Chapter 9 Test Bank

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. How do organisms get the energy they need?

a. by burning food molecules and releasing their energy as heat
b. by breathing oxygen into the lungs and combining it with carbon dioxide
c. by breaking down food molecules gradually and capturing their chemical energy
d. by using the sun’s energy to break down food molecules and form chemicals
____ 2. Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?
a. fermentation
b. electron transport
c. glycolysis
d. Krebs cycle
____ 3. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?
a. glycolysis  fermentation  Krebs cycle
b. Krebs cycle  electron transport  glycolysis
c. glycolysis  Krebs cycle  electron transport
d. Krebs cycle  glycolysis  electron transport

____ 4. What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?

a. 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
b. 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy  6CO2 + 6H2O
c. 6CO2 + 6H2O  6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy
d. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy  6O2 + C6H12O6

____ 5. Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down

a. food molecules.
b. ATP.
c. carbon dioxide.
d. water.
____ 6. What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?
a. oxygen and lactic acid
b. carbon dioxide and water
c. glucose and oxygen
d. water and glucose
____ 7. Which of these is a product of cellular respiration?
a. oxygen
b. water
c. glucose
d. lactic acid
____ 8. Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires
a. light.
b. exercise.
c. oxygen.
 d. glucose.
____ 9. Which organism is NOT likely to carry out cellular respiration?
a. cypress tree
b. button mushroom
c. anaerobic bacterium
d. Siberian tiger

Figure 9–1

____ 10. Using Figure 9–1, which pairing matches the structures shown in the cell diagrams with the processes that
take place within those structures?
a. A: photosynthesis; B: cellular respiration
b. C: photosynthesis; D: cellular respiration
c. D: photosynthesis; E: cellular respiration
d. E: photosynthesis; D: cellular respiration
____ 11. Which process does NOT release energy from glucose?
a. glycolysis
b. photosynthesis
c. fermentation
d. cellular respiration
____ 12. Which of the following is one of the ways that cellular respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes?
a. Photosynthesis releases energy, and cellular respiration stores energy.
b. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts
it back.
c. Photosynthesis removes oxygen from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back.
d. Photosynthesis consumes glucose, and cellular respiration produces glucose.
____ 13. Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to
a. chloroplasts.
b. cytoplasm.
c. mitochondria.
d. nuclei.
____ 14. Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in
a. animal cells only.
b. plant cells only.
c. prokaryotic cells only.
d. all eukaryotic cells.
____ 15. Plants cannot release energy from glucose using
 a. glycolysis.
b. photosynthesis.
c. the Krebs cycle.
d. cellular respiration.
____ 16. The products of photosynthesis are the
a. products of cellular respiration.
b. reactants of cellular respiration.
c. products of glycolysis.
d. reactants of fermentation.
____ 17. Which of these processes takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell?
a. glycolysis
b. electron transport
c. Krebs cycle
d. photosynthesis
____ 18. Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of
a. 2 ATP molecules.
b. 4 ATP molecules.
c. 18 ATP molecules.
d. 36 ATP molecules.
____ 19. The starting molecule for glycolysis is
a. ADP.
b. pyruvic acid.
c. citric acid.
d. glucose.
____ 20. Glycolysis requires
a. ATP.
b. oxygen.
c. sunlight.
d. NADP+.
____ 21. Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis?
a. NADH
b. pyruvic acid
c. ATP
d. glucose
____ 22. Which of the following is an electron carrier that plays a role in cellular respiration?
a. NAD+
b. pyruvic acid
c. NADP+
d. ATP
____ 23. The starting molecule for the Krebs cycle is
a. glucose.
b. NADH.
c. pyruvic acid.
d. coenzyme A.
____ 24. The Krebs cycle does NOT occur if
a. oxygen is present.
b. oxygen is not present.
c. glycolysis occurs.
d. carbon dioxide is present.
____ 25. The Krebs cycle produces
a. oxygen.
b. lactic acid.
c. carbon dioxide.
d. glucose.
____ 26. In the Krebs cycle, the carbon atoms in a three-carbon molecule are released in
a. one molecule of water.
b. three molecules of oxygen.
c. three molecules of carbon dioxide.
d. one molecule of glucose.
____ 27. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by
a. lactic acid fermentation.
b. alcoholic fermentation.
c. photosynthesis.
d. the Krebs cycle.

