was connected by a bridge. These establish that there was an institutional and physical
connection between the two, and therefore has equal importance and attention deserved.

Lastly, this research is a response to the The Intramuros Conservation Management Plan (CMP),
which was prepared and released in December 2019 in order to establish the significance of
Intramuros and the practices needed to protect it.

1.2. Project Justification

Under Presidential Decree No. 1616, it was sufficiently justified how the reconstruction of the
Ateneo Municipal should be done. Rule IV which discusses Land Use Policies and Regulations in
Section 4 states that San Agustin Church and all adjacent blocks are declared as belonging to
Special Zones. The lot of the Ateneo Municipal falls under this criteria, and is therefore a Special
Zone. In Section 5 of the same Rule, it states that rules such as creating an authentic ambiance of
Intramuros of the 1890’s shall be applied to Special Zones. Likewise, the facade of buildings shall
be made faithful reproductions of the architecture of the era. In addition, Rule VI which discusses
the Specific Building Requirements in Section 2 states that historical precedents shall, whenever
available, be respected and be the primary consideration in allowing or disallowing specific
architectural structures or designs. Ultimately, all buildings and structures shall be so designed and
constructed as to contribute to furthering the ambiance and re-creating the Intramuros of the 1890’s.
Historical precedents are in fact available for the said lot. However, according to the Burra Charter,
reconstruction means returning a place to a known earlier state and is different from restoration in
such a way that it uses new materials. The same charter explains that reconstruction is only
appropriate only when a place is incomplete through damage or alteration, and only when there is
sufficient evidence to reconstruct the earlier state. According to Policy 22 in the CMP which
discusses reconstruction, current international practice does not favor the reconstruction of built
heritage that had already been lost. It says that it’s only appropriate to reconstruct when the
structure still exists, and is merely incomplete, among those mentioned earlier. As there are still no
set of criteria and protocols to identify when reconstruction would be appropriate, this does not
completely discourage the reconstruction of Ateneo Municipal. Instead may help in the elaboration
of a guide for future reconstructions.

1.3. Statement of the Problem

Discussed in the CMP, In an online survey for the general public, which will be discussed further in
this paper, historical, cultural heritage purposes and facilities were identified as the top priority in
development. Likewise, it identifies establishing more cultural, historical, arts events and facilities
as one of the top tier issues. However, in the same survey, specific buildings that should be
reconstructed (such as the old churches, University of Santo Tomas and other schools, Aduana
and Intendencia) were identified as not a priority. The Ateneo Municipal is one of these schools. In
addition, around two decades ago IA had a proposal for the reconstruction of Ateneo Municipal
which never pushed through. This will likewise be discussed further in the paper. Lastly,
surrounding blocks, especially the immediate San Ignacio block, has been developed, and the
General Luna street is more active than ever. This research will deal with the following problems:

- Lack of understanding of the architectural value of the Ateneo Municipal site to the general
public;
- Lack of updated and active plan for the reconstruction of Ateneo Municipal;
- Lack of recognition that Ateneo Municipal site is not being used to its full potential whereas its
surrounding blocks are developing.

1.4. Significance of the Study

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 Ateneo Municipal holds values that suggest its cultural significance. Reconstruction reveals the
culturally significant aspects of a place. This helps in enriching people’s lives by reflecting the
diversity of our communities and revealing to the people what formed them. Ultimately they serve
as a historical record that expresses our country’s identity. However, it is recognized that the
significance of a place goes beyond its historical period. Knowing the best function for the
reconstructed Ateneo Municipal, with the present community in mind, will make it resilient and
therefore will further its cultural significance into the future.

1.5. Goals and Objectives

The goal of this research is to mainly identify the most suitable function for the reconstructed
Ateneo Municipal. This includes identifying the users, possible investors, and activities. This may
be achieved through the following objectives:
- To understand Ateneo Municipal and assess its cultural significance;
- To conduct a site analysis for Ateneo Municipal and behavior and determine the direction of
events and developments within and immediately outside Intramuros;
- To develop a criteria for the most suitable function for the reconstructed Ateneo Municipal.

1.6. Scope and Delimitation

This research will be done with an architectural perspective merely guided by other fields.
Therefore, architectural problems and goals were identified. Likewise, architectural methods will be
done to collect and analyze data, and ultimately conclude. In addition, this research seeks to know
the best function for the reconstructed Ateneo Municipal. This includes identifying its users, possible
investors, and activities.

The justification of the reconstruction of Ateneo Municipal is mainly based on the PD 1616, as
stated earlier in this paper. The CMP was released in December 2019 which was shortly before the
conclusion of the paper this research is derived from. This research is updated with new information
from the CMP and will consider recommendations from it. Most especially regarding the practice of
reconstruction, such as the assessment of cultural significance and ultimately having the statement
of significance for Ateneo Municipal. This is because only cultural experts may do such. However,
this research will discuss guidelines for assessing cultural heritage significance from Australia
ICOMOS visavis literature that may support the reconstruction of Ateneo Municipal. Due to the
CoronaVirus Pandemic and constraint of time, there were numerous restrictions that have led to
the inability of the researcher to conduct an updated ocular visit, acquire more recent and better
photos, and conduct interviews. Likewise, the Intramuros Administration Library is closed which
limits the acquisition of any additional information.

2. Methodology

This research will be done through various research approaches, such as:

- Library research, mainly in the Intramuros Administration library - The information needed from
this are the site data of the Ateneo Municipal site, architectural plans, and exterior and interior
photos of the then Ateneo Municipal, and architectural plans and perspective of previously
proposed reconstruction of Ateneo Municipal.
- Ocular inspection of the Ateneo Municipal site and surrounding blocks. - The information
needed from this is the current physical situation of the Ateneo Municipal site, such as the
presence of built structure or lack thereof, occupants of the site, vegetation, visuals and sound,
sun and wind path, vehicle and foot traffic, access points, and nearby establishments among
many others.
- Internet research, mainly in the Intramuros Administration website. - The information needed
from this are the events that have been taking place inside Intramuros in the past 3 years (this
also includes physical developments). Documents needed from this are the PD 1616, CMP,
The Burra Charter, Practice Note for Understanding and assessing cultural significance, and
Guideline: Assessing cultural heritage significance – Using the cultural heritage criteria.
- Consultation among architects and institutional representatives. - The information needed from
this are ones that are not usually written and published. Examples of these are the process of

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 realizing a project, reasons for non-pursuit of proposals, and any comments and
recommendations among many others.

Data gathered from these will aid in understanding the Ateneo Municipal and assessing its cultural
significance based on the Guideline: Assessing cultural heritage significance – Using the cultural
heritage criteria. Other data will be used to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of Ateneo
Municipal (site analysis) and to map the trend of developments, physical and otherwise, inside and
outside Intramuros (behavior analysis). Based on the site analysis, behavior analysis, and PD 1616 and
CMP, a new function for the reconstructed Ateneo Municipal will be proposed. These will likewise be
the basis for function selection criteria of the reconstructed Ateneo Municipal. This criteria will then be
used in a Likert Scale to compare two past proposals for the reconstructed Ateneo Municipal and the
one proposed in this research.

3. Review of Related Literature

3.1. Ateneo Municipal

Ateneo Municipal is now the Ateneo de Manila University in Loyola Heights, Quezon City. It traces
its history way back when the Spanish Jesuits arrived in the Philippines back in 1581. The institution
was once in Intramuros, Manila. It was made into a royal and pontifical university, the very first
university in the Philippines and in Asia. Likewise, for a time, it was the only primary school in
Manila. It had different names, but eventually became Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865. The
Ateneo Municipal offered the bachillerato as well as technical courses leading to certificates in
agriculture, surveying, and business. This is where Jose Rizal, the national hero of
thePhilippines,oncestudied. In1932,theAteneotransferredtoPadreFaura,Manilaafterafire destroyed
it. However, the campus both in Padre Faura and Intramuros were likewise totally destroyed in the
Battle of Manila in 1945. (Ateneo de Manila University, n.d.) The institution itself holds a significant
place in the educational and religious history of the country which makes it valuable. In addition,
the original building’s style is Philippine-Spanish Architecture of the 16th to the 19th Century which
is rich and unique in itself. In addition, it is the same style as a number of churches in the Philippines
which were honored by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee by inscribing four churches in the
UNESCO World Heritage List as the “Baroque Churches of the Philippines.” One of these churches
is the San Agustin Church in Intramuros Manila. (UNESCO, n.d.)

There were actually two Ateneo Municipal Buildings. First is the old one which is at the corner of
the block. It’s mostly white or cream in color and is the one that has a bridge that connects to San
Ignacio Church. What is being described in this paper and what’s seen in most pictures is the rebuilt
old Ateneo building. The original one has seemingly two floors only. The second is the more famous
building which is usually the focus in pictures. It’s red or brown in color and is heavily ornamented,
compared to the old one. The new building was built in the early 20th century, the same time the
university lost its subsidy from the government and became a private institution. This is why
“municipal” was likewise removed from the university’s name. As mentioned earlier, years
afterwards the old ateneo building would be demolished to expand the new building. The grand
layout of Ateneo Municipal in 1909 seemingly shows this expansion.

Figure 1: Grand layout of Ateneo Municipal in 1909. From the Intramuros Administration Archives.

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 Figure 2: Bridge between Ateneo Municipal and San Ignacio Church. From the Intramuros
Administration Archives.

Figure 3: Ateneo Municipal grand staircase. From the Intramuros Administration Archives.

Upon entering Ateneo Municipal, there was an iconic grand staircase that is still respected for
reconstruction efforts. It had classrooms specific for arts and science. There was a museum for
natural history, library, upright pianos along the corridor, dining hall, dormitory, chapel, auditorium
or theatre, and courtyard. According to the CMP, there is no archeological assessment for the
Ateneo Municipal. However, there is a marker by the Administration for the site.

It is believed that the sculptor responsible for the intricately ornamented entrance of Ateneo
Municipal was Isabelo Tampingco, the same sculptor responsible for the wood carvings in San
Agustin Church and the Church of San Ignacio in Intramuros, Manila Cathedral's famous facade,
the high relief on Santo Domingo Church's molave door, and many more. He was a Chinese-
mestizo and classicist sculptor before art was even taught in tertiary education institutions. He was
trained at the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura. Evidently, he was the favored artist of the Jesuits
during the late 19th century. In fact, he was one of Jose Rizal’s classmates in Ateneo Municipal
itself. In addition, he represented the Philippines through his works in various international events,
such as Exposicion Universal de Barcelona (1888), Exposición Regional de Filipinas (1895), and
the St. Louis Exposition (1904). He was likewise awarded the Mérito Civil from Governor-General
Domingo Moriones. (Olivares, 2016)

3.2. DOT Clamshell

At the time of writing, the site of Ateneo Municipal is entirely occupied by an air conditioned tent,
DOT (Department of Tourism) Clamshell. It looks like a clamshell, thus the name. It may also be
referred to as the WOW Philippines tent. The Department of Tourism which is the same department
IA is under, once had a campaign named Wow Philippines. The DOT Clamshell was built to host
numerous trade fairs that showcase indigenous products from the different provinces of the country.
Activities from this campaign were the most anticipated in Intramuros. Representatives of the
Barangays within Intramuros were invited for a focused group discussion on February 16, 2019.
According to them, it was also with the start of WOW Philippines that change in the community
happened. There was renewed government interest, new activities, a livelier community, and new
sources of livelihood. It was also used for numerous private events.

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 In the same focused group discussion, many of them see Intramuros as a fundamental part of their
daily lives. The younger members of the community enjoy spending time together at The DOT
Clamshell Stakeholders representing religious and educational institutions, as well as those of
business enterprises within Intramuros, were likewise invited for a focus group discussion on March
2, 2019 at the IA office. Stakeholders feel it necessary to enhance the community. It was suggested
to reinstitute the cultural presentation at The DOT Clamshell. A blog described The DOT Clamshell,
however, as a tacky structure and after seeing the elegant Spanish architecture of the rest of
Intramuros, is jarring, to say the least. (Hilda, 2010)

3.3. Recent Developments and Priorities

Intramuros has had numerous physical developments in the past recent years. Mentioned often in
this paper is the reconstruction of the San Ignacio Church as the Museo de Intramuros which
houses the Administration’s collection of period art including cclesiastical art, furniture, vestments,
and textiles and other artifacts. Another is the Likha-an: Lunduyan ng Tradisyonal na Sining at
Kultura (Resource Center for Philippine Living Traditions) located in Puerto Real Gardens. As the
name suggests, it is a space dedicated to promote and preserve the Philippines' traditional arts
through public events and engagements. The most awaited project yet, is the Maestranza Creative
Quarter, a creative hub. As of writing, the Maestranza is being constructed.

The envisioned plans for the creative hub include spaces that will host information technology,
animation, art, media and other initiatives under a plan developed in consultation with the Creative
Economy Council of the Philippines. There will be artist studios, exhibition halls, incubation spaces,
and workshop areas. Thirty-two out of 44 chambers are for lease to emerging creators at an
affordable rate. The size of each chamber ranges from 36 square meters to 44 square meters, while
larger spaces are expected to be converted into food halls, cafés, business centers, and additional
event halls. It has a roof deck that is huge enough to hold bigger art-related events. In addition, the
ferry station could also be possible to connect it with other areas in the metro through the Pasig
River Ferry System. (Dela Cruz, 2019) Apart from commercial purposes, it aims to be an education
center, “as a place where you can do workshops, as a place where you can learn, can invite world-
class speakers in order to uplift Philippine design.” (Mercado, 2018).

Among many more, other physical developments include the redevelopment of Fort Santiago and
the opening of its dungeons to the public for a “complete Fort Santiago experience.” More
specifically, the dungeon serves as a built narrative of the unfortunate events during WWII. There
were also temporary installations such as The Book Stop, a pop-up library, and urban art. Updated
markers for sites of importance have likewise been installed.

An online survey for the general public was open from May 10 - 20, 2019 through a variety of
Philippines heritage, culture, history, and government Facebook pages. According to this survey,
the general public identifies historical, cultural heritage purposes and facilities as the top priority in
development. Likewise, it identifies establishing more cultural, historical, arts events and facilities
as one of the top tier issues. However, in the same survey, specific buildings that should be
reconstructed (such as the old churches, University of Santo Tomas and other schools. Aduana
and Intendencia) were identified as not a priority.

3.4. Reconstruction

According to the Burra Charter, reconstruction is one of the processes included in conservation.
(Other ones included are retention or reintroduction of a use; retention of associations and
meanings; maintenance, preservation, restoration, adaptation, interpretation, and retention of the
contribution that related places and related objects make to the cultural significance of a place.
Commonly, conservation includes a combination of more than of these mentioned.) Reconstruction
means returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the
introduction of new material. New material may include recycled material salvaged from other
places. Acquiring such new materials should not be harmful to any place of cultural significance.
According to the same charter, Reconstruction is appropriate only where a place is incomplete
through damage or alteration, and only where there is sufficient evidence to reproduce an earlier
state of the fabric. However, places with social or spiritual value may justify reconstruction, even

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 though very little may remain. Such as only the building footings or tree stumps. Still, the
requirements for sufficient evidence to reproduce an earlier state is still necessary.

Reconstruction was opposed by heritage conservation professionals. The reason for this is
because this process may falsify history and create a fictional place that never existed in that form.
This is in alignment with one of the key points in a focus group discussion with tour guides operating
in Intramuros which was held on May 27, 2019. There is a lack of knowledge that Intramuros is not
a theme park, but was and is a living community. It is crucial to understand Intramuros beyond
being a simulation of a snapshot of time. A perfect example of this is the Las Casas Filipinas de
Acuzar, a destination in Bagac, Bataan for a collection of restored Spanish-Filipino houses from
different parts of the Philippines. According to French art historian and archaeologist Adolphe
Napoléon Didron: “it is better to consolidate than repair, better to repair than to restore, better to
restore than to reconstruct.” The CMP in Policy 22: Reconstruction likewise recognizes that current
international practice does not favor the reconstruction of built heritage that had already been lost.
Unlike in the case of San Ignacio Church, little remains. The crypt (a secondary burial place for
many Jesuits brothers), the aljibe (collects rainwater for consumption), and the arch chamber
remains. Likewise, there were archeological findings for earthenware. However, there is a shift in
attitude towards reconstruction that is made evident by the decisions. World Heritage Committee
and UNESCO. Some built heritage were reconstructed on the basis of restoring the cultural value,
an intangible dimension of the property, provided that there is “complete and detailed
documentation and to no extent on conjecture.” This shift is influenced by the ideas from The Nara
Document on Authenticity, which was also affirmed in the Charter of Venice. It states that
authenticity appears as the essential qualifying factor concerning values. In addition, authenticity
judgements may be linked to the worth of a great variety of sources of information. Aspects of the
sources may include form and design, materials and substance, use and function, traditions and
techniques, location and setting, and spirit and feeling, and other internal and external factors. This
expands the use of intangible attributes to make the case stronger for reconstruction.

In a lecture by Prof. Eric Zerrudo in Heritage 101 organized by the National Commission for Culture
and the Arts back in 2016, he states that heritage is not merely the house, but also the road where
the house is built by, the neighboring house, the perspective, the town where the house is located,
and if one looks from afar it will then be the whole landscape. A diagram was likewise presented.
This diagram visually aids the relation of time (future continuity and past memory) and meaning
(meaningful interpretation and meaningless obsoletion). Reconstruction falls under quadrant 1
which identifies as a meaningful interpretation and future continuity of heritage, thus living.

3.5. Cultural Significance

Cultural Significance is the sum of qualities or values a place has. There are five main values,
namely: aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future
generations, as listed in the Burra Charter. It is embodied in the place itself, fabric setting, use,
associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects. The five values recently
mentioned are often included in Australian heritage legislation, However, some jurisdictions
include extra terms such as “architectural” or “archeological” value. To evaluate these qualities,
some heritage agencies use a set of significance indicators for the purpose of consistency.
However, this criteria may be as simple as the five values. These criteria may have both tangible
and intangible aspects, but both are essential and acknowledged. Many times, this is often reliant
on comparison of the place with another similar example within the defined area.

The following is a brief explanation of these values:

- Aesthetic value - this refers to the sensory and perceptual experience of a place, how one
responds to the visual and non-visual aspects such as sound, smells, and other factors
having a strong impact on human thoughts, feelings and attitudes.
- Historic value - this is meant to encompass all the aspects of history, such as the history of
aesthetics, arts and architecture, science spirituality, and society. If a place has influenced, or
has been influenced by a historic event, phase, movement or activity, person or group of
people, it may have historic value. In any place, the significance is greater if the evidence
survives. However, some events may be so important that the place retains its significance
regardless of absence of evidence.

