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UNIT-1 Introduction To XHTML

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UNIT-1 Introduction To XHTML

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Chapter 2

Introduction to
XHTML

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley


2.1 Origins and Evolution of HTML
• HTML was defined with SGML
• Original intent of HTML: General layout of documents that
could be displayed by a wide variety of computers
• Recent versions:
– HTML 4.0 – 1997
» Introduced many new features and deprecated many older features
– HTML 4.01 - 1999 - A cleanup of 4.0
– XHTML 1.0 - 2000
» Just 4.01 defined using XML, instead of SGML
– XHTML 1.1 – 2001
» Modularized 1.0, and drops frames
» We’ll stick to 1.1, except for frames

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-2


2.1 Origins and Evolution of HTML
(continued)
• Reasons to use XHTML, rather than HTML:
1. HTML has lax syntax rules, leading to sloppy and sometime ambiguous documents
– XHTML syntax is much more strict, leading to clean and clear documents in a standard form

2. HTML processors do not even enforce the few syntax rule that do exist in HTML

3. The syntactic correctness of XHTML documents can be validated

2.2 Basic Syntax


• Elements are defined by tags (markers)
– Tag format:

» Opening tag: <name>

» Closing tag: </name>

– The opening tag and its closing tag together specify a container for the content they enclose

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-3


2.2 Basic Syntax (continued)
• Not all tags have content
– If a tag has no content, its form is <name />

• The container(controller) and its content together are called


an element
• If a tag has attributes, they appear between its name and the
right bracket of the opening tag
• Comment form: <!-- … -->
• Browsers ignore comments, unrecognizable tags, line
breaks, multiple spaces, and tabs
• Tags are suggestions to the browser, even if they are
recognized by the browser
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-4
2.3 HTML Document Structure
• Every XHTML document must begin with:
<?xml version = ″1.0″?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC ″-//w3c//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN″
http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd>
• <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> are required in every
document
• The whole document must have <html> as its root
• html must have the xmlns attribute:
<html xmlns = ″http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml″
• A document consists of a head and a body
• The <title> tag is used to give the document a title, which is normally
displayed in the browser’s window title bar (at the top of the display)
• Prior to XHTML 1.1, a document could have either a body or a frameset

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-5


2.4 Basic Text Markup
• Text is normally placed in paragraph elements
• Paragraph Elements
– The <p> tag breaks the current line and inserts a blank line - the new line gets the
beginning of the content of the paragraph
– The browser puts as many words of the paragraph’s content as will fit in each line
<?xml version = ″1.0″?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC ″-//w3c//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN″
http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd>
<!-- greet.hmtl
A trivial document
-->
<html xmlns = ″http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml″>
<head> <title> Our first document </title>
</head>
<body>
<p>
Greetings from your Webmaster!
</p>
</body>
</html>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-6


2.4 Basic Text Markup (continued)
• W3C HTML Validation Service
http://validator.w3.org/file-upload.html
• Line breaks
– The effect of the <br /> tag is the same as that of <p>, except for the blank line
» No closing tag!
• Example of paragraphs and line breaks
On the plains of hesitation <p> bleach the
bones of countless millions </p> <br />
who, at the dawn of victory <br /> sat down
to wait, and waiting, died.

• Typical display of this text:


On the plains of hesitation

bleach the bones of countless millions


who, at the dawn of victory
sat down to wait, and waiting, died.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-7


2.4 Basic Text Markup (continued)
• Headings
– Six sizes, 1 - 6, specified with <h1> to <h6>
– 1, 2, and 3 use font sizes that are larger than the default font size
– 4 uses the default size
– 5 and 6 use smaller font sizes

<!-- headings.html
An example to illustrate headings
-->
<html xmlns = ″http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml″>
<head> <title> Headings </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> Aidan’s Airplanes (h1) </h1>
<h2> The best in used airplanes (h2) </h2>
<h3> "We’ve got them by the hangarful" (h3)
</h3>
<h4> We’re the guys to see for a good used
airplane (h4) </h4>
<h5> We offer great prices on great planes
(h5) </h5>
<h6> No returns, no guarantees, no refunds,
all sales are final (h6) </h6>
</body>
</html>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-8


