ABSTRACT

With the emergence of power electronic technology and advancements in highly ef_cient
electric power converters, DC-DC converters play a signi_cant role in DC networks and DC
distribution systems. Not being fully understood, nevertheless, the stability, protection and
safety of DC systems present an open challenge for the research community. In this study, a
high quality low voltage DC distribution system has been proposed, which provides a
constant power in the event of voltage disturbance (sag), _actuations, and fault. A three
wire line system is adopted: C375 V line, neutral and 375 V line. Furthermore, the
required DC power is transformed from DC or AC voltages by using load side converters,
and these power converters do not need any transformers to adopt the proper DC voltage.
In this research work double-closed loop control strategy, the outer voltage control loop
and inner current loop (decoupled without the exact value of boost inductance) are
proposed. If short circuit or any fault occurs on the load side, the proposed strategy
prevents the effect of remaining load. Also, the grid reconnection and disconnection is very
smooth. Furthermore, a voltage balancer is proposed near to low voltage side. To con_rm
the effectiveness of the suggested control topology, simulations are performed in
Matlab/Simulink and PSCAD software. The results obtained from simulation show that
the suggested control system topology can provide excellent power in various conditions.

INTRODUCTION

With the recent developments in DC power distribution system and the increasing trend
in electricity consumption, the mainstream research focuses on LVDC (low-voltage DC)
micro-grid. For elevating the voltage level of DC grids to MVDC (medium voltage DC),
however, distribution systems play a key role for developing the DC grid technology. DC
transformer is an important/attractive device to achieve voltage transformation and electrical
isolation among MVDC and LVDC distribution. The DC transformer has the capability
to transmit AC and DC power in different frequency and voltage level. The fast development
in the digital loads (at the distribution level) has encouraged to consider LVDC as an
effective and ef_cient solution, since it has greater controllability in powering small _ats,
public network, commercial building, street lighting and data centres. Furthermore, LVDC
distribution system can perform presciently alongside numerous distributed energy
resources (DER), e.g. energy storage systems (EES) and renewable energy resources
(RER). DC distribution grids have the inherent capability to transfer high power capacity,
since most of the sources and loads which are connected to low voltage systems are
already DC. On the other hand, DC distribution systems do not have restrictions like phase
angle, frequency, reactive power and power factor. Rather, DC voltage has a few
important control parameters like power quality and energy balancing in LVDC
distribution systems. Also, LVDC is more appropriate for connecting renewable energy
sources, where most of the devices generate DC. Hence, LVDC distribution is an
attractive substitute to the conventional AC systems because of its high ef_ciency and
symbolic performance. But the DC distribution system, based on power electronics, is a
complicated and comprehensively interconnected system which contains multiple back-to-
back power converters. Getting encountered by the commercial and industrial users
directly, the distribution networks require highly reliability and safety. Also, a mismatch
between generation and loads is inventible, especially when feeding both industrial
load and household load feeders together, and the load pro_le is quite diverse. Thus,
challenges arise in the dynamic performance and stability with the interconnection of
converters. With the increase in growth of ESS in the power system applications, the
developments increase the integration of ESS based new distributed control models in
the smart grid transmission system. Recent literature survey reveals that many DC-DC
conversion processes have tried to solve the voltage balancing issue along with the
output _uctuation control. In the study of voltage regulation fault and _uctuation control
methods, based on dual active bridge, is proposed for low voltage DC distribution.
Using feed forward compensator, an adaptive feed forward compensation design is
proposed based on a DC-DC boost converter. A Quasi-square-wave Modulation for
medium-voltage distribution application using dual-phase-shift (DPS) scheme has been
established. high frequency transient sparse measurement-based fault location for
complex DC distribution networks is proposed by using high frequency impedance
equivalent models of module multilevel converter (MMC) and DC/DC converter. A
single stage voltage balancer based on three-level dual-active-bridge converter presented.
Improve the performance of the vienna recti_er under unbalanced grid conditions a
practical passivity-based control with active disturbance rejection control is proposed. A
new modi_ed topology to cover both fault current limiter and dynamic voltage restorer
functions in utilities are explained. only AC/DC converter topology is discussed for
bipolar DC distribution. Two recent works for high voltage step-up applications a multilevel
boost converter with minimal voltage multiplier components is shown. an
asymmetrical triangular current mode for bidirectional high step ratio modular multilevel
DC-DC converter is described. However, these are not energy efficient. There is no
sufficient research which focuses on low voltage regulation methods and multiple output
systems. On the contrary, a higher quality power is necessary for certain clients like
hospitals, banks small factories and housing societies because there is a great concern over
blackouts and disturbances (sag). Such power systems are very essential in our daily
life. In order to solve the higher quality and higher ef_ciency issues, the proposed
study presents a design of low voltage DC bipolar distribution system, which provides
multiple outputs. A three wire line system is adopted for DC power distribution, which
is converted either into DC or AC by the required load side converters. During voltage
disturbance or any fault happen on grid side, when AC side recti_ers stop working, the
designed micro-grid control system can provide stable and constant power. In this study, a
DC micro-grid model is proposed for small home and _at, by using DC micro-grid
concept. Each home has electric machine or fuel cell (EMc) and the over-all power is
controlled by varying the amount of EMc running. To balance the voltage on both sides,
a voltage balancer is proposed on low voltage side distribution. Major energy storage
(ESS, SS) is selected in this operation which is discussed in detail below. The main
objective of this proposed model is the reconnection and disconnection with grid,
changes in load and voltage disturbance control. To con_rm the effectiveness and
accuracy of the proposed method, simulations are performed in Matlab/Simulink and
PSCAD software. Which demonstrates the stability of the suggested control system in
various conditions?