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 - Scientific value - this refers to the information content of a place and its ability to reveal more
about an aspect of the past through further examination or investigation, such as
archeological techniques. This likely depends on the important, rarity, quality or
representativeness of the data.
- Social value - this simply refers to the associations of a place to a particular community or
cultural group and the social and cultural meaning that the place has for them.
- Spiritual value - this refers to the intangibles evoked by a place which relate to spiritual
identity or traditional knowledge, art and practice. This is reflected in emotional responses.

3.6. Land Use

The CMP states that the IRR of the P.D. 1616 is not specific on the zoning of the land use in
Intramuros. However, it generally adopts a mixed-use strategy that more accurately reflects the
historical character and land use of the area. It does, however, enumerate compatible uses which
are allowed to coexist within the boundaries of Intramuros, similar to how it had been allowed to
organically evolve during the Spanish and American periods. Section 4 states that San Agustin
Church and all adjacent blocks are declared as belonging to Special Zones. The lot of the Ateneo
Municipal falls under this criteria, and is therefore a Special Zone. Section 5 states that specific
land uses of any block within the zone shall, whenever possible, conform to the original uses of
the land or structure previously located on it. It also states that rules such as creating an authentic
ambiance of Intramuros of the 1890’s shall be applied to Special Zones. Likewise, the facade of
buildings shall be made faithful reproductions of the architecture of the era. This includes height
and dimensions. Section 6 states that only the following establishments dealing with the listed
various trades and activities shall be allowed in Special Zones.

- Specialty shops dealing in leathercraft, other types of handicrafts and souvenir shops; jewelry
shops; shops dealing with religious articles like rosaries, candles and veils; antique stores
and flower stalls.
- Art galleries, artists’ studios, photographic shops dealing in period portrait portraits, music
shops (excluding those dealing with electronic guitars and the likes).
- Pastry shops specializing in Spanish delicacies; coffee shops and restaurants.
- Post offices, business offices, banks, newsstands and bookstores, barbershops,
tobacconists, laundry shops, hatmakers.
- Pensions and inns.
- Any other establishments similar or related to the ones listed above which IA may deem
permissible under the Intramuros Development Plan.

3.7. Creative Industry in the Philippines

The Philippine creative economy is increasing. In fact, 7.34% of the country’s GDP comes from
creative industries. (The Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines) Manila exported $915.45
million of creative goods in 2014, a jump of nearly 18 percent from $775.83 million in 2005. In 2014
the United States was the top destination of Philippine creative goods exports with $472.56 million,
trailed by Japan with $136.03 million, China with $38.45 million, Italy with $30.73 million and
Germany with $22.56 million. (Creative Economy Outlook: Trends in International Trade in Creative
Industries) However, it’s difficult to know where the creativity is harnessed and developed when
there isn’t even an established creative hub present in the country. There are, however, several
organic hubs in the Philippines and these are small and don’t normally operate as full-blown creative
hubs. (Cruz, 2018).

Creative hubs could further develop pools of creative talents and create more opportunities while
supporting the faster growth of the creative economy. (Rosa, 2019) Such places could boost the
creative industries and encourage people to appreciate more of the arts. It would also allow the
country to be recognized on an international standpoint along with other creative hubs like the
Thailand Creative Design Center in Bangkok and Bandung’s Creative City Forum, Lostgens in
Kuala Lumpur.

As an official communal space for creatives, the Maestranza Wall or Almacenes Curtain Wall,
located at the North edge of the Walled City, Intramuros, was chosen to be turned into a creative
hub. The Intramuros Administration (IA) along with the Creative Economy Council of the Philippines

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 (CECP) worked together to get this in motion with the goal of qualifying Intramuros as a UNESCO
Creative City. (Yulo, 2018).

As an added support to this project, the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 mentions that
“Filipino creativity is considered a tool for social cohesion and an impetus for a culture-based
creative economy”. In addition, the National Economic and Development Authority sees the
potential of establishing more creative hubs. CECP states that the government should put up at
least 10 special economic zones for creative industries by 2030. It also intends to register five
Philippine cities, including Intramuros, in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.

With that, the Philippines is envisioned to become the top creative economy among Association of
Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) member-states by 2030. (Ordinario, 2019) That economy spans
several disciplines, which include heritage and arts, design and architecture, creative services,
audio-visuals, printing and publishing, and science and technology, as the Philippine Department
of Trade and Industry categorizes it.

3.8. Past Proposals

Two different proposals for the reconstruction of Ateneo Municipal will be discussed, namely the
Reconstruction of Old Ateneo Municipal de Manila, and Ateneo Municipal de Manila: A Boutique
Hotel in Intramuros This is to set a reference point for this research.

3.8.1.Ateneo Municipal de Manila: A Boutique Hotel in Intramuros

Ateneo Municipal de Manila: A Boutique Hotel in Intramuros was an undergraduate thesis by

Ian Cruz Cruzpero from the University of Santo Tomas. A blog post about this thesis was
published on the internet in 2018. The thesis came about from an annual international religious
conference for students where they are in need of accommodation. Thus, the hotel. It is deemed
strategic as there are only two existing competitors within Intramuros, namely The Bayleaf and
White Knight Hotel. In addition, it served as the religious center of the country.

As mentioned in P.D. 1616, the architectural elements of the structure were, as much as
possible, kept faithful with the original. Likewise, prominent features like the hotel lobby and
courtyard were kept. The proposal has a basement parking, commercial spaces, bars and
restaurants, multi-purpose rooms, grand ballroom, and fitness among many others.

3.8.2.Reconstruction of Old Ateneo Municipal de Manila

In the Intramuros Administration Archives, there are two proposals. The first one has space
provision for galleries, an auditorium, a library, cultural properties, museum education division,
and other functions that make it seem like a museum. This proposal also keeps the iconic grand
staircase of the old Ateneo Municipal building. However, there is only one sheet available which
consists only of the first floor plan. In addition, the sheet does not have a title block.

Figure 4: Museum proposal. From the Intramuros Administration Archives.

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 Figure 5: Commercial space proposal. From the Intramuros Administration Archives.

The second proposal, fortunately, is complete. The title block simply says that it is the
Reconstruction of Old Ateneo Municipal de Manila. It has space provision for rentable spaces
and exhibit halls in all floors, which altogether makes the proposal seem like a commercial
space. The title block indicates that the Administrator at that time was Dominador Ferrer whose
term started in 1998 and ended in 2007. As mentioned earlier in this paper, there were two
Ateneo Municipal buildings. The old, and new. The façade of the old Ateneo Municipal was fully
disregarded in the proposal and the façade of the new one was used to cover the whole block.

Figure 6: Front Elevation (Along Arzobispo Street). From the Intramuros Administration
Archives.

It is not clear why this proposal was not pushed through, however it’s clear it didn’t go further
than the drawing as there was no signature for the approved section in the title block. However,
this may be because of change in administration or priorities. Since this second plan is the one
that is complete and there is already a museum immediately beside the Ateneo Municipal site
which is the Museo de Intramuros, this will be considered as the point of reference.

4. Data Presentation and Analysis

4.1. Understanding and Assessing Cultural Significance

The main justification of the reconstruction of Ateneo Municipal was solely based on the PD1616.
However, as stated in the CMP, that current international practice does not favor reconstruction of
built heritage and that reconstructions shall now be subject to criteria set forth by the Administration.
The understanding, assessing of cultural significance and ultimately having a statement of
significance may only be done by cultural experts with thorough research and discussion. This part
of the research will be done to simply discuss the presence of indicators and thus potential cultural
significance of the place.

After having gathered data through research, physical investigation of the place, and consultation,
these will be evaluated against a set of criteria. The criteria this research will use is the one identified
in the Burra Charter, namely aesthetic , historic, scientific, social, and spiritual. If one or more of
these criteria are satisfied, then a place may be of cultural significance. With this, this research will
focus on the first two criteria: aesthetic and historic value. The questions for each value help
understand it respectively.

Aesthetic Value

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 Does the place have special compositional or uncommonly attractive qualities Yes
involving combinations of colour, textures, spaces, massing, detail, movement, unity,
sounds, scents?
Is the place distinctive within the setting or a prominent visual landmark? Yes
Does the place have qualities which are inspirational or which evoke strong feelings or Yes
Yes special meanings?
Is the place symbolic for its aesthetic qualities: for example, does it inspire artistic or Yes
cultural response, is it represented in art, photography, literature, folk art, folk lore,
mythology or other imagery or cultural arts?
Does the place display particular aesthetic characteristics of an identified style or Yes Yes
fashion?
Does the place show a high degree of creative or technical achievement? Yes

Historic Value
Is the place associated with an important event or theme in history? Yes
Is the place important in showing patterns in the development of history locally, in a Yes
Yes region, or on a state-wide, or national or global basis?
Does the place show a high degree of creative or technical achievement for a Yes
particular Yes period?
Is the place associated with a particular person or cultural group important in the Yes
history Yes of the local area, state, nationally or globally?

The answers to these questions have been explained earlier in the research.

4.2. Site Analysis

4.2.1.Catchment Map (Macro Site Analysis)

Figure 7: Figure Ground

Figure 8: Path

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 Figure 9: Edges

Figure 10: Districts

Figure 11: Nodes

Figure 12: Landmarks

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 4.2.2.Micro Site Analysis

The site of Ateneo Municipal is between the block of San Agustin Church and Museo de
Intramuros (old San Agustin Church). It is a corner lot which is surrounded by Arzobispo, Anda,
and Sta. Lucia streets. It has an area of 5,432.60 m2 (square meters) or approximately .55 ha.
(hectare). According to the Intramuros, Manila City Digital Surface Model Map, all of Intramuros
is generally 2.00 mASL (meters above sea level). It is now occupied by the DOT Clamshell.
However, the lot is being used as a parking lot by workers of nearby offices.

Figure 13: Actual Photo of Site

Figure 14: Lot Plan with Technical Descriptions

Figure 15: Sun and Wind Path

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 Figure 16: Sound Analysis Map

The sun rises at the front-left corner of the lot, and the trade of winds come directly from the
front and back of the site. The streets surrounding the site are not busy at all. There are
occasional cars that pass by. Most of the foot traffic happens during lunch time and around 5-
6 PM when employees from the immediate offices are going home. There is an area around
Sta. Lucia parking lot where students from the schools nearby practice their school
presentations which causes sound. That is sufficiently far from the site to not hear anything.
However, behind the site is the Baluarte Plano de Sta. Isabel which may serve as an extension
for these activities. There is also an open space where people hangout, however activities in
that area usually involve just sitting down and taking a smoke. Should there be an influx of
visitors in the Museo de Intramuros, then there would be noise. Other sounds that may be heard
from the site are the bells of Manila Cathedral, and various activities in the San Agustin Church.

Figure 17: Visual Analysis Map

From the front of the site, one may see offices, such as the TML Center. From the front-right,
a vacant lot which is used as a parking lot may be seen. From here, a part of the Manila
Cathedral bell tower may also be seen. From the front-left, a part of the San Agustin Church
may be seen. From the right, Museo de Intramuros may be seen. From the whole rear area,
Baluarte Plano de Sta. Isabel and an open space may be seen. From the rear-left, Puerta de
Sta. Lucia may be seen.

4.3. SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses
- Site is immediately beside Museo de - Site is at least 10 minutes away from
Intramuros. the three major entrances namely the
gate at Anda, Victoria, and General

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 - Site is only a 3 minute walk from San Luna streets where most of the
Agustin Church and Plaza San Luis students go in and out.
Complex. - Site is at the edge of Intramuros
- Site is surrounded with buildings that which relatively doesn’t have high foot
follow the architectural guidelines of traffic.
PD1616 IRR. - Site is surrounded with offices and
religious facilities.
Opportunities Threats
- Site may not be missed by Museo de - Site may be found too far to walk for
Intramuros visitors and may have students and other people from these
activities related to it. locations.
- Site is easy to go to for visitors from - Site may be deemed unsafe and may
these locations which are very active indeed be dangerous, especially in
spaces. the evening.
- Destination for its aesthetic purposes. - Site activities may be limited to
respect working hours and religious
activities.

4.4. Proposal

Considering the data collected through the research, specifically the site analysis, behavior
analysis, and the PD1616 and CMP, the proposed use for the reconstructed Ateneo Municipal is a
creative hub. There are already existing creative hubs nearby, such as HUB: Make Lab (First United
Building) along Escolta St., and The Maestranza Creative, which is likewise inside Intramuros.
These creative hubs, however, are commercial and education centered, respectively. Potentially,
consumers are interested enough to want to learn about what they buy, The proposed creative hub
seeks to serve continuity for this process by being professional centered, providing a seemingly
headquarters where clients may go to to avail creative services. The Creative Economy Council of
the Philippines (CECP) identified advertising, film, animation, game development and design as
five priority sectors for the Philippines creative economy in the Creative Economy Roadmap.

The proposal offers offices and studios, artist residency dormitories, and also a library, function hall,
exhibit areas, theater, cinema, restaurants, commercial spaces, co-working spaces, and hang-out
places. Likewise, it has spaces people of different ages can enjoy without spending making it
accessible to people of low income or are just not willing to spend. In addition, it has spaces that
allow for various events that have been taking place in Intramuros, such as theater shows, music
performances, film showing, lecture series, private functions, among many others.

4.5. Function Selection Criteria

Guided by the data collected mentioned throughout this research, such as the site analysis,
behavior analysis, and the PD1616 and CMP, the following criteria will be used to select the most
suitable function for the reconstruction of Ateneo Municipal in order of importance, the first one
being the most important.

- Coordinates with Intramuros as a place of residence, education, religion, and government.

o Can it welcome people of various economic status?
o Can it be a safe space for people of different belief systems?
o Can it cater to students and workers?
- Aligns to the past developments and events in Intramuros.
o Does it relate with the general physical developments of Intramuros?
o Can it accommodate similar events?
o Does it conform with the new safety building standards of present?
- Relates to the view of the stakeholders regarding DOT Clamshell.
o Can it host numerous trade fairs, showcases, and private events?
o Can the young members of the residents spend time here?
o Can it be relevant in the future to the young residents now?
- Incorporates with Museo de Intramuros.
o Can it physically connect with each other in terms of circulation?
o Can it connect with each other in terms of architectural theme?

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 o Can it connect with each other in terms of function?
- Conforms to the original use of Ateneo Municipal.
o Can it be relevant with the original use of Ateneo Municipal?
o Can it be used in an educational capacity?
o Can it emanate the same social significance as the Ateneo Municipal?

A - Commercial Building with Exhibit Spaces B - Boutique Hotel

C - Creative Hub

Criteria A B C
Coordinates with Intramuros as a place of residence, education, 35% 2.45 1.75 3.15
religion, and government.
- Can it welcome people of various economic status? 2 1 3
- Can it be a safe space for people of different belief 3 3 3
systems?
- Can it cater to students and workers? 2 1 3
Aligns to the past developments and events in Intramuros. 35% 1.6 1.2 1.8
- Does it relate with the general physical developments of 2 1 3
Intramuros?
- Can it accommodate similar events? 3 2 3
- Does it conform with the new safety building standards 3 3 3
of present?
Relates to the view of the stakeholders regarding DOT 20% 1.4 1 1.4
Clamshell.
- Can it host numerous trade fairs, showcases, and 3 3 3
private events?
- Can the young members of the residents spend time 2 1 2
here?
- Can it be relevant in the future to the young residents 2 1 2
now?
Incorporates with Museo de Intramuros. 15% 1.35 1.2 1.35
- Can it physically connect with each other in terms of 3 3 3
circulation?
- Can it connect with each other in terms of architectural 3 3 3
theme?
- Can it connect with each other in terms of function? 3 2 3
Conforms to the original use of Ateneo Municipal. 10% 0.6 0.3 0.6
- Can it be relevant with the original use of Ateneo 2 1 2
Municipal?
- Can it be used in an educational capacity? 2 1 2
- Can it emanate the same social significance as the 2 1 2
Ateneo Municipal?
Total (Perfect score is 9.0) 100% 7.4 5.45 8.5

5. Findings and Conclusions

With the lack of statement of significance of the Ateneo Municipal site, it is just understandable why the
stakeholders of Intramuros would find reconstructing such buildings of least priority. Surely, however, it
is of a certain degree of official importance as it was marked by the Administration. In addition, as
mentioned earlier in this paper, there is no archeological assessment for the Ateneo Municipal, which
consequently opens the possibility for existence of any archaeological findings of value. Likewise, the
Ateneo Municipal was physically connected to San Ignacio Church by a bridge, which satisfies the
standards for reconstruction. The Ateneo Municipal may be considered as part of this fabric. Lastly, the
Ateneo Municipal does have cultural significance indicators as guided by the Burra Charter, both
intangible and tangible that may be grounds to support its reconstruction.

The site analysis shows endless options for the function of the reconstructed Ateneo Municipal. Its
strongest feature is that it is immediately beside Museo de Intramuros, which brings more foot traffic,

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and that it is surrounded by other very well known destinations that do follow the architectural guidelines
set by the PD1616. However, it is relatively far from schools. This is its weakest point since students
make up a good percentage of the day population in Intramuros and they apparently generally don’t
leave the immediate premise of their respective schools. It is evident that the physical developments of
Intramuros and the events happening within the walls indeed are moving towards its vision into being
recognized by UNESCO as a creative city. Guided by these analyses, the PD1616 and CMP, to balance
and satisfy demands and restrictions, the following criteria were listed in choosing the best function for
the Ateneo Municipal in order of importance: (1) Coordinates with Intramuros as a place of residence,
education, religion, and government; (2) Aligns to the past developments and events in Intramuros; (3)
Relates to the view of the stakeholders regarding DOT Clamshell; (4) Incorporates with Museo de
Intramuros; and lastly (5) Conforms to the original use of Ateneo Municipal.

Guided by the aforementioned criteria, the proposed function for the reconstruction of Ateneo Municipal
is a professional-centered creative hub. This was compared in a Likert Scale to two other proposals:
Commercial Building with Exhibit Spaces by the Administration itself, and a Boutique Hotel by Ian Cruz
Cruzpero. The result shows that the creative hub is the best use for the reconstructed Intramuros
Administration. The commercial building comes second as it seemingly encourages spending which
does not resonate with the key findings in the CMP among other reasons. The boutique hotel essentially
is for the benefit of tourists which does not resonate with the philosophy of building Intramuros for its
biggest stakeholder, the locals. The creative hub perfectly satisfies most of the criteria and the most
important ones, except for some. It may only be slightly relevant now to the young members of the
residents and ultimately in the future as they enjoyed the DOT Clamshell because they can play around
it. This, however, is the case for all proposals, because an indoor courtyard, for example, may only be
able to mimic the outdoor experience at a certain extent. Another criteria it doesn’t satisfy perfectly is
its conformity to the original use of Ateneo Municipal as it does not aim to be an educational center.

