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Impact of diets with different oil sources on growth performance, whole body
composition, physiological parameters for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
fingerlings

Article  in  Egyptian Journal for Aquaculture · March 2016

DOI: 10.21608/eja.2016.45436

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 Egy. J. Aquac., Vol. 6, No. (1):1-23 (2016) ISSN: 2090-7877

Impact of diets with different oil sources on growth

performance, whole body composition, physiological
parameters for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
fingerlings
Mohammad H. Ahmad1, Asmaa S. Abd El-Naby1 and Amani El-
Mesallamy2
1
Fish Nutrition Department, Central Lab for Aquaculture Research, Abassa,
Abu Hammad, Sharkia, Egypt.
2
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig,
Egypt
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the
dietary supplementation of different oil sources on the
performance and physiological parameters of Nile tilapia.
Seven isonitrogenous (30% crude protein) and isocaloric
(4.40 kcal/g) experimental diets were formulated to
containing different oils sources at the same levels (5%)
including T1: cod liver oil; T2: poultry by product oil; T3:
linseed oil; T4: corn oil; T5: 50% linseed oil + 50% poultry
by product oil; T6: 50% corn oil + 50% poultry by product oil
and control without oils. Fish (6.41 ± 0.01 g) were selected
and randomly distributed at a rate of 15 fish/100-L
aquarium in triplicates. The feeding rate was 3% of live
body weight for 12 weeks. The chemical profiles of fatty
acids were analyzed by Gas chromatographic analysis (GC-
FID). Results showed that the optimum growth-related
parameters were obtained at T5. Fish fed T3 diet gave higher
feed intake than other different oil sources while fish fed T5
diet showed the best (lowest) for feed conversion ratio (FCR)
in comparison to the control diet and other treatments. In
regard to body composition, there were no significant
differences with fish protein and lipid contents (P > 0.05) in
all diets supplemented with different oil sources. Diets
supplemented with different dietary oil sources showed the
best physiological parameters in comparison with the control
diet .The blood hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs) and
hematocrit (Ht) were higher in Nile tilapia fed T5. Total
serum protein and glucose in plasma were increased

1
 Impact of diets with different oil sources on growth performance, whole body composition,
physiological parameters for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

significantly in the group of fish consumed T5. T5 diet is

more economic and reduced the oil cost in fish feed without
any effect on growth performance or feed utilization. The
reduction in feed cost compared with the control diet to
produce one kg fish gain was highest in T2 diet followed by
T5 diet.
Keywords: Cod liver oil, poultry by product oil, linseed oil, corn oil,
Nile tilapia, fatty acids, growth performance, feed utilization,
whole-body composition, physiological parameters and
economic evaluation.
Introduction
The oils in fish diets are a significant source of energy, and they also
play significant roles in a range of important physiological functions.
This refers in particular to the so-called essential fatty acids (EFA). These
have an impact on, among other processes, embryogenesis, ovulation,
immunity, stress reactions, and adaptation mechanisms in fish (Sargent
et al. 2002; Bell and Sargent 2003).
Changes in aqua-feed have been characterized by an increase in
dietary lipid levels to reduce nitrogen wastes and improve growth
performance. This evolution combined with the strong increase in
aquaculture production has led to a rise in demand for fish oils, while
their availability remains limited. Key alternatives include vegetable oils
reducing the part of marine resources in aqua-feed high-quality marine
fish oils have been used almost exclusively as dietary lipid sources in the
formulation of commercial fish feeds. However, vegetable oils used as
alternative to fish oil consisted lately of an important part of the research
on fish nutrition. Nevertheless, lipid digestibility was higher in diets
containing vegetable oil than with animal lipid in Atlantic salmon fed
diets based on flaxseed oil (Menoyo et al., 2007) and in Atlantic halibut
fed diets based on vegetable oil (Martins et al., 2009).
Unlike fish oil, vegetable oils are less expensive and do not
accumulate persistent organic pollutants (POPs), thus production costs
can be lowered with vegetable oil-based diets, as well as contaminant
exposure for fish and consumers. Some vegetable oils are considered as
good alternative lipid sources in salmonids and freshwater fish feeds
without affecting growth performance and feed conversion (Bell et al.,
2001 and Caballero et al., 2002). In addition to traditional performance
indicators of feed additives such as growth and, survival and
physiological status could be evaluated. Therefore, the present study was

2
 Mohammad H. Ahmad et al.,

conducted to investigate the effect of different oils supplementation on

growth performance, feed utilization, survival, whole-body composition
and physiological parameters of Nile tilapia. Also, the economic
evaluation was done.
Material and methods
1- Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (GC-
FID):
1.1-Preparation of fatty acid methyl ester:
Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was prepared according to the AOAC
method as the following Tsimidou and Boskou, (1995):
0.5 g of the oil sample weighed accurately into the flask (30 ml) and5
ml of 0.5 M methanolic sodium hydroxide solution was added for the
saponification. Reflux condenser (15 cm, in length) was attached to the
flask and heated at 1400C for 5 min. then on the heating mantle. 5 ml of
boron trifluoride-methanol was added from pipet through condenser and
continued heating at 1400C for 5 min. The flask was removed from
heating mantle and reflux, the solution allowed to stand at room
temperature. 5 ml of n-hexane and about 10 ml of saturated sodium
chloride solution were added, and then the content was agitated
thoroughly. An aliquot of the supernatant hexane layer was transferred
into a Pasteur pipet (5 3/4 inch) in which packed anhydrous sodium
sulfate (about 1 g) to remove water. Following filtration, 0.1 ml of filtrate
was analyzed by GC or GC±MS.
Fatty acids were identified by comparison of their retention times
with those of pure reference standards.
1.2- Determination of fatty acid by Gas chromatography:
Gas chromatography for analysis of fatty acid methyl ester using a
Hewlett-Packard 6890 chromatograph equipped with a flame-ionization
detector (FID). A capillary column (HP Innowax): 30 m 0.25 mm 0.25µ
m with a stationary phase of polyethylene glycol and oven temperature
program: isotherm at 150ᵒ C during 1 min, from 150 ᵒC to 200 ᵒ C at the
rate of 15ᵒC/min, from 200ᵒC to 242ᵒC at the rate of 28C/min and
isotherm at 225ᵒC during 2 min. Injector and detector temperatures
were respectively held at 250 and 275ᵒC. Carrier gas was nitrogen at
a flow rate of 1.6 ml/min.