2.4 Basic Text Markup (continued)

• Blockquotes
– Content of <blockquote>
– To set a block of text off from the normal flow and appearance of text
– Browsers often indent, and sometimes italicize
• Font Styles and Sizes (can be nested)
– Boldface - <b>
– Italics - <i>
– Larger - <big>
– Smaller - <small>
– Monospace - <tt>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-9


2.4 Basic Text Markup (continued)
The <big> sleet <big> in <big> <i> Crete
</i><br /> lies </big> completely </big>
in </big> the street

The sleet in Crete


lies completely in the street
» These tags are not affected if they appear in the content of a <blockquote>,
unless there is a conflict (e.g., italics)
– Superscripts and subscripts
» Subscripts with <sub>
» Superscripts with <sup>
Example: x<sub>2</sub><sup>3</sup>
Display: x23
• Inline versus block elements
– Block elements CANNOT be nested in inline elements

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-10


2.4 Basic Text Markup (continued)

• All of this font size and font style stuff can be done with style sheets, but these tags are not
yet deprecated
• Character Entities
Char. Entity Meaning
& &amp; Ampersand
< &lt; Less than
> &gt; Greater than
” &quot; Double quote
’ &apos; Single quote
¼ &frac14; One quarter
½ &frac12; One half
¾ &frac34; Three quarters
 &deg; Degree
(space) &nbsp; Non-breaking space
• Horizontal rules
– <hr /> draws a line across the display, after a line break
• The meta element (for search engines) Used to provide additional information about a
document, with attributes, not content

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-11


2.5 Images

• GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)


– 8-bit color (256 different colors)
• JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
– 24-bit color (16 million different colors)
• Both use compression, but JPEG compression is better
• Images are inserted into a document with the <img /> tag with the src attribute
– The alt attribute is required by XHTML
» Purposes:
1. Non-graphical browsers
2. Browsers with images turned off
<img src = "comets.jpg"

alt = "Picture of comets" />


• The <img> tag has 30 different attributes, including width and height (in pixels)
• Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
– Relatively new
– Should eventually replace both gif and jpeg

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-12


2.5 Images (continued)
<!-- image.html
An example to illustrate an image
-->
<html xmlns = ″http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml″>
<head> <title> Images </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> Aidan's Airplanes </h1>
<h2> The best in used airplanes </h2>
<h3> "We've got them by the hangarful"
</h3>
<h2> Special of the month </h2>
<p>
1960 Cessna 210 <br />
577 hours since major engine overhaul
<br />
1022 hours since prop overhaul
<br /><br />
<img src = "c210new.jpg"
alt = "Picture of a Cessna 210"/>
<br />
Buy this fine airplane today at a
remarkably low price <br />
Call 999-555-1111 today!
</p>
</body>
</html>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-13


2.5 Images (continued)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-14


2.6 Hypertext Links
• Hypertext is the essence of the Web!
• A link is specified with the href (hypertext reference)
attribute of <a> (the anchor tag)
• The content of <a> is the visual link in the document
• If the target is a whole document (not the one in which the link appears), the
target need not be specified in the target document as being the target

• Note: Relative addressing of targets is easier to maintain and


more portable than absolute addressing

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-15


2.6 Hypertext Links (continued)
<!-- link.html
An example to illustrate a link
-->
<html xmlns = ″http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml″>
<head> <title> Links </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> Aidan's Airplanes </h1>
<h2> The best in used airplanes </h2>
<h3> "We've got them by the hangarful"
</h3>
<h2> Special of the month </h2>
<p>
1960 Cessna 210 <br />
<a href = "C210data.html">
Information on the Cessna 210 </a>
</p>
</body>
</html>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-16