EXISTING SYSTEM:

With the increase in growth of ESS in the power system applications, the developments
increase the integration of ESS based new distributed control models in the smart grid
transmission system. Recent literature survey reveals that many DC-DC conversion
processes have tried to solve the voltage balancing issue along with the output
_uctuation control. In the study of voltage regulation, fault and punctuation control
methods, based on dual active bridge, is proposed for low voltage DC distribution.
Using feed forward compensator, an adaptive feed forward compensation design is
proposed based on a DC-DC boost converter. A Quasi-square-wave Modulation for
medium-voltage distribution application using dual-phase-shift (DPS) scheme has been
established]. high frequency transient sparse measurement-based fault location for
complex DC distribution networks is proposed by using high frequency impedance
equivalent models of module multilevel converter (MMC) and DC/DC converter. A
single stage voltage balancer based on three-level dual-active-bridge converter presented.
Improve the performance of the Vienna reciter under unbalanced grid conditions a
practical passivity-based control with active disturbance rejection control is proposed in.
A new modified topology to cover both fault current limiter and dynamic voltage
restorer functions in utilities are explained. Only AC/DC converter topology is discussed
for bipolar DC distribution. Two recent work for high voltage step-up applications a
multilevel boost converter with minimal voltage multiplier component. Asymmetrical
triangular current mode for bidirectional high step ratio modular multilevel DC-DC
converter is described. However, these are not energy efficient.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

Low-voltage (LV) side topology and control system of DC-DC istribution system is
shown in Fig. 1. Three-wire DC distributed system is adopted, which consists of C375 V
line, neutral line and 375 V line system. Additionally, DC-DC converters can adopt
750 V, C375 V, 375 V source voltages on the load side, and if one of the wires snap out,
the system has the potential to supply power using the other lines as an auxiliary
converter. Voltage balance control is necessary when the converter source provides the
voltage of either C375 V or 375 V to loads. Hence to balance negative and positive
voltages, a voltage balancer is located near the rectifier, placed near to load side.
Energy storages such as ESS and secondary batteries are linked to DC distribution line,
and a PV (photo voltaic) system is also connected from DC-DC and DC-AC converters.
On LV side, DC power on each converter is transformed into required DC or AC voltages,
respectively. The LV side system characteristics are given as follows.