6. Recommendation

As already mentioned in this paper, Ateneo Municipal has no statement of significance. In order to have
one, cultural significance assessment should be done and may only be done so by cultural experts
through thorough research and discussion. Especially Ateneo Municipal, it is likewise recommended by
the CMP that the Administration should review its line up of projects involving reconstruction. In addition,
due to the vagueness of definition in the Burra Charter, it is recommended that there may be expanded
definition or parameters to help differentiate the differences between restoration, reconstruction,
adaptation, and new construction and when they are applicable.

There are most likely only three things that may happen to the Ateneo Municipal site. First is that nothing
will be built on it. Either it will remain the way it is, with the DOT Clamshell standing, or may be turned
into an open area. Second is that something will be built on it. Either the reconstruction of the Ateneo
Municipal or a new construction. It is provided in the PD1616 IRR that all buildings and structures shall
be so designed and constructed as to contribute to furthering the ambiance and re-creating the
Intramuros of the 1890’s, which the Ateneo Municipal already is. In addition, the functions that would
come with the DOT Clamshell or turning it into an open area may be incorporated in the reconstruction.
If not the reconstruction of Ateneo Municipal, this paper encourages to simply revisit the proposal.

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September, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1149824722078375

UNESCO. (n.d.). Baroque Churches of the Philippines. UNESCO World Heritage Center. Retrieved
September, 2020, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/

Valenzuela, N. G. (2020, February 17). Newly opened dungeon to give public ‘complete Fort Santiago
experience’ Read more: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1229524/newly-opened-dungeon-to-give-public-
complete-fo rt-santiago-experience#ixzz6bUji0ENV Follow us: @inquirerdotnet on Twitter | inquirerdo.
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1229524/newly-opened-dungeon-to-give-public-complete-fo rt-santiago-
experience

Yulo, A. (2018, May 2). Maestranza to become creative hub as Intramuros eyes UNESCO Creative
Cities list. BluPrint. https://bluprint.onemega.com/maestranza-creative-hub-charette/

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PRESENTATION No. 6 : Creating Experiences Within the Walls of Intramuros: An Assessment of the Tourism Transportation in Intramuros

Creating Experiences Within the Walls of Intramuros: An

Assessment of the Tourism Transportation in Intramuros
Ian Keith Robles, Lord John Mathew Turiano, Walter Morales, Gabriel Timblaco, John Mark Pallatao,
Jocelyn Camalig

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to assess the tourism transportation in Intramuros, Manila by means
of gathering data to tourist around Intramuros and to measure the level of expectation and satisfaction
of what mode of tourism transportation that they experienced. Descriptive method was used in.
Researchers identified the variables included in the study with the help of related literature. Afterwards
was the collection of data from the participants through the use of survey questionnaires which were
validated by three jurors. A total of 102 participants were to answer the survey but only 52 tourists
accepted it due to language barriers. Data was then analyzed using weighted mean to determine the
variable that has major influence in tourist expectation and satisfaction while using tourism
transportation in Intramuros, Manila. The results showed that tourist tourists have high valuation on
comfortability, excitement factor, price and capacity of vehicle more than safety and security and
cleanliness of vehicles. This research recommended several motivational strategies and development
of ideas to the Intramuros Administrarion, Tourism transportation Operators, and DOT.

Keywords: - Tourism Transportation, Students, Experience, Satisfaction

1. Introduction

Tourism can be characterized as the movement of people from one place to another, particularly for
delight. Tourism within the Philippines, plays a vital part in the Philippine economy. The nation brags of
wealthy characteristic excellence in its numerous fabulous shorelines, sunny climate and wealthy bio-
diversity. More than that, the Philippines’ interesting and complex culture, as exemplified by its
individuals, food and way of life, pulls in many people to visit the nation for voyaging within the
Philippines, there are a part of diverse tourism transportation. For brief and long separate of
transportation, individuals utilize jeepneys, multi cabs, transport, taxi, pedicabs, tricycles and others.

Over the years, the main transportation accessed by the tourist within Intramuros, Manila is Calesa,
Pedicab, and bambike. Lately the E-trike is introduced as transportation as well.

The advancement of resources and transport system, coming almost in expanding speed of travel
allowed for mass visit in tourism sites. In any case the foremost changes in guest transport had been
observed since two centuries, especially in 1769. That year marked the starting point of the mind
blowing mechanical transformation, which changed transport. From at that point on, all the exercises
related to visitor transport, have been indicating to move forward the quality of administrations and
increment the speed of transport modes to cover space rapidly.

Transport is an inborn portion of tourism; whether as a useful means of transportation, such as between
origin and destination or within the destination; or as a key component of the occasion encounter itself,
as in cruising or traveling along beautiful or notable courses. The revolution in tourist transport was
related and took place with the alteration of its assets, framework and organization to the ever changing
needs that had emerged in association with changing preferences in tourist administrations. More over
the role of transport in tourism isn't as it were constrained to its instrumental function of transportation.

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Transportation benefit is an integral part of each visitor program, and the creation of appropriate
transportation offices decides the improvement of tourist traffic.

2. Background of the Study

Even before, travelling is one of the forms of learning. And it is the reason why it is best to travel to
historical sites like the “Walled city” of Intramuros than the conventional classroom way of learning. This
is the best way to appreciate the significance of the history because without the past, the present would
have no identity.

The ancient ‘Walled City’ of Intramuros in Manila belongs to a bygone era, but one that stays relevant
over time for its historical significance. It has withstood many disasters– from wars to natural calamities–
and has adapted under the hands of colonizers and invaders. For many, Intramuros represents the
story of the Philippines itself. Now it is a popular destination for historical walking tours and cultural
performances, for visitors to immerse themselves in this country’s complex past.

Over the years, the main public transportation accessed by the tourist within Intramuros, Manila are
Calesa, E-trike and lately Bambike are introduced as a public transportation as well, cycling around
manila is seldom-explored option, but away from the treacherous traffic and exhaust fumes it can be a
great way to travel around Intramuros. While E-trikes are ideal from moving from different points around
Intramuros. An E- trike is a three wheeled vehicle that powered by an electric motor. E-trikes are
considered as highly efficient because they used up to 75% of their energy to power the vehicle. E-
trike is known not only inside the Intramuros but also nationwide.

A Kalesa or also as Caritela/Karitela is a horse-drawn cart used in the Philippines. Kalesa is a mode of
transportation that introduced by the Spanish colonizers in the early 18th century. Nowadays kalesa is
rarely used in some places today. Intramuros is one of the places that has a kalesa as mode of
transportation for the tourist that visits Philippines specifically in Intramuros.

Bam-bikes or a Bamboo bikes is one of the newest mode of transportation used for the tourist to tour
themselves inside the Intramuros. Bam-bikes are made out of bamboo attached by two wheels like a
normal bicycle. Bamboo bikes are also considered eco- friendly, releasing more oxygen and absorbing
more carbon dioxide than other plants, the bamboo itself also has the strength similar suchlike steel.

Over the years, these transportations became the primary modes of travel and tourism in Intramuros.
However, the frequent usage caused these vehicles in degradation which resulted to the risks of quality
both service and experience. With the current conditions of the vehicles, expectations may not be equal
but less than to what is experienced by the tourists. Thus, this paper aims to assess the transportation
modes in Intramuros in relevance to their expectation and experienced satisfaction.

The researchers used the SERVQUAL five dimensional model that was designed and developed by an
academic research team in 1998 to understand and capture the customer’s perspective that represent
the service quality of any organization. This multidimensional instrument used Reliability, Tangibility,
Assurance, Responsiveness and Empathy as substantial components to identify the service quality.

3. Literature Review
3.1. Transportation and Tourism

Transport for tourism has developed considerably within the past four decades. The two most vital
modes of travel serving tourism are discussing travel and the private engine car. The engine car
has seen a similarly marvelous development rate amid the past four decades. An audit of the writing
raises two crucial issues. Firstly, the relationship between transport and tourism tends not to be
coordinates into a generally approach prepare for feasible improvement (Sheep & Davidson, 1996).

The role of transportation in tourism is essentially to provide accessibility. It has been widely claimed
by many scholars that without accessibility, tourism simply cannot take place (Chew 1987, Prideaux
2000). Accessibility is not only defined as providing ability to tourists to reach destinations, but also
by the use of transportation services at destinations once they arrive. These accessibility factors
influence tourists’ impressions during their trip, and serve as determining factors of the destinations’

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 overall attractiveness (Le-Klähn and Hall 2015, Page and Connell 2014, Boopen 2005, Naudé and
Saayman 2005, Gunn and Var 2002, Chew 1987, Robinson 1976).

The inextricable relationship between transport and tourism is of fundamental importance in

explaining the tourism system (Leiper, 1990). The pattern of travel which exists between generating
markets and receiving destinations has been the focus of past research activity, explaining the role
of transport technology in the economic and spatial evolution of tourism destinations (Hobson &
Uysal, 1992). Transport for tourism is of prime concern, as it is a part of the tourism system which
is heavily dependent on the world’s two most energy consuming and polluting forms of transport –
air transport and the motorised vehicle (Greene & Wegener, 1997; Royal Commission on
Environmental Pollution, 1994).

Litman (2008) elaborated on the 12 transportation factors that affect a destination’s accessibility,
specifically: (i) Transportation modes – quality of transportation options, such as with respect to
speed, comfort, and safety; (ii) Transportation network connectivity – density of link and path
connections, or directness of travel between destinations; (iii) Travel cost or affordability; (iv)
Mobility – travel speed and distance, capacity, or travel time; (v) Integration of the links and modes
within the transportation system; (vi) Transportation demand; (vii) User information – availability of
reliable information on mobility and accessibility options; (viii) Mobility substitutes –
telecommunications and delivery service substitutes for physical travel; (ix) Transportation
management; (x) Land use factors; (xi) Prioritization of travel activities; and (xii) The value of
inaccessibility or isolation. Improving these accessibility factors can contribute to the economic
success of a tourist destination (Currie and Falconer 2014, Celata 2007).

3.2. Transportation as Key Player in the Tourism Industry

Most studies indicate that car use results in intermediate levels of travel satisfaction, with car
passengers being somewhat more satisfied than car drivers (Mokhtarian et al., 2015). The use of
public transport mostly results in relatively unsatisfied travelers, especially when using the bus.
Using subway or train is perceived somewhat more positively, sometimes even more positive than
driving.

Currie and Falconer (2013) suggested that tourism stakeholders should increase reliance on
transportation systems from central transportation hubs to public transportation areas for delivery
to tourist attractions. Satisfaction with car trips can be affected by elements such as congestion
levels, travel time reliability, parking availability, annoyance with other road users, and experienced
traffic safety (Ettema, Gärling, Olsson, Friman, & Moerdijk, 2013; Morris & Hirsch, 2016; Novaco &
Gonzalez, 2009).

Enhancing the travel experience has become a crucial consideration for transportation companies
to promote differentiation and customer loyalty. Therefore, transport planners, providers and
manufacturers in general are becoming aware of the significance of understanding the passenger
experience better, in order to improve transit policies, management and vehicles. The holistic
perspective of the travel experience is conceptualized as involving: (1) a thorough set of passenger
internal responses (e.g. cognitive and emotional) that are driven by experience factors, some of
which are (2) aspects that are not in complete control of the transportation provider, such as waiting
areas or the social environment, during (3) all the moments before, throughout and after the trip.
Although transportation research has studied the different aspects of transportation quality,
empirical studies with such a broad approach to the travel experience and its impact on loyalty are
still scarce.

3.3. Transportation in the Philippines

Within the Philippines, where streets are smaller, narrower and regularly congested, tricycle
populace has expanded impressively. Individuals ride tricycles fundamentally due to need of
elective mode of transportation and comfort, giving the advantage of speed and fetched. Be that as
it may, riding a tricycle has a few impediments and inconvenience. The body of the tricycle is
regarded as well little, but travelers are cramped interior to maximize the number of travelers per
trip

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 The challenge within the past and the present is how to minimize the negative effects caused by
these vehicles, whereas proceeding to meet the everyday transport requests of a developing
populace. As back to natural initiatives, several electric tricycle (e-trike) programs were developed
in different parts of the Philippines One of which is the e-trike started by the Asian Improvement
Bank (ADB). The program included the following courses of action: (1) moved forward e-trike plan
that gives a comfortable and secure riding encounter for all its travelers and (2) a economical
framework for its operation, maintainability and appropriation, utilizing ergonomic standards to
progress on the current plan of the e-trike within the Philippines.

The plan advancements for the e-trike are classified into three major components: (1) usefulness,
(2) security and (3) consolation. These proposed changes are created by utilizing client
prerequisites accumulated from the study, recognizing ideal conditions utilizing Quality Work
Arrangement (QFD) and TRIZ strategies, and utilizing Esteem Designing (VE) approach in
analyzing plan capacities and creating superior and more inventive plans. Ergonomics is
additionally utilized as an imperative apparatus to adjust pre-determined human variables with
existing and proposed details.

Pedicab, also known as sidecar, trikes or padyak could be a composite of a bike and a side car and
had a capacity of two or three people. Pedicabs are utilized for open transport for helpful traveling
insides towns. Along these lines, pedicab could be a on a very basic level parcel of the
transportation system inside the Philippines, especially inside the metro. Progressing fitting
conditions for the transportation framework, tallying the drivers is subsequently crucial. (Dizon. A,
2015)

The kalesa is additionally known as “Karitela”. It may be a carriage with two huge wheels on each
side, a roof to supply shade from the sun, and is at that point associated to a horse that pulls the
carriage. The kalesa is competent of obliging at most four individuals. Through the long time in
any case, the plan, length, and traveler capacity of the kalesa has advanced. Presently, the
kalesa has more enriching highlights, as is basically utilized to pull in visitors.

For several years, the kalesa is known as the undoubted “King of the Road”, until the entry of the
jeepney amid the American period. Whereas commuters these days have chosen to require cutting
edge modes of transportation for individual travel, the kalesa can still be seen utilizing the courses
of Binondo and Intramuros. Philippine life and culture will never be the same without the kalesa. It
is portion of Philippine history, and its significance can never be neglected. Notwithstanding of the
challenges of modernization, the kalesa will continuously give a unique mode of transport that's
naturally neighborly. (Cruz. E, 2017)

Within the Philippines, electric tricycle or E-trike is the same as tricycle in terms of configuration or
nearly as comparable to that of the conventional rickshaw which is three-wheeled and can ship a
few travelers and subordinate on the body plan and capacity of the engine motor. E-trike is run by
power whereas the last mentioned is gas-fed. A typical plan well known within the Philippines is
that a sidecar which is connected to the side of a bike for carrying passengers. The utilization of
motorized tricycle is as of now a portion of each Cabanatueno’s ordinary living. It is utilized as a
mode of commuting, cargo conveyance framework, private family benefit and source of income.
(Felipe E. Balaria, Marilou P. Pascual, Mercedes D. Santos, Arjay F. Ortiz, Arneil G. Gabriel,
Teodora Luz Soto Mangahas, 2017).

4. Methodology

The researchers used the quantitative method of research. Specifically, the descriptive method. In this
study, the expectation and actual experience of the tourist were taken into consideration to come up
with a better transportation system. The participants of the study are the foreign international tourist in
the Philippines, specifically tourist visiting the Intramuros area. Purposive sampling was utilized.
Further, the researchers used a validated and pre-tested survey questionnaire as a primary tool in
acquiring necessary data.

The researchers used statistical tool to facilitate the presentation and interpretation of the results.
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) is used for analyzing the statistical data of this study.
There were only 52 foreign nationals who agreed to respond to our questionnaire. Majority of the

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participants were female, millenials, and came from different parts of the globe. Majority were from
France, followed by Spain and on the third slot are the Americans and Chinese.

5. Results and Discussions

Intramuros has four (4) major transportation type. Of the four (4) transportation types, Calesa (horse-
drawn coach) is the most ridden with 29 or 31.8%. E-trike, one of the convenient and new types of
transportation has 24 or 26.4%. While other tourist used Bambike and pedicab with 19 or 20.9%. The
following tables hereunder discusses the results based on the tourist expectation and their level of
experienced satisfaction.

5.1. Expectations versus Reality

Table 1. Level of Expectation and Level of Experienced Satisfaction of Tourist

Variables Levels of Expectation Levels of Experienced

Satisfaction
Mean Verbal interpretation Mean Verbal interpretation
Comfortability 4.2885 Very High Expectation 3.7692 Satisfied
Capacity of the Vehicle 4.2212 Very High Expectation 3.5865 Satisfied
Excitement Factor 4.4423 Very High Expectation 3.7788 Satisfied
Safety and Security 4.0577 Above Average 3.5673 Satisfied
Pricing 4.3462 Very High Expectation 3.9423 Satisfied
Cleanliness of the Vehicle 3.7115 Above Average 3.7115 Satisfied
Condition of the Vehicle 4.3173 Very High Expectation 3.9808 Satisfied
Level of Expectation 4.1978 Above Average 3.6868 Satisfied

In this table shows the comparative level of expectation and experienced satisfaction. Although
results revealed an overall average level of expectation, most of the areas studied indicated with
very high expectations: Comfortability (wm=4.2885), Capacity of the Vehicle (wm=4.2212),
Excitement Factor (wm=4.4423), Pricing (wm=4.3462) and Condition of the Vehicle (wm=4.3173),
tourists rated these areas as “satisfied”. Meanwhile, Safety and Security (wm=4.0577) and
Cleanliness of the Vehicle (wm=4.3173) were rated above average expectations, which were also
rated “satisfied” by the foreign tourists respondents. While both, in general, were of the same level,
some items obviously did not match with each other (expectations to experienced satisfaction)
which implies that these areas need further improvement and shall be considered by all key players
(i.e. passengers, operators, drivers, etc.).

The customers all expect very high or excellent service from the providers and do not tolerate
mistakes from it. Expectation of the customers shall match on the perceived service quality to
achieve customer satisfaction. Dissatisfied customers can create loss of revenue and missed
opportunity and even loss of customers in the end (Stopka, et,al 2015).

To further dissect the result of the study, the researcher presented the assessment of tourist on the
indicators identified.

5.2. Comfortability

Table 2. Means for Comfortability

Variables Levels of Expectation Levels of Experienced

Satisfaction
Mean Verbal interpretation Mean Verbal interpretation
Seats of the vehicle are 4.3462 Very High Expectation 3.7692 Satisfied
spacious enough for each
other
The vehicle has proper 4.2308 Very High Expectation 3.7692 Satisfied
ventilation
Overall Means 4.2885 Very High Expectation 3.7692 Satisfied

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 99

 Generally, the study revealed very high expectations (wm=4.2885) with regards to comfort as
shown in Table 2, however does not completely satisfy (wm=3.7692) the tourists. They had a high
expectations and satisfied to the space for seats (wm=4.3462(Ex); wm=3.7692(Se)) and proper
ventilation (wm=4.2308(Ex); wm=3.7692(Se)).