2.6 Hypertext Links (continued)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-17


2.6 Hypertext Links (continued)
• If the target is not at the beginning of the document, the target spot must be
marked
• Target labels can be defined in many different tags with the id attribute, as in
<h1 id = "baskets"> Baskets </h1>
• The link to an id must be preceded by a pound sign (#); If the id is in the same
document, this target could be
<a href = "#baskets">
What about baskets? </a>
• If the target is in a different document, the document reference must be included
<a href = "myAd.html#baskets”> Baskets </a>

• Style note: a link should blend in with the surrounding text, so reading it without
taking the link should not be made less pleasant
• Links can have images:
<a href = "c210data.html“>
<img src = "smallplane.jpg"
alt = "Small picture of an airplane " />
Info on C210 </a>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-18


2.7 Lists

• Unordered lists
• The list is the content of the <ul> tag
• List elements are the content of the <li> tag
<h3> Some Common Single-Engine Aircraft </h3>
<ul>
<li> Cessna Skyhawk </li>
<li> Beechcraft Bonanza </li>
<li> Piper Cherokee </li>
</ul>

• Ordered lists
• The list is the content of the <ol> tag
• Each item in the display is preceded by a sequence value

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-19


2.7 Lists (continued)
<h3> Cessna 210 Engine Starting Instructions
</h3>
<ol>
<li> Set mixture to rich </li>
<li> Set propeller to high RPM </li>
<li> Set ignition switch to "BOTH" </li>
<li> Set auxiliary fuel pump switch to
"LOW PRIME" </li>
<li> When fuel pressure reaches 2 to 2.5
PSI, push starter button </li>
</ol>

• Nested lists
• Any type list can be nested inside any type list
• The nested list must be in a list item

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-20


2.7 Lists (continued)
• Definition lists (for glossaries, etc.)
– List is the content of the <dl> tag
– Terms being defined are the content of the <dt> tag
– The definitions themselves are the content of the <dd> tag
<h3> Single-Engine Cessna Airplanes </h3>
<dl >
<dt> 152 </dt>
<dd> Two-place trainer </dd>
<dt> 172 </dt>
<dd> Smaller four-place airplane </dd>
<dt> 182 </dt>
<dd> Larger four-place airplane </dd>
<dt> 210 </dt>
<dd> Six-place airplane - high performance
</dd>
</dl>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-21


2.8 Tables
• A table is a matrix of cells, each possibly having content
• The cells can include almost any element
• Some cells have row or column labels and some have data
• A table is specified as the content of a <table> tag
• A border attribute in the <table> tag specifies a border between the
cells
• If border is set to "border", the browser’s default width border is used
• The border attribute can be set to a number, which will be the border
width
• Without the border attribute, the table will have no lines!
• Tables are given titles with the <caption> tag, which can immediately
follow <table>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-22


2.8 Tables (continued)
• Each row of a table is specified as the content of a <tr> tag
• The row headings are specified as the content of a <th> tag
• The contents of a data cell is specified as the content of a <td> tag
<table border = "border">
<caption> Fruit Juice Drinks </caption>
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th> Apple </th>
<th> Orange </th>
<th> Screwdriver </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> Breakfast </th>
<td> 0 </td>
<td> 1 </td>
<td> 0 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> Lunch </th>
<td> 1 </td>
<td> 0 </td>
<td> 0 </td>
</tr>
</table>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-23


2.8 Tables (continued)

• A table can have two levels of column labels


– If so, the colspan attribute must be set in the <th> tag to specify that the
label must span some number of columns
<tr>
<th colspan = "3"> Fruit Juice Drinks </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> Orange </th>
<th> Apple </th>
<th> Screwdriver </th>
</tr>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-24


2.8 Tables (continued)
• If the rows have labels and there is a spanning column label, the upper
left corner must be made larger, using rowspan

<table border = "border">


<tr>
<td rowspan = "2"> </td>
<th colspan = "3"> Fruit Juice Drinks
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> Apple </th>
<th> Orange </th>
<th> Screwdriver </th>
</tr>
…
</table>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-25