Figure 9–2

____ 28. What process do the arrows for oxygen going in and water coming out represent in the Figure 9–2 diagram of
the mitochondria?
a. electron transport
b. fermentation
c. glycolysis
d. the Krebs cycle
____ 29. In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the
a. inner mitochondrial membrane.
b. nucleus.
c. cell membrane.
d. cytoplasm.
____ 30. Which of the following pass high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain?
a. NADH and FADH2
b. ATP and ADP
c. citric acid
d. acetyl–CoA
____ 31. High-energy electrons that move down the electron transport chain ultimately provide the energy needed to
a. transport water molecules across the membrane.
b. convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules.
c. convert carbon dioxide into water molecules.
d. break down glucose into pyruvic acid molecules.
____ 32. The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is directly used to
a. make lactic acid.
b. make citric acid.
c. transport H+ ions.
d. split water molecules.
____ 33. Cellular respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce approximately
a. 2 ATP molecules.
b. 4 ATP molecules.
c. 32 ATP molecules.
d. 36 ATP molecules.
____ 34. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in
a. bread dough.
b. any environment containing oxygen.
c. muscle cells.
d. mitochondria.
____ 35. The two main types of fermentation are called
a. alcoholic and aerobic.
b. aerobic and anaerobic.
c. alcoholic and lactic acid.
d. lactic acid and anaerobic.
____ 36. The air bubbles and spongy texture of bread are due to which process?
a. lactic acid fermentation
b. glycolysis
c. alcoholic fermentation
d. the Krebs cycle
____ 37. When microorganisms in milk produce acid under certain conditions, yogurt results. Which of these processes
would you expect to be key in the production of yogurt?
a. the Krebs cycle
b. photosynthesis
c. alcoholic fermentation
d. lactic acid fermentation
____ 38. During fermentation,
a. NAD+ is regenerated, allowing glycolysis to continue.
b. glucose is split into 3 pyruvic acid molecules.
c. oxygen is required.
 d. carbon dioxide is produced.
____ 39. The conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid requires
a. alcohol.
b. oxygen.
c. ATP.
d. NADH.
____ 40. Breathing heavily after running a race is your body’s way of
a. making more citric acid.
b. repaying an oxygen debt.
c. restarting glycolysis.
d. stopping the electron transport chain.
____ 41. When the body needs to exercise for longer than 90 seconds, it generates ATP by carrying out
a. lactic acid fermentation.
b. alcoholic fermentation.
c. cellular respiration.
d. glycolysis.
____ 42. If you want to control your weight, how long should you exercise aerobically each time that you exercise?
a. at least 90 seconds
b. less than 15 minutes
c. 15 to 20 minutes
d. more than 20 minutes
____ 43. The energy needed to win a 1-minute footrace is produced mostly by
a. lactic acid fermentation.
b. cellular respiration.
c. using up stores of ATP.
d. breaking down fats.
____ 44. Which statement mainly explains why even well-conditioned athletes have to pace themselves for athletic
events that last several hours?
a. Lactic acid fermentation can cause muscle soreness.
b. Heavy breathing is needed to get rid of lactic acid.
c. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation does.
d. Alcoholic fermentation produces carbon dioxide.
____ 45. All of the following are sources of energy for humans during exercise EXCEPT
a. stored ATP.
b. alcoholic fermentation.
c. lactic acid fermentation.
d. cellular respiration.