Imre and Celebi (2016) pointed out that comfort especially in public transportation should be of high
consideration as stress levels of passengers in their travel time (include traffic jams) also increases
and affects the quality of life. Moreover, convenience is often neglected in design of transportation
systems and assessment of their operational performances.

5.3. Capacity of the Vehicle

Table 3. Means for Capacity of the Vehicle

Variables Levels of Expectation Levels of Experienced

Satisfaction
Mean Verbal interpretation Mean Verbal interpretation
Spacious enough for the 4.2885 Very High Expectation 3.5192 Satisfied
group
The passengers fit 4.1538 Above Average 3.6538 Satisfied
properly inside the vehicle
Overall Means 4.2212 Very High Expectation 3.5865 Satisfied

In relation to quality of service objective, transport capacity is another thing that shall be considered
in transportation. Tourists respondents had very high expectations (wm=4.2212) in this area, yet
satisfied (wm=3.5865) according to their perceptions (see Table 3). Tourists expected very high
and satisfied with regards to the space for group of passengers (wm=4.2885(Ex); wm=3.5192 (Se)),
however, their expectations on fitting of the passengers inside the vehicle was above average
(wm=4.1538(Ex), however satisfied (wm=3.6538(Se)).

Insufficient capacity not only results in local queues, causing passengers discomfort and wasting
their time (Leurent, 2011).

5.4. Excitement Factor

Table 4 Means for Excitement Factor

Variables Levels of Expectation Levels of Experienced

Satisfaction
Mean Verbal interpretation Mean Verbal interpretation
The tourism transport 4.4423 Very High Expectation 3.5192 Satisfied
provides unique
experience to tourist
The driver is jolly enough 4.4423 Very High Expectation 3.6538 Satisfied
while explaining the tourist
attraction
Overall Mean 4.4423 Very High Expectation 3.5865 Satisfied

Drivers, on the other hand, play important roles in providing excitement factors of the tourists during
the entire trip. In this study, foreign tourists (respondents) had a very high expectations in terms of
the excitement factor (wm=4.4432) considering the uniqueness of the experience and the behavior
of the drivers. However, in terms of satisfaction, tourists were only satisfied in this area (wm=3.788).
Drivers as having direct contact with the tourists, Le-Klahn, et al (2014) suggested that they should
better understand the behavior of the tourist’s passengers to improve their experience and gain
satisfaction of the trip.

5.5. Safety and Security

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 100
 Table 5 Means for Safety and Security

Variables Levels of Expectation Levels of Experienced

Satisfaction
Mean Verbal interpretation Mean Verbal interpretation
Secured from harm 4.0769 Above Average 4.0769 Satisfied
Absolutely safe to ride 4.0385 Above Average 4.0385 Satisfied
Overall Mean 4.0577 Above Average 4.0577 Satisfied

In terms of safety and security, respondents’ expectations were above average. The safety and
security of all passengers is another thing that should be considered in public transportation
because it poses higher risk because it carries more passengers in one car (Joewono and Kubota,
2006). The study revealed equal expectation (above average, wm=4.0577) and perceived
satisfaction (satisfied, wm=4.0577). Expectation on security from harm (wm=4.0769) and safety in
riding (wm=4.0385) were rated above average, as shown in Table 8. Result clearly implies that
tourists from the start did not expect higher in this area and might already have the awareness on
the safety and security in public transportations.

5.6. Pricing

Table 6 Means for Pricing

Variables Levels of Expectation Levels of Experienced

Satisfaction
Mean Verbal interpretation Mean Verbal interpretation
The tourism transport offer 4.4038 Very High Expectation 4.0385 Satisfied
affordable pricing
Their value for money is 4.2885 Very High Expectation 3.8462 Satisfied
excellent
Overall Mean 4.3462 Very High Expectation 3.9423 Satisfied

Like any other people, tourists expects very high in terms of the affordability of a product and the
value of their money being paid. However, in this study, tourists were not so satisfied (wm=3.9423)
in terms of pricing. Expectations on pricing (fare of the vehicle) was very high (wm=4.3462), shown
in Table 6. Tourists expected “very high” and were “satisfied” on the affordability of the ride
(wm=4.4038(Ex); wm=4.0385(Se)) and on the value of money they were paying (wm=4.2885(Ex);
wm=3.8462(Se)).

Drivers commonly overpriced their services to the mindset that foreign tourists do have much
budget and have no knowledge on the fare matrix. Paulley, et.al (2006) noted that the overpricing
in services particularly in tourists destinations would lead to decrease of demand of the products or
services. This is obviously evidenced by the decrease number of passengers riding in calesa and
pedicabs in Intramuros.

5.7. Cleanliness of the Vehicle

Table 7 Means for Cleanliness of the Vehicle

Variables Levels of Expectation Levels of Experienced

Satisfaction
Mean Verbal interpretation Mean Verbal interpretation
The vehicle has a pleasant 3.9615 Above Average 3.9615 Satisfied
smell
A trash bin is present 3.4615 Above Average 3.4615 Satisfied
inside the vehicle
Overall Mean 3.7115 Above Average 3.7115 Satisfied

Table 7 shows the cleanliness of the vehicle. Results shows that expectations of the respondents
in this area was “above average” (wm=3. 7715) and tourists were only satisfied (wm=3.7115).

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 101
 Respondents rated the smell of the vehicle “above average” and “satisfied” (wm=3.9615 (Ex));
wm=3.9615 (Se)) and the presence of trash bin inside vehicles was also rated “above average” and
“satisfied” (wm=3.4615(Ex)); wm=3.4615 (Se)).

The results were relevant to the study of Stopka, et.al (2015) which he noted that passengers
looked after the interior cleanliness of the vehicle (i.e. seats, garbage and odor) than its exterior.
He recommended the service providers to take care more of the cleanliness of the transport
vehicles both interior and exterior aspects.

5.8. Condition of the Vehicle

Table 8 Means for Condition of the Vehicle

Variables Levels of Expectation Levels of Experienced

Satisfaction
Mean Verbal interpretation Mean Verbal interpretation
The vehicle is pleasant to 4.3846 Very High Expectation 4.0962 Satisfied
the tourist (exterior wise)
The Vehicle is well 4.2500 Very High Expectation 3.8654 Satisfied
furbished inside the
passengers area
Condition of the Vehicle 4.3173 Very High Expectation 3.9808 Satisfied

With regards to Expectations on the condition of the vehicles, respondents rated “very high”
(wm=4.3173) and “satisfied” (wm=3.9808). Tourists had very high expectation and were satisfied
on the pleasantness of the exterior of the vehicles (wm=4.3846(Ex); wm=4.0962(Se)) and in
furbishing of the passengers area (wm=4.2500(Ex); wm=3.8654(Se)). Results implies that tourists
see these vehicles to be of good condition, however some external needs development. Operators
and drivers shall consider at all time the passengers and the vehicles to avoid constraints. The
condition of the vehicle is affected by the capacity of the vehicle and the period that it was used as
well as the condition of the infrastructure to where the vehicle is running. Thus, the life span and
physical condition depends in its usage, time/period and the condition of roads or streets (Leurent
(2011).

5.9. Paired Samples T-test Analysis

Paired Samples t-test was conducted to determine significant difference between the factors and
between Expectation and Satisfaction on the public transportation in Intramuros. The results are
shown in Table 15.

Table 9 Paired Samples T-test Analysis

Items Sig. (2-tailed) Significance Decision

Comfortability (E) .000 Significant Accept Ho, reject Ha.
Comfortability (S)
Capacity of the Vehicle (E) .000 Significant Accept Ho, reject Ha.
Capacity of the Vehicle (S)
Excitement Factor (E) .000 Significant Accept Ho, reject Ha.
Excitement Factor (S)
Safety and Security (E) .000 Significant Accept Ho, reject Ha.
Safety and Security (S)
Pricing (E) .001 Significant Accept Ho, reject Ha.
Pricing (S)
Cleanliness of the Vehicle (E) .000 Significant Accept Ho, reject Ha.
Cleanliness of the Vehicle (S)
Condition of the Vehicle (E) .002 Significant Accept Ho, reject Ha.
Condition of the Vehicle (S)
Expectation Satisfaction .000 Significant Accept Ho, reject Ha.
*Significant at p-value .05 (2-tailed sig.)

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 102
 ** (E)- Expectation; (S)- Satisfaction

Results revealed significant differences with p-value ranging from .002 to .000 between the expectation
and the experienced satisfaction on the transportation inside Intramuros. This means that their
experience was different from what they were expecting in their travel using the transportation vehicles
available and common in the Walled City. By looking back to the results of the weighted means of
expected and experienced satisfaction, there were very obvious differences. In terms of expectation,
results revealed above average to very high expectation, while in experienced satisfaction, all aspects
were rated satisfied.

Whereas, service performance and satisfaction shall match on the expectations of the customers. Thus,
the extent to which the service performance matches customer expectations influences the degree to
which the customer feels satisfied (Transportation Research Board 1999, 2004). Furthermore, safety
and security, cleanliness, pricing, comfort, condition of the vehicle and accessibility are significant
variables that influence customer satisfaction in transport usage (Lai & Chen, 2011; Jayaraman, et al,
2011; Dell ‘Olio, Ibeas and Cenin, 2011; Tyrinopoulos & Antoniou,2008).

Tourists had a very high expectation on comfortability, capacity of vehicle, excitement factor, pricing
and condition of vehicle. However, above average expectation on safety and security and cleanliness
of the vehicle. Level of expectation was above average. Also, data revealed unanimous results on the
level of experienced satisfaction which was ‘satisfied’.

Hence, it is recommended that improvement in both the tangible (physical aspects of transportation)
and intangible (comfortability, excitement and satisfaction) products and services of the transportation
in Intramuros. Vehicles shall emphasize and maintain cleanliness inside the vehicle by providing trash
bins. Management and operators of transport vehicles shall impose unified fare matrix to maintain
integrity because some drivers are opportunists and collects over fare payment from foreign tourists.
Management, operators and drivers shall also emphasize and maintain security and safety at all times
to protect tourists’ passengers from harm. Management of Intramuros shall coordinate with the Tourism
agencies to conduct for seminars to all drivers of public transportations inside the Walled City.
Management and Concerned agencies in Intramuros shall formulate regulations and policies regarding
transportation. LPU and other educational institution shall conduct and promote responsible tourism
inside Intramuros.

6. Conclusion

Intramuros has been a favorite tourist’s destination because of its rich cultural and historical attractions.
In addition to this, calesa, pedicabs, bambike and e-bike are becoming popular in the area not only as
transportation mode but as additional attraction. Tourists have high expectations on services especially
in tourism industry and on tangible and intangible products. However, as time gone by, these vehicles
have diminished in terms of demand.

The results of this study revealed that tourists have high valuation on comfortability, excitement factor,
price and capacity of vehicle more than safety and security and cleanliness of vehicles. Experienced
satisfaction in all aspects of public transportation in Intramuros is lower than its expectation. Moreover,
safety and security scores the lowest among other aspects which requires immediate attention and
improvement. Tourists were satisfied however, needs improvement in all aspects. The conditions of the
vehicles also need great consideration to be able to cater the expectation and satisfaction of the tourists.

7. Recommendations

The researchers recommend to improve tangible (physical aspects of transportation) and intangible
(comfortability, excitement and satisfaction) products and services of the transportation in Intramuros.
Vehicles shall emphasize and maintain cleanliness inside the vehicle by providing trash bins.
Management and operators of transport vehicles shall impose unified fare matrixto maintain integrity
because some drivers are opportunists and collects over fare payment from foreign tourists.
Management, operators and drivers shall also emphasize and maintain security and safety at all times
to protect tourists’ passengers from harm. Management of Intramuros shall coordinate with the Tourism
agencies to conduct for seminars to all drivers of public transportations inside the Walled City.

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Management and Concerned agencies in Intramuros shall formulate regulations and policies regarding
transportation. LPU and other educational institution shall conduct and promote responsible tourism
inside Intramuros.

In addition, during the formulation of this research study, researchers were having difficulty in finding
relevant studies concerning tourism in Intramuros because of its dearth availability. Thus, researchers
recommend to have a follow up study with much larger samples and broader parameters. Such study
may be a great help for the tourism sector and industry of Intramuros. Results can be considered for
policies. This study also can be the first reference with Intramuros tourism as the topic.
To the organizations of Pedicab driver, they should have a meeting quarterly with Intramuros
Administration about the safety and Security of their passengers.

To the other public vehicle driver, they should always check the condition and the cleanliness of the
public vehilce to avoid delays of tour of the vehicle. For the tourist visiting Intramuros, they should
maintain cleanliness and orderliness to avoid damaging the vehicle. To the tourism transportation
operators, they should regulate the fares that they are implementing in order to get more frequent
visitors around Intramuros.

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PRESENTATION No. 7 : Within Intramuros: A Perceived Safety and Security of Tourist in Intramuros, Manila

Within Intramuros: A Perceived Safety and Security of Tourist

in Intramuros, Manila
Lalaine Macaraeg, Joy D. De La Cruz, Kathleen Jade Gamboa, Juan Mihuel Atienza, Alecxandra,
Feline Tapon, Jocelyn Y. Camalig

Abstract

The main purpose of this research was to identify the perceived level of safety and security while in
Intramuros, Manila during day and night. Mixed-Method of research was used in the study. A survey
instrument and an interview guide question were developed and utilized in the study and purposive
sampling was applied in determining the respondents. A total of 232 participants have answered the
survey. The results showed that majority of the tourists in Intramuros, Manila are male, local tourist,
ages 25 and below. Similarly, most of the tourist visit the site together with their family, once a year for
leisure purposes. The respondents’ perception on safety and security were neutral or not sure. When
Paired T-test was applied, there were no significant difference found between the local and foreign
tourist perception of safety and security in Intramuros, Manila. Hence, it is recommended that safety
and security measures be made visible to the tourist through posters, brochures and presence of the
security personnel.

Keywords: safety, security, tourist, Intramuros Administration, Security personnel

1. Introduction

Tourism is the world fastest growing industry. International Tourism had become one of the world's
most important economic activities. The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) 2018
Tourism Highlights Report explained that international tourism growth shows no sign of slowing. In
2017, global tourist arrivals grew with 6.8% hitting 1.32 billion. That is 84 million more travelers than the
previous year, the highest increase since the 2009 global economic crisis hit (Cripps, 2018).

Tourism is essential, and becoming the primary sector in the Philippines economy. Tourism activities
play a vital role in generating revenue of a country by giving jobs to unemployed Filipino. In some cases,
tourism is a primary source of income of many nations. Tourism employs directly the 4.9 million Filipinos
with 11% of the total workforce, and was not counted the indirect workers of food and drinks suppliers
to the industry (Jiminez, 2018). In the local economy, Philippine tourism contributed 12.2% in 2017 and
US$37 billion in terms of value (Jaleco, 2018) as data released by the government's statistic agency
PSA. According to Talavera (2018), the Philippines with an overall score of 19.75, ranked 13th and
mainly driven by its large contribution to its gross domestic product (GDP) and high domestic market
spending. There are various factors, which affect the travel decision of tourists, namely: tourist
destination satisfaction, cultural and historical attraction, local cuisine, perceived price and safety and
security, to name a few. Tourist are more worried about their safety and security that they consider it
beforehand when traveling to another place. The danger and risk such as terrorism, crime, natural
disasters, and health issues that the tourists might get from the environment such as food, water, and
sick people are the incidents that could happen to any tourists.

The safety and security in the tourism industry have been identified as one of the forces causing
changes in the tourism sector (Hall et al., 2003; Breda and Costa, 2006; Freyer and Schroder, 2007;
Edgell et al., 2008; Tarlow, 2009). Crime, terrorism, food safety, health issues, and natural disasters
are the main areas of concern (Costa, 2006). Simultaneously, the patterns of global safety and security

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have evolved tremendously in the past two decades with the increasing number of terrorist attacks,
epidemics, and natural disasters, for instance, tsunami struck in Phuket, Thailand in 2004 (Kim
&Phetvaroon, 2008) while Bali was threatened by terrorist attacks twice in 2002 and 2005 respectively
(Ascauer, 2009). Thus, it raises the necessity to revise the understanding of the relationship between
tourism, safety, and security.

According to Erlina (2017), people have always been traveling from one place to another. However, the
issue of safety and security is essential not only for the community at large but also for the tourists as
well, since safety and security in tourism are on top concerns especially with reports of terrorism and
conflict. Many travelers would still think twice about visiting our shores if they feel safety is at risk.
Security issues must be addressed to avoid bad publicity and travel advisories in the future.

Safety and security issues gained much more vital importance in the last two decades in tourism
because safety and security is the indispensable conditions for travel and tourism. Over the previous
two decades the changes in the world were enormous. Due to terrorism, natural disasters, civil wars,
and epidemics, the security that we were witnesses to, has significantly decreased. These reasons
gained greater and more vital importance whereas tourism became one of the fastest growing industries
in the world economy — the safety and security issues (Safety tourism, (n.d). The success or failure of
a tourism attraction is depending on being able to provide a safe and secure environment for visitors
more than any other economic activity because safety and security are vital in providing quality tourism
(UNWTO, 2019). According to (Mohammad, 2014) the factors that the tourist may have been affected
making a decision visiting a place are the natural disasters, disease outbreaks; pollution; seasonality;
geographical factors; and severe climate change.

The Philippines is known for its natural beauty, from white sand beaches and lush mountains to vibrant
coral reefs to volcanoes and brightly-colored rice terraces that attracted over 6,620,908 foreign tourists,
in 2018 (Esguerra, 2017). According to Nemis (2017), The Philippines, in terms of safety and security,
ranked 126th out of the 136 countries. Based on the record on the latest World Economic Forum Survey,
2.88 million foreign arrivals in 2017 for the first five months with a 14 percent growth from the total
visitors recorded in the same period last year. The Global Peace Index compiled by the Institute for
Economics and Peace measures peace based on 22 qualitative and quantitative indicators including
ongoing international and domestic conflict; Militarization, societal safety and security (including crime
rates); The Philippines ranked 137 out of 163 countries, for the 2018 study (Folger, 2017).

2. Background of the Study

The walled city of Intramuros was built during Spanish colonial times and Located along Manila Bay
near the end of the Pasig River. It is also called 'The Walled City.' The historic walled was created to
protect the seat of Government of political power when the Philippines was a component of the Spanish
Empire. Before the Spanish came to the islands, The place near the bay was the home for the
Kapampangan and Tagalog tribes which already traded with nations like Borneo, Indonesia, India, and
China, Before the Spanish came to the Philippines in the year of 1565 lead by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi,
the explorer from Mexico. They established the first colony in Cebu, and after a couple of years, Manila
was declared as the Spanish colony's new capital.