3
 Impact of diets with different oil sources on growth performance, whole body composition,
physiological parameters for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

2- Experimental design and dietary treatments:

Seven experimental diets (30% crude protein and 7% lipid) were
formulated containing to containing different oils sources at the same
levels (5%) including T1: cod liver oil; T2: poultry by product oil; T3:
linseed oil; T4: corn oil; T5: 50%linseed oil + 50%poultry by product oil;
T6: 50%corn oil + 50% poultry by product oil and control without oils.
The proximate chemical compositions of main ingredients of the
tested diets are shown in Table 1. The dry ingredients of each diet were
thoroughly mixed, and 100 ml of water was added per kg diet.
Afterwards, the mixture (ingredients and water) was blended using a
kitchen blender to make a paste of each diet. Pelleting of each diet was
carried out by passing the blended mixture through a laboratory pellet
machine with a 1-mm-diameter die. The pellets were dried in a drying
oven for 24 hours at 85◦C and stored in plastic bags in a deep freezer at
−2◦C until use. The caloric value as growth energy (DG) of each
ingredient was estimated on the basis of 5.65 kcal DE/g protein, 9.45
kcal DE/g lipid, and 4.11 kcal DE/g of carbohydrate (NRC, 1993).
3- Experimental fish and culture condition:
All-male Nile tilapia, O. niloticus, fingerlings (treated with 17 -
methyl testosterone hormone) were obtained from the nursery ponds,
Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research (CLAR), Abbassa, Abu-
Hammad, Sharkia, Egypt. Fish were held in a fiberglass tank for two
weeks for acclimation during which they were fed a formulated diet
containing 30% crude protein. Fifty fish were frozen at −20◦C for initial
proximate whole body analysis. After that, fish (6.41 ± 0.01 g) were
distributed randomly at a rate of 15 fish/100-L aquarium. Each
aquarium was aerated by using small air-bumps. Settled fish wastes
along w i t h a half of the aquarium water was siphoned daily, and
replaced by well-aerated and dechloronated tap water from a
storage tank. Fish in all treatments were f e d the tested diets at a rate
of 3% of live body weight of the experimental. Diets were offered twice
daily a t 9:00 and 13:00 h for 12 weeks. Fish in each aquarium were
sampled biweekly and the amount of feed adjusted accordingly. Dead
fish were daily recorded and removed. At the end of the study, fi sh
were individually weighed.
4-Growth performance and feed utilization:
Fish growth parameters and feed utilization were calculated as
follows:

4
 Mohammad H. Ahmad et al.,

Weight gain (g) = W2 –W1;

Specific growth rate (SGR; (%g / day) = 100 (Ln W2 – Ln W1) / T,
Where W1 and W2 are the initial and final weights, respectively,
and T is the experimental period (days);
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = feed intake / weight gain;
Protein efficiency ratio (PER) = weight gain / protein intake;
Apparent protein utilization ( APU; % ) = 100 [protein gain in fish
(g) / protein intake in diet (g)];
Energy utilization (EU; %) = 100 [Energy gain in fish (g) / energy
intake in diet (g)].
5- Proximate chemical analysis:
Diets and fish were analyzed according to standard methods (AOAC,
1990) for moisture, crude protein, total lipids, and ash. Moisture content
was estimated by drying samples in an oven at 85◦C until constant
weight was achieved. Nitrogen content was measured using a micro-
Kjeldahl apparatus, and crude protein was estimated by multiplying total
nitrogen content by 6.25. Total lipid content was determined by ether
extraction for 16 h, and ash was determined by combusting samples in a
muffle furnace at 550◦C for 6 h. Crude fiber was estimated according to
Goering and Van Soest, (1970). Gross energy was calculated according
to (NRC, 1993).
6-Physiological analysis:
At the end of the feeding trial, three fish from each aquarium
were taken for physiological investigation. Fish were anaesthetized
using buffered tricaine methanesulfonate (20 mg/L), and blood was
collected from the caudal vein with a sterile syringe and divided
equally among three clean and dry tubes. The first part was
centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 15 min and the serum was stored at
−20◦C for further assays. The second part was mixed with sodium
fluoride as an anticoagulant and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min for
separation of plasma for glucose analysis. The last part was mixed
with EDTA solution for measuring hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell
(RBCS), and hematocrit (Ht). Hemoglobin level was determined
colorimetrically using a spectrophotometer according to Stopkopf
(1983). Hematocrit was determined using the microhaematocrit method

5
 Impact of diets with different oil sources on growth performance, whole body composition,
physiological parameters for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