1) Three-wire bipolar DC-DC converter on load side, which allows selecting the source
voltage of 750 V, C375 V, or 375 V.
 2) Load-side converters distribution scheme provides a strong superiority in supplying
power. If there is a short circuit on one side of the load, for example, there is no effect
or disturbance on the other loads.

3) A double closed loop control topology, designed with outer voltage loop and inner
current loop is proposed. The inner current loop is decoupled without the boost inductance
exact value.

4) Various kinds of output electric-Voltages can be obtained e.g. three-phase 240 V,

single-phase 100 V, and DC 70 V. All of these are transformer-less converters, and hence,
it yields a higher efficiency with downsizing advantages. Because the DC distribution
system is convenient and useful for DG whose output type is DC e.g. fuel cells, PV, ESS,
and Secondary batteries.

5) In the event of an accident happening on the HV side or grid, this control system
could be disconnected quickly and provide electric power continuously. Reconnection
process is also smooth.

6) When power usage is more than power production or if there is a temporary overload,
the system can stop providing power for load side converters or some other loads. The
system only provides a high quality power to the loads.

LITRATURE SURVEY:

MODULAR MULTILEVEL HIGH-FREQUENCY-LINK DC TRANSFORMER

BASED ON DUAL ACTIVE PHASE-SHIFT PRINCIPLE FOR MEDIUM-VOLTAGE
DC POWER DISTRIBUTION APPLICATION

This paper proposes a multilevel high-frequency-link dc transformer (MDCT) based

on dual active phase-shift principle for medium-voltage dc (MVDC) power distribution
application. The proposed MDCT employs multilevel and multiplex conversion principle,
which brings many advantages and makes the operation of MDCT quite different with the
traditional dc transformer (TDCT) and modular multilevel converter. Compared to the TDCT
scheme, the proposed MDCT has smaller circulating current and higher power factor; it can
operate as a dc breaker to cutoff the connection with the MVDC distribution grid absolutely
when a short fault occurs in the distribution grid; the redundant design can be achieved when
some submodules failure to improve the reliability. In the paper, the topology, operation
principle, modulation method, switching characterization, voltage, and power
characterization, and control strategy of MDCT are presented and analyzed comprehensively.
At last, a MDCT prototype is built and the experimental results verify the correctness and
effectively of the proposed solution.

ENERGY COOPERATION OPTIMIZATION IN MICROGRIDS WITH

RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION

Abstract:

Microgrids are key components of future smart grids, which integrate distributed renewable
energy generators to efficiently serve the load locally. However, the intermittent nature of
renewable energy generations hinders the reliable operation of microgrids. Besides the
commonly adopted methods such as deploying energy storage system (ESS) and
supplementary fuel generator to address the intermittency issue, energy cooperation among
microgrids by enabling their energy exchange for sharing is an appealing new solution. In
this paper, we consider the energy management problem for two cooperative microgrids each
with individual renewable energy generator and ESS. First, by assuming that the microgrids'
renewable energy generation/load amounts are perfectly known ahead of time, we solve the
off-line energy management problem optimally. Based on the obtained solution, we study the
impacts of microgrids' energy cooperation and their ESSs on the total energy cost. Next,
inspired by the off-line optimization solution, we propose online algorithms for the real-time
energy management of the two cooperative microgrids. It is shown via simulations that the
proposed online algorithms perform well in practice, have low complexity, and are also valid
under arbitrary realizations of renewable energy generations/loads. Finally, we present one
method to extend our proposed online algorithms to the general case of more than two micro
grids based on a clustering approach.

