8

Part 24

Drilled Shaft Foundations1

— 1997 —

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section/Article Description Page

24.1 G eneral.................................................................. 8-24-2

24.1.1 Scope.................................................................... 8-24-2
24.1.2 Purpose and N ecessity ..................................................... 8-24-2
24.1.3 Term s................................................................... 8-24-3
24.1.4 Design Loads ...................................................... ....... 8-24-3 1

24.2 Inform ation R equired ..................................................... 8-24-5

24.2.1 Field Survey.............................................................. 8-24-5
24.2.2 Subsurface Investigation.................................................... 8-24-5

24.3 D esign ................................................................... 8-24-5 3

24.3.1 G eneral.................................................................. 8-24-5
24.3.2 T he T ransfer ofLoad from the D rilled Shaft to the R ock or SoilB earing Strata. ...... 8-24-5
24.3.3 Connection B etw een Supported Structure and D rilled Shaft....................... 8-24-7
24.3.4 G roup A ction ofD rilled Shafts............................................... 8-24-7

24.4 M aterial ................................................................. 8-24-9

24.4.1 Concrete................................................................. 8-24-9
24.4.2 R einforcing Steel.......................................................... 8-24-9
24.4.3 Steel Casing M aterial ...................................................... 8-24-9

24.5 Construction ....................................................... ...... 8-24-9

24.5.1 Contractor Q ualifications ................................................... 8-24-9
24.5.2 Shaft E xcavation .......................................................... 8-24-9
24.5.3 Casing................................................................... 8-24-10
24.5.4 Bells or U nderream s ....................................................... 8-24-10
24.5.5 Sockets.......................................................... . . . ..... 8-24-10
24.5.6 Tolerances ............................................................... 8-24-10
24.5.7 Dew atering........................................................ ....... 8-24-10
24.5.8 Inspection................................................................ 8-24-11

1 R eferences,Vol.85,1984,p.29.

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association 8-24-1

Concrete Structures and Foundations

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT)

Section/Article Description Page

24.5.9 Placing Steel............................................................. 8-24-11

24.5.10 Placing Concrete.......................................................... 8-24-11
24.5.11 Casing R em oval ...................................................... . . . . 8-24-11
24.5.12 Continuity ofW ork .................................................... . . . . 8-24-12
24.5.13 R ecords ................................................................. 8-24-12

24.6 Testing ................................................................... 8-24-12

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Description Page

8-24-1 D rilled Shaft.................................................................. 8-24-4

SECTION 24.1 GENERAL

24.1.1 SCOPE

a. T his specification covers the description and generalaspects ofdesign,installation,inspection and

testing ofdrilled shafts,also frequently referred to as drilled caissons,drilled piers,or bored piles.

b. T his specification is intended to serve as guidelines in developing specificdesigns and construction

specifications on a project basis.

c. For the purpose ofthis specification,the m inim um diam eter ofthese units shallbe 30 inches
(0.75 m eter).D rilled shafts w ith sm aller diam eters have been constructed,but are not included in this
specification.

d. T his specification relates prim arily to single,verticaldrilled shafts.

e. Factors to be used in m odifying the capacities ofsingle drilled shafts for determ ination ofthe capacity of
a group ofdrilled shafts w hich support a com m on rigid cap are included elsew here in this specification.

f. T he use ofbattered drilled shafts to accom m odate lateralloads by the horizontalcom ponent ofthe shaft
axialresistance is not recom m ended and is not addressed by this specification.Lateralloads applied to
drilled shafts are to be resisted by the effect ofsoil/rock interaction betw een the shaft and ground.

24.1.2 PURPOSE AND NECESSITY

a. D rilled shafts are used to transm it loads through soils ofpoor bearing capacity into rock or soil
form ations having adequate bearing capacity.G enerally,single drilled shafts have load capacities m uch

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-24-2 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

 Drilled Shaft Foundations

larger than piling due to their larger size and capability ofbelling to increase the bearing area w ithout
enlarging either the footing or the drilled shaft.

b. T he selection offoundation treatm ent for a given site should be determ ined by subsurface conditions,
and by econom ic considerations as there is often a choice ofseveraltypes offoundations for a structure.