The fortified city was severely damaged by bombings from both Japanese And American Soldiers who
besieged on it during World War II. In the year of 1951, it was reconstructed when the old town was
proclaimed a National Historical Monument. The Global Heritage Fund identified the walled city was as
one of the heritage sites in the world in 2010. It also mentions that the national heritage is slowly being
destructed due to insufficient funding, lousy management, and bowing down to pressures of
'development.'

Intramuros today is still one of the exciting places to visit, especially when someone wants to feel how
Manila was like centuries ago, even though one can see mismanagement. The outskirt of the fortified
city became the home with the informal settler, and some of the walls are used with 'public comfort
rooms' for men. However, visiting Intramuros can still be informative and fun.

The purpose of this study is to determine the perceived level of safety and security of tourist visiting the
walled city of Intramuros, Manila as well as identify the safety and security programs in placed in the
area.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 108
3. Methodology

The study utilized the mixed-method. A survey instrument was used to gather data on the tourist’s
demographic and behavioral profile and the perceived level of safety and security in Intramuros, Manila.
However, a qualitative component was included to identify the safety and security programs in
Intramuros, Manila. A total of 232 participants comprised of local and foreign tourist, answered the
survey and a representative security personnel was interviewed.

4. Results and Discussion

Out of 232 respondents, 207 or 89.2% are local tourists while 25 or 10.8% are foreign tourists. More
so, 129 or 55.6% are male while 96 or 41.4% are female. In terms of age, 155 or 66.8% are less than
25 years of age, 72 or 31% have ages 26-50, 3 or 1.3% have ages 51-65 while only 2 of them are over
65 years of age. As to Educational Attainment, 140 of 232 or 60.3% are bachelor’s degree holder,
23.3% finished secondary, while 31 or 13.4% are postgraduate. Further, majority are travelling with
families, are on, travel once a year and stays in a hotel.

The perceived level of safety and security is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Level of Safety and Security of Tourists in Intramuros, Manila.

Statement Mean Sd Interpretation
1 How safe from crime or deception do you feel when 3.73 .866 Safe
shopping?
2 How safe from illness do you feel when dining at food 3.63 .801 Safe
outlets?
3 How safe from crime do you feel walking in the streets in 3.51 .863 Safe
daytime?
4 How safe do you feel from accidents walking in the streets 3.37 .843 Not sure
daytime?
5 How safe from crime do you feel walking in the streets after 2.94 1.057 Not sure
dark?
6 How safe from accidents do you feel walking in the streets 3.01 1.021 Not sure
after dark?
7 How safe from crime do you feel using public transportation? 3.21 .844 Not sure
8 How safe from accidents do you feel using public 3.19 .817 Not sure
transportation?
9 How safe from crime do you feel when in your 3.61 .871 Safe
accommodation?
Overall 3.357 .643 Not sure
Note: 1.0-1.80, – very unsafe, 1.81-2.60 – unsafe, 2.61-3.40 – not sure, 3.41-4.20 – safe, 4.21-5.0 –
very safe

The above table shows the level of safety and security of tourists in Intramuros, Manila. As indicated
above, the overall mean score of the safety and security as perceived by tourists is 3.357 with a
standard of .643 regarded as “not sure”. Moreover, the highest mean scores are 3.73, 3.63, and 3.61
from the questions “how safe from crime or deception do you feel when shopping?”, “how safe from
illness do you feel when dining at food outlets?” and “how safe from crime do you feel when in your
accommodation?” all regarded as “safe”. On the other hand, the lowest mean scores are 2.94 and 3.01
from the question “How safe from crime do you feel walking in the streets after dark?” and “how safe
from accidents do you feel walking in the streets after dark?” which both regarded as “not sure.”

Safety and security issues gained much more vital importance in the last two decades in tourism
because safety and security is the indispensable conditions for travel and tourism. Over the previous
two decades the changes in the world were enormous. Due to terrorism, natural disasters, civil wars,
and epidemics, the security that we were witnesses to, has significantly decreased. These reasons
gained greater and more vital importance whereas tourism became one of the fastest growing industries
in the world economy — the safety and security issues " Safety tourism" (n.d). The success or failure
of a tourism attraction is depending on being able to provide a safe and secure environment for visitors

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 109
more than any other economic activity because safety and security are vital in providing quality tourism
(UNWTO, 2019).

Table 2: Environment and People of Intramuros, Manila

Questions Response F %
How satisfied are you with signage and direction in Very Good 42 18.1
Intramuros? Good 131 56.5
Not sure 22 9.5
Poor 24 10.3
Very Poor 13 5.6
How well you understand the local language? Very well 136 58.6
Quite well 50 21.6
I know a few words 24 10.3
Not at all 22 9.5
How satisfied are you with street lighting after dark? Very good 20 8.6
Good 106 45.7
Not sure 65 28.0
Poor 31 13.4
Very poor 10 4.3
How concerned are you about bites or stings of Very concerned 120 51.7
insects? A little concerned 98 42.2
Not concerned 14 6.0
How concerned are you about bites or stings of Very concerned 123 53.0
animals? A little concerned 89 38.4
Not concerned 20 8.6
How satisfied are you with the number of policy and Very good 28 12.1
security personnel? Good 123 53.0
Not sure 38 16.4
Poor 32 13.8
Very poor 11 4.7
What is your impression of police and security They are friendly… 82 35.3
personnel? They are helpful 78 33.6
They do not seem … 26 11.2
They make me … 46 19.8

Table 2 shows the perception on the environment and people in Intramuros, Manila. As gleaned above,
for the question “how satisfied are you with signage and direction in Intramuros?”, the highest frequency
is from the response “good” with a frequency of 131 or 56.5%. “very well” for the question “How well
you understand the local language?” with frequency of 136 or 58.6%, “good” for the question “How
satisfied are you with street lighting after dark?” with a frequency of 106 or 45.7%. Moreover, for the
question “How concerned are you about bites or stings of insects?” the highest frequency is 120 or
51.7% for the response “very concerned”, “good” for the question “How satisfied are you with the
number of policy and security personnel?” with frequency of 123 or 53%. Lastly, for the question “What
is your impression of police and security personnel?”, the highest frequency is 82 or 35.3% for the
response “they are friendly and approachable”.

Table 3: Independent Sample Test between the Perceived Level of Safety and Security of Foreign
and Local Tourists
Type of - T t critical p value interpretation
Tourists x
Local 3.3641 0.486 2.57 0.628 Not significant
Foreign 3.2978
Note: * significant at p ≤ .05

Table 3 shows the comparative analysis between the perceived level of safety and security of foreign
and local tourist using Independent Sample Test. The independent samples t test (also called the
unpaired samples t test) is the most common form of the T test. It helps you to compare the means of
two sets of data World press (2019). As indicated above, the mean level of safety and security for local
and foreign tourists respectively is 3.3641 and 3.2978, and their mean difference is .06629. Moreover,
the t-computed using Independent Sample Test is .486, which is less than the t-critical (2.57). Likewise,

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 110
the probability value (p-value) of .628 does not exceed the level of significant used in this study (α=.05)
which indicates that the mean difference between local and foreign tourists in perceived level of safety
and security in not significant.

4.1. Personal Communication with the Intramuros Security Personnel

The proponents conducted an interview with a security personnel in Intramuros Manila and results
are shown on the table below.

Table 4 Interview with the Police in Intramuros, Manila

4.1.1.What is your current position and responsibilities?

Response

*Unang-una is the deployment naming ganon pa di naman kaso nga lang minsan pag may mga
insidente para sakin yung challenges is yung pag communicate sa tourist hindi kasi lahat ng
tourista marunong mag English although hindi naman tayo kagalingan mag English, pero kaya
naman natin makipag communicate sa English, pero may mga tourista na hindi talaga
marunong.

*(English Translation) - First of all, is the deployment, but sometimes when there's an incident,
that is a big challenge, how you communicate with the tourists because not all tourists can
speak English although it is not necessary to talk in English, we can understand English but a
lot of tourists cannot.

*Specifically to safety and security of tourist. Unang-una ako syempre pcp commander ako ng
Intramuros, kumbaga ako yung officer in-charge. So, ang basic na responsibility ko is I-
susupervise ko yung tao ko. I dedeployed ko sila sa mga tourist destination cathedral to insure
nalagi silang nandyan na nag conduct sila ng patrol mobile patrol at the same time
mapangalagaan din yung safety ng tourist kung ano man yung kailangan ma assist naming sa
tourist na kaya naming gawin iaassist namin security of tourist kasi yun din naman yung sinabi
nyong mga deployment naming ay yung patrol yan yung ginagawa namin.

*(English Translation) - To be more specific to safety and security. First of all, I am the PCP
commander of Intramuros. So, as officer-in- charge, my primary responsibility is to supervise
my team. I deploy them to some tourists destination in Cathedral to ensure that there are police
who are conducting mobile patrol and at the same time, to take care the safety of tourists and
assists the tourists if we can, we assisted the security of tourists, and as I said to you all about
the deployment, those are the things we are doing.

Interpretation

*The police officers in the area are responsible in supervising and deploying his team to ensure
safety and security in different tourist destinations around Intramuros, Manila. Their functions
is to patrol and to fully supervised the area and ensure the safety of the tourists. One of the
challenges that they are facing is they cannot speak well in English but they find ways to
communicate well in the foreigner.

*The current position of the police that we interviewed is PCP Commander. His responsibility
is to supervise and deployed his team to the tourist destinations around Intramuros to patrol, to
fully supervise the area and to ensure the safety of the tourists. So, if the tourists need assistant
or help there are polices there to ask for help. The challenge that they are facing is they cannot
speak well in English but they find ways to communicate well in the foreigner.

4.1.2.What is the current status of Intramuros in terms of safety & security?

Response

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 *Over minimal lang naman ang mga insidente natin most na mga cases ay yung mga shooting,
yung mga nangyayare dyan sa boundary ng Intramuros. . Pinakamataas na rate ng crime ditto
sa Intramuros, actually sa rate ng crime ang hawak nyan is yung operation pero sa 1-10
incident. Eto bibigyan nalang kita ng rate, halimbawa, one week from 1-10 isa or nasa dalawa
lang sa isang lingo. *(English Translation) - There are only minimal incidents happened — the
most cases when there were shooting in the boundary of Intramuros. The highest crime rate
here in Intramuros the rate of crime who hold the operation is 1-10 incidents. I will give you the
example rate 1 out of 10, one or two of crime incidents per week.

Interpretation

*Crime rate is very minimal inside Intramuros. Most of the cases that occur often involve
shootings, but they happen usually on the boundary of Intramuros. Minor cases happened from
time to time as well.

*Pick pocketing usually happens due to the high number of foreign tourists. When these cases
occur, most of the time, it is up to the guards of establishments to prevent these minor crimes.
We focus more on what happens on the streets outside. It is better to for the tourist to be more
aware in their surroundings.

4.1.3.What are the challenges that are you facing to insure the safety and security to the tourist?

Response

*Mostly lang pag may nangyare ngayon nag mamadali na. So, dapat instead na makapag
conduct kami ng follow up kunware nasalisihan dun sa isang lugar ipafollow up naming yun
procedure kung sino nakakita most of the time for the record nalang kasi nga mamayang gabi
or mamaya aalis na din naman sila kasi nga tourist lang din naman sila hindi na natin ma
fafollow up yung kaso nila ay un yung isa sa mga challenges.

*(English Translation) - Mostly when there's something happened now, there's a hurry, so
instead we can conduct follow up for example robbery in one place, we will perform a follow-up
and procedure, and we ask all the witnesses most of the time for the record. Then, later the
tourists will go home, and then there's no coming follow up with the case, so that is one of the
challenges.

Interpretation

*The challenges that the police are facing is when there are incident report from tourist they
cannot conduct a full operation. Instead they will just follow up the procedure to know the
details about the incident just to record it. Because mostly the tourists didn't follow up about
the case because later on they will leave the place because they are just tourists. The police
should be more vigilant to fully observe the area to prevent incidents.

4.1.4.What Are the safety and security program implemented in Intramuros, Manila?

Response

* Manning - sa safety although yung number ng tao naming hindi naman kalakihan manning is
1 per police is 500 pero sa daming tao dto siguro nasa 1 police per 3,000.

*(English Translation) - About safety, although my team is a small group the manning is for
every one police is responsible for five hundred visitors, but because there were a large number
of people, so it is one police for every three thousand tourists.

* E-bike Patrol - actually meron kaming dati na tinatawag na police unit meron pa nga kami
tinatawag na ebike patrol sya yung ginagamit naming na service ni la kapag nagrroving to
check the area.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 112
 *(English Translation)- Actually, we have a police unit, and we called it e-bike patrol. This e-
bike is used as the service when we need to roam around and check the area.

*PAR (Police Assistant) - sa cathedral port Santiago. Is para may pulis present na agad kasi
pag may pulis present may deterrents naagadna any incidents.

*(English Translation) - In cathedral Port Santiago, there's the police who is present already
during an incidents and deterrents.

* Oplan Bakal Oplan Sita - sa safety and security madami kasi natin na tawag na oplan bakal
oplan sita mga police intervention yun para maiwasan yung ano mang uri ng crimen na hold up
snatching meron din.

*(English Translation) - about safety and security, we have the Oplan Bakal Oplan Sita. This is
the police intervention to avoid the different types of crime like hold up and snatching.

*Empo-Enhance Managing Police Pperation – meron kaming tinatawag na “Empo- enhance

managing police operation” mobile patron kasama yung oplan sita eto yung mga pulis jargon
siguro narinig nyo na yun sa mga TV at iba pang pahayagan security of tourists.

*(English Translation)- We have Empo- Enhance Managing Police Operation and mobile patrol
including Oplan Bakal Oplan Sita. These are all the police jargon. For sure you have heard it
on TV and, other newspaper for the security of tourists.

Interpretation

There are existing programs that police department of Intramuros implemented in the area.
There are five programs to ensure the safety and security of visitors in the area. These are the
Manning, E-bike Patrol, PAR or Police Assistant, Oplan Bakal Oplan Sita and Empo-Enhance
Managing Police Operation.

The police department that are responsible for the safety and security of visitors is also
responsible for the peace and order and they are making sure that Intramuros is a safe
environment for visitors.

The role of the police officers in Intramuros were well-defined. The key person, reiterated that the police
officers in the area are responsible in supervising and deploying his team to ensure safety and security
in different tourist destinations around Intramuros, Manila. Their functions is to patrol and to fully
supervised the area and ensure the safety of the tourists.

The key informant mentioned as well that the crime rate is very minimal inside Intramuros. Most of the
cases that occur often involve shootings, but they happen usually on the boundary of Intramuros. Minor
cases happened from time to time as well. Pick pocketing usually happens due to the high number of
foreign tourists. When these cases occur, most of the time, it is up to the guards of establishments to
prevent these minor crimes. We focus more on what happens on the streets outside. It is better to for
the tourist to be more aware of their surroundings.

One of the challenges that they are facing is they cannot speak well in English as but they find ways to
communicate well with the foreigner. Further, when there are incident report from tourist they cannot
conduct a full operation at once. Instead they will just follow up the procedure to know the details about
the incident for record purposes. This was due to the fact that mostly the tourists do not make a follow
up about the case as they will leave the place once their visit ended. The police should be more vigilant
to fully observe the area to prevent incidents

There are existing programs that police department of Intramuros implemented in the area. There are
five programs to ensure the safety and security of visitors in the area. These are the Manning, E-bike
Patrol, PAR or Police Assistant, Oplan Bakal Oplan Sita and Empo-Enhance Managing Police
Operation.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 113
Table 3 shows that plans and programs of the police department in the area is in progress. They deploy
the policemen to patrol and secure the place for the tourists. There are barriers the police are facing
such as lack of knowledge about other language hence they cannot talk to the foreigners. However,
every effort is taken to ensure to communicate with the tourist. Another challenge is the time spent by
tourist in the place. This make it harder for a full operation with the reality that the tourist will leave the
place once the visit ends.

There were safety and security programs in place in Intramuros and these are implemented to ensure
peace and order is attained and satisfaction of tourist is at a maximum.

According to Trip advisor by Mac Dermat (2019), the visitors can enjoy a peaceful walk and chill inside
the Intramuros during day time and 100% not to walk alone during night time because it didn’t feel safe.
There were people offering to ride a trike but it didn’t feel ok. It is not comfortable in some tourists
because there were too many shirt-less locals staring at the tourists. It is better to join the walking group
to better know the area or otherwise you just wandering around.

5. Conclusion

As a conclusion, the overall mean suggests that most people felt that they are not sure or they do not
receive adequate safety and security accommodation after visiting various tourists’ sites in Intramuros,
that is, specifically, in terms of crime security and accident safety at night as well as crime and accident
security when on public transportation. In addition, most tourists perceived that Intramuros is not
accident-free especially on thestreets of Intramuros even though the site provided adequate lighting on
streets and suitable signage.

Contrary wise, most tourists feel safe whenever they do shopping or dining within the vicinity of
Intramuros. Tourists are quite satisfied with the number of policy and security features that the site
provides as well as the friendly and approachable gesture of the security personnel and police.
Lastly, this study also concludes that there is no significant difference between the local and foreign
tourists perceived level of safety and security of Intramuros, Manila.

Based on the conclusions and results identified above, it is recommended to improve the safety and
security programs in the walled city of Intramuros and make ways so tourist or visitors will become
aware of these practices which will lead to sustainability in the tourism industry.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 114
 Commentaries

Commentary on the Seismic Vulnerability Assessment by Jambalos et al (2020) and the

Reconstruction of Ateneo Municipal by Diokno (2020)

Gabriel Caballero
ICOMOS Focal Point for the Sustainable Development Goals

Research-based heritage conservation is getting more interest from various educational institutions in
the Philippines. Students from various courses like architecture, engineering, landscape architecture
and other allied professions are seeking to ground their technical knowledge to the country’s past and
heritage (Tua, Caballero & Aquino-Ong, 2020). Avenues to share such knowledge like the 2nd
Intramuros Young Scholars conference allows students to share their ideas that tackle heritage issues
taken from different perspectives.

Jambalos et al (2020) conducted a seismic vulnerability assessment of the adobe stone masonry
church of San Agustin Church in Intramuros and the study highlighted that based on the damage index
and rank relationship, the church is considered not to have any damages (p.14). However, the study
highlights that under the parameters of the Structural Engineers Association of California, “a structure
older than 30 years of age is considered unsafe” and structures older than 50 years of age is “vulnerable
to large magnitude earthquakes” (p.15). Unfortunately, under the National Cultural Heritage Act of 2019
(RA 10066), sites considered as important cultural properties need to be at least 50 years old. This
suggests that all heritage structures in the Philippines will be considered unsafe and vulnerable to
earthquakes. Best practices from earthquake-prone countries with considerable heritage assets, such
as Japan should be considered in the literature review to rationalize interpretations of safety risks.