THE ISOLATED RESONANT MODULAR MULTILEVEL CONVERTERS

WITH LARGE STEP-RATIO FOR MVDC APPLICATIONS

Abstract:

The dc-dc conversion will play an important role in multi-terminal dc networks and dc grids.
This paper presents two isolated resonant modular multilevel converters (IRMMCs) to fulfill
the large step-ratio conversion for medium voltage dc (MVDC) networks. The conventional
resonant modular multilevel converters (RMMCs) suffer the common problems of non-
isolation and high current stress, which are solved in the proposed IRMMCs. They not only
inherit the beneficial features of inherent sub-module (SM) voltage-balancing and soft-
switching operation from RMMCs, but also develop multi-module configurations to
neutralize the current ripples on both sides of the dc-links. The theoretical analysis is verified
by a set of full-scaled simulations for different application examples in MVDC collection and
distribution. The results demonstrate the proposed IRMMCs and its derived configurations
have good potential for operation as large step-ratio MVDC transformers.

PET APPLICABLE TO 3-PHASE MEDIUM-VOLTAGE AC GRID WITH DC

BUS SELF-BALANCING CAPACITY

Abstract:

This paper proposed a new Power Electronic Transformer (PET) topology in medium and
high voltage application of 3-phase AC distribution network. In the proposed topology, diode
clamped multilevel converter is used as the rectifier stage, and input series output parallel
(ISOP) Dual Active Bridges are adopted for isolated voltage conversion. The proposed
topology is suitable for medium and high voltage levels, and has relatively small volume
compared to other applicable topologies and self-balancing capability of HVDC capacitor
voltage. A decoupled control strategy is used in the proposed PET system. Stimulations have
been done to prove the feasibility of the topology. Results show that the voltage of HVDC
bus capacitor in the new PET topology can be well balanced.

MVDC FOR ENHANCED UTILITY SCALE DISTRIBUTION POWER

DELIVERY AND CONTROL

Abstract:

The electrification of heat and transport along with significant increases in distributed
energy resources pose challenges for distribution network operators (DNOs) as they evolve
into distribution system operators (DSOs). Issues may include capacity constraints, voltage
excursions, lower supply security and reduced power quality. A method of addressing these
matters whilst unlocking capacity is therefore required. This paper will outline the case for
the selective interconnection of grid supply points and primary substations via fully
controllable power electronic links. This interconnection would form the basis of a `power
levelling' network to help alleviate the above concerns as an alternative to a conventional
`more copper' reinforcement strategy. Power flows for a conventional network will be
benchmarked before assessing the potential capacity release created by delivering energy
from multiple substations via controllable interconnection. Medium voltage direct current
(MVDC) networks (operating in the range of 5-50 kV) represent a candidate technology for
the proposed interconnection. The paper reviews current technology readiness level,
international learning and relevant knowledge from other power sectors.

RELEASING MORE CAPACITY FOR EV INTEGRATION BY DC MEDIUM

VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION LINES

With the integration of large-scale electric vehicles (EVs), more capacities of medium
voltage distribution networks need to be released. However, there are limited spaces to build
new lines, and voltage violation may happen due to the power fluctuation when EVs
charge/discharge in a random way. This study proposes to convert some existing AC medium
voltage distribution lines to DC and forms a hybrid AC/DC medium voltage distribution
network through connecting existing AC lines with a voltage source converter (VSC).
Transfer capacity of lines can be increased through DC distribution and flexible power shift
between the AC and DC lines can be achieved, based on which more EVs can be
accommodated. Configurations of hybrid AC/DC distribution networks are developed, and
the capacities released are quantified. A control scheme, which includes a loss minimisation
mode and a voltage regulation mode, is proposed in order to optimise real and reactive power
outputs of the VSC. Simulation studies are performed to verify the proposed method.

