Reviewer in Contemporary World

Introduction to Globalization
Thomas Friedman
Globalization is the interweaving of markets, technology, information systems and
telecommunications systems in a way that is shrinking the world from a size medium to a size small
and enabling each of us to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever
before.

Roland Robertson
Globalization refers both to the compression of the world and intensification of consciousness of the
World as a Whole.

Malcolm Waters
Globalization is a social process in which the constraints of geography- on social and cultural
arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding.

Kenichi Ohmae
Globalization means the onset of the Borderless World. All of this has happened because of the
opening up of the world economy and increasing trade between nations, which in turn has been
driven by rapid developments in communication technologies.

Theories of Globalization
LIBERALISM- Rapid rise in communications technology, and the increase in international
trade make way for globalization.
POLITICAL REALISM- States work with others to increase their own power relative to
that of other states.
CONSTRUCTIVISM- Social actors “construct” their own power they conceive of
themselves as inhabitants of a particular global world- mutual interest.
FEMINISM- Women’s fight for equality significantly affects history and presently the globalization.
TRANSFORMATIONALISM- Globalization can be conceived as process. It allows every
change to be an impact of globalization.
ECLECTICISM- In the growth of contemporary globalization, besides political and economic
forces, there are material and ideational elements.
 The Concept of State
State- a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite
portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants
render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control

Elements of State
 People
 Territory
 Government
 Sovereignty
People are the inhabitants of the state. They are the members of that political
community. In point of population, Vatican City is the smallest while China is the largest
one.
Territory is the fixed portion of land over which the jurisdiction of the state extents
(Art 1- Philippine National Territory). The smallest state in point of territory is Vatican and
the largest is Russia.
Government is an agency or instrumentality through which the will of the state is
formulated, expressed and realized.
Major branches of Philippine Government
 Legislative Department
 Executive Department
 Judiciary

Sovereignty - the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to
its will from people within its jurisdiction and to have freedom from external control.
 Manifestations of Sovereignty
 Internal Sovereignty - refers to the power of the
state to rule within its territory
 External Sovereignty (or the so-called
independence) – is the state’s power to rule within its
territory without subjection to or control by foreign states.
Due observance of the International Law may limit the power of the state to rule.
Inherent powers of the state
 Police Power - has been referred to as the power of the state to enact laws
or regulations to promote public health, public morals, public safety and the
general welfare of the people.
 Power of taxation – the power to impose tax by the state as enforced
contributions from persons and property for the support of the government and
all public needs.
 Eminent domain power – the power of the state to take private
property for public use upon payment of just compensation.

Conditions for the exercise of the power of eminent domain by the

state:
 The property is privately owned
 The property shall be taken for public purposes
 The owner shall be given just compensation as
payment for the land
 Due process of law must be observed in the taking
Origin of States
 Divine Right Theory considers state as a divine creation and that the ruler is
God’s representative to rule His people.
 Necessity or Force theory holds that the state is created through force. A
strong party control and ruled the people
 Paternalistic Theory postulates that state is a product of the enlargement of
families which remained under the authority of a father
 Social Contract Theory views that the state is created by deliberate and
voluntary compact of the people who organized themselves as group to form a
society for their common good.
Nation- is a group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as common
social origin, language, customs, and traditions, and who believe that they are one and distinct
from others.
The Republic of the Philippines is a democratic and republican state. It has a government ruled
by the people making it democratic in nature. It is likewise a republican state for People rule
the government indirectly and through their representatives chosen at large. The first
manifestation of a republican government is the presence of election.
Legislative power is the authority of the law-making body to make laws and
subsequently, when the need arises, to alter and repeal them. Laws enacted by the legislature
are valid or void, as tested by their conformity or non-conformity to the constitution. The
power of lawmaking is vested to the Philippines Congress. It is a bicameral legislature
consisting of the Senate as the upper chamber with twenty-four members headed by the
Senate President. The lower chamber, the House of Representatives shall be composed of not
more than two hundred and fifty members headed by the House Speaker.

Senate qualifications for membership

1. Natural born Filipino Citizen
2. At least 35 years of age on the day of the election
3. Able to read and write
4. A registered voter
5. A resident of the Philippines for not less than two years immediately preceding the
day of the election.
Qualifications for membership in the House of Representatives
1. Natural born Filipino Citizen
2. At least 25 years of age on the day of the election
3. Able to read and write
4. Except for a party-list representative, a registered voter in the district in which he
shall be elected.
5. And a resident thereof for a period of not less than one year preceding the day of the
election.

Executive Power has been defined as the power to administer the laws, carrying
these laws into practical operation, and enforcing their due observance. The Executive Power
shall be vested in the President of the Philippines and the Cabinet. The president and the vice-
president shall be elected by the people for a six-year term of office. No president is qualified
for re-election while the Vice-president cannot serve for more than two successive terms.
The president is the head of the state and the head of the government.
Qualifications of the President
1. A natural born Filipino Citizen
2. A registered voter
3. Able to read and write
4. At least forty years of age on the day of the election
 5. A resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding the election
The Vice-president shall have the same qualifications with the president. He may be
appointed as a member of the Cabinet. Such appointment requires no confirmation by the
Commission on Appointments.
The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as
may be established by law. Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle
actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to
determine whether there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government.
Other courts are the Court of Appeals; the Regional trial Court; and the Metropolitan
Trial Court. Aside from the regular courts, there are special courts such as the Sandiganbayan
and the Court of Tax Appeals.
Classifications of Philippine Government
a. Representative democracy - in which the power of the people to
administer the government is delegated to a relatively small body of persons chosen by the
citizens.

b. Presidential government – in which the state makes the executive branch

exist separately from the legislature and is led by a president serving as the head of the state
and of the government.

c. Unitary government – in which the control of national and local affairs is

exercised by the central government