2.8 Tables (continued)
• The align attribute controls the horizontal placement of the contents in a
table cell
– Values are left, right, and center (default)
– align is an attribute of <tr>, <th>, and <td> elements

• The valign attribute controls the vertical placement of the contents of a


table cell
– Values are top, bottom, and center (default)
– valign is an attribute of <th> and <td> elements
 SHOW cell_align.html and display it
• The cellspacing attribute of <table> is used to specify the distance
between cells in a table
• The cellpadding attribute of <table> is used to specify the spacing
between the content of a cell and the inner walls of the cell

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-26


2.8 Tables (continued)
<table cellspacing = "50">
<tr>
<td> Colorado is a state of …
</td>
<td> South Dakota is somewhat…
</td>
</tr>
</table>

- Table Sections
- Header, body, and footer, which are the elements: thead, tbody, and tfoot
- If a document has multiple tbody elements, they are separated by thicker horizontal
lines

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-27


2.9 Forms
• A form is the usual way information is gotten from a browser to a server
• HTML has tags to create a collection of objects that implement this
information gathering
– The objects are called widgets (e.g., radio buttons and checkboxes)

• When the Submit button of a form is clicked, the form’s values are sent
to the server
• All of the widgets, or components of a form are defined in the content of
a <form> tag
– The only required attribute of <form> is action, which specifies the URL of the
application that is to be called when the Submit button is clicked
action =
"http://www.cs.ucp.edu/cgi-bin/survey.pl"
» If the form has no action, the value of action is the empty string

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-28


2.9 Forms (continued)
• The method attribute of <form> specifies one of the two
possible techniques of transferring the form data to the
server, get and post
– get and post are discussed in Chapter 10

• Widgets
– Many are created with the <input> tag
» The type attribute of <input> specifies the kind of widget being created
1. Text
• Creates a horizontal box for text input
• Default size is 20; it can be changed with the size attribute
• If more characters are entered than will fit, the box is scrolled (shifted) left

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-29


2.9 Forms (continued)
– If you don’t want to allow the user to type more characters than will fit, set
maxlength, which causes excess input to be ignored
<input type = "text" name = "Phone"
size = "12" >

2. Checkboxes - to collect multiple choice input


– Every checkbox requires a value attribute, which is the widget’s value in the
form data when the checkbox is ‘checked’
» A checkbox that is not ‘checked’ contributes no value to the form data
– By default, no checkbox is initially ‘checked’
– To initialize a checkbox to ‘checked’, the checked attribute must be set to
"checked"

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-30


2.9 Forms (continued)
• Widgets (continued)
Grocery Checklist
<form action = "">
<p>
<input type = "checkbox" name ="groceries"
value = "milk" checked = "checked">
Milk
<input type = "checkbox" name ="groceries"
value = "bread">
Bread
<input type = "checkbox" name = "groceries"
value= "eggs">
Eggs
</p>
</form>

3. Radio Buttons - collections of checkboxes in which only one button can


be ‘checked’ at a time
» Every button in a radio button group MUST have the same name

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-31


2.9 Forms (continued)
• Widgets (continued)
3. Radio Buttons (continued)
– If no button in a radio button group is ‘pressed’, the browser often ‘presses’ the first one
Age Category
<form action = "">
<p>
<input type = "radio" name = "age"
value = "under20" checked = "checked"> 0-19
<input type = "radio" name = "age"
value = "20-35"> 20-35
<input type = "radio" name = "age"
value = "36-50"> 36-50
<input type = "radio" name = "age"
value = "over50"> Over 50
</p>
</form>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-32


2.9 Forms (continued)

3. Menus - created with <select> tags


• There are two kinds of menus, those that behave like checkboxes and
those that behave like radio buttons (the default)
– Menus that behave like checkboxes are specified by including the multiple attribute,
which must be set to "multiple"
• The name attribute of <select> is required
• The size attribute of <select> can be included to specify the number of
menu items to be displayed (the default is 1)
– If size is set to > 1 or if multiple is specified, the menu is displayed as a pop-up
menu