24.1.3 TERMS

D rilled Shaft — A m achine and/or hand excavated shaft,concrete filled,w ith or w ithout steel
reinforcing,for the purpose oftransferring structuralloads to bearing strata below the structure.

P rotective C asing — Protective steelunit,usually cylindricalin shape low ered into the excavation to
protect w orkm en and inspectors from collapse or cave-in ofthe side w all.

B ell or U nderream — A n enlargem ent at the bottom ofthe drilled shaft m ade by hand excavation or
m echanicalunderream ing w ith drilling equipm ent for the purpose ofspreading the load over a larger
area.

Socket — A shaft ofequalor sm aller diam eter extended into the bearing m aterial.

Toe — Verticalsection at bottom ofbell.

P erm anent Casing — A steelcylinder that is installed for the purpose ofexcluding soiland w ater from
the excavations.It is used as a form to contain concrete placed for the drilled shaft and rem ains in place.
1
Tem porary C asing — A steelcylinder that is installed for the purpose ofexcluding soiland w ater from
the excavations.It m ay also be used as a formr thefoshaft concrete,but is w ithdraw n as the shaft
concrete is placed.

24.1.4 DESIGN LOADS

a. Loading for drilled shafts shallbe the design loads from the supported structure w ithout application of 3
load factors used for Load Factor design procedure.D esign loads shallinclude the follow ing:

• Prim ary Forces:

– Dead Load

– Live Load
4
– CentrifugalForce

– E arth Pressure

– Buoyancy

– N egative Soil Friction

• Secondary Forces (O ccasional):

– W ind and O ther LateralForces

– Ice and Stream Flow

– LongitudinalForces

– Seism ic Forces

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-24-3

Concrete Structures and Foundations

Figure 8-24-1. Drilled Shaft

b. W hen drilled shaft foundations are designed for both prim ary and secondary forces,the allow able load
on the drilled shafts m ay be increased by 25 percent,provided that the size or num ber ofdrilled shafts is
notless than thatrequired for prim ary forces alone.In soils w here dow nw ard m ovem ents ofsurrounding
soilrelative to the drilled shaft are expected to occur,axialloads shallinclude negative soilfriction
forces,acting dow nw ard on the drilled shaft.U nder specialconditions sw elling soils can produce upw ard
forces,w ith fluctuation ofthe w ater table,w hich should also be considered in design.

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-24-4 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

 Drilled Shaft Foundations

SECTION 24.2 INFORMATION REQUIRED

24.2.1 FIELD SURVEY

Sufficient inform ation shallbe furnished in the form ofprofile and cross sections to determ ine generaldesign
and structuralrequirem ents.T he location ofoverhead and underground utilities,existing foundations,roads,
tracks,or other structures shallbe indicated.R ecords pertaining to high and low w ater levels and depth of
scour shallbe provided for stream crossings.

24.2.2 SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION

a. Foundation m aterialshallbe investigated as specified under Part 22,G eotechnicalSubsurface

Investigation,in order to determ ine soilor rock properties,ground w ater elevations,and any other
pertinent conditions.

b. W here a large portion ofthe required shaft capacity is to be generated from tip resistance ofthe shaft or
rock socket,the geotechnicalinvest igation shallbe ofsufficient scope to perm it the determ ination that
the strata in w hich the tip is founded is ofsufficient depth and strength to carry the loads to w hich it is
subjected.

c. R eference is also m ade to A rticle 4.3.1,for additionalinform ation.