(Schalm, 1975). Red blood cells were determined according to the

method described by Natt and Herrick, (1952). Total lipid content was
determined colorimetrically according to Joseph et al. (1972). Total
protein content was determined colorimetrically according to Henry,
(1964). Urea was determined according to Patton and Crouch, (1977).
Creatinine was determined calorimetrically according to Henry, (1974).
Table (1): Ingredients and chemical analysis of the experimental
diets (on dry matter basis) containing different oil sources
Ingredients Control Treatment
0.0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Fish meal (HFM) 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1
Soybean meal (SBM) 45.50 45.50 45.50 45.50 45.50 45.50 45.50
Ground corn (CNM) 23.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4
Wheat bran (WB) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
Vitamins premix 6.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Minerals Premix 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Starch 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Cod liver oil 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Poultry by-product oil 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.5
Linseed oil 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 2.5 0.0
Corn oil 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 2.5
Chemical analysis (%)
Dry matter 91.01 91.16 91.52 91.65 91.35 91.45 90.98
Crude protein 30.21 29.72 29.85 30.54 30.37 29.94 30.03
Crude fat 3.48 8.16 8.21 8. 47 8.35 8.37 8.45
Ash 8.65 8.66 8.14 8.29 8.25 8.24 8.29
Fiber 5.10 5.00 4.9 4.9 5.00 4.9 4.9
NFE 52.56 48.46 48.9 47.80 48.03 48.55 48.33
GE(Kcal/100g) 419.06 443.72 446.72 448.75 456.41 447.31 447.68
P/E ratio 72.08 66.98 66.82 68.05 66.54 66.93 67.08
1-T1: cod liver oil; T2: poultry by product oil; T3: linseed oil; T4: corn oil; T5:
50%linseed oil + 50%poultry by product oil andT6:50% corn oil +50% poultry by
product oil
2-Vitamin premix (per kg of premix): thiamine, 2.5 g; riboflavin, 2.5 g; pyridoxine, 2.0
g; inositol, 100.0 g; biotin, 0.3 g; pantothenic acid, 100.0 g; folic acid, 0.75 g; para-
aminobenzoic acid, 2.5 g; choline, 200.0 g; nicotinic acid, 10.0 g; cyanocobalamine,
0.005 g; a-tocopherol acetate, 20.1 g; menadione, 2.0 g; retinol palmitate, 100,000 IU;
cholecalciferol, 500,000 IU.
3- Mineral premix (g/kg of premix): CaHPO4.2H2O, 727.2; MgCO4.7H2O, 127.5; KCl
50.0; NaCl, 60.0; FeC6H5O7.3H2O, 25.0; ZnCO3, 5.5; MnCl2.4H2O, 2.5;
Cu(OAc)2.H2O, 0.785; CoCl3.6H2O, 0.477; CaIO3.6H2O, 0.295; CrCl3.6H2O, 0.128;
AlCl3.6H2O, 0.54; Na2SeO3, 0.03.
4 -Nitrogen-Free Extract (calculated by difference) = 100 – (protein + lipid + ash + fiber).
5- Gross energy (GE) was calculated from NRC, (1993) as 5.65, 9.45, and4.1 kcal/g for
protein, lipid, and carbohydrates, respectively.

6
 Mohammad H. Ahmad et al.,

Glucose was determined colorimetrically according to Trinder,

(1969). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotrans-ferase
(ALT) activities were determined calorimetrically according to Reitman
and Frankel, (1975).
7- Statistical analyses:
The obtained data were subjected to one-way ANOVA. Differences
between means were tested at the 5% probability level using Duncan’s
new multiple range test. All statistical analyses were done using the
SPSS program V.10 (SPSS, Richmond, USA) as described by Dytham
(1999).
8- Economic analysis:
The cost of feed required to produce a unit of fish biomass
was estimated using economic evaluation. The estimation was based
on the local retail sale market price of all the dietary ingredients at
the time of the study .These prices ( in LE /kg) were as follows: herring
fish meal, 17; soybean meal, 4.0; corn meal, 2.50; starch, 6.0; fish oil
(cod liver oil), 30.0; corn oil, 12.0; linseed oil ,16.0; poultry by product
oil, 2.5 ; vitamin premix, 10.0 and mineral mixture, 8.0.
Results and Discussion
1- Identification of the fatty acids from the different oil samples
The fatty acids were identified as fatty acid methyl ester by using gas
chromatographic analysis where they were identified by comparison of
their retention times with those of pure reference standards.
1.1- Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acids in linseed oil:
It noted from fig (1) that the sample of linseed oil is major unsaturated
fatty acids (80.53%), while saturated fatty acids were at a rate of 19.47%.
33.25% of the polyunsaturated fatty acids are the omega-6 linoleic acid
(C18:2 n-6) and 7.99% are the omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3).
Over 39.29% of the monounsaturated fatty acids are oleic acid (C18:1).
Of the saturated fatty acids, 8.96% are palmitic acid (C16:0), 4.40%
stearic acid (C18:0), and 6.11% arachidic acid (C20:0).

7
 Impact of diets with different oil sources on growth performance, whole body composition,
physiological parameters for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

Fig (1): Typical GC chromatogram of linseed oil

1.2- Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acids in corn oil:
As shown in fig (2) the fatty acids in corn oil. High levels of
polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleic (C 18:2) (57.06 %) followed by
monounsaturated fatty acids oleic (29.88%). The dominant saturated
acids were palmitic (C16:0) (10.32 %) and stearic (C18:0) (2.30%).

Fig (2): Typical GC chromatogram of corn oil

1.3- Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acids in cod liver oil.
Fig (3) showed that the fatty acids composition of cod liver oil. The
dominating monounsaturated fatty acid is oleic acid C 18: 1 (33.46%)
followed by Erucic acid C 22:1 (5.95) and Eicosenoic acid ( gadoleic
acid ) C 20:1 (5.28%) .The major polyunsaturated fatty acids are the
omega-6 Linoleic acid C18:2 (9.86%) followed by the omega-3
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) C 22:6 (4.06%) and octadecatetraenoic
(parinaric acid) C 18:4 (3.52%). The main saturated fatty acids are
palmitic C16:0 (11.37%) followed by Docosanoic acid (behenic acid) C
24:0 (8.63%) and Myristic acid C14:0 (4.09%). Certain minor saturated

8
 Mohammad H. Ahmad et al.,

constituents are always present, thus acids with odd numbered chains and
branched chains have been found, in group's c15 and C 17.

Fig (3): Typical GC chromatogram of cod liver oil

1.4- Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acids in poultry
byproduct oil
As shown in Fig (4) the fatty acids in poultry by product oil.
Predominantly in the composition of saturated fatty acids are palmitic
acid C16:0 (20.35%), and stearic acid C 18:0 (6.89%). The
monounsaturated oleic acid C 18:1 (major fatty acid) (39.81%). The
doubly unsaturated linoleic acid C18:2 (26.12%). The triply unsaturated
α-linolenic acid C 18:3(1.01%).