Future research that can periodically collect seismic data from surrounding structures in Intramuros will
be beneficial so that a Disaster Risk Management Policy Frameworks can be created holistically,
integrating the needs of these older structures to prepare for future earthquakes. Periodic reviews on
multiple risk hazards and multidisciplinary studies should be conducted for heritage sites to better
understand risks and more effective risk mitigation planning (World Bank Group, 2017).

For the proposed reconstruction of the Ateneo Municipal presented by Diokno (2020), the researcher
discussed the cultural significance of the site (p.8) and provided recommendations on creating a
professional-centered creative hub inspired by the original design of a structure that no longer exists.
The aspiration of the proposal was understandable but reconstructing a site that was built during the
Spanish period where there were different needs, aesthetics and design principles need to be further
rationalized. Under the Philippine Heritage Charter (2019), reconstruction is appropriate for post-conflict
scenarios and requires participatory, consultative and inclusive discussions with various stakeholders.
As the heritage fabric of the old school is no longer existing or not identified archaeologically, it will be
more appropriate to propose a sensitive yet contemporary design approach to the proposed building.
This is in line with the 2011 UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape which
recognizes that places should not be locked in a particular time and places should be allowed to
organically evolve with the changing times (Bandarin & van Oers, 2014).

The concept on having healthy, social, breathable spaces, with flexible use aspired for by the researcher
is what needs to be focused on to cater to a new crowd of users, the “Generation Z”. Fundamental
concepts on authenticity will need to be considered so there will be no deliberate attempts to falsify
historical narratives that may confuse future generations. Creating links to the original educational use
is meaningful but does not require historically reimagined aesthetics. Current heritage discourse guides
that layers of history must be taken into account and contemporary techniques that value the current
generation are important in managing heritage places.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 115
References:

Bandarin, F., & van Oers, R. (2014) The Historic Urban Landscape: Managing Heritage in an Urban
Century. WIley.

Diokno, R.P. (2020, December 12). A Study on the Most Suitable Function for the Reconstructed
Ateneo Municipal. [Online Conference] 2nd Intramuros Young Scholars Conference, Intramuros,
Manila, Philippines

Jambalos, A. S., Santos, K.R., & Trillana, R.S. (2020, December 12). Seismic Vulnerability Assessment
of San Agustin Church in Intramuros. [Online Conference] 2nd Intramuros Young Scholars Conference,
Intramuros, Manila, Philippines.

National Cultural Heritage Act 2019. s5.f (Phil)

Philippine Heritage Charter 2019. IV.Art.13.6 (Phil).

Tua, K.J., Caballero, G.V., & Aquino-Ong, S.C. (2020). Philippine Landscape Heritage Education:
Review of the preparedness of Landscape Architecture curricula in the Philippines for the specialization
of Landscape Heritage Conservation. [Unpublished masters research] ICOMOS Philippines.

World Bank Group (2017, October). Promoting Disaster Resilient Cultural Heritage.
http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/696061511882383371/pdf/121709-WP-P161985-
PUBLIC-DisasterResilientCulturalHeritageKnowledgeNoteENWEB.pdf

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 116
 Commentary on the Reinterpreting Dissonant Heritage by Almojano (2020),
Spanish Colonial City Planning in the Philippines by Panadero (2020), and
Kritikal na Pagsusuri sa Casa Manila by Baguan (2020)

Salomon, Elgin
University of the Philippines Diliman

For the next couple of presentations (especially under my watch) has a common denominator --- who
has the power in the spaces of Intramuros through time?

Mr. Panadero’s paper discussed the utilitarian reasons for the improvement of urban planning inside
Intramuros. But as he progressed in his presentation, I ponder that the motivation behind these
innovations is security. Facing threats of various disasters such as piracy, flooding and even fire, they
used many Western concepts of planning while they adjusted these models in a tropical setting.This
article pretty trminds me of Resil Mojares’ article Catechism of the Body (2003) where planned spaces
of the Spaniards were designed to control not only the movement of the people but also their soul.
Overall, Mr. Panadero utilized various primary sources which made his study very comprehensive. Amid
the challenges that we faced today like climate change, what can we learn from the urban morphology
of Intramuros? His paper can help us in crafting laws and policies that would mitigate the effects of the
rising level of water especially in major urban centers our country

Meanwhile, the presentation of Mr. Almojano criticized the current discourse in the history of Intramuros
as too elite and Spanish centric while disregarded the silenced narratives of the indios who have
significant role in shaping the spaces of Intramuros through time. By giving voice to the silene indios, it
would help in the reconstruction of the post-colonial identities of the Filipinos. Various questions were
raised in his presentation (1) How did he defined the concept of post-colonial identities given that
various scholars have their own way of operationalizing this definition? (2) How are you going to
negotiate the conflicting perspectives on the role of Intramuros in our history as a nation. Overall, his
paper serves as a challenge to scholars to unravel the “history from below” that was silenced because
of the hegemony from the elites who dominated in the discourse of history-writing.

Lastly, Ms. Baguan discussed how Intramuros was being represented. As stated in her study, the image
of Intramuros was molded by the dominant ideologies and discourses of Roman Catholic Church and
elites who used it as their cultural capital to become patrons of art. But what makes her study interesting
is how she unpacked the other image of Intramuros which was shaped by the role of the indios and the
Chinese. Using art, this served as a form of resistance to how the space is usually represented. Her
study then would bridge the gap between the elites and the masses as far as the discourse of arts is
concerned.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 117
 Commentary on Creating Experiences Within the Walls of Intramuros by Robles, et. al. (2020)

Bernardo Arellano III

University of the Philippines Los Banos

In the presentation of Creating Experiences Within the Walls of Intramuros: An Assessment Of The
Tourism Transportation In Intramuros by Robles, Turiano, et.al., the study dealt with the experiences
and expectations of tourists in Intramuros in terms of the tourism transportation. Using the qualitative
method, particularly the descriptive method, the students were able to deduce the expectations and
realizations of tourists, and provide recommendations based on the data provided.

As an expected result, the tourists have high expectations in relation to tourist-oriented transportation
in the Walled City such as the calesa, e-trike, and bicycle. In addition, the satisfactory rating of the
tourists has concluded that while the excitement was high, after experiencing the transport, it created a
“so-so” experience.

The paper provided the disucssion and analysis to which they demonstrated their efficiency in utilizing
the statistical method in providing data. This method, while providing the backbone on how the students
were able to give these conclusions, was able to deduce the perceptions of the tourists. However, upon
reading the paper, the determination of the students in writing all of the procedures has somehow
masked the intention of the paper itself.

It is also noted that there were some several recommendations for the paper to be improved:

- It was limited to international tourists. While the title mentions the general tourist market, it was
not able to mention the segment or sector of the market in its study. The panel has suggested
to the researchers to also include the local market, as these two have different perceptions,
concepts, and expectations about Intramuros.

- Timeframe of the study. The researchers were limited to their time of study and have it finished
within the term. This severely hampered the quality of study in exploring the year-round tourist
visits, especially the local market. Before the Covid-19 Pandemic, there are seasons wherein
East Asian markets go to Intramuros through cruise ships, to which it may also provide a
different parameter to the data.

- Add Qualitative Analysis – the paper delved too much with the quantitative data and concluded
as such that it did not completely grasped the nuances of the tourists’ perceptions and
expectations in transportation. The panel has suggested to enrich the study by providing quotes
from the tourists that have participated in the study. Since this deals with social perception,
mindset, and including the interaction of different cultures, the researchers should also include
ethnographic research in their methodology.

- Include public transport system – Tourists do not only take tourist-oriented transport, but also
the public transport system as well. The researchers could also include accessibility concerns
such as Intramuros’s accessibility to greater public transport system of Greater Manila Area.

Overall, the paper was able to provide the recommendations for the Intramuros stakeholders on how to
improve the transportation experience. However, it can be improved hereon.

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 Commentary on Within Intramuros: A Perceived Safety and Security of Tourist in Intramuros
by Macaraeg, et. al (2020)

Bernardo Arellano III

University of the Philippines Los Banos

The presentation of Within Intramuros: A Perceived Safety and Security of Tourist in Intramuros, Manila
by Macaraeg, Dela Cruz, et.al. dealt with the tourists’ perception on peace and order situation in the
district of Intramuros. Being one of the tourism sites in Greater Manila, safety and security has been
identified as one of the key forces of change in the tourism sector, which was mentioned in the said
study.

Like the preceeding study, it has used a quantitiave method of research, to deduce the perceptions of
security in the district. However, it has also used a qualitative method in determining nuances of
perception of the tourists. For the panelists, this is a boon on its research. The researchers were able
to interview key stakeholders such as the police force of the district, the tourists, and some locals in
providing a more holistic data.

While it was able to resolve some of the questions such as what makes the tourists feel secure, crimes
and safety issues committed within the district, and the response of the stakeholders in enforcing it, it
was not able to resolve on the “whys” perceived by the tourists.

The panelists recommend that the researchers take some of these quotes as to improve the quality of
the data. Since these are perceptions, there may be reasons as to how or why these concepts and
reputations of Intramuros exist. The researchers would dig deeper by engaging in interviews to random
and willing participants. Hence, an ethnographic method of partipant observation and primary source
interview should be engaged more.

It has also been recommended that the reseachers also utilize geographic methods such as
Geographical Information System (GIS) in determining areas, spaces, or spots wherein the perceived
safety concern is most high or low based on the tourists’ perceptions. Aside from that, graphical
representations of data should have been shown such as graphs and charts. While formulas and tables
represent the raw numbers, for intended stakeholders they would understand these even more when
the researchers utilize graphics instead.

In conclusion, the study was able to state the whats, but not the whys of the perception. It is a good
jumping point for a deeper investigative research on how to improve safety and security of Intramuros—
not only of the tourists, but also of its own locals.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 119
 About the Young Scholars

Presentation 1
Ariel Panadero

Ariel Panadero is a licensed architect and researcher. He has a Masters

in Engineering in Urban Planning and Design (2020) from the
Toyohashi University of Technology as well as a BS in Architecture
(2014) from the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. He previously
worked as a research assistant at Toyohashi, and as a design architect
at Arksen Design.

Presentation 2
Luigie Lursh Almojano

Luigie Lursh Almojano is a researcher. He earned his MA in Euroculture

(2020) as an Erasmus Mundus scholar from the Università degli Studi
di Udine (home university) and the Université de Strasbourg (host
university). His BA in Anthropology (Magna Cum Laude) was earned
from the University of the Philippines Diliman (2016).
’

Presentation 3
Kinah Baguan

Kinah Praise Baguan earned her BA in Art Studies (Cum Laude) from
the University of the Philippines Diliman (2020). As a student at the
university she was an intern at the UP Vargas Museum and has at one
point served as a volunteer at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. She is
at present a curator and writer at R Gallery.

Presentation 4
Ar-ar Jambalos

Ar-ar Jambalos earned his BS in Civil Engineering (2020) from the

Colegio de San Juan de Letran in Manila. While a student at Letran he
was an intern at the Department of Public Works and Highways under
the Construction Division.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 120
 Presentation 5
Praise Diokno

Praise Diokno earned her BS in Architecture (2020) from the

Polytechnic University of the Philippines. She was formerly an intern at
the Intramuros Administration and at the San Sebastian Basilica
Conservation and Development Foundation Inc. while a student at the
university.

Presentation 6
Keith Robles

Ian Keith Robles earned his BS in International Hospitality Management

Major in Cruise Line Operation and Hotel Services (2020) from the
Lyceum of the Philippines University (LPU). As a student at LPU he was
a member in many school organizations, including the Environmental
Society Organization, the Pandayan Sa Wika at Panitik, and the LPU
Kasarian.

Presentation 7
Lalaine Macaraeg-Pratt

Lalaine Macaraeg-Pratt earned her BS in International Hospitality

Management Major in Cruise Line Operation and Hotel Services
(2020) from the Lyceum of the Philippines University (LPU), and was a
consistent Dean’s Lister while at the university.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 121
 About the Panelists and Other Speakers

Claudia Montero

Claudia Isabelle Montero is currently a PhD student in the Department

of History at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Her MPhil thesis
focused on the role of history and culture towards built heritage
protection, where it investigated how the 2009 National Cultural
Heritage Act has been interpreted and implemented in Manila,
Philippines. Her main academic interests are in history and
historiography of colonial urban spaces (in the Philippines), built
heritage, and heritage conservation practice. She is additionally
interested in the articulation of the national politics of memory and
identity. In 2018 she was a Junior Fellow for the Global Humanities
Campus at the Freie Universität Berlin in Germany. An active member
of the International Committee for Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS),
she has been involved in several heritage activities in the Philippines.

She is a licensed architect and a conservator of historic buildings with

applied experience in research documentation and condition survey
assessment. She has worked extensively with nonprofit organizations,
private clients and government agencies in the Philippines involving
research and consultancy in the study of materials, methods,
conservation, and restoration works. Additionally, she worked as a
project architect for the National Museum of the Philippines in 2013,
which aided in the supervision of the restoration works of several
National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines.

Glenn Orbon

Glenn Orbon is an architect and researcher. He has bachelor's and

master's degrees in Architecture from the University of the Philippines
(UP) Diliman, and has published and presented papers locally and
internationally on architectural research and urban design. He was a
former University Research Associate at UP Diliman College of
Architecture, and was formerly the Managing Editor of both MUHON
and ESPASYO Journals.

Elgin Salomon

Elgin Glenn Salomon is a researcher with specialization on Philippine

studies, social history, postcolonial studies, and subaltern theory. He
has published and presented papers locally and internationally on
various subjects ranging from colonial urban planning to subaltern
resistance, and is presently an instructor of history at the University of
the Philippines Visayas. He earned his BA in History and Sociology from
the same university, and is presently finishing his MA in Philippine
Studies (Socio-cultural studies) at the University of the Philippines
Diliman.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 122
 Gabriel Caballero

Gabriel Victor Caballero is a landscape architect and an independent

world heritage specialist. He has an MA in World Heritage Studies from
Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus- Senftenberg,
Germany, and a Bachelor in Landscape Architecture from the University
of the Philippines Diliman.

In 2017, the Philippine Association of Landscape Architects (PALA)

gave recognition to Gabriel Caballero as a recipient of the GantimPALA
Vanguard Award for his contributions in the protection of natural and
cultural heritage areas.

He is currently involved in a key project in Singapore that is sensitively

creating a new tourist destination set amidst the natural protected areas
of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve.

Rona Repancol

Rona Catherine Repancol is a researcher. She is currently an instructor

at the University of Santo Tomas and is at present also involved at the
Office for Community Development at the same university.

She has written extensively on volcanic tuff (adobe stones), and is

author of Natural Stone and World Heritage Sites: Philippines. Rona
has an MA in Cultural Heritage Studies from the University of Santo
Tomas, and a Diploma in Archaeology from the University of the
Philippines Diliman.

Bernardo Arellano III

Bernardo Muerong Arellano III finished his bachelor’s degree in History

at the University of the Philippines Iloilo, and Master of Science in
Geography at the University of the Philippines Diliman.

He began teaching at the College of Arts and Sciences of UP Los Baños

in 2019, teaching courses on the Life and Works of Jose Rizal and
Philippine History. He is also the Program Development Associate for
Cultural Heritage at the Office for Initiatives for Culture and the Arts
(OICA) at the said university. He was the project coordinator of the
Philippine Registry of Cultural Property under the National Commission
for Culture and the Arts.

His research interests include local histories, sense of place and place-
making, and cultural heritage studies. His undergraduate thesis, “Ang
Pagpangayaw sa Dutang Ginsaad: The Migration of Settlement of
Ilonggos in Tacurong, Cotabato 1951-1960s” delved into the local
histories and personal stories of the Ilonggo emigration to Central
Mindanao after the Second World War. His master’s thesis explored
what constitutes “Sense of Place” in the City of Vigan, Ilocos Sur, a
popular heritage site and tourist destination.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 123
 Voltaire Palaña

Aberon Voltaire Palaña is an economic journalist for the Manila Times

where he also covered trade, industry, tourism, and investment. He is
also at present a member of the Board of Trustees at the Heritage
Conservation Society.

He has a Masters in Asian Studies from Chulalongkorn University and

a Masters in Korean Studies at the Seoul National University.

About the Moderator

Rancho Arcilla

Rancho currently heads the Archives of the Intramuros Administration

(IA)in Manila. Concurrent to his position at IA, he also serves at the
panel of the Intramuros Technical Committee on Architectural
Standards, the review board mandated under Presidential Decree No.
1616 to review development and recommend architectural policy in
Intramuros.

He has a BA in Asian Studies from the University of Santo Tomas and

an MA in Philippine Studies (cand) from the University of the Philippines
Diliman.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 124
 Program

DAY 01: 11 DECEMBER 2020

Session Activity Speakers Time Mins

Morning Opening remarks Richard G. Gordon 1000-1020 20

session Senator

Introduction to the Rancho Arcilla 1020-1040 20

speakers and panelists

Opening lecture Guiller Asido 100-1100 20

Intramuros Administration

Presentation 1 Ariel Panadero 1100-1200 60

Lunch break

Afternoon Presentation 2 Luigie Lursh Almojano 1300-1400 60

session
Presentation 3 Kinah Baguan 1400-1500 60

Moderator for Day 1: Rancho Arcilla

DAY 02: 12 DECEMBER 2020

Session Activity Speakers Time Mins

Morning Presentation 4 Ar-ar Jambalos 1000-1100 60

session
Presentation 5 Praise Diokno 1100-1200 60

Lunch break

Afternoon Presentation 6 Ian Keth Robles 1300-1400 60

session
Presentation 7 Lalaine Macaraeg-Pratt 1400-1500 60

Closing remarks Dean Beth Aragon 1500-1515 15

Lyceum of the Philippines
University

Moderator for Day 2:: Rancho Arcilla

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 125
Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 126
 Report

Description Conference Second Annual Intramuros Young Scholars Conference

No. of days Two (2)
Date 11-12 December 2021
Time Day 1, 11 December 2021: 1000-1500
Day 2, 12 December 2021: 1000-1515
Theme Intramuros: A Heritage of Resilience
Organization Organized by Intramuros Administration (Government of the Philippines)
Partnerships None
Technical Medium Entirely online; Zoom with live Facebook broadcast
details Zoom ID Day 1: 955 6203 8418
Day 2: 912 2401 9671
Recordings Youtube Day 1: https://youtu.be/VmRKOiYZ5Q0
Day 2: https://youtu.be/wyA-xVk2MGU
Facebook Day 1: https://fb.watch/v/rIcWli2o/
Day 2: https://fb.watch/v/PibxIZOU/

Number of Attendees: Day 1

Attendees via Zoom A Number of registrants 292

B Number of zoom registrants who actually 172
attended
C Zoom attendance rate (B / A) 58.90%

FB Live Statistics D Number of peak live views/attendees in Facebook 47

E Video views 5.706
F Post reach 17,795
G Post engagements 1,555

Total attendees H Zoom and Facebook (B + D) 219

Note: Due to monitoring purposes, only zoom participants are counted as official attendees.