SECTION 24.3 DESIGN

24.3.1 GENERAL

T he design is divided into three basic parts: 3

a. T he transfer ofload from the drilled shaft to the rock and/or soilbearing strata.

b. T he drilled shaft itself.

c. T he connection betw een the supported structure and the drilled shaft.
4
24.3.2 THE TRANSFER OF LOAD FROM THE DRILLED SHAFT TO THE ROCK OR SOIL
BEARING STRATA.

24.3.2.1 Drilled shafts transfer load to the bearing strata as follows:

a. A n end bearing-type drilled shafttransfers essentially al

lofits load through w eaker soils to a layer ofsoil
or rock w ith adequate bearing capacity.

b. A friction-type shaft is one w hereby the drilled shaft load is transferred to the surrounding m aterial
prim arily through friction betw een the shaft w alland the adjacent m aterial.

c. A com bination end bearing and friction-type drilled shaft is a shaft in w hich som e ofthe load is
transferred into the stratum by soilfriction and the rem ainder by end bearing.

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-24-5

Concrete Structures and Foundations

24.3.2.2 Lateral Loads and Moment

W hen the drilled shaft is subjected to lateralload and m om ents,as w ellas axialload,the distribution ofsoil
pressures and the variation ofm om ents and shear in the shaft m ust be determ ined.

24.3.2.3 Belled Shafts

a. W here the bearing strata has insufficient strength tosupport the load on the base ofthe shaft,the shaft
bottom m ay be enlarged by belling or underream ing to reduce the pressure by distributing the load over
a greater area.B elled shafts shallbe used only w here the soilin w hich the bellis placed w illnot collapse
due to the underream ing.Bells are norm ally unreinforced.T he base diam eter ofthe bellshallnot exceed
three tim es the shaft diam eter and the sides shallnot be less than60 degrees from the horizontal.T he
toe height ofbottom edge shallnot be less than 6 inches (150 m m ).

b. T he ultim ate axialcapacity ofa drilled shaft (Q ult)shallbe based on the sum m ation ofthe ultim ate shaft
tip capacity and ultim ate side resistance capacity m inus the w eight ofthe shaft.T he allow able shaft
capacity shallbe the ultim ate capacity divided by a factor ofsafety.

c. T he ultim ate shaft tip capacity (Q T ) shallbe Q T = qT ·A T,w here qT is the ultimate unit soil tip
resistance determ ined by geotechnicalanalysis and A T is the area ofthe shaft tip.

d. T he ultim ate side resistance (Q S) ofthe shaft shallbe equalto the circum ference ofthe shaft m ultiplied
by the em bedm ent length in a soillayer ofuniform unit side resistance (qS) m ultiplied by qS.T he
value(s) ofqS shallbe determ ined by geotechnicalanalysis.W here a shaft passes through stratified soil
having different valuesSof forqthe various soiltype layers,the value ofQ S shallbe the shaft
circum ference m ultiplied by the sum m ation ofvarious qS values m ultiplied by the depth ofthe respective
layer.In general,the top five feet ofan em bedded shaft and a bottom length equal to the diam eter ofthe
shaft tip or perim eter ofthe bellshallbe considered as noncontributing to the side resistance ofthe
shaft.W here the drilled shaft is located in scour susceptible areas,the probable depth ofscour shallalso
be deducted w hen calculating the ultim ate shaft side resistance.

e. W here rock sockets having a diam eter equalto or less than the nom inaldiam eter ofthe shaft are used,
the ultim ate tip capacity ofthe shaft shallbe equalto the area ofthe socket tip m ultiplied by the uniaxial
ultim ate unit rock capacity.T he ultim ate socket side resistance shallbe the product ofthe socket
circum ference,socket em bedm ent and ultim ate unit side shear resistance along the socket/rock
interface.

f. U nless an analysis is used w hich accounts for the load/deflection relationship ofthe various soilor rock
strata encountered,the ultim ate capacity ofa drilled shaft w hich utilizes a rock socket shallbe based on
the sum ofthe ultim ate tip and side resistance capacities ofthe rock socket only,neglecting side
resistance ofthe shaft in the soiloverburden.