Fig(4):Typical GC chromatogram of poultry byproduct oil

9
 Impact of diets with different oil sources on growth performance, whole body composition,
physiological parameters for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

2- Effect of different oil sources on growth performance and survival

rate:
Results in fig (5) indicated that Nile tilapia fingerlings fed T5 diet
exhibited the highest growth performance followed by diet T3 in
comparison to those fish fed the other experimental diets. However there
were no significant differences among T1, T2, T3, T5 and T6 diets. Fish
survival in all treatments was slightly enhanced without significant
difference among the experiment groups which ranged from (97.75–
100%). The improved fish growth must be due to the presence of a
mixture of essential fatty acids including linoleic, linolenic ,oleic and
arachidonic acids in the tested feed additive are required to prevent fatty
acid deficiency diseases (Kinsella, 1987) and essential for growth
(Abdel-Latif et al., 2004). Linseed are characterized by higher levels of
linolenic (ALA, C18:3 n-3), linoleic (LA, C: 18:2 n-6) and oleic acid
(18:1) than those in fish oil, and by a lack of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (NRC, 1993). However it has been
demonstrated that freshwater fish have an innate capacity to synthesize
EPA and DHA from precursors with 18 carbon atoms (Sargent et al.,
2002; Jankowska et al., 2003). In addition to alternative lipids being
cheaper, more sustainable and readily available, another beneficial
characteristic is their higher resistance to lipid peroxidation (Kanner et
al., 2009). This is due to LC-PUFA deficiencies, and a higher saturated
fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) content that
are less prone to oxidation, but also since some plant-based oils such as
soybean oil (SBO) and linseed oil (LO) naturally contain high
concentrations of vitamin E (Hamre, 2011; Ng and Wang, 2011).
These results are in agreement with these of El-tawil and Amer,
(2010) found that red tilapia fed diets containing fish oil or linseed oil
were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in growth performance than fish fed
on other diets. Survival did not differ significantly among the fish fed
different diets. Aziza et al., (2013) indicated that the diet containing 3%
cod liver oil or linseed oil produced the best growth performance.
Whereas, the diet containing a blend of cod liver oil and linseed oil (1:1)
at 3% showed the poorest growth performance. Also, Yones et al., (2013)
demonstrated that the highest (P<0.05) growth performance parameters
were recorded with Nile tilapia fed diets supplemented with fish oil and a
mixture of fish oil, sunflower seed oil and cotton seed oil at a ratio of
1:1:1 groups compared to other treatment groups. Moreover, El-tawil et
al., (2014) showed that Nile tilapia fed diet containing fish oil FO or
mixture of (50% corn oil, 25% linseed oil and 25% soya oil) were
10
 Mohammad H. Ahmad et al.,

significantly higher (P<0.05) in growth performance than fish fed on

other diets. Survival rate did not differ significantly among treatments.
35 cont
rol
30 T1
25
T2
20
T3
15
T4
10
5 T5

0 T6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Figure (5): Changes in live body weight (g) of Nile tilapia fingerlings as affected with
different oil sources for 12 weeks.
3- Effect of different oil sources on feed utilization:
Data in figure (6) show that fish fed T3 diet gave higher feed intake
than other additives oil sources , followed by fish fed on T5 and T6,
However there were no significant difference among T1, T3, T5 and T6
diets. Fish fed T5 diet showed the best (lowest) for feed conversion ratio
in comparison to the control diet and other treatments. However there
were no significant (p> 0.05) difference among fish groups fed T1, T2,
T3 and T6 diets .Fish fed T5 diet show the highest feed efficiency ratio,
protein efficiency ratio, apparent protein utilization and energy utilization
in comparison to the control diet and other treatments, while there were
no significant (p> 0.05) difference between fish group fed (T1, T3, and
T5) diets. Balance between dietary protein and energy is essential in fish
feed formulation. At inadequate energy levels dietary protein will be used
as an energy source (Cowey, 1980), more protein is used for energy, the
more ammonia is produced, and the more energy is lost as heat. But at an
adequate energy level, dietary protein will be spared for growth (El-
Sayed, 1987). The results gathered from the study have demonstrated
that the vegetable oil sources used are of good nutrient composition. This
observation could imply that there was no palatability problem and that
their utilizations were adequate. Results of this study agree with El-tawil
and Amer , (2010) indicated that values of feed conversion ratio FCR
were improved significantly at red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) maintained
at fish oil (FO) and linseed oil (LO) diets compared to other treatments,

11
 Impact of diets with different oil sources on growth performance, whole body composition,
physiological parameters for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

and the highest values of PER, PPV% and ER% were obtained with fish
fed FO and LO diets. Moreover, El-tawil et al., (2014) indicated that
feed conversion ratio FCR and feed utilization parameters of Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) were improved significantly at fish maintained at
fish oil(FO) and ML diets; mixture of (50% corn oil CO, 25% linseed oil
LO and 25% soya oil SO) compared to other treatments.
35
control
30
T1
25
T2
20
T3
15 T4
10 T5
5 T6
0
2 4 6 8 10 12
Figure (6): Changes in feed intake (g feed/fish) of Nile tilapia fingerlings as affected
with different oil sources for 12 week.
4- Effect of different oil sources on whole fish body composition:
Results in figure (7) indicated that moisture and ash contents were not
significantly affected (p<0.05) with fish fed diets containing various oil
in comparison to the initial fish. On the other hand, there were no
significant differences with fish protein and lipid contents (P > 0.05) in
all diets supplemented with different oil sources. The highest protein
content was recorded at fish fed T5 diet. Fish fed T5 and T2 gave higher
lipid content as compared to other oil sources. The composition of the
feed is the only factor, which could have influenced the difference
chemical composition of fish that data on the body composition of fish
allows assessing the efficiency of transfer of nutrients from feed to fish
and also helps predict the overall nutritional status .The n-3/n-6 fatty acid
ratio can also alter lipid and protein contents in fish muscle (Robaina et
al., 1998).
Our obtained results are in accordance with El-tawil and Amer,
(2010) showed that there were no significant differences for Oreochromis
sp body moisture or protein contents in all various dietary oil sources.
Lipid content concentrations were affected by dietary treatments. Fish fed
diets contained olive oil and sunflower oil was significantly lower in
body lipid contents than those fed on other diets (P≤0.05). Furthermore