VALIDATION OF FAST AND SELECTIVE PROTECTION SCHEME FOR AN

LVDC DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Low-voltage direct-current (LVDC) distribution systems potentially enable more

efficient power distribution and wider uptake of distributed renewables and energy storage.
They do, however, present significant fault protection and safety challenges. To address
these, the use of advanced protection techniques or significant system redesign is required.
This paper reviews these protection key challenges, and presents experimental results of a
prototype advanced protection scheme designed to help enable LVDC distribution networks
for utility applications. The developed scheme is DC current direction-based and uses
multiple intelligent electronic devices relays in combination with controllable solid-state
circuit breakers to detect and locate DC faults. This scheme provides selective protection
tripping within submillisecond timescales. A scaled laboratory demonstrator that emulates an
LVDC distribution network is used as a test platform. It allows for the characterization of
transient behavior for various fault conditions and locations. The developed protection
algorithm is implemented in LabVIEW, and its performance against such fault conditions is
tested within this environment.

DEVELOPMENT OF VOLTAGE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR MULTI-TERMINAL

LOW-VOLTAGE DC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

LVDC (Low Voltage Direct Current) distribution systems have advantages over
conventional AC distribution systems in terms of power quality, power-conversion-loss
reduction, renewable energy integration, and so on. There were pioneering researches into
development of LVDC distribution systems but most of them considered radial distribution
systems with one grid-connection converter. In this paper, we propose multi-terminal LVDC
distribution system that has multiple grid-connection points and integration of distributed
energy resources (DERs). The multi-terminal LVDC system can have more reliability and
flexibility in electric power provision because it has multiple grid-interfacing AC/DC
converters. However, multiple paths for power flows can increase the complexity in system
operation and control. This paper proposes a new voltage control method for multi-terminal
LVDC distribution systems using multi-agent system (MAS). This paper presents the
hierarchical control algorithms to coordinate multiple AC/DC converters and DERs.
Simulation studies demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.

CONCLUSION

In this study, a bipolar distribution system is proposed for low voltage DC distribution
system which provides constant power in the event of voltage disturbance (sag),
actuations, and fault. A three wire line system is adopted: C375 V, neutral and 375 V
lines. A residential housing/_at society is proposed, each house has EMc and the over-all
power is controlled by varying the amount of EMc running. To confirrm the effectiveness
of the proposed system, various types of simulations are performed with load variations,
islanding operation, interconnection operations mode, short circuits etc. To decrease the
voltage regulation, a voltage balancer is proposed on low voltage side while different load
are interconnected, which shows less deviation from the standard value (C375 and 375) V.
In islanding operation mode, voltage is regulated via ESS and SS converters by using their
discharging and charging function. To improve the accuracy and reliability, a power
management algorithm is proposed in islanding operation mode. Accompanying the
results from different simulations, the disconnection, reconnection and voltage sag are
also discussed in detail. The simulation results show that the _uctuations and voltage dip
can be controlled effectively by using the suggested control scheme. Hence, it is
useful and applicable to improve the stability, so that energy conversation system can be
controlled. The outcomes of this study are valid for all kind of DC distribution systems
used in numerous other applications, which can be developed in the future.
SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT:

What Is MATLAB?

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates

computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems
and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include:

 Math and computation

 Algorithm development
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including Graphical User Interface building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those
with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program
in a scalar noninteractive language such as C or Fortran.
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to
provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects,
which together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university
environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in
mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-
productivity research, development, and analysis.
MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very
important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized
technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that
extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which
toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy
logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.
Besides an environment, MATLAB is also a programming language.

As its name contains the word Matrix, MATLAB does its' all computing based on
mathematical matrices and arrays. MATLAB's all types of variables hold data in the form of
the array only, let it be an integer type, character type or String type variable.
MATLAB is used in various disciplines of engineering, science, and economics.

MATLAB allows several types of tasks, such as manipulations with matrix, algorithm
implementation, data, and functions plotting, and can interact with programs written in other
programming languages.
MATLAB is a dynamic and weakly typed programming language.