24.3.2.4 Uplift Capacity

T he ultim ate uplift capacity ofa drilled shaft shallbe equalto or less than the w eight ofthe shaft plus 0.7 tim es
the ultim ate side resistance ofthe shaft.Ifbelled,the uplift capacity ofthe shaft m ay be increased by taking
into consideration the reinforcem ent details ofthe shaft and belltogether w ith the strength characteristics of
the adjacent soil.

24.3.2.5 Factors of Safety

For drilled shafts in soilor socketed in rock,a m inim um design factor ofsafety of2.5 shallbe used against
bearing capacity failure.A factor ofsafety of2.5 shallbe used w hen designing for conditions w hich produce
uplift.

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-24-6 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

 Drilled Shaft Foundations

24.3.2.6 Shafts Under Water

a. W herever practicable,the drilled shaft shallbe designed to perm it the placing of the concrete in the dry,
and for visualinspection ofthe hole,the bearing strata,and the rock socket.

b. W hen it is im practicalto dew ater the excavation for rock-socketed shafts,the concrete m ay be placed
under w ater by m eans ofa trem ie or pum ped concrete and appropriate allow ances m ade in the concrete
m ix design.T he w ater levelshallhave reached a static condition before concrete placem ent begins.

c. W hen concrete cannotbe placed in the dry and a thorough visualinspection cannotbe m ade by television
or by divers,the D esign E ngineer shallreduce the allow able bearing and side resistance stress
appropriately.

d. A ny free w ater in belled shafts shallbe rem oved by pum ping or bailing,and the bottom reinspected
before placing concrete in the dry.

24.3.2.7 The Drilled Shaft

a. T he drilled shaft is generally designed as a short colum n for axialloads due to the lateralsupport
provided by the soil/rock.In m uck or w ater,slenderness effects ofthe colum n m ust be taken into
consideration.

b. W hen the drilled shaft is subjected to m om ent and lateral forces at thennect
co ion to the supported
structure,the shaft m ust be designed for bending and shear in addition to axialforce.M om ent and shear
along the length ofthe shaft m ust be calculated,and adequate reinforcem ent provided.
1

c. T he shaft shallsatisfy the design requirem ents ofPart 2,R einforced Concrete D esign ofthis Chapter.

24.3.3 CONNECTION BETWEEN SUPPORTED STRUCTURE AND DRILLED SHAFT

T he connection betw een the drilled shaft and the supported structure (parts above the top ofshaft)shallbe 3
capable oftransferring the design loads,including dire ct load,shear and m om ent.T his can be accom plished by
the follow ing m eans:

a. W hen the supported structure at the top ofshaft is ofconcrete,the reinforcing steelcage shallbe
extended into the cap so that the load is transferred into the reinforcing steelofthe drilled shaft by bond
and into the concrete by com pression.
4
b. W hen the cap section is a steelel
em ent,appropriate design shallbe developed to transm it allloads,
conform ing to the requirem ents ofChapter 15,SteelStructures,Part 1,Design or Part 3,Fabrication.

24.3.4 GROUP ACTION OF DRILLED SHAFTS

E valuation ofgroup shaft capacity assum es the effects ofnegative soilfriction (ifany)are negligible.

24.3.4.1 Cohesive Soil

a. E valuation ofgroup capacity ofshafts in cohesive soil shallconsider the presence and contact ofa cap
w ith the ground surface and the spacing betw een adjacent shafts.

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-24-7

Concrete Structures and Foundations

b. Ifthe cap is not in firm contact w ith the ground,or ifthe soilat the surface is loose or soft,the individual
capacity ofeach shaft having a diam eter B should be reduced by a reduction factor tim es Q T for an
isolated shaft.T his factor equals 0.67 for a center-to-center (CT C) spacing of3B and 1.0 for a CT C
spacing of6B .For interm ediate spacings,the reduction factor m ay be determ ined by linear interpolation.
T he group capacity m ay then be com puted as the lesser of:

• the sum ofthe m odified individualcapacities ofeach shaft in the group,or

• the capacity ofan equivalent pier defined in the perim eter area ofthe group.