12
 Mohammad H. Ahmad et al.,

El-tawil et al., (2014) reported that there were no significant differences

in fish body moisture or protein contents of Nile tilapia at all treatments;
fish oil; linseed oil, corn oil,; soya oil,; mixture of (50% linseed oil, 25%
corn oil and 25% soya oil ), ML; mixture of (50% corn oil , 25% linseed
oil and 25% soya oil ), and mixture of (50% soya oil , 25% linseed oil
and 25% corn oil ) . Fish body lipid content differs significantly.
80
70
60 Moisture
50
Protein
40
Fat
30
20 Ash
10
0
control T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Figure (7): Changes in proximate chemical analysis (%) on DM basis in whole body of
Nile tilapia as affected with different oil sources for 12 weeks.
5- Effect of different oil sources on physiological parameters:
Blood chemistry parameters can be used to assess the health status and
as stress indicators in fish (Kumar et al., 2010 and De Pedro et al.,
2005). Also, haematological parameters can provide information on
nutrient status, digestive function, and routine metabolic level of fishes
(Shah and Altindag, 2005). Red and white blood cell counts are used as
indicators of hematopoiesis. White blood cells play an important role in
immune responses, particularly in inflammatory responses (Secombes,
C.J., 1996). In this study results in figure (8) indicate that hematological
parameters of Hemoglobin, Red blood cells and Haematocrit were
higher in Nile tilapia fed T5 (50%linseed oil + 50%poultry by product
oil) diet. The lowest Hb was recorded with T6, while the lowest R B C s
were found when fish fed control diet. There were no significant
differences (p > 0.05) in Ht of Nile tilapia fed diets containing various oil
sources. The lack of significant differences in hematologic parameters Ht
among different oil sources explains that multiple sources of fat have
been efficient in providing the fish fingerling with the demanded
essential oils so that no signs of deficiency of essential fatty acids, like
increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit were observed in fish fed with

13
 Impact of diets with different oil sources on growth performance, whole body composition,
physiological parameters for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

vegetable oils. Similar results were obtained with Karimi et al., (2014)
reported that hematologic factors including hemoglobin and hematocrit
showed no significant differences between diets containing different oils,
including treatment with 100% fish oil, linseed oil and 1:1 ratio of fish
and linseed oil.
The concentration of total plasma protein is used as a basic index for
the health status of brood fish Rehulka et al., (1996). The most portion
of serum protein synthesis is in the liver and it can be used as an indicator
of liver dysfunction. The reduction of total protein concentration is the
obvious feature of many diseases and may occur due to liver disease, the
absorption reduction or the loss of protein (Bernet et al., 2001). In our
study, total protein serum was increased significantly in the group of fish
consumed T5 diet in comparison to other treatments, while the lowest
total protein were recorded with control diet as in figure (9). These
results agree with these of Sotolu, (2010) who reported that blood protein
was significant differences among the treatments of which value was
highest in diet containing soybean oil and least in diet containing benni
seed oil.
Albumin is of considerable diagnostic value in laboratory animals as it
relates to general nutritional status, the integrity of the vascular system
and liver function. Moreover, albumin and globulin concentrations are
commonly used for evaluating the effect of nutrients on the fish
immunity Nguyen, (1999). Our result showed that there was no
significant (P < 0.05) difference in serum albumin among diets
containing various oil sources; however the highest value of Serum
albumin was obtained at T3 diet. These results contrast the finding of
Karimi et al., (2014) who showed that there were significant differences
in the factors of total Protein, albumin among diets containing different
oils, including treatment with 100% fish oil, linseed oil and 1:1 ratio of
fish and linseed oil.
The determination of glucose concentration in blood serum is widely
used as an indicator of stress in fish (Bonga, 1997 and Martin and
Black, 1998). On the other hand, changes in levels of glucose in serum
can be due to malnutrition or an injured kindney (Jacobson and Keller,
2001). In the present study, serum glucose was significantly increased at
fish group consumed T5 diet .The increase of serum glucose levels as an
indicator of fish metabolic rate. Similarly El-kasheif et al., (2011) show
that protein, glucose and cholesterol for fish fed diet containing the

14
 Mohammad H. Ahmad et al.,

highest supplemented lipid (9%) level were significantly different (p<

0.05).
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase
(AST) belonging to the non-plasma specific enzymes which are localized
within tissue cells of liver, heart, gills, kidneys, muscle and other organs
Peter et al., (2007). In the present study, dietary supplementation of T5
cause a significant decrease in serum ALT levels, while the highest value
recorded at the control diet. Also data indicated that there was no
significant differences in serum AST among various fish group, however
AST level lower in fish fed T5 diet. These results agree with Karimi et
al., (2014) reported that that there were no significant differences in AST
and ALT among diets containing different oils, including treatment with
100% fish oil, linseed oil and 1:1 ratio of fish and linseed oil.
Urea is present in all fish, the liver being the primary organ of
production and the gills appearing to be the main organ of excretion
Walsh et al., (2003) and in the low protein diet group the serum urea
levels were significantly lower than in the other groups, indicating
depressed urea genesis Divino et al., (1999). In our study the highest
value of urea was obtained at diet containing T2 diet and T6 diet. While
urea value decreased significantly in T5 diet containing and T3 diet.

25

HB
20

15
RBCs

10
HT%
5

0
control T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Figure (8): Changes in hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBCs) and haematocrite (Ht)
in blood of Nile tilapia fingerlings as affected with different oil sources as feed additives
for 12 Weeks.

