EE549 - Power System Dynamics and Control

S. Sivasubramani

Associate Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Patna
www.iitp.ac.in/~siva

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Overview

1 Practical Power System

2 Operating States

3 Course Contents

4 Reference Books

5 Course Mechanics

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A Typical Power System

Source : NPTEL
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Interconnection

Reasons for interconnections

1 To improve reliability
2 To improve economy
Several power systems are interconnected to form a grid.
Several regional grids are interconnected to form a national grid.
Interconnections are done at Transmission networks.
In interconnected systems, the frequency of generation must be the
same in steady state.

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Grid Frequency
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION CORPORATION LIMITED

NATIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE, NEW DELHI

Frequency profile for 03-Jan-2021 (Sunday)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Duration (Percentage of time)
50.30

50.25

50.20

50.15

50.10
Frequency (Hz)

50.05

50.00

49.95

49.90

49.85

49.80

49.75

49.70
00:00

01:00

02:00

03:00

04:00

05:00

06:00

07:00

08:00

09:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

20:00

21:00

22:00

23:00
<49.7 <49.90 <49.97 49.7-49.8 49.8-49.9 49.9-50.0 50.0-50.1 50.1-50.2 49.90-50.05 49.7-50.2 49.97-50.03 50.05-50.1 >50 >50.03 >50.05 >50.2 <49.95 49.95-50.05 49.90-49.95
0.00 5.68 31.72 0.00 5.68 43.50 48.53 2.29 79.13 100.00 40.78 13.45 49.61 27.50 15.19 0.00 22.75 62.06 17.07

Average Frequency : 49.994 Frequency Variation Index : 0.0332 Standard Deviation : 0.0574 Mileage: 51.5 FDI: 20.9

Instantaneous Frequency 15 minute Average Frequency No. of excursions Average time freq per excursion remains
Max 50.192 6:03:20 Max 50.098 14:15:00 above 50.03 Hz 161 below 49.97 0:03:58
Min 49.818 9:27:20 Min 49.873 10:30:00 below 49.97 Hz 115 above 50.03 0:02:28
above 50.00 Hz 136
below 50.00 Hz 137 No. of hours freq outside
5:00:30
49.9-50.05 Hz

Source : BONGAIGAON:Frequency 10 Sec. (8640 samples)

Source : POSOCO
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Requirements of a Power System

1 The system must be able to meet the continually changing load

demand.
2 The quality of power supply must meet certain minimum standards
with regard to the following factors.
1 constancy of frequency
2 constancy of voltage
3 level of reliability
3 The system should supply energy at minimum cost and with minimum
ecological impacts.

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Operating States of a Power System

Normal

Restorative Alert

In extremis Emergency

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1 Normal State
All the system variables are within the normal range.
The system is able to withstand a contingency.
2 Alert State
All the system variables are within the normal range.
But the system is not able to withstand any contingency.
Preventive actions will bring back the system to the normal state.
3 Emergency State
System variables are not normal.
Emergency control actions may bring the system back to the alert state.

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4 In extremis State
Shut down of a major portion of the system.
Load shedding and controlled system separation are done to avoid a
complete black out.
5 Restorative State
Control actions are taken to restore the system.
The system will go to Alert or Normal depending on the system
conditions.

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Criteria for Stability

1 It is clear that a power system is subjected to a wide variety of

disturbances.
2 For reliable service, the system must remain intact and be capable of
withstanding disturbances.
3 Therefore, it is essential that the system be designed and operated so
that it sustains disturbances with no loss of load.

1 The design of a large interconnected system to ensure stable

operation at minimum cost is a very complex problem.
2 Every major component of a system has an effect on system stability.
3 Therefore, their characteristics need to be studied for the
understanding and study of power system stability.

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Course Contents

What we will study in EE549 are the following.

1 Introduction to Power System Stability
2 Power system stability by classical model
Small disturbances
Large disturbances
3 Detailed modelling of the following.
Synchronous Generator
Exciter, Turbine and Load
Transformer
Transmission line
4 Power system stability using the detailed model
1 Small disturbances
2 Large disturbances
5 Voltage Stability

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Prerequisites

1 Electrical Machines
2 Power Systems

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Reference Books

1 P. Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control ”, Tata

McGraw-Hill, 1994.
2 P. W. Sauer and M. A. Pai,” Power System Dynamics and Stability”,
Prentice Hall, 1998.

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Course Mechanics

The following pattern may be adopted.

Two Quizzes - 40 %
Mid Sem Exam - 20 %
End Sem Exam - 20 %
Attendance and Sincerity - 10 %
Seminar - 10 %

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