For a shaft group w ith a cap in firm contact w ith the ground,Q ult m ay be com puted as the lesser of:

• the sum ofthe individualcapacities ofeach shaft in the group,or

• the capacity ofan equivalent pier as described above.

For the equivalent pier,the shear strength ofsoilshallnot be reduced by any factor to determ ine the Q S
com ponent ofQ ult.T he totalbase area ofthe equivalent pier shallbe used to determ ine the Q T
com ponent ofQ ultand the additionalcapacity ofthe cap shallbe ignored.

24.3.4.1.1 Cohesionless Soil

E valuation ofgroup capacity ofshafts in cohesionless soilshallconsider the spacing betw een adjacent shafts.
R egardless ofcap contact w ith the ground,the individualcapacity ofeach shaft should be reduced by a
reduction factor tim es Q T for an isolated shaft.T his factor equals 0.67 or a center-to-center (CTC) spacing of 3B
and 1.0 for a CT C spacing of8B .For interm ediate spacings,the reduction factor m ay be determ ined by linear
interpolation.T he group capacity m ay be com puted as the lesser of:

a. the sum ofthe m odified individualcapacities ofeach shaft in the group,or

b. the capacity ofan equivalent pier circum scribing the group,including resistance over the entire
perim eter and base areas.

24.3.4.1.2 Group in Strong Soil Overlying Weaker Soil

a. Ifa group ofshafts w hich are em bedded in a strong soildeposit overlies a w eakerdeposit (cohesionless or
cohesive soil),consideration shallbe given to thepotentialfor a punching failure ofthe tip into the
w eaker soilstrata.

b. Ifthe underlying soilunit is a w eaker cohesive soilstrata,carefulconsideration shallbe given to the

potentialfor large settlem ents in the w eaker layer.

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-24-8 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

 Drilled Shaft Foundations

SECTION 24.4 MATERIAL

24.4.1 CONCRETE

U nless otherw ise stipulated in this specification,concrete shallbe produced and placed in accordance w ith
Part1 ofthis chapter.Concrete shallhave a m inim um com pressive strength of3,000 psi(21 m egapascals)in 28
days.A pproved additives,such as set retarders,m ay be used to im prove w orkability.Slum p at tim e of
placem ent shallbe not less than 4 inches (100 m m ),and not m ore than 6 inches (150 m m ).Iftem porary casing
is to be used,the slum p should be not less than 5 inches (125 m m ),and a set retarder m ay be necessary.

24.4.2 REINFORCING STEEL

U nless otherw ise stipulated in this specification,any required reinforcing steelshallconform to the
requirem ents ofPart1 ofthis chapter.

24.4.3 STEEL CASING MATERIAL

Ifthe steelcasing is relied upon as a structuralelem ent,the steelcasing m aterialshallconform to the

requirem ents ofA ST M A 252.

1
SECTION 24.5 CONSTRUCTION

24.5.1 CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS

D rilled shafts shallbe installed by the O w ner w ith experienced personnel,or by a Contractor or Subcontractor
w ho specializes in such w ork.Availability ofallrequired specialequipm ent,tools,and experienced personnel
are im portant item s to be considered w hen determ ining O w ner installation or selecting an installation 3
contractor.