15
 Impact of diets with different oil sources on growth performance, whole body composition,
physiological parameters for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

40
Total protein
35
30 Urea
25 Creatinine
20 Glucose
15
Albumin
10
AST (GOT)
5
0 ALT (GPT)
CONTROLT1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Figure (9): Bio-chemical blood changes of Nile tilapia fingerlings as affected with
different oil sources for 12 weeks.
6-Economic analysis of Nile tilapia as affected with different oil
sources:
Economic analysis show that feed cost and feed cost/kg gain were
high at the control diet than oil supplemented diets (Table 2). Feed cost to
produce one kilogram fish gain was reduced in T5, T2, and T6 than those
fed the control diet. The reduction in feed cost compared with the control
diet to produce one kg fish gain was highest in T2 diet followed by T5
then T6 diet and T3 diet. These results are nearly similar with those
reported by Piedecausa et al. (2007) who noted that, the consumption of
vegetable oils reduced feed costs of sharpsnout seabream. El-Tawil and
Amer (2010) found the same results in red tilapia where replacement fish
oil by linseed oil reduced oil cost in fish feed more than 87% without any
effect on growth. Also, El-tawil et al., (2014) showed that the efficiency
of replacement fish oil by linseed oil in Nile tilapia diet is more economic
and sharply reduced the fish feed cost.
Table (2): Economic evaluation of Nile tilapia fingerlings as affected
with different oil sources for 12 weeks.
Control Types of oils
Items
0.0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Cost/ kg feed (L) 4.79 6.11 4.73 5.40 5.11 5.07 4.97
FCR (kg feed/ kg gain) 1.69 1.31 1.34 1.3 1.47 1.27 1.34
Feed cost/ kg gain (L) 8.09 8.0 6.34 7.02 7.51 6.44 6.66
Feed cost in kg gain (%) as
100 98.89 78.37 86.77 92.83 79.60 82.32
percentage of the control
Reduction in feed costs to
100 1.11 21.63 13.22 7.17 20.39 17.68
produce kg gain

16
 Mohammad H. Ahmad et al.,

Conclusion
In general results of the present study may lead us to conclude that
incorporation of mixture of linseed oil and poultry by product oil (50%
linseed oil+ 50% poultry by product oil) in the diet of Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) showed the best growth performance parameters
and physiological parameters followed by linseed oil diet

Recommendation
Mixture of linseed oil and poultry by product oil (50% linseed oil+
50% poultry by product oil) in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) showed the best growth performance parameters, suggesting
the addition of this oils to Nile tilapia feed since it’s more efficiency
economic, available and sharply reduced the feed cost of Nile tilapia.
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21
 ‫‪Impact of diets with different oil sources on growth performance, whole body composition,‬‬
‫‪physiological parameters for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings‬‬

‫تأثيز العالئق التً تحتىي علً هصادر هختلفه هن الشيىث علً اداء النوى ونزكيب الجسن‬
‫والعىاهل الفسيىلىجيه علً اسواك البلطً النيلً‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫دمحم حسن أحوذ‪ ، 1‬أسواء سويز عبذالنبً‪ ،1‬و أهانً الوسلوً‬
‫‪ -1‬قسن تغذيت األسواك ‪ ،‬الوعول الوزكشي لبحىث الثزوة السوكيت العباست‪ ،‬أبى حواد‪ ،‬الشزقيت‪،‬‬
‫هصز‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬قسن الكيوياء‪ ،‬كليت العلىم‪ ،‬جاهعت الشقاسيق‪ ،‬الشقاسيق ‪ ،‬هصز‬