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

____ 1. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
_________________________
____ 2. Animals breathe in order to take in the carbon dioxide their cells need to perform cellular respiration.
_________________________
____ 3. Either cellular respiration or fermentation can be used to release energy, depending on the presence of
carbohydrates. _________________________
____ 4. In an oak tree, carbohydrates are produced by the process of photosynthesis, and cellular respiration is used to
convert the chemical energy in the carbohydrates to ATP. _________________________

Figure 9–3

____ 5. All but one of the organisms listed in the food chain in Figure 9–3 carry out cellular respiration.

_________________________
____ 6. The net products of glycolysis are 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvic acid molecules.
_________________________
____ 7. The Krebs cycle releases energy in the form of ATP. _________________________
____ 8. Electron carriers bring electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.
_________________________
____ 9. In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
_________________________
____ 10. Without the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain cannot function. _________________________

Figure 9–4
____ 11. The pathway labeled A in Figure 9–4 is called glycolysis. ______________________________
____ 12. If carbon dioxide is not present, the pathway labeled C in Figure 9–4 usually will not occur.
_________________________
____ 13. If you swim aerobically for 30 minutes, your body has probably started to break down stored molecules, such
as fats, for energy. _________________________
____ 14. The first few seconds of intense exercise use up the cell’s stores of fat. _________________________
____ 15. During the course of a long race, a person’s muscle cells will use both cellular respiration and lactic acid
fermentation to produce ATP. _________________________

Completion
Complete each statement.

Figure 9–5

1. Figure 9–5 shows that the original source of energy for all organisms in an ocean food chain is
____________________.
2. Muscle cells, which need a lot of ATP, would be expected to have a lot of __________________, the
organelles involved in cellular respiration.
3. Cellular respiration in nearly all organisms depends on autotrophs performing the process of
_________________________.
4. Photosynthesis occurs only in plants, algae, and some bacteria. In contrast,
______________________________ occurs in all eukaryotic cells.
5. Glycolysis rearranges a 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of
_________________________.
6. Two pyruvic acid molecules going through the Krebs cycle will result in ____________________ ATP
molecule(s), as well as the energy carriers FADH 2 and NADH.
7. When ____________________ pass through ATP synthase, ATP molecules are produced from ADP
molecules.
8. The _____________________________ is a series of carrier proteins that use high-energy electrons to create
a buildup of H+ ions on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
9. Glycolysis alone nets only ____________________ molecules of ATP from each glucose molecule.
 Figure 9–4

10. The pathway labeled B in Figure 9–4 is called ____________________ fermentation.

11. Based on Figure 9–4, ____________________ ATP molecules per glucose molecule are generated through
fermentation.
12. In Figure 9–4, only the pathway labeled ____________________ requires oxygen.
13. The body gets rid of lactic acid in a chemical pathway that requires ____________________.
14. A high level of lactic acid in the body is a sign that ______________________________ fermentation has
occurred.
15. A person who regularly does aerobic exercise probably takes in ____________________ oxygen than a
sedentary person.

Short Answer

1. What is the relationship between a calorie and a Calorie? If a person eats 2000 calories, how many Calories
has he eaten?
2. What is cellular respiration?
3. List the three main stages of cellular respiration in order. Where does each stage take place in the cell?
 Figure 9–6

4. Figure 9–6 shows how energy flows among the sun, plants, animals, and fossil fuels. Which arrow represents
cellular respiration? Explain your reasoning.
5. What roles does oxygen play in photosynthesis and in cellular respiration?
6. What happens to a molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis?
7. Describe glycolysis in terms of energy input, energy output, and net gain of ATP.
8. Why is the Krebs cycle also known as the citric acid cycle?
9. The electron transport chain uses the energy stored in high-energy electrons to pump H + ions across the inner
mitochondrial membrane. Why?
10. What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain?
11. Give two examples of fermentation in real life.
12. What are the two types of fermentation? How do their products differ?
 Figure 9–4

13. Given the inefficiency of two of the pathways shown in Figure 9–4, what advantage could there be to using
these pathways to produce energy?
14. Based on Figure 9–4, which pathway is most efficient at producing energy for a cell? Explain your answer.
15. What three sources of ATP does your body use during a long aerobic exercise session?