24.5.2 SHAFT EXCAVATION

a. W hen excavating a drilled shaft,earth w alls shallbe adequately and securely protected against cave-in,
subsidence and/or displacem ent ofsurrounding earth,and for the exclusion ofgroundw ater by m eans of 4
tem porary or perm anent steelcasings.

b. W henever personnelare required to enter the shaft,a protective casing shallbe used and there shallbe
adequate provisions for fresh air,light and protection from falling objects and toxic gases.O peration of
harm fulgas-producing equipm ent in the shaft m ust be prohibited.

c. R ock grapples or specialtools for rem ovalofboulders or other obstructions m ust be readily available for
use.Blasting w illbe perm itted only upon obtaining w ritten approval from the E ngineer.

d. Inspection ofthe shaft base,and any socket,by a qualified inspector is highly recom m ended and should
be om itted only w ith the approvalofthe E ngineer.

e. N o shaft excavation shallbe m ade w ithin 15 feet (4.5 m eters) ofan uncased shaft filled w ith concrete
that is less than one day old.T he construction procedure used shallbe approved by the E ngineer in
charge before com m encing w ork.

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-24-9

Concrete Structures and Foundations

24.5.3 CASING

a. W here called for,perm anent steelcasing shallbe installed to the plan elevation or to the elevation
designated by the E ngineer in thefield.W hen the top ofthe drilled shaft is below the surface ofthe
ground,installation ofadditionallarge diam eter casing m ay be required to extend above the w orking
levelto m inim ize the possibility offoreign m aterials or w ater entering the top ofthe shaft.

b. Casings shallbe ofadequate size and thickness to safely retain the adjacent earth m aterials and w ater
from entering the shaft excavation,w ithout exceeding allow able steelstresses,distortion,or collapse of
the casing.

c. A protective casing is also to be provided,w here required,to serve as protection for personnelentering
the shaft excavations not provided w ith casings as specified above.Casing size and thickness shallm eet
the requirem ents stated above.T he outside diam eter ofthe protective casing shallbe as large as possible,
yet sm allenough to be low ered and rem oved w ithout dam age to the sides ofthe shaft.

d. Ifconditions are such that casing w ithdraw alw illcause dislocation ofthe reinforcing steelor perm it
sloughing soils to enter the shaft,a double casing should be used.B y this m ethod,the shaft is drilled
oversize and a tem porary casing installed.A light gage perm anent inner casing the sam e size as the
required shaft diam eter is then installed.T his inner casing shallbe ofsufficient strength to serve as a
form for the concrete shaft,but need notbe designed for soilpressure.Concrete is then placed w ithin the
perm anent inner casing.After the concrete has set,the annular space betw een the perm anent casing
and surrounding soil is filled w ith grout,lean concrete,sand or by another approved m ethod and the
tem porary outer casing is w ithdraw n.

24.5.4 BELLS OR UNDERREAMS

B efore belling,the E ngineer shalldeterm ine that the form ation encountered at the plan elevation is adequate.
W hen shafts are required to be belled,the bells shallbe form ed either by hand or by use ofspecialbelling
equipm ent to the angle and slope called for on the draw ings.T he bottom s ofbells shallbe thoroughly cleaned of
allloose m aterials and inspected before the concrete is placed.

24.5.5 SOCKETS

W hen sockets are required,they shallbe form ed by m achine or by hand to the proper size and depth called for
in the plans.Sides and bottom ofsockets m ust be thoroughly cleaned ofallloose m aterialsince the bond ofthe
concrete to the socket sides is used in design.

24.5.6 TOLERANCES

T he center ofthe top ofeach shaft shallnot vary from its design location by m ore than ¹⁄ ofthe shaft
diam eter,or 3 inches (75 m m ),w hichever is less,and the shaft shallnot be out ofplum b by m ore than 1.5
percent ofthe length,not exceeding 12.5 percent ofshaft diam eter,w hichever is less.

24.5.7 DEWATERING

Suitable dew atering procedures shallbe as agreed uponbetw een the E ngineer and Contractor as determ ined at
such tim e as conditions w arrant.U nless otherw ise agreed,the shaft at the tim e ofplacem ent ofsteel
reinforcing cage,ifany,and concrete shallbe essentially free ofstanding w ater in excess oftw o inches
(50 m m )deep.