‫الولخص العزبي‬
‫حُ اجشاء اٌذساعٗ اٌحاٌ‪ ٗ١‬بمغُ بح‪ٛ‬د حغز‪٠‬ت األعّان ‪ٚ‬حىٕ‪ٌٛٛ‬ج‪١‬ا األعالف باٌّعًّ اٌّشوض‪ٞ‬‬
‫ٌبح‪ٛ‬د اٌثش‪ٚ‬ة اٌغّى‪ ٗ١‬باٌعباعٗ‪ -‬اب‪ ٛ‬حّاد‪ -‬ششل‪ِ -ٗ١‬صش‪.‬‬
‫اشخٍّج اٌذساعٗ عٍ‪ ٝ‬اعخخذاَ ِصادس ِخخٍفٗ ِٓ اٌض‪ٛ٠‬ث عٍ‪ ّٛٔ ٝ‬أعّان اٌبٍط‪ ٟ‬إٌ‪ٍٟ١‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬االعخفادٖ ِٓ اٌعٍف ‪ٚ‬بعط إٌ‪ٛ‬اح‪ ٟ‬اٌفغ‪ٌٛٛ١‬ج‪ٚ. ٗ١‬لذ حُ حى‪ ٓ٠ٛ‬عبع عالئك ِخّاثٍت ف‪ٟ‬‬
‫اٌبش‪ٚ‬ح‪ٚ )%33( ٓ١‬اٌذ٘ٓ (‪ .)%4.4‬احخ‪ٛ‬ث اٌعالئك اٌّغخخذِٗ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌخجشبٗ عٍ‪( ٟ‬ص‪٠‬ج وبذ‬
‫اٌح‪ٛ‬ث ‪,‬ص‪٠‬ج ِخٍفاث اٌذ‪ٚ‬اجٓ ‪,‬ص‪٠‬ج بزسٖ اٌىخاْ ‪,‬ص‪٠‬ج اٌزسٖ ‪,‬خٍ‪١‬ػ ِٓ ص‪٠‬ج بزسٖ اٌىخاْ‬
‫‪ٚ‬ص‪٠‬ج ِخٍفاث اٌذ‪ٚ‬اجٓ‪ ,‬خٍ‪١‬ػ ِٓ ص‪٠‬ج اٌزسٖ ‪ٚ‬ص‪٠‬ج ِخٍفاث اٌذ‪ٚ‬اجٓ ‪,‬عٍ‪١‬مٗ بذ‪ ْٚ‬ص‪ٛ٠‬ث)‬
‫بٕغبٗ ‪ ِٓ %5‬وال ِٓ ٘زٖ اٌّصادس ‪ٚ .‬لذ حُ اٌخ‪ٛ‬ص‪٠‬ع اٌعش‪ٛ‬ائ‪ٌ ٟ‬ألعّان بّخ‪ٛ‬عػ ‪ٚ‬صْ ‪6.41‬‬
‫جُ‪/‬عّىت ٌٍخجشبٗ اال‪ ٌٝٚ‬بّعذي ‪ 15‬عّىٗ ٌىً ح‪ٛ‬ض‪.‬‬
‫ف‪ ٟ‬بذا‪٠‬ت اٌخجشبٗ حُ عًّ بعط اٌخحٍ‪١‬الث اٌى‪١ّ١‬ائ‪ ٗ١‬عٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌّ‪ٛ‬اد اٌّغخخذِٗ واظافاث ‪ٚ‬عٍ‪ٝ‬‬
‫اٌعٍف اٌّغخخذَ ‪ٚ‬ع‪ ِٓ ٕٗ١‬اصبع‪١‬اث اعّان اٌبٍط‪ ٟ‬إٌ‪ ٍٟ١‬اٌّغخخذَ ف‪ ٟ‬بذا‪ ٗ٠‬اٌخجشبٗ ‪ٚ‬رٌه‬
‫ٌخمذ‪٠‬ش ٔغبت اٌشغ‪ٛ‬بٗ‪ -‬اٌشِاد‪ -‬اٌذ٘ٓ‪ -‬اٌبش‪ٚ‬ح‪ -ٓ١‬األٌ‪١‬اف ‪.‬حُ حمذ‪٠‬ش ِحخ‪ ٜٛ‬االحّاض اٌذٕ٘‪ٗ١‬‬
‫ٌٍض‪ٛ٠‬ث اٌّخخٍفٗ اٌّغخخذِٗ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌخجشبٗ‬
‫ف‪٘ ٟ‬زٖ اٌذساعٗ لغّج اصبع‪١‬اث أعّان اٌبٍط‪ ٟ‬إٌ‪ ٍٟ١‬اٌ‪ِ 6 ٟ‬عاِالث ٌىً ِجّ‪ٛ‬عٗ ثالد‬
‫اح‪ٛ‬اض صجاج‪ ٗ١‬ععت اٌ‪ٛ‬احذ ِٕ‪ٙ‬ا ‪ٌ 133‬خش باالظافت اٌ‪ِ ٟ‬جّ‪ٛ‬عت وٕخش‪ٚ‬ي ٌىً حجشبٗ (خاٌ‪١‬ت‬
‫ِٓ اظافت إٌّخجاث اٌّغخخذِٗ) ‪ٚ‬حّج عٍّ‪١‬ت اٌخغز‪ ٗ٠‬بّعذي بّعذي ‪ ِٓ %4‬اٌ‪ٛ‬صْ اٌح‪ ٝ‬خالي‬
‫اٌغج اعاب‪١‬ع اال‪ ٌٝٚ‬ثُ ‪ %3‬خالي بال‪ ٝ‬اٌخجشبٗ عٍ‪ ٟ‬فخشح‪ ,ٓ١‬عخت ا‪٠‬اَ ف‪ ٟ‬االعب‪ٛ‬ع ٌّذة ‪12‬‬
‫اعب‪ٛ‬ع ‪ٚ‬حُ حعذ‪ِ ً٠‬عذي اٌخغز‪ ٗ٠‬اٌ‪ ِٟٛ١‬وً ‪ َٛ٠ 14‬عٍ‪ ٟ‬حغب اٌ‪ٛ‬صْ اٌح‪ ٟ‬اٌجذ‪٠‬ذ ٌالعّان ‪.‬‬
‫ف‪ٙٔ ٟ‬ا‪٠‬ت اٌخجشبت حُ ‪ٚ‬صْ االعّان ٌّعشفت ِعذي إٌّ‪ٚ ٛ‬اخز ع‪ٕ١‬اث اٌذَ ٌم‪١‬اط اٌع‪ٛ‬اًِ‬
‫اٌفغ‪ٌٛٛ١‬ج‪ ٗ١‬اٌّخخٍفت ِثً عذد وشاث اٌذَ اٌحّشاء ‪ٚ‬اٌ‪ّٛ١ٙ‬جٍ‪ٛ‬ب‪ٚ ٓ١‬اٌ‪ّ١ٙ‬اح‪ٛ‬وش‪٠‬ج ‪ٚ‬اٌبش‪ٚ‬ح‪ٓ١‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬اٌذ٘‪ٚ ْٛ‬اٌجٍ‪ٛ‬و‪ٛ‬ص ‪ٚ‬االٌب‪ٚ ٓ١ِٛ١‬اٌجٍ‪ٛ‬ب‪ٚ ٓ١ٌٛ١‬اٌ‪ٛ١‬س‪٠‬ا ‪ٚ‬اٌىش‪٠‬اح‪ .ٓ١ٕ١‬وّا اخزث ‪ 6‬عّىاث ِٓ‬
‫وً ِىشس ٌم‪١‬اط بعط اٌخحٍ‪١‬الث اٌى‪١ّ١‬ائ‪ ٗ١‬وم‪١‬اط ٔغبت اٌشغ‪ٛ‬بٗ‪ -‬اٌشِاد‪ -‬اٌذ٘ٓ‪ -‬اٌبش‪ٚ‬ح‪. ٓ١‬‬
‫أظهزث التجزبه النتائج االتيه‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬حذ‪ٚ‬د ححغٓ ف‪ ّٛٔ ٟ‬االعّان ب‪ٛ‬ج‪ٛ‬د ِصادس ِخخٍفٗ ِٓ اٌض‪ٛ٠‬ث ِماسٔٗ باٌىٕخش‪ٚ‬ي (بذ‪ْٚ‬‬
‫ص‪ٛ٠‬ث)‬
‫‪ - 2‬ححمك افعً أداء ّٔ‪ٌ ٛ‬العّان عٕذِا غز‪٠‬ج عٍ‪ ٟ‬عٍ‪١‬مت ‪T5‬اٌخ‪ ٟ‬ححخ‪ ٞٛ‬عٍ‪ ٝ‬خٍ‪١‬ػ ِٓ‬
‫ص‪٠‬ج بزسٖ اٌىخاْ ‪ٚ‬ص‪٠‬ج ِخٍفاث اٌذ‪ٚ‬اجٓ ‪٠‬خبع‪ٙ‬ا اٌعٍ‪١‬مٗ اٌخ‪ ٟ‬ححخ‪ ٞٛ‬عٍ‪ ٟ‬ص‪٠‬ج بزسٖ اٌىخاْ‪T3‬‬