Number of Attendees: Day 2

Attendees via Zoom A Number of registrants 312

B Number of zoom registrants who actually 140
attended
C Zoom attendance rate (B / A) 44.87%

FB Live Statistics D Number of peak live views/attendees in Facebook 21

E Video views 2,309
F Post reach 7,840
G Post engagements 577

Total attendees H Zoom and Facebook (B + D) 161

Note: Due to monitoring purposes, only zoom participants are counted as official attendees.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 127
 Feedback
Outstanding – 5; Very Satisfactory – 4; Satisfactory – 3; Unsatisfactory – 2; Very Unsatisfactory – 1

Question 1: How would you rate the "2nd Intramuros Young Scholars Conference"?

No. of Responses Ave % of

responses Considered satisfied Considered unsatisfied rating respondents
5 4 3 2 1 considered
(O) (VS) (S) (US) (VUS) satisfied
110 67 40 3 0 0
4.58
100.00% 60.91% 36.36% 2.73% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00%
(O)
110 – 0% 0 – 0.00%

Question 2: How did you find Day 1?

No. of Responses Ave % of

responses Considered satisfied Considered unsatisfied rating respondents
5 4 3 2 1 considered
(O) (VS) (S) (US) (VUS) satisfied
109 61 42 6 0 0
4.50
100.00% 55.97% 38.53% 5.50% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00%
(O)
109 – 0% 0 – 0.00%

Question 3: How did you find Day 2?

No. of Responses Ave % of

responses Considered satisfied Considered unsatisfied rating respondents
5 4 3 2 1 considered
(O) (VS) (S) (US) (VUS) satisfied
110 62 42 6 0 0
4.51
100.00% 56.37% 38.18% 5.45% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00%
(O)
110 – 0% 0 – 0.00%

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 128
Question 4: How did you find our student speakers?

No. of Responses Ave % of

responses Considered satisfied Considered unsatisfied rating respondents
5 4 3 2 1 considered
(O) (VS) (S) (US) (VUS) satisfied
110 45 55 10 0 0
4.32
100.00% 40.90% 50.00% 9.10% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00%
(VS)
110 – 0% 0 – 0.00%

Question 5: How did you find our panelists?

No. of Responses Ave % of

responses Considered satisfied Considered unsatisfied rating respondents
5 4 3 2 1 considered
(O) (VS) (S) (US) (VUS) satisfied
109 71 37 1 0 0
4.64
100.00% 65.14% 33.94% 0.92% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00%
(O)
109 – 0% 0 – 0.00%

Question 6: Did you like the topics discussed?

No. of responses Responses

Yes No
110 110 0
100.00% 100.00% 0.00%

Gender Profile of Respondents

No. of respondents Male Female

110 51 59
100.00% 46.36% 53.64%

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 129
Question 7:
Please let us know how we can further improve our next conference.
With verbatim responses. Names removed for privacy.

1 nothing
2 None
3 N/a
4 DP blast, more publication of the said event.
5 I wish it was a one day event like the last year.
6 More presentations
7 I think all was spectacular.
8 sustained....
9 None
10 Kits should be distributed at least a day before?
11 Maybe, time management issues, hehe. That's all!
12 maybe additional speakers to be accomodated fr other schools
13 More interesting topics
14 If the next conference will be held online, it will be better if the presentors can make sure that
they are prepared by checking their audio and connection beforehand and have alternatives
in case of technical difficulties. Logistically, the conference was organized and participants
are given sufficient information about the event.
15 It seems like the network was not in good condition in general.
16 More visuals on the part of specific design how the transformation done from one period to
another period.
17 None.
18 Everything is perfect. They are honest and polite. They know what they are discussing
19 none
20 Thank you for this conference. I have learned a lot.
21 more games
22 N/A
23 More engagement with participants, and more inclusive of other heritage sites similar to
Intramuros
24 I could recommend having a light talk/adlib once in a while because it is somewhat
overloaded with information.
25 N/A
26 Unstable internet connection became a problem but that's beyond your control, congrats for
a job well done.
27 I have nothing to say.
28 More webinars
29 //
30 Excellent!
31 See on yr 3
32 It was nice although I think it’s better if we have the copy of their paper. But still, I am
satisfied. :)
33 You did it well.
34 Hoping for a face-to-face 3rd annual conference.
35 Speaker's from outside Manila
36 I hope the student speakers can find stonger Internet signals.
37 Remind the participants/audience to clearly state their questions in a simplest not to the point
that they will look more knowledgeable than the speaker
38 None
39 Time management
40 Assist more in providing stable internet connection for speakers
41 I understand the limitations that the conference had this year because of the Pandemic, but
despite all that, I can say that it is successful. Hopefully next year, we can do this face to
face.
42 More conference
43 More conference

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 130
 44 Give schedule beforehand even w/o the speakers for the audience to know how long it will
take
45 Webinar excellent as it is
46 none
47 i hope there still online or virtual audience so many can still gain knowledge and experience
48 30-45 minutes for presentation is too long. Please linit it to maximum of 20. Perhaps also, the
program can be squeezed in a day.
49 Im sorry if idid not finish all the talks due to my poor internet connection
50 Nothing , everything it's ok
51 Good enough!
52 Since it's my first time to attend this type of conference, I must say I enjoyed and learned a
lot from the selected papers presented by these young scholars, as well as the inputs from
credible panelists
53 Hoping technical problems will be lessen as it affects the listening and learning experience of
the viewers. Also, in my opinion, there are a few speakers that I feel that were not that
prepared with their papers as there are moments that I'm not satisfied with their answers to
the questions from the audience and also from the panel of reactors. I suggest, if possible,
that there could be a debate session where an important topic or any issues in heritage could
be put into a discourse.
54 Have sponsors
55 you’re all doing a great job! kudos to IA!
56 None
57 N/A
58 There are no suggestion for improvement since there were no problems that I encountered
during the conference.
59 There are no suggestion for improvement since there were no problems that I encountered
during the conference.
60 None as from what I have observed.
61 None. The organizers were very well prepared, to the extent of preparing videos of the
presentations in anticipation of intermittent internet connection of the presenters.
62 Congratulations
63 None
64 none
65 The conference is excellent it is very informative. I'm looking forward for the same kind of
conference . Thank you.
66 I really enjoyed the conference and topics discussed on day 1 and day 2. Ive learned a lot as
an aspiring heritage architect in the future. I couldn't think of any ideas to improve from now
but I am very satisfied to what I experienced thru online conference.
67 add more speakers and topics
68 No need, very satisfactory
69 The Confernece is wonderful about the reporting of the speakers they study hard every
peace or details about their presentations and propososal to the presentations the panel is
very informative.
70 N/A
71 The entire talks was very smooth and great...thank you Intramuros Tourism!
72 Great
73 Hoping that the next conference would be an actual event and online, just check for technical
difficulties
74 5 min break after every 45 min
75 N/A
76 More qualitative research please
77 Curious on your process on how you select the panelists/student speakers :)
78 Topics-well organized & related;scholars' presentation-you can conclude that much study &
research involved despite COVID; time management-very good;Moderator.Arcilla-
outstanding
79 to be honest there’s nothing ro be improved since each person are professional enough and
really discussed every topic that are assigned to them. It gave me inspiration and new
learning due to their clear discussion and direct to the point topics.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 131
 80 If physical conference will be considered next time, maybe you can have simultaneous live
broadcast or online participants.
81 It's great already. Thank you for everyone's hard work. Y'all did great.
82 Interactive games or keep the audience alive
83 It's our internet signal. You did great. Panelists are knowledgeable
84 keep up the great work and learning sessions
85 Call for papers may include a section for researches that are not thesis
86 Nothing to improve. The conference was conducted properly and on time.
87 N/A
88 More speakers and audience performance
89 For the next conference, I think it would be best to feature studies that were not included on
the recently concluded YSC.
90 More social media exposure so that more audiences will become aware of the said event.
91 The conference was good. Keep it up.
92 About the technical difficulties you should have other people to manage that can of trouble so
that host did not bothered
93 Keep it up!
94 The online conference was really great but still I hope the next conference will be on physical
conference when the situation is safe to do it.
95 no comment at all, topics are very note-worthy.
96 I think it is good enough already
97 I have noticed that the organization is taking further appreciation and producing something
with the help of millennials who could further share their new knowledge and skills in
historical research.
98 A much more informal way of discussing
99 -
100 Rather than wait for the students to finish their research and presentation before giving all
sorts of suggestions for improvement, I recommend correcting their errors and deficiencies
BEFORE the research even starts. I think the students should have third party mentors (e.g.
professors from Ivy League Universities) who could better guide their research. I also think
their current mentors should take up further education to keep themselves current. The
mentors should also learn to maximize all the new technologies and tools that we currently
have to improve their research results.
101 Mor topics to be prezented
102 You've done a great job!..
103 .-
104 none
105 None at all properly organized
106 More conference
107 It's already a good avenue for researchers to know more about Intramuros.
108 I already appreciated the inclusion of student researchers to share their knowledge and skills
in research.
109 this is a very interesting that we have conference like this even during the pandemic, I would
suggest if I may that we tap the stakeholders or different organization in the tourism industry
110 more time to let student speakers discuss their papers better
111 Keep it up!
112 N/a

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 132
Question 8:
Do you have a topic or theme in mind what you would like us to consider for our next
conference?
With verbatim responses. Names removed for privacy.

1 Historical churches in the Philippines

2 Any
3 N/a
4 Lesser known aspects of the Walled City.
5 Not yet
6 Helping the youth among the community
7 Maybe how do you see Intramuros 10 years from now?
8 none
9 None as of now
10 —
11 For now, I don't have any.
12 history arts and culture
13 Spouses of the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines
14 None at the moment
15 The 2 remaining ILS for this year is good enough for the year end.
16 None so far because it is my first time to attend and aim interested in knowing the roots of
our architectural design in our country especially we are in archipelago may be from one
island to another island.
17 Preserving th Walle City despite Modernization.
18 On how to preserve our heritage sites and how to apply to our planning here at Philippines
19 19th century fashion or clothing trends inside the walled settelementIntramuros
20 As long as it is related to Social Sciences.
21 sustainability
22 ANY
23 Indigenous peoples and Colonial History
24 Tour Guiding in Intramuros
25 Ruined heritage site inside intramuros
26 Cultural Mapping experiences in the philippines
27 Interested in more architectural topics.
28 Language
29 //
30 none
31 Schools inside intramuros
32 Political stance as a student
33 Dont have in mind yet.
34 Spanish Heritage and Culture in Mindanao
35 Any
36 I like the multi-disciplinary topics discussed about Intramuros. More of that would be great.
37 The people in the Modern Day intramuros
38 Something on intangible heritage side of Intramuros like music, or on science like the Fr.
Blanco’s botanical garden
39 Standardize the tour guiding spiels, Harmonize the community leaving in the area to
participate in preserving intramuros
40 impacts of noise pollution in touring Intramuros? hehe
41 Heritage Interpretation
42 IA plans for the future
43 IA plans for the future
44 none as of the moment
45 Culinary and Built Heritage
46 none
47 no dont have idea yet
48 None
49 Looking forward for more

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 133
 50 Heritage Conservation
51 None
52 Buying and transferring ancestral houses into a theme park in Bagac. Is this the new norm?
53 Topics could be: 1. The Future of Intramuros 2. Heritage Conservation vs. Modernization in
the City of Manila 3. Discourse about the restoration of some structures in Intramuros 4.
Technologies that can improve the sustainable tourism experience in the Walled City
54 Sustainability
55 Reliving traditions in old Intramuros.
56 None
57 N/A
58 For now, none.
59 For now, none.
60 Archaeological studies in Intramuros
61 I suggest that we include more topics on the interplay of history and culture.. and how this
can provide an overall feel for a visit to the Walled City.
62 Can u consider about women empowerment during Spanish era
63 None
64 none
65 The Different Groupd of Indigenous People in the Philippines
66 The topic that comes from my mind that if possible to be consider is the historical
background of Intramuros and how it become an impact up until today (modern times) to
Manila and to our country itself.
67 history of each building in Intramuros
68 N/A
69 Being a simple citizen in our country we our lucky that whatever trials in our country we
continue to learned more topics by this webinar.
70 N/A
71 Life of people outside Intramuros
72 about the preservation of Intramuros
73 As a media student, I think the next conference should be about how multimedia is being
integrated to boosts Intramuros
74 Cultural Management Plan and Cultural Mapping
75 None
76 Adobe stones/structures
77 Policymaking in relation to heritage conservation
78 Invite Mapua would-be engineers, travel agencies so their client-tourists can be respondents
to primary data-gathering of the Young Scholars, invite the Spanish Government on our
partnershp with them in preserving Intramuros, the Young Scholars and historical
conservationists from Ilocos, La Union, Cebu, Bohol who have similar structures as
Intramuros & engage them in conversations on their conservation plans & successess, City
of Manila
79 About leadership
80 Environment and Heritage.
81 ...
82 N/A
83 Part 2 of Manila Sound
84 none to suggest at this time
85 history topics on Intramuros
86 Perhaps papers looking forward to the future of Intramuros?
87 Housing construction in the philippines
88 More about tourism in the New Normal
89 From the perspective of the residents in Intramuros, I am interested on how the tourism in
Intramuros has affected their lifestyles.
90 Anything about Antonio Luna
91 Military History
92 Nothing
93 Heritage Conservation
94 N/A

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 134
 95 probably about the santo domingo church
96 Studies about the transition of intramuros from its original form and structures into it's present
contents
97 Women Empowerment from historical point of view to the present.
98 Maybe about other historical buildings, Filipino architecture, or about the situation of cities in
the Philippines and how it will be improved
99 Spanish reduccion
100 Mental Health
101 Student leadership
102 The impact of Intramuros history on the Millennials..
103 NONE
104 zarzuela and musical theater
105 More Best practices
106 IA plans for the future
107 Suggestion: Old Century churches, it's historical significance
108 Historical Women empowerment
109 more about the new normal ways and means in handling tourists and visiting tourist spots
110 urban planning, in relation to heritage of course
111 Heritage Conservation
112 N/a

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 135
 Questions via Zoom QA Button: Day 1

1 JOSE jovictorres@gm rancho, is the audience on video?

VICTOR ail.com
TORRES
2 Sarah Jane ar.sarahjane.pa Is there a possibility that the "Wow Philippines" strategy by
Pahimnayan- himnayan@gma Sen. Gordon with the Department of Tourism wherein
Pagador il.com different provinces will showcase their culture, food, and
history in Intramuros will happen again in the future (as
mentioned by Sen. Gordon)? I can still remember that! The
place is so lively and vibrant during those days. Missing my
childhood days. :)
3 Sarah Jane ar.sarahjane.pa Hi Sheena! Wow that's so exciting! Can't wait to witness
Pahimnayan- himnayan@gma these events soon. Thank you so much for your response
Pagador il.com and for the good news! Kudos, I.A.!
4 Bibi Mangki bibimangki@yah Hello!
oo.com
What about the effects (both positive and negative) of
ecotourism to our indigenous communities? How can we
ensure that there is inclusion without sacrificing cultural
integrity and the human rights of our IPs?

More power Sen Gordon and Intramuros! And everyone in

the tourism and cultural work.
5 Lovely Joy loverosario17@ Can we revive the "Wow Philippines" again ?
Del Rosario gmail.com
6 JOSE jovictorres@gm According to Robert Reed in his Colonial Manila, it seemed
VICTOR ail.com that Legazpi already had an idea how to layout the city
TORRES when it was created in 1571. With the Leyes formulated in
1573, was the town planning of the colonial cities of the
Leyes therefore influenced by experiences of the
Spaniards in South America rather than a set of laws
influencing the creation of a city?
7 JOSE jovictorres@gm Why wa Vitruvius' books only applied in Spain? Why not
VICTOR ail.com the other European cities?
TORRES
8 Anonymous Great study and very interesting topic! About the
Attendee adoptation of the orientation of the street vs the wind - is it
possible that in the original ordinance that the effect of
wind on street finishes (unpaved) was a consideration; and
that maybe climate was a factor for it to not be applied in
the Ph?

About location of churches, was there indication that these

were situatied for purposes of defense and governance?
9 JOSE jovictorres@gm Sorry but I have to take exception to Senator Gordon's
VICTOR ail.com statement on Intramuros as a "means to lock out the
TORRES Filipinos" it is so old-fashioned colonial racism. Even Rizal
pointed out that as early as the 19th century, the gates
were already open to allow the entry of Filipinos to
Intramuros
10 JOSE jovictorres@gm The esteros were the waterways
VICTOR ail.com
TORRES
11 JOSE jovictorres@gm Later archaeological studies by Dr. Victor Paz showed that
VICTOR ail.com the riverside area was not inhabited during the prehispanic
TORRES times. so does it mean not the area of the city was not
triangular as ealier imagined therefore affecting the
directional orientation of the town planning?

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 136
 12 Ian Morley Ianmorley@cuh The plaza was the centre of the urban plan, its orientation
k.edu.hk was in accord with the four directions of a compass (is
what the laws of the Indies state)
13 JOSE jovictorres@gm thank you sir ariel
VICTOR ail.com
TORRES
14 Ian Morley Ianmorley@cuh From the plan the urban environment was laid out
k.edu.hk
15 Niña ninavenus88@g Not a question but to add to Sir Vic: I was actually
Angelica mail.com wondering what legit historians would say about that line
Venus “locking us out” when I heard it. The speechwriter probably
is drawing a comparison with the “wall” being being the
imagery of Intramuros.
16 JOSE jovictorres@gm Thank you Sir Ariel
VICTOR ail.com
TORRES
17 Anonymous Do we close this and rejoin?
Attendee
18 Anonymous can I request for a copy of the presentation like last year
Attendee
19 Anonymous no sound?
Attendee
20 Anonymous thanks, ok now
Attendee
21 Bibi Mangki bibimangki@yah Hello Prof. Almojano!
oo.com
I understand that there are many interpretation and
conception of our Spanish Colonial Heritage among our
fellow Filipinos. But we cannot deny that the “colonial gaze”
is still the dominant force in our historical discourse.

So what should we do as researchers, curators, cultural, or

tourism workers? How do we deal with these differing
notions or theorizing of our colonial past? How do we
“present” our heritage (taking into consideration these
subaltern/or resistance?)

Even in schools though curricula or textbooks, what is the

more appropriate pedagogy when it comes to colonial
heritage? How much do we embrace, or how much should
we repudiate?