MATLAB environment handles tasks of the declaration of the data type of the variables and
provision for an appropriate amount of storage for the variables.

Main Features and Capabilities of MATLAB

The diagram in the figure shows the main features and capabilities of MATLAB.
MATLAB's built-in functions provide excellent tools for linear algebra computations, data
analysis, signal processing, optimization, numerical solution of ordinary differential
equations (ODEs), quadrate, and many other types of scientific calculations.
Most of these functions use state-of-the-art algorithms. These are numerous functions for 2-D
and 3-D graphics, as well as for animations.MATLAB supports an external interface to run
those programs from within MATLAB. The user is not limited to the built-in functions; he
can write his functions in the MATLAB language.There are also various optional
"toolboxes" available from the developers of MATLAB. These toolboxes are a collection of
functions written for primary applications such as symbolic computations, image processing,
statistics, control system design, and neural networks.The necessary building components of
MATLAB are the matrix. The fundamental data type is the array. Vectors, scalars, real
matrices, and complex matrices are all automatically handled as special cases of the primary
data type. MATLAB loves matrices and matrix functions. The built-in functions are
optimized for vector functions. Therefore, Vectorized commands or codes run much faster in
MATLAB.
Applications of MATLAB
MATLAB can be used as a tool for simulating various electrical networks but the recent
developments in MATLAB make it a very competitive tool for Artificial Intelligence,
Robotics, Image processing, Wireless communication, Machine learning, Data analytics and
whatnot. Though its mostly used by circuit branches and mechanical in the engineering
domain to solve a basic set of problems its application is vast. It is a tool that enables
computation, programming and graphically visualizing the results.

The basic data element of MATLAB as the name suggests is the Matrix or an array. MATLAB
toolboxes are professionally built and enable you to turn your imaginations into reality.
MATLAB programming is quite similar to C programming and just requires a little brush up
of your basic programming skills to start working with.

Below are a few applications of MATLAB –

Statistics and machine learning(ML)

This toolbox in MATLAB can be very handy for the programmers. Statistical methods such
as descriptive or inferential can be easily implemented. So is the case with machine learning.
Various models can be employed to solve modern-day problems. The algorithms used can
also be used for big data applications.

Curve fitting
The curve fitting toolbox helps to analyze the pattern of occurrence of data. After a
particular trend which can be a curve or surface is obtained, its future trends can be
predicted. Further plotting, calculating integrals, derivatives, interpolation, etc can be
done.
Control systems
Systems nature can be obtained. Factors such as closed-loop, open-loop, its controllability
and observability, Bode plot, Nyquist plot, etc can be obtained. Various controlling
techniques such as PD, PI and PID can be visualized. Analysis can be done in the time
domain or frequency domain.
 Signal Processing
Signals and systems and digital signal processing are taught in various engineering
streams. But MATLAB provides the opportunity for proper visualization of this. Various
transforms such as Laplace, Z, etc can be done on any given signal. Theorems can be
validated. Analysis can be done in the time domain or frequency domain. There are
multiple built-in functions that can be used.

Mapping
Mapping has multiple applications in various domains. For example, in Big data, the
MapReduce tool is quite important which has multiple applications in the real world.
Theft analysis or financial fraud detection, regression models, contingency analysis,
predicting techniques in social media, data monitoring, etc can be done by data mapping.

Deep learning
Its a subclass of machine learning which can be used for speech recognition, financial
fraud detection, medical image analysis. Tools such as time-series, Artificial neural
network(ANN), Fuzzy logic or combination of such tools can be employed.
Financial analysis
An entrepreneur before starting any endeavor needs to do a proper survey and the
financial analysis in order to plan the course of action. The tools needed for this are all
available in MATLAB. Elements such as profitability, solvency, liquidity, and stability
can be identified. Business valuation, capital budgeting, cost of capital, etc can be
evaluated.
Image processing

The most common application that we observe almost every day are bar code scanners,
selfie(face beauty, blurring the background, face detection), image enhancement, etc. The
digital image processing also plays quite an important role in transmitting data from far
off satellites and receiving and decoding it in the same way. Algorithms to support all
such applications are available.