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 ‫‪Mohammad H. Ahmad et al.,‬‬

‫ِع عذَ ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬د فشق ِعٕ‪ ٞٛ‬ب‪ ٓ١‬وً ِٓ اٌعٍ‪١‬مٗ اٌخ‪ ٟ‬ححخ‪ ٞٛ‬عٍ‪ ٝ‬ص‪٠‬ج وبذ اٌح‪ٛ‬ث ‪T3 , T1‬‬
‫‪ T6,T5,‬اٌخ‪ ٟ‬ححخ‪ ٞٛ‬عٍ‪ ٝ‬خٍ‪١‬ػ ِٓ ص‪٠‬ج اٌزسٖ ‪ٚ‬ص‪٠‬ج ِخٍفاث اٌذ‪ٚ‬اجٓ‬
‫‪ٌٛ - 3‬حظ ص‪٠‬ادٖ ف‪ِ ٟ‬عذي اعخ‪ٙ‬الن اٌغزاء ب‪ٛ‬ج‪ٛ‬د ِصادس ِخخٍفٗ ِٓ اٌض‪ٛ٠‬ث ف‪ ٟ‬اٌعٍ‪١‬مٗ وّا‬
‫ححغٕج ٔغبت حح‪ ً٠ٛ‬اٌعٍف ف‪ ٟ‬اٌّعاِالث اٌخ‪ ٟ‬حغزث عٍ‪ ٟ‬عٍ‪١‬مت ‪T5‬اٌخ‪ ٟ‬ححخ‪ ٞٛ‬عٍ‪ ٝ‬خٍ‪١‬ػ‬
‫ِٓ ص‪٠‬ج بزسٖ اٌىخاْ ‪ٚ‬ص‪٠‬ج ِخٍفاث اٌذ‪ٚ‬اجٓ بٕفظ إٌغبٗ ‪٠‬خبع‪ٙ‬ا اٌعٍ‪١‬مٗ اٌخ‪ ٟ‬ححخ‪ ٞٛ‬عٍ‪ ٟ‬ص‪٠‬ج‬
‫بزسٖ اٌىخاْ‪ِ T3‬ع عذَ ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬د فشق ِعٕ‪ ٞٛ‬ب‪ ٓ١‬وال ِٓ‪. T6, T5, T3, T1‬‬
‫‪٠ ٌُ -4‬الحظ ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬د اخخالف ِعٕ‪ ٞٛ‬ف‪ٔ ٟ‬غبت اٌشِاد ‪,‬اٌشغ‪ٛ‬بت‪ ,‬اٌبش‪ٚ‬ح‪ٔٚ ٓ١‬غبٗ اٌذ٘‪ٔ ْٛ‬خ‪١‬جت‬
‫حغز‪٠‬ت االعّان عٍ‪ ٟ‬عالئك ححخ‪ِ ٞٛ‬صادس ِخخٍفٗ ِٓ اٌض‪ٛ٠‬ث ِماسٔٗ باٌغّه اٌّغخخذَ ف‪ٟ‬‬
‫بذا‪ ٗ٠‬اٌخجشبٗ ‪ .‬اعٍ‪ٔ ٝ‬غبٗ بش‪ٚ‬ح‪ ٓ١‬وأج ف‪ِ ٟ‬عاٍِٗ‪ ) T5‬ص‪٠‬ج بزسٖ اٌىخاْ ‪ِٚ‬خٍفاث اٌذ‪ٚ‬اجٓ)‬
‫‪ -5‬ححغٕج ل‪ ُ١‬اٌع ‪ٛ‬اًِ اٌفغ‪ٌٛٛ١‬ج‪ ٗ١‬اٌّخخٍفت عٕذِا حغزث االعّان عٍ‪ ٟ‬عالئك ححخ‪ ٞٛ‬عٍ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ِصادس ِخخٍفٗ ِٓ اٌض‪ٛ٠‬ث ب‪ّٕ١‬ا ححممج الً ل‪ّ١‬ت ٌ‪ٙ‬زٖ اٌم‪١‬اعاث ف‪ِ ٟ‬جّ‪ٛ‬عٗ اٌىٕخش‪ٚ‬ي (بذ‪ْٚ‬‬
‫ص‪ٛ٠‬ث)‪.‬‬
‫‪-6‬اٌعالئك اٌّحخ‪٠ٛ‬ت عٍ‪ ٟ‬ص‪٠‬ج بزسٖ اٌىخاْ ‪ٚ‬ص‪٠‬ج ‪ِٚ‬خٍفاث اٌذ‪ٚ‬اجٓ ِٓ اوثش اٌعالئك الخصاد‪٠‬ت‬
‫ِٓ اٌعالئك االخش‪ ٞ‬اٌّغخخذِت ‪ٚ‬خاصٗ اٌعٍ‪١‬مٗ اٌّحخ‪ ٗ٠ٛ‬عٍ‪ ٝ‬خٍ‪١‬ػ ِٓ اٌض‪ٛ٠‬ث (ص‪٠‬ج بزسٖ‬
‫اٌىخاْ ‪ِٚ‬خٍفاث اٌذ‪ٚ‬اجٓ) حّ‪١‬ضث بّشد‪ٚ‬د الخصاد‪ ٜ‬عاٌ‪ٌٚ ٝ‬زٌه حعخبش ِٓ افعً اٌعالئك‬
‫اٌّغخخذِٗ ‪ٚ‬رٌه الحخ‪ٛ‬ائ‪ٙ‬ا ِصذس ٔباح‪ ٝ‬باالظافٗ ٌٍّصذس اٌح‪ٛ١‬أ‪.ٝ‬‬

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