Thanks!
22 JOSE jovictorres@gm Mr. Almojano's talk is interesting. I would like to ask, did
VICTOR ail.com he ask questions on the point of view on Intramuros during
TORRES the period of restoration from the early '60s to the present
time when views on colonial heritage became layered with
restoration, preservation and promotion? Because this is
where the so-called "dissonance" occurred which many not
exeactly be a dissonance but a cycle of a change of ideas
23 JOSE jovictorres@gm Comment on the idea taken from the recognition of African
VICTOR ail.com heritage. There is a difference between African natonalism
TORRES and the recognition and preservation of their heritage. The
problem is that African conservationists today tend to
dismiss more of the colonial heritage and focus more on
the "original" which, unfortunately, led to some destrcution
of the colonial past
24 JOSE jovictorres@gm Sorry. error in writing. "There is a difference between
VICTOR ail.com Afriacan nationalism and Philippine nationalism. and how
TORRES

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 137
 they dealt in the recognition and preservatoin of their
heritage"
25 Violeta violetanmunoz Mr. Almojano, thanks for the analysis and discussion on
Munoz @yahoo.com Intramuros further enhancing my knowledge and
appreciation of Intramuros! I will add knowledge gained
from your presentation in my profession as a tour guide!
26 JOSE jovictorres@gm Comment: Even though with full government support,
VICTOR ail.com restoration and prservation was still touch and go
TORRES especially on Intramuros. New resarchers eventually came
out which would have altered some restoration and the
understanding of historic sites. The question is: Does this
changes of outlook, views and ideas would be equal to
dissonance? It seems dissonance would delimit the idea
of allowing new understsandings on restoration.
27 JOSE jovictorres@gm the other book is proably by asteya santiago
VICTOR ail.com
TORRES
28 Venus Venusardaniel8 Hello po, Can we still renovate and add some structures in
Ardaniel [email protected] Intramuros?
29 Anonymous Comment: KIndly change the misconception that Casa
Attendee Manila was a "restoration." It is not. It is a reconstruction
of a house that was in San NIcolas.
30 JOSE jovictorres@gm Comment: Kindly change the misconception that Casa
VICTOR ail.com Manila was a "restoration." It is not. It is a reconstruction
TORRES of a house in San Nicolas and was in no way related to
Intramuros. The house design was merely used for the
museum
31 JOSE jovictorres@gm Masasabi ba natin na magkaiba ang "appropriation" sa
VICTOR ail.com ideya ng "enculturation" na siyang bumuo ng ating
TORRES pamanang kolonyal at nagbigay ng ating bagong pananaw
na ito ay kabilang ng ating identidad?
32 JOSE jovictorres@gm Cosnidering ang terminolohiya ng "appropriation" ay
VICTOR ail.com kinokondena na mga henerasyon ngayonn bilang
TORRES "pagnanakaw" at hindi "pagiging bahagi"
33 David davesibayan28 When I went to Casa Manila, it reminded me a lot of the
Sibayan @gmail.com house of Kapitan Tiago in Noli Me Tangere. I tried to
picture Kapitan Tiago’s santos in its prayer room.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 138
 Questions via Zoom QA Button: Day 2

1 Anonymous Good morning po! How did you account for the cracks
Attendee mentioned in the recent earthquake in the modelling
process?
2 Renzz Irvin renzzirvin.delato hello may I ask about marawi? are there cultural heritages
Dela Torre [email protected] that needs to be preserved or looked at, specially the
u.ph churches? thank you!
3 Renzz Irvin renzzirvin.delato any thoughts of the cathedral of maria auxiliadora or st
Dela Torre [email protected] marys chapel in marawi? thank u
u.ph
4 Violeta To IA and Professor Baylon: May I strongly suggest that
Munoz this study be submitted to our policymakers, namely, the
NCCA and IA, as basis for requesting the budget and
programs from both the government and private sectors to
violetanmunoz start the retrofitting of SAC, so as to avoid destruction of
@yahoo.com this heritage structure.
5 Violeta As addendum to my recommendation: perhaps, budget
Munoz from the government and private sectors can be requested
violetanmunoz for doing a study which the researchers and Dr. Baylon say
@yahoo.com is expensive.
6 Nelson Go go6012871@gm if there is earthquake with a bg magnitude. is it safe to be
ail.com inside san agustin church?
7 Paulo I understand from studiesof latin American chruches that
Alcazaren share structural similarities with Phil churches that the
replacement of old heavy wood roof trusses in heritage
chruches with lighter metal trusses upsets the original
paulo.alcazaren balance of the old buttressed masonry walls, which had
@gmail.com tended to counter the diagonal forces from the old trusses.
8 Joseph Kua As a follow up to the previous question, should church
architects and engineers now start considering churches
watermalongwor as earthquake shelters from the get-go, planning and
[email protected] making sure it can be a refuge during crisis?
9 Larry Gile Larry.gile@yaho How about ecological design consideration for this
o.com upcoming workforce
10 Violeta Congratulations! This study is very rich and well-prepared
Munoz violetanmunoz in terms of research of and proposal on Ateneo Municipal!
@yahoo.com Thank you!
11 Paulo Question to Praise: Did you study the expansion plans of
Alcazaren the six univeristies already in Intramuros? All of these
campuses have maxed out in terms of space… and all
want and need to expand. The Muni is short walking
distance from all of these six. Could the Muni not be
reconstructed for use as expansions of any one or a
consortium of these institutions in a long terms lease? This
paulo.alcazaren lease or co-share could push the cost of the reconstruction
@gmail.com to them instead of burdening the IA with the cost.
12 Llyka Mae Hi! Question for Ms. Diokno, what significant materials
Cabilin have you used on your design proposal? Have you
llykamaecabilin considered the existing materials and used them on your
@gmail.com design? Thanks!
13 Paulo In 1997 the hotel chain Melia Sol had, I beleive, proposed
Alcazaren to recosntruct the Muni as a hotel. There was also
reportedly some funding from the Spanish government for
reconstruction, but apparently the Ramos adminsitration
re-directed the grants to the construction of Expo 98 in
paulo.alcazaren Clark, which is not a white elephant. Do you now of these
@gmail.com previous proposals?

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 139
 14 Giuseppe Hello! interesting choice for a study. Was hoping to see
Luigi H. more of the designs that you flashed in the last minute of
Abcede your presentation, how much of your proposed design
gioabcede28@g reflected (or tried to reconstruct) elements from the original
mail.com structure? :)
15 Paulo A decade or so ago I talked to martin Galan of House of
Alcazaren Precast (that used to use the services of the Tampincos
before the war). The made a casting of the brackets for the
paulo.alcazaren reconstruction of the bridge, which was a proposal I beleive
@gmail.com tied to the St Ingacio project.
16 Paulo All the sites and lots in Intramuros are of archeological
Alcazaren paulo.alcazaren interest so this fact is already a non issue and a requisite in
@gmail.com any intervention.
17 Paulo I agree that the DOT clamshell is tacky (or the contents of
Alcazaren its presentations were). A possible option would be a
temporary structure - steel framed 2-3 storey facility with a
neutral minimalist look that - that would acceptable in terms
of the various charter. The lifespans of these types of
structures are like call-centers or the buildings on BGC
Hgh street. This would allow a quick build out, and use…
but could easily be removed after a short lease period (10-
paulo.alcazaren 15 years) and would not preclude future reconstruction
@gmail.com and/or archeological digs.
18 Paulo such a structure could easily provide all the creative
Alcazaren spaces needed or classrooms and workshop space for co-
sharing by the univeristies in Intramuros. The neutral
paulo.alcazaren facades could provide a canvas for ‘3D projection mapping’
@gmail.com of the old Muni facade and other content during events.
19 Niña Creative hubs are big on sustainablility, how sustainable do
Angelica you think is your proposed hub? In terms of operation, in
Venus ninavenus88@g terms of the structure? Just off-hand, of course as these
mail.com also require separate studies
20 Paulo The use of the deck for an al fresco area is wonderful
Alcazaren specially as you can look out to the perimeter walls but the
interior spaces with glass roofs will lead to too much heat
gain and be expensive to cool (unless you spend a lot of
paulo.alcazaren money like the National Museum of Natural History for
@gmail.com engineering intervention).
21 Renzz Irvin renzzirvin.delato hello maam! any insights for generation z design for a
Dela Torre [email protected] church? for them to go there willingly? taking note of
u.ph culture and heritage? thank you!
22 Christelle Good morning! Has the researcher encountered any
Pineda projects/cases similar to her proposed reconstruction of La
christelle.jpined Muni which have already been executed within our
[email protected] country?
23 Anonymous anong oras po resume
Attendee
24 Violeta Comment: At the initial presentation of the paper, it stated
Munoz that this was a purple I've study, so I guess, at the time that
the study wss made, there were many French tourists. If,
however, we will study international tourist arrivals, the top
violetanmunoz arrivals are 1) South Korea, 2) China, 3) U.S.A., 4) Japan,
@yahoo.com 5) Taiwan. The French aren't in the top 10.
25 Violeta violetanmunoz Sorry, purposive not purple.
Munoz @yahoo.com
26 Paulo On transport in Intramuros …would not pedestrianizing the
Alcazaren most of the core of the district make it more attractive to
local and foreign tourists? Would not pedestrian
paulo.alcazaren connectivity (rain protected) between Ermita across Rizal
@gmail.com Park to Intramuros also benefit both locals and foreigners?

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 27 Paulo In other cities with intact old city walls the walkability fo the
Alcazaren entire perimeter of the walls is a key attraction. Why can’t
this be done with Intramuros? It it the golf course?… or the
paulo.alcazaren carrying capacity of the wall? or the lack of continuity at the
@gmail.com Aduana section?
28 Violeta My answer to Mr. Alcazaren is this: I commute, and, there
Munoz are already jeepneys and tribike with routes from Mabini
Street in Ermita to the Puerta Real Gate in Intramuros.
violetanmunoz These modes of transport are alreafy existing, hence,
@yahoo.com Ermita is already connected to Luneta and Intramuros.
29 Erica Eunice Why not give all tourists the QR code for the survey, so
Minerva Lim they could do everything online? There’s absolutely no
Erica.Sy.Lim201 need to do the survey in English, since we have translators
[email protected] everywhere anyway.
30 Paulo If this study were conducted as part of an urban design
Alcazaren assessment then the negative perceptions of security
would be found to be due to the fact that most roads in the
Intramuros are defined by solid fences or blank walls, non-
transparent windows, or large non-transparent portals.
Compared to walking in historic districts of outher countries
that have a lot of store fronts, arlfresco dining, and open
facades, or if see-through wrought iron gates. If people see
other people in these compounds, or in shops, or dining,
then a street or district will be preceived to be safer. “Eyes
paulo.alcazaren on the street (read the works on public spaces by Jane
@gmail.com Jacobs, William Whyte, Jahn Gehl)
31 Paulo this is why the immediate area of the San Agustine
Alcazaren courtyard appears to be safer …because of visible human
paulo.alcazaren activity, glimpse into Casa Manila, the reaturant accross
@gmail.com the street, etc.
32 Anonymous This is just a comment. Having around 1,200 visitors a day
Attendee as mentioned. Ten participants are not sufficient for validity
and pilot testing. As much as possible, for pilot testing n
should be equal or greater than 30.
33 Paulo no amount of coverage by CCTV will alter ths perception,
Alcazaren paulo.alcazaren in fact if all there is are CCTV cameras and no human
@gmail.com activity then the place appears more unsafe.
34 Paulo The reason Bernie feels unsafe outside the walls of
Alcazaren Intramuros is the fact that P Burgos is not pedestrian
paulo.alcazaren friendly and there are no dedicated pedestrian connections
@gmail.com to Rizal Park. P Burgos is ‘no man’s land.’
35 Paulo Its a matter of zoning ground floors of buildings as mixed
Alcazaren paulo.alcazaren use, restos, bistros, bars, books stores, shops …that will
@gmail.com make a district more tourist firendly.
36 Erica Eunice I live in Manila, and when I walk to Intramuros, it’s not very
Minerva Lim pedestrian-friendly. Also, it’s so dark inside AND outside
Erica.Sy.Lim201 Intramuros at night. Walking home from Intramuros at night
[email protected] is terrifying.
37 Anonymous may form po ba for cert?
Attendee
38 David Like Sir Bernie, I feel safe inside Intramuros. I guess
Sibayan perception of safety is highly personal. I’ve been there I
davesibayan28 think more than 50 times, and I haven’t experienced nor
@gmail.com witnessed any untoward incident. DAVID SIBAYAN
39 Paulo paulo.alcazaren Its a testament to the effectivity of the Intramuros walls
Alcazaren @gmail.com …that they still function to keep people away!
40 Violeta I agree with the panelists. Because Padre Burgos Street is
Munoz connected to Puerto Real, the stoplight for pedestrians at
violetanmunoz intersection of Padre Burgos and General Streets is very
@yahoo.com short for crossing.

Second Intramuros Young Scholars Conference 2021 – Conference Proceedings Report 141
 41 Paulo paulo.alcazaren Congratulations to IA and everyone on the team,
Alcazaren @gmail.com presentors and panels. Great event!
42 David davesibayan28 The panel added a lot of insight and color to the speakers.
Sibayan @gmail.com Wonderful conference
43 Ma. Venice mmpicadizo@us Thank you po!
Picadizo t.edu.ph

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 Call for Papers

2ND ANNUAL INTRAMUROS YOUNG SCHOLARS CONFERENCE

Intramuros: A Heritage of Resilience

CALL FOR PAPERS

Updated as of 27 Sep 2020; 1806H
Update no. 4

CALL FOR PAPERS EXTENDED TO 19 OCTOBER 2020

DETAILS

Theme : Intramuros: A Heritage of Resilience

Conference Dates : 3-6 Dec 2020
Medium : Zoom with Facebook Live
Organized by : Intramuros Administration

The Intramuros Administration is calling for submissions of research papers for the 2nd Annual
Intramuros Young Scholars Conference. This conference is open to all young scholars who have
completed an undergraduate or a masters level thesis related to Intramuros.

Intramuros: A Heritage of Resilience

In its more than four centuries of existence Intramuros was never completely abandoned; it had always
been rebuilt, its walls and defensive network strengthened, and its architecture and engineering
improved with each devastating blow to the city. Even changes in colonial governments did not end its
existence. Intramuros is a test in resiliency. And to persist on the same site despite all challenges is
itself significant in the existence of this walled enclave. Its restored walls and fortifications as well as its
grid of streets and open spaces, along with San Agustin and the Manila Cathedral all bear witness to
over half a millennia of human habitation that had given rise to the capital of an equally resilient nation
that remains afloat despite the passing of natural and man-made disasters.

The 2nd Annual Young Scholars Conference will serve as a venue where the youth and young
professionals and researchers can share their studies on Intramuros and its heritage of resilience. It
will feature a total of eight undergraduate/masters level theses in the span of four days, and shall be
entirely staged via online means. The conference shall be open to the public free of charge, and
everyone invited to attend and participate.

Call for Papers: Submission Guidelines

Eligibility
- Must have completed an original undergraduate tor masters level thesis on Intramuros;
- Age must not be beyond 30 at the time of presentation;
- Willing to present their undergraduate or masters level thesis publicly via online channels;
- Undergraduate theses by a group of authors are accepted;
- Only unpublished research will be accepted;
- Willing to authorize the Intramuros Administration to publish their research in the Conference
Proceedings report.

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Research Topics
- Theses may come from any field of study, such as but not limited to history, socio-anthropology,
architecture, etc.;
- Primary subject of thesis must be about Intramuros;
- Must be able to satisfy the theme: Intramuros and its heritage of resilience.

Research Paper Guidelines

- Paper proposal must be derived from a completed undergraduate or masters level thesis;
- Thesis must be condensed to 15-20 pages, including an abstract (maximum 250 words) and a
bibliography;
- Single-spaced, in Times New Roman, 12 font;
- Uses APA citation style.

Application procedure
1. Send an email to [email protected] with a cover letter and the following required
attachments:
o Signed approval sheet from the school thesis panel attesting that the thesis had been
completed—reviewed, satisfactorily defended, and approved;
o In PDF - Condensed version of your thesis (maximum of 15-20 pages including abstract
and bibliography);
o In PDF - Full version of thesis;
o Scanned copy of any valid government-issued ID (with birthday);
o Signed declaration indicating the following (a copy can be downloaded from here):
§ That the research paper is original and not yet published;
§ That the author/s is/are willing to present in the online conference;
§ That all relevant permissions were sought and secured,
§ That their age/s is/are not beyond 30 by the time of the last day of the Conference;
and
§ That the author/s is/are authorizing the Intramuros Administration to publish their
research in the Conference Proceedings report.
2. Deadline of submissions: 28 Sep 2020 (UPDATE as of 27 Sep 2020: DEADLINE EXTENDED TO
19 OCTOBER 2020)

For authors of shortlisted papers

1. Only eight (8) papers will be selected;
2. If paper was done by a group, only one author will be asked to present during the Conference;
3. Finalists will give a 30-minute presentation of their research between 12 and 15 November 2020
via Zoom with live broadcast at Facebook. The presentations will be open to the public.
Presentations by proxies are not allowed;

Honorarium
An honorarium (PHP 5,000.00) from the Intramuros Administration will be given once the paper had
been presented.

Important dates
Deadline of applications: 19 October 2020;
Announcement of shortlisted papers/finalists: 04 Nov 2020;
Conference dates: 3-6 December 2020

Inquiries
For inquiries email us at [email protected]

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 Posters

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 About the Organizer

The Intramuros Administration

The INTRAMUROS ADMINISTRATION (IA) is a National

Government Agency attached to the Department of Tourism of
the government of the Republic of the Philippines. Under
Presidential Decree No. 1616, the IA is responsible for the orderly
restoration and development of Intramuros as a monument to the
Hispanic period of Philippine history. As such, it shall ensure that
the general appearance of Intramuros shall conform to
Philippine-Spanish architecture of the sixteenth to the nineteenth
century.

The mission of IA is to protect and conserve the historical and

cultural value and significance of Intramuros while advancing and
guiding urban development within, and contributing to the
strengthening of the Filipino’s national identity and sense of
belonging and pride. IA envisions Intramuros as model urban site
of national historical and cultural heritage, sustaining people and
life systems within, and contributing to national cultural and socio-
economic progress.

Website: intramuros.gov.ph

Project Team

Administrator : Guiller B. Asido

:
Conference Management : Rancho Arcilla
: Jeffrey P. Yap
: Sheena Anjeli Botiwey

Moderator : Rancho Arcilla

Technical Support : Kimberey G. Estrada

Administrative Support : Rancho Arcilla

: Jeffrey P. Yap
: Sheena Anjeli Botiwey
: Kelly del Rosario

Editors : Rancho Arcilla

: Jeffrey P. Yap

Graphics : Reymart Cerin

: The Public School Manila

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