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-33


2.9 Forms (continued)
• Widgets (continued)
3. Menus (continued)
– Each item of a menu is specified with an <option> tag, whose pure text
content (no tags) is the value of the item
– An <option> tag can include the selected attribute, which when assigned
"selected” specifies that the item is preselected
Grocery Menu - milk, bread, eggs, cheese
<form action = "">
<p>
With size = 1 (the default)
<select name = "groceries">
<option> milk </option>
<option> bread </option>
<option> eggs </option>
<option> cheese </option>
</select>
</p>
</form>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-34


2.9 Forms (continued)
- Widgets (continued)

• After clicking the menu:

• After changing size to 2:

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-35


2.9 Forms (continued)
- Widgets (continued)
5. Text areas - created with <textarea>
– Usually include the rows and cols attributes to specify the size of the text
area
– Default text can be included as the content of <textarea>
– Scrolling is implicit if the area is overfilled
Please provide your employment aspirations
<form action = "">
<p>
<textarea name = "aspirations" rows = "3”
cols = "40">
(Be brief and concise)
</textarea>
</p>
</form>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-36


2.9 Forms (continued)
• Widgets (continued)
6. Reset and Submit buttons
– Both are created with <input>
<input type = "reset" value = "Reset Form">
<input type = "submit” value = "Submit Form">
• Submit has two actions:
1. Encode the data of the form
2. Request that the server execute the server-resident program specified as
the value of the action attribute of <form>
– A Submit button is required in every form

--> SHOW popcorn.html and display it

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-37


2.10 Frames
• Frames are rectangular sections of the display window, each of which
can display a different document
• Because frames are no longer part of XHTML, you cannot validate a
document that includes frames
• The <frameset> tag specifies the number of frames and their layout in
the window
• <frameset> takes the place of <body>
• Cannot have both!
• <frameset> must have either a rows attribute or a cols attribute, or both (usually the
case)
• Default is 1
• The possible values for rows and cols are numbers, percentages, and asterisks
• A number value specifies the row height in pixels - Not terribly useful!
• A percentage specifies the percentage of total window height for the row - Very
useful!

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-38


2.10 Frames (continued)
– An asterisk after some other specification gives the remainder of the height of
the window
– Examples:

<frameset rows = "150, 200, 300">

<frameset rows = "25%, 50%, 25%">

<frameset rows = "50%, 20%, *" >

<frameset rows = "50%, 25%, 25%"


cols = "40%, *">
• The <frame> tag specifies the content of a frame
• The first <frame> tag in a <frameset> specifies the content of the first
frame, etc.
– Row-major order is used
– Frame content is specified with the src attribute
– Without a src attribute, the frame will be empty (such a frame CANNOT be filled later)
• If <frameset> has fewer <frame> tags than frames, the extra frames are
empty

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-39


2.10 Frames (continued)
• Scrollbars are implicitly included if needed (they are needed
if the specified document will not fit)
• If a name attribute is included, the content of the frame can be
changed later (by selection of a link in some other frame)
SHOW frames.html
• Note: the Frameset standard must be specified in the
DOCTYPE declaration

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-40


2.10 Frames (continued)
<!-- contents.html
The contents of the first frame of
frames.html, which is the table of
contents for the second frame
-->
<html xmlns = ″http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml″>
<head> <title> Table of Contents Frame
</title>
</head>
<body>
<h4> Fruits </h4>
<ul>
<li> <a href = "apples.html"
target = "descriptions">
apples </a>
<li> <a href = "bananas.html"
target = "descriptions">
bananas </a>
<li> <a href = "oranges.html"
target = "descriptions">
oranges </a>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-41


2.10 Frames (continued)
• Nested frames - to divide the screen in more interesting ways
 SHOW nested_frames.html

2.11 Syntactic Differences between HTML & XHTML


• Case sensitivity
• Closing tags
• Quoted attribute values
• Explicit attribute values
• id and name attributes
• Element nesting

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-42

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