Science Skills

A scientist set up a respiration chamber as shown below. She placed a mouse in flask B. Into flasks A, C, and
D, she poured distilled water mixed with the acid-base indicator phenolphthalein. In the presence of CO 2,
phenolphthalein turns from pink to clear. She allowed the mouse to stay in the chamber for about an hour.

Figure 9–7

1. Infer Write the equation for cellular respiration. Based on this equation and the setup shown in Figure 9–7,
what substance(s) would you expect the mouse in flask B to give off?
 2. Interpret Visuals What will the mouse require to carry out cellular respiration? Look at the flasks in Figure
9–7. Describe the flow of materials through the flasks. Will the mouse receive fresh air so that it can survive?
3. Interpret Visuals Based on Figure 9–7, how will the scientist be able to detect whether the mouse is carrying
out cellular respiration?
4. Apply Concepts Assume that the scientist set up an identical respiration chamber, except that in this setup
she placed a cricket in flask B instead of a mouse. At the end of one hour, she measured the amount of CO 2
given off by the cricket and the mouse. A small amount of CO 2 had been given off by the mouse, but little to
no CO2 had been given off by the cricket. Was the cricket carrying out cellular respiration? Explain these
results.
5. Predict Assume that the scientist set up an identical respiration chamber, except that in this setup she placed a
mouse that had been exercising on a hamster wheel. Then, the scientist measured the amount of CO 2 given off
by both mice at the end of 15 minutes. Predict which setup produced the most CO 2. Explain your answer.

Figure 9–8

6. Interpret Visuals What process does Figure 9–8 show?

7. Interpret Visuals Look at Figure 9–8. Where do the electrons moving along the inner membrane come from?
8. Interpret Visuals Where do the electrons moving along the inner membrane in Figure 9–8 end up?
9. Infer Look at the arrows and H+ ions in Figure 9–8. Which direction do most of the H+ ions move in? What is
the result of this movement?
10. Interpret Visuals ATP synthase is an enzyme. Find ATP synthase in Figure 9–8. What reaction does ATP
synthase catalyze when an H+ ion passes through its channel?
A student poured a solution of bromthymol blue indicator into three test tubes. Then, he placed an aquatic
plant in two of the test tubes, as shown below. He placed a stopper on each test tube and placed them all in the
dark for 24 hours. Bromthymol blue turns from blue to yellow in the presence of CO 2.
 Figure 9–9

11. Apply Concepts Look at Figure 9–9. Which process or processes would you expect the organisms in the test
tubes to carry out—cellular respiration, photosynthesis, or both? When would you expect each process to
occur?
12. Infer What is the purpose of the bromthymol blue in Figure 9–9? How can the student use this indicator to
draw conclusions about the processes that the aquatic plants are carrying out? Explain your answer.
13. Predict Predict what will happen to the test tubes in Figure 9–9 after 24 hours in the dark.
14. Predict Assume that after 24 hours in the dark, the bromthymol blue in test tubes 2 and 3 in Figure 9–9 had
turned yellow. The student then placed test tube 3 in a sunny window. He left test tube 2 in the dark. Predict
what color the solution in each test tube will be after the next 24 hours.
15. Apply Concepts Explain your prediction in question 14 in terms of cellular respiration and/or photosynthesis.

Essay

1. What would happen if all the energy in glucose were released in just one step instead of gradually as it is in
cellular respiration? How is the gradual process of cellular respiration advantageous to the cell?
2. Compare photosynthesis with cellular respiration.
3. List the main events of glycolysis. How many ATP molecules are produced and consumed by glycolysis?
What effect does the presence of oxygen have on the events that follow glycolysis?
4. Describe the main steps and the results of the Krebs cycle.
5. Identify the electron carriers of cellular respiration. Discuss the relationship between the electron carriers and
the electron transport chain.
6. Explain how high-energy electrons are used by the electron transport chain to produce ATP.
7. Explain the role of electron carriers in fermentation.
8. People who suffer from a heart attack often have an increased ratio of lactic acid to pyruvic acid in their
hearts. What does this observation say about the availability of oxygen in the heart muscle cells of someone
who has had a heart attack? How could you use this information to screen people who might be at risk for a
heart attack?
9. Which pathways does the body use to release energy during exercise? Discuss these pathways in terms of a
footrace.
10. Why does lactic acid fermentation “kick in” during a sprint race?
 Chapter 9 Test Bank
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

2. ANS: A PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
3. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: analysis
4. ANS: A PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
5. ANS: A PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
6. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: analysis
7. ANS: B PTS: 1 BLM: analysis
8. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
9. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: application
10. ANS: D PTS: 1 BLM: analysis
11. ANS: B PTS: 1 BLM: application
12. ANS: B PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
13. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: analysis
14. ANS: D PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
15. ANS: B PTS: 1 BLM: analysis
16. ANS: B PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
17. ANS: A PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
18. ANS: A PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
19. ANS: D PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
20. ANS: A PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis
21. ANS: D PTS: 1 BLM: analysis
22. ANS: A PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
23. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
24. ANS: B PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis
25. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
26. ANS: D PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
27. ANS: D PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
28. ANS: A PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis
29. ANS: A PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
30. ANS: A PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
31. ANS: B PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
32. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
33. ANS: D PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
34. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
35. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
36. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
37. ANS: D PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis
38. ANS: A PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
39. ANS: D PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
40. ANS: B PTS: 1 BLM: application
 41. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
42. ANS: D PTS: 1 BLM: application
43. ANS: A PTS: 1 BLM: application
44. ANS: C PTS: 1 BLM: application
45. ANS: B PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

1. ANS: T PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

2. ANS: F, oxygen

PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

3. ANS: F, oxygen

PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension

4. ANS: T PTS: 1 BLM: application
5. ANS: F, All

PTS: 1 BLM: application

6. ANS: T PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension
7. ANS: T PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
8. ANS: T PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
9. ANS: F, cell membrane

PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension

10. ANS: T PTS: 1 BLM: analysis
11. ANS: F, lactic acid fermentation

PTS: 1 BLM: application

12. ANS: F, oxygen

PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis

13. ANS: T PTS: 1 BLM: application
14. ANS: F, ATP

PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension

15. ANS: T PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

COMPLETION

1. ANS: the sun

PTS: 1 BLM: application

2. ANS: mitochondria

PTS: 1 BLM: application

3. ANS: photosynthesis
 PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis
4. ANS: cellular respiration

PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

5. ANS: pyruvic acid

PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

6. ANS: 2

PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis

7. ANS: H+ ions

PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis

8. ANS: electron transport chain

PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension

9. ANS: 2

PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension

10. ANS: alcoholic

PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

11. ANS: 2

PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

12. ANS: C

PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

13. ANS: oxygen

PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

14. ANS: lactic acid

PTS: 1 BLM: application

15. ANS: more

PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis

SHORT ANSWER

1. ANS:
There are 1000 calories in 1 Calorie. Eating 2000 calories is the same as eating 2 Calories.

PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis

2. ANS:
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of
oxygen.

PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

 3. ANS:
The three stages are as follows: glycolysis (which occurs in the cytoplasm), the Krebs cycle (which occurs in
the matrix of the mitochondria), and electron transport (which occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane).

PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis

4. ANS:
Arrow B represents cellular respiration, because it shows the flow of energy from plants to animals. Plants
produce food (sugars), which animals use to fuel cellular respiration.

PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

5. ANS:
Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere as a product, whereas cellular respiration uses oxygen as
a reactant to release energy from food.

PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

6. ANS:
During glycolysis, the bonds of glucose are broken and rearranged to produce 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

7. ANS:
Glycolysis requires an initial input of 2 ATP molecules and produces an output of 4 ATP molecules, for a net
gain of 2 ATP molecules.

PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

8. ANS:
Citric acid is the first compound formed in the process.

PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

9. ANS:
The movement of H+ ions back across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase converts
ADP into ATP.

PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

10. ANS:
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which means that it is needed to get rid
of low-energy electrons and H+ ions.

PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension

11. ANS:
Sample answer: Lactic acid fermentation occurs in the muscles, and alcoholic fermentation occurs in rising
bread dough.

PTS: 1 BLM: application

12. ANS:
Alcoholic fermentation produces carbon dioxide, alcohol, and NAD +, whereas lactic acid fermentation
produces lactic acid and NAD+.

PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

13. ANS:
 Pathway A and pathway B can both take place when there is no oxygen. When cells run out of oxygen, they
can still produce some energy, even though they do so inefficiently.

PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis

14. ANS:
Sample answer: Cellular respiration, shown in pathway C, is most efficient, because it produces the most ATP
using the same amount of glucose as the other two pathways.

PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

15. ANS:
The body uses ATP that is already present in the muscle cells, ATP released from lactic acid fermentation,
and ATP released from cellular respiration.

PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension

SCIENCE SKILLS

1. ANS:
Sample answer: The equation for cellular respiration is 6O 2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy. The mouse
should give off CO2 and H2O.

PTS: 1 BLM: application

2. ANS:
Sample answer: The mouse requires oxygen and sugar from food (glucose) to carry out cellular respiration.
Fresh air containing oxygen flows in through the tubes from outside the flasks into flasks B, C, and D. Air
mixed with whatever the mouse gives off flows from flask B into flask A. The mouse receives fresh air and
should be able to survive in the chamber for the duration of the experiment.

PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

3. ANS:
Sample answer: If the mouse is carrying out cellular respiration, it will give off CO 2. The CO2 will flow into
flask A, and the phenolphthalein in flask A will change from pink to clear.

PTS: 1 BLM: application

4. ANS:
Sample answer: The cricket, like all living organisms, is carrying out cellular respiration. However, the mouse
is larger than the cricket and gives off more CO 2 than the cricket. After one hour, the cricket probably has not
given off enough CO2 to measure. If the scientist allows the experiment to continue for several hours, she will
see that more CO2 is given off by the cricket over time.

PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis

5. ANS:
Sample answer: The mouse that had been exercising should give off more CO 2 because this mouse will be
breathing more heavily. This mouse might even have an oxygen debt to repay, which means it is making up
for the oxygen and energy it used up during the exercise.

PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

6. ANS:
The figure shows the electron transport chain.
 PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge
7. ANS:
The electrons come from NADH and FADH 2, electron carriers that come from the Krebs cycle.

PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

8. ANS:
They join with 4 H+ and O2 to form water molecules.

PTS: 1 BLM: knowledge

9. ANS:
The H+ ions are mostly moving into the intermembrane space. This movement causes the intermembrane
space to become positively charged with respect to the matrix. This sets up the gradient needed to generate
ATP from ADP using ATP synthase.

PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension

10. ANS:
Sample answer: ATP synthase converts ADP into ATP.

PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension

11. ANS:
Sample answer: When exposed to light, the aquatic plants will carry out both cellular respiration and
photosynthesis. After a time in the dark, the plants will carry out only cellular respiration.

PTS: 1 BLM: application

12. ANS:
The purpose of the indicator is to detect the presence of carbon dioxide. The plants will give off oxygen and
take in carbon dioxide when they are carrying out photosynthesis. They will give off carbon dioxide and take
in oxygen when they are carrying out cellular respiration. If the plants produce more carbon dioxide in
cellular respiration than they are able to use, the indicator will change from blue to yellow. If the plants
produce and consume the same amount of carbon dioxide, no new carbon dioxide will be produced and the
indicator will not change color.

PTS: 1 BLM: evaluation

13. ANS:
The solution in test tubes 2 and 3 will turn yellow because the plants will give off CO 2 from cellular
respiration but will not use it up through photosynthesis.

PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

14. ANS:
After another 24 hours, test tube 2 will still be yellow. Test tube 3 will be blue again.

PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

15. ANS:
Sample answer: The plant in test tube 2 remained in the dark and was not able to carry out photosynthesis, so
it did not use up carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide keeps the bromthymol blue yellow. However, the plant
in test tube 3 was in the light, where it could carry out photosynthesis. This plant used up the carbon dioxide,
and without carbon dioxide the color of the bromthymol blue turned back to blue.

PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis

ESSAY

1. ANS:
If the energy in glucose were released in just one step, most of the energy would be lost as heat. The gradual
process of cellular respiration allows the cell to control the release of energy into packages of ATP that can be
used more efficiently for cell activities.

PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis

2. ANS:
Sample answer: Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite processes. The reactants of
photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of
cellular respiration. Whereas photosynthesis generates sugars, cellular respiration uses up sugars.
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from and releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while cellular
respiration uses oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide.

PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

3. ANS:
Sample answer: Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, producing 4 ATP
molecules. An initial input of 2 ATP molecules is required to start glycolysis; thus, there is a net gain of 2
ATP molecules. This process produces 2 high-energy electrons, which are passed to NAD + to form NADH. If
oxygen is present, glycolysis leads to the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. If oxygen is not
present, glycolysis is followed by the rest of fermentation.

PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis

4. ANS:
Sample answer: During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of
energy-extracting reactions. Coenzyme A forms acetyl-CoA, which later becomes citric acid. Citric acid is
then broken down, CO2 is released, and electrons are transferred to energy carriers. One molecule of pyruvic
acid gives 4 molecules of NADH, 1 molecule of FADH 2, and 1 molecule of ATP.

PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis

5. ANS:
Sample answer: The electron carriers of cellular respiration are NAD + and FAD. These molecules accept
high-energy electrons (thus becoming NADH and FADH 2) and move to the electron transport chain. The
energy stored in these electron carriers is transferred to the electron transport chain. The electron transport
chain, in turn, uses the energy to move hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which
creates a charge difference across the membrane.

PTS: 1 BLM: synthesis

6. ANS:
High-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are passed from one carrier protein to the next in the electron
transport chain. The movement of these electrons through the electron transport chain powers the pumping of
hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The buildup of H+ ions in the inner mitochondrial
space creates a charge difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane. When the ions move back across
the membrane through the protein ATP synthase, the protein converts ADP into ATP.

PTS: 1 BLM: comprehension

7. ANS:
 In fermentation, NADH transfers electrons to pyruvic acid, which converts NADH back to NAD +. This makes
the NAD+ available to receive electrons during glycolysis, which allows glycolysis to continue in the absence
of oxygen.

PTS: 1 BLM: analysis

8. ANS:
Lactic acid is an indication that lactic acid fermentation is occurring in muscle cells. Lactic acid fermentation
occurs only in the absence of oxygen. Thus, the heart cells with more lactic acid may not have been receiving
enough oxygen, a factor that could contribute to the occurrence of a heart attack. The level of lactic acid could
be measured in certain parts of the heart as an indication of risk of heart attack.

PTS: 1 BLM: evaluation

9. ANS:
Sample answer: The first few seconds of a race are powered by the ATP that the muscle cells already have on
hand. Then, the muscle cells begin producing ATP by lactic acid fermentation—this would be around the 50-
meter mark of the race. After about 90 seconds, however, cellular respiration is the only way to generate a
continuing supply of ATP.

PTS: 1 BLM: application

10. ANS:
During brief periods of intense activity, muscle cells may use oxygen faster than it can be supplied by the
body. When the oxygen supply gets very low, the electron transport chain cannot function because oxygen
serves as its final electron acceptor. This forces the Krebs cycle to stop. In this anaerobic situation, the muscle
cells can produce ATP only by means of lactic acid fermentation.

PTS: 1 BLM: analysis