Text analysis

Based on the text, sentiment analysis can be done. Google gives millions of search
 results for any text entered within a few milliseconds. All this is possible because of
text analysis. Handwriting comparison in forensics can be done. No limit to the
application and just one software which can do this all.

Electric vehicles designing

Used for modeling electric vehicles and analyze their performance with a change in
system inputs. Speed torque comparison, designing and simulating of a vehicle, whatnot.

Aerospace

This toolbox in MATLAB is used for analyzing the navigation and to visualize flight
simulator.

Audio toolbox

Provides tools for audio processing, speech analysis, and acoustic measurement. It
also provides algorithms for audio and speech feature extraction and audio signal
transformation.

Naive Bayes Classifiers

This article discusses the theory behind the Naive Bayes classifiers and their implementation.

Naive Bayes classifiers are a collection of classification algorithms based on Bayes’

Theorem. It is not a single algorithm but a family of algorithms where all of them share a
common principle, i.e. every pair of features being classified is independent of each other.

To start with, let us consider a dataset.

Consider a fictional dataset that describes the weather conditions for playing a game of golf.
Given the weather conditions, each tuple classifies the conditions as fit(“Yes”) or unfit(“No”)
for playing golf.
Assumption:

The fundamental Naive Bayes assumption is that each feature makes an:

 independent
 equal

contribution to the outcome.

With relation to our dataset, this concept can be understood as:

 We assume that no pair of features are dependent. For example, the temperature being
‘Hot’ has nothing to do with the humidity or the outlook being ‘Rainy’ has no effect
on the winds. Hence, the features are assumed to be independent.
 Secondly, each feature is given the same weight(or importance). For example,
knowing only temperature and humidity alone can’t predict the outcome accuratey.
None of the attributes is irrelevant and assumed to be contributing equally to the
outcome.

Other popular Naive Bayes classifiers are:

 Multinomial Naive Bayes: Feature vectors represent the frequencies with which
certain events have been generated by a multinomial distribution. This is the event
model typically used for document classification.
 Bernoulli Naive Bayes: In the multivariate Bernoulli event model, features are
independent booleans (binary variables) describing inputs. Like the multinomial
model, this model is popular for document classification tasks, where binary term
occurrence(i.e. a word occurs in a document or not) features are used rather than term
frequencies(i.e. frequency of a word in the document).

As we reach to the end of this article, here are some important points to ponder upon:

 In spite of their apparently over-simplified assumptions, naive Bayes classifiers have

worked quite well in many real-world situations, famously document classification
and spam filtering. They require a small amount of training data to estimate the
necessary parameters.
 Naive Bayes learners and classifiers can be extremely fast compared to more
sophisticated methods. The decoupling of the class conditional feature distributions
means that each distribution can be independently estimated as a one dimensional
distribution. This in turn helps to alleviate problems stemming from the curse of
dimensionality.
SYSTEM STUDY

FEASIBILITY STUDY

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business

proposal is put forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost
estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study of the proposed system is
to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to
the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major
requirements for the system is essential.
Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system
will have on the organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour
into the research and development of the system is limited. The expenditures
must be justified. Thus the developed system as well within the budget and this
was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only
the customized products had to be purchased.
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the
technical requirements of the system. Any system developed must not have a
high demand on the available technical resources. This will lead to high
demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands
being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest
requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this
system.

SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by

the user. This includes the process of training the user to use the system
efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the system, instead must accept
it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on the
methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make
him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also
able to make some constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final
user of the system.

REFERENCES

[1] B. Zhao, Q. Song, J. Li, Y. Wang, and W. Liu, ``Modular multilevel highfrequency-
link DC transformer based on dual active phase-shift principle for medium-voltage DC
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