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-24-10 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

 Drilled Shaft Foundations

24.5.8 INSPECTION

Im m ediately prior to placem ent ofany required reinforcem ent or concrete,each shaft shallbe thoroughly
inspected as directed by the E ngineer to ascertain that the shaft has been properly prepared,that the bearing
m aterialis com patible w ith design requirem ents,and w hether additionalinvestigation ofthe bottom is
required.Ifconditions vary from the assum ed conditions determ ined by the borings,additionalinvestigation
shallbe conducted as directed by the E ngineer.

24.5.9 PLACING STEEL

W hen reinforcing steelis specified,it shallbe prefabricated and placed as a unit im m ediately prior to concrete
operations.In order to m inim ize displacem ent ofreinforcing steelcage w hen casing is pulled,the cage m ay be
reinforced below the zone ofsignificant bending m om entby w elding horizontalbands to the cage at about 5
feet (1¹⁄ m eters)intervals.

24.5.10 PLACING CONCRETE

24.5.10.1 Dry Hole

Prevent segregation ofconcrete through use oftube,sectionalized pipe or other m eans to direct the free fallof
concrete,so that it does not strike the sides ofreinforcem ent in the shaft.

24.5.10.2 Under Water

1
U tilize a trem ie or pum ped concrete in accordance w ith Part 1,M aterials,Tests and Construction
R equirem ents,A rticle 1.15.10 and Part 24,D rilled Shaft Foundations,A rticle 24.3.2.6.

24.5.10.3 Consolidation

R odding or m echanicalvibrating is necessary only for the top 5 feet (1¹⁄ m eters) ofshaft.A ny special
requirem ents for concrete placem ent shallbe approved by the Engineer.
3

24.5.11 CASING REMOVAL

a. In situations w here tem porary casing is to be rem oved,the head ofconcrete inside the casing m ust be
adequate to preclude infiltration ofw ater and sluffage ofthe shaft face and sides.
4
b. E lapsed tim e from beginning ofconcrete placem ent in cased portion ofshaft,untilextraction ofcasing is
begun,shallnot exceed one hour.

c. E xtrem e care shallbe taken w hen a casing is rem oved to prevent subsidence ofthe surrounding ground,
ifthis condition is criticaldue to the presence ofsurrounding structures or utilities.

d. E levation oftop ofthe steelcage should be carefully checked before and after casing extraction.T he top
ofthe concrete shallnot raise during extraction ofthe casing.

e. T he exterior tem porary casing,ifa double-cased shaft,shallnot be rem oved untilthree (3)days after the
shaft is poured.

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-24-11

Concrete Structures and Foundations

24.5.12 CONTINUITY OF WORK

D rilled shaft construction w ork shallbe planned so that allrequired operations proceed in a continuous
m anner untilthe shaft is com plete.A precise tim e schedule agreem ent betw een the Contractor and the
E ngineer should be established.Provision shallbe m ade for protecting the shaft and adjacent construction in
case ofunforeseen interruptions. ch provi
Su sions shallbe approved by the E ngineer before drilling begins.

24.5.13 RECORDS

A n accurate record shallbe kept ofeach drilled shaft as installed.T he record shallshow the top and bottom
elevations,shaft and belldiam eters,depths oftest holes ifrequired,date the shaft is excavated,inspection
report ofthe bearing stratum ,depth ofw ater in excavation at tim e ofplacing steeland concrete,quantity of
concrete placed com pared w ith theoreticalquantity,and any other pertinent data.R ecords shallbe m ade and
signed by both the project superintendent and inspector and distributed to proper authorities daily.

SECTION 24.6 TESTING

M aterials used in construction ofdrilled shafts should be sam pled and tested as specified elsew here in this
Chapter.At least tw o (2) concrete test cylinders shallbe taken for each shaft.

Further testing ofthe shafts m ay be required by the E ngineer in order to determ ine the quality ofthe concrete,
by coring;or the bearing capacity ofthe shaft,by test loading.

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-24-12 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering