8w w w.nbm .

Part 4

Pile Foundations1

— 1994 —

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section/Article Description Page

4.1 G eneral.................................................................. 8-4-2

4.1.1 Scope (1994).............................................................. 8-4-2

4.2 D esign ................................................................... 8-4-2

4.2.1 Loads (1994).............................................................. 8-4-2 1
4.2.2 Loads on Piles (1994) ...................................................... 8-4-3
4.2.3 E ccentricity ofLoads (1990)................................................. 8-4-3
4.2.4 U plift on Piles (1990) ...................................................... 8-4-3
4.2.5 Spacing ofPiles (1990) ..................................................... 8-4-4
4.2.6 Batter Piles (1990).................................................... ..... 8-4-4
4.2.7 Scour (1990).............................................................. 8-4-5 3
4.3 A llow able L oad on P iles.................................................... 8-4-5
4.3.1 Subsurface Investigation (1990).............................................. 8-4-5
4.3.2 E nd B earing Piles (1990) ................................................... 8-4-5
4.3.3 Friction Piles (1990) ....................................................... 8-4-5
4.3.4 LateralSupport (1990) ..................................................... 8-4-6
4.3.5 Pile Length D eterm ination (1990)............................................ 8-4-6
4.3.6 Pile D riving and Loading T ests (1990) ........................................ 8-4-8

4.4 Pile T ypes......................................................... ....... 8-4-9

4.4.1 G eneral(1990)............................................................ 8-4-9
4.4.2 T im ber Piles (1990)...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .8-.4-.9 . . . . .
4.4.3 SteelPiles (1990).......................................................... 8-4-10
4.4.4 Precast Concrete Piles (1990)................................................ 8-4-11
4.4.5 Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles (1990)........................................... 8-4-11
4.4.6 A ugered Cast-in-Place Piles (1990) ........................................... 8-4-13

4.5 Installation of P iles........................................................ 8-4-14

4.5.1 Driven Piles (1990) ................................................... ..... 8-4-14
4.5.2 A ugered Cast-in-Place Piles (1990) ........................................... 8-4-16

1
R eferences,Vol.40,1939,pp.418,764;Vol.41,1940,pp.369,843;Vol.49,1948,p.254;Vol.50,1949,pp.311,758;Vol.52,1951,pp.382,
861;Vol.63,1962,pp.276,687;Vol.64,1963,pp.226,624;Vol.80,1979,p.136;Vol.91,1990,pp.63,74;Vol.94,1994,p.99.

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Concrete Structures and Foundations

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT)

Section/Article Description Page

4.6 Inspection of P ile D riving (1994) ............................................ 8-4-16

C - Com m entary ......................................................... ..... 8-4-16

LIST OF TABLES

Table Description Page

8-4-1 R ecom m ended Pile Loads....................................................... 8-4-13

SECTION 4.1 GENERAL

4.1.1 SCOPE (1994)

a. T hese specifications cover the investigation,design and construction ofpile foundations.

b. For the purpose ofthis part,a pile shallbe considered as a relatively slender structuralm em ber
continuously driven or augered into the earth.D rilled shafts placed in predrilled holes are addressed in
Part 24,D rilled Shaft Foundations.

c. In this specification,factors ofsafety are suggested;how ever,w here inform ation on loads or soil
conditions is lim ited,larger factors ofsafety should be used.

SECTION 4.2 DESIGN

4.2.1 LOADS (1994)

a. Pile foundations shallbe designed to carry the entire superim posed load,including the w eight ofthe
footing and overlying loads supported by the footing.

b. Pile foundations shallbe designed for that reasonable com bination ofthe follow ing loads and forces
w hich produce m axim um load and in accordance w ith Section 4.3,A llow able Load on Piles:

4.2.1.1 Primary Loads and Forces

a. D ead.

b. Live – Vertical.

c. Live – H orizontaldue to surcharge.

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 Pile Foundations

d. Centrifugalforce.

e. E arth pressure.

f. Buoyancy.

g. N egative skin friction.

NOTE: Live Load Im pact shallbe considered only in Case A ofA rticle 4.2.2 for steelor concrete
piles above the ground line w here they are rigidly connected to the m em ber supporting
the superstructure.

4.2.1.2 Secondary Loads and Forces (Occasional)

a. W ind and other lateralforces.

b. Ice and Stream flow.

c. Longitudinal forces.

d. Seism ic forces.

4.2.2 LOADS ON PILES (1994)

1
a. Pile foundations shallbe designed using the m ost restrictive ofthe follow ing load capacity cases:

• Case A :T he capacity ofan individualpile as a structuralm em ber.

• Case B:T he capacity ofthe pile to transfer its load to the ground.

• Case C:T he capacity ofthe ground tosupport the load from the pile or piles. 3
b. W hen pile foundations are designed for prim ary and secondary loads in com bination,as defined in
A rticle 4.2.1,the allow able loads m ay be increased 25% for Load Cases A ,B ,and C,but the num ber of
piles shallnot be less than is required for prim ary forces alone w ith no increases in allow able stress for
Case A and the m inim um factor ofsafety shallbe 2.0 for Cases B and C.For group friction piles,the
factor ofsafety for Case C shallnot fallbelow 2.0 for prim ary and secondary load com binations.
4
4.2.3 ECCENTRICITY OF LOADS (1990)

T he m axim um design pile load under eccentric loading shallnot exceed the allow able load as determ ined under
Section 4.3,A llow able Load on Piles w ith the appropriate factors ofsafety stipulated in A rticle 4.2.2.T he piles
shallbe so spaced that the eccentric load on the piles,due to prim ary forces,w illbe distributed as equally as
practicable to the piles in the group.Pile loads due tocom binations ofprim ary and secondary forces shallnot
exceed that perm itted by A rticle 4.2.2.

4.2.4 UPLIFT ON PILES (1990)

a. In specialcases w hen piles or pile groups are subjected to uplift,and sufficient bond and anchorage are
provided betw een the pile and the supported structure,the uplift shallbe considered in the design ofthe
pile foundation.T he pile foundation shallbe designed for uplift considering load capacity Cases A ,B ,and
C ofA rticle 4.2.2.T he factor ofsafety for Cases B and C shallbe a m inim um of2.0 for com binations of
prim ary and secondary forces,and a m inim um of3.0 for com binations ofsecondary forces w ith dead load

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Concrete Structures and Foundations

alone.T he capacity ofthe pile as a structuralm em ber (Case A ) shallbe based on allow able stresses
established in the applicable A R E M A Specifications for T im ber Structures,Chapter 7,T im ber
Structures;in Part 2,R einforced Concrete D esign;or in the A R E M A Specifications for SteelStructures,
Chapter 15,SteelStructures.T he allow able stresses m ay be increased 25% for com binations ofprim ary
and secondary forces.

b. T he ultim ate uplift value ofan individualpile shallbe determ ined by jacking test piles ofidenticaltype
and dim ension to that used in the design,and m easuring the pullrequired per square foot ofem bedded
surface area to raise the pile.W hen a tension pile group is involved,a group analysis shallalso be
undertaken.T he m axim um capacity ofa tension pile group shallbe considered to be the sm aller of(1)
the capacity ofa single pile m ultiplied by the num ber of piles in the group,or (2)the w eight ofthe block
ofsoilcontained w ithin the perim eter ofthe groups,each w ith a m inim um safety factor of2.0,except as
noted in paragraph a.

4.2.5 SPACING OF PILES (1990)

a. Piles shallbe spaced to nearly equalize their load consistent w ith econom icaldesign ofthe footings.T he
spacing ofpiles shalldepend upon:the type ofpile,that is w hether friction or end bearing;the pile’s
structuraland crushing strength;and the type ofm aterial sustaining the pile.G enerally,piles should be
spaced,center-to-center,at least three tim es the m inim um butt w idth ofthe pile.Piles should be spaced
far enough apart,or other suitable m eans used,to prevent heaving or uplifting ofadjacent piles during
driving.

b. In sm allgroups,the piles m ay be battered to enlarge the area sustaining the group,thereby increasing
the load-carrying capacity ofthe group w ithout unreasonably increasing the size ofthe foundation.E nd-
bearing piles m ay be spaced in accordance w ith the capacity ofthe pile and the end-bearing stratum that
w illcarry the design load.W hen closely spaced friction piles are contem plated,their totalgroup capacity
shallbe verified by an acceptable geotechnicalm ethod w hich considers the capacity ofthe engaged soil
m ass to support the applied pile loads.

c. W hen determ ining spacing ofpiles in granular soils,consideration should be given to the increased
difficulty ofdriving due to the increased soildensity that w illoccur because ofsoilpacking or
consolidation w ithin the pile group.

4.2.6 BATTER PILES (1990)

a. Piles m ay be battered to help resist horizontalforces.Prim ary horizontalforces on pile foundations shall
be resisted by batter piles w here practicable.Such piles shallbe designed to carry horizontalforces
com bined w ith their share ofthe verticalloads.In general,batter should not exceed 3 (horizontal)to 12
(vertical),due to increased difficulty in driving piles w ith a greater batter.

b. Secondary horizontalforces on pile foundations m ay be accom m odated by the shear resistance ofthe
verticalpiles,passive soilpressure,or friction betw een the soil/foundation interface w here these
resisting forces can be determ ined to exist for a particular foundation system .W here these resisting
forces cannot be show n to be reliable over the expected life ofthe structure,batter piles or other
dependable m eans ofresisting these forces shallbe used.

c. W here large pile groups are involved,w here clearance problem s lim it the pile foundation area,w here
secondary horizontalloads are sm allor in areas ofthe country w here earthquake loading m akes use of
batter piles undesirable,the foundation shallbe specially designed to include the horizontalforces as
acting on the verticalpiles.In such a case,the piles shallbe designed to resist allloads,and the structure
designed for the horizontalm ovem ent to be encountered.

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 Pile Foundations

4.2.7 SCOUR (1990)

a. T he possible effects ofscour to pile foundations located in or adjacent to w ater should be review ed as
part ofthe totalfoundation design.

b. W hen there is a possibility that the upper portion ofthe soilform ations m ay be rem oved by scour,the
piles or pile group shallbe designed to have adequate bearing capacity and lateralsupport below the
projected depth ofscour.T he free standing portionsofthe exposed piles shallbe designed as colum ns.

c. D eterm ination ofthe probable depth ofscour at a given location m ay have to be based largely on past
records ofstream bed erosion or w ave action in the area,and how it has affected existing structures.

SECTION 4.3 ALLOWABLE LOAD ON PILES

4.3.1 SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION (1990)

a. Test borings shallbe m ade at enough locationsand to a sufficient depth below the anticipated tip
elevation ofthe piles to determ ine adequately the character ofthe m aterialthrough w hich the piles are
to be driven and ofthe m aterials underlying the pile tips.T he results ofthe borings and soiltests,taken
into consideration w ith the function ofthe piles in service,w illassist in determ ining the type,spacing,
and length ofpiles that should be used and w hether the piles w illbe end bearing,friction or a
com bination ofboth types. 1
b. T he subsurface investigation should be m ade in accordance w ith provisions outlined in Part 22,
G eotechnical Subsurface Investigation.

4.3.2 END BEARING PILES (1990)

3
a. A pile m ay be considered end bearing w hen it passesthrough soilhaving low frictionalresistance,and
has its tip resting on relatively im penetrable m aterialsuch as rock,or enters other m aterialthat offers
rapidly increasing resistance to further penetration.T he capacity ofend-bearing piles depends on the
bearing capacity ofsoilor rock m aterialunderlying the piles,and upon the structuralcapacity ofthe pile.
T he dynam ic characteristics ofthe soil-ham m er cushion-pile system coupled w ith the installation
technique w illdeterm ine the ability ofthe pile to penetrate overlaying strata to reach the bearing
stratum . 4
b. A llow able stresses for pile m aterials are given elsew here in this part.W hen end-bearing piles pass
through unconsolidated m aterial,consideration should begiven in design to the additionalload (negative
skin friction)that m ay be im posed on the pile as the m aterialconsolidates above the bearing stratum .
T he bearing stratum m ust be ofsufficient thickness and strength to support the entire pile group
loading.T he design load shallpreferably be determ ined by loading test piles.In addition,an analysis of
the group ofpiles m ust show that the allow able load on the soilor rock supporting m aterialis not
exceeded.

4.3.3 FRICTION PILES (1990)

a. A friction pile derives its support principally from the surrounding soilthrough the developm ent of
shearing or frictionalresistance.T he capacity offriction piles depends upon the ability ofthe soilto
carry the load distributed by the piles w ithin the lim its ofsettlem ent that can be tolerated by the
structure.

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Concrete Structures and Foundations

b. T he design load shallpreferably be determ ined by loading test piles in accordance with e thprovisions of
A rticle 4.3.6.W here groups ofpiles are driven into plastic m aterials,consideration should be given not
only to the allow able load per pile,but also to the totalload that can be safely assigned to the group.T he
design load shallbe determ ined by loading a group ofpiles or by m aking an allow ance for the difference
betw een the capacity ofa single pile and a group ofpiles by m eans ofa block analysis.A single row of
piles need not be considered as a group,provided the piles are spaced at least three tim es their butt
w idth.

c. In m any cases,a study ofthe borings and the estim ation ofapproxim ate soilconstants w illdeterm ine the
ability ofthe soilto carry the applied loads.In foundations involving cohesive soils, the load-settlem ent
relationship should be investigated by recognized geotechnicalm ethods and procedures.

4.3.4 LATERAL SUPPORT (1990)

A fully em bedded pile can generally be considered laterally supported.A pile that is,or m ay be as a result of
scour,in air or w ater,or w hich m ay be in m uck,peat,thin m ud,or fluid m aterial,shallbe investigated for the
allow able capacity by the m ethods given in the R eport ofA CI Com m ittee 543 “R ecom m endations for D esign,
M anufacture,and Installation ofConcrete Piles” or other acceptable m ethod approved by the engineer.

4.3.5 PILE LENGTH DETERMINATION (1990)

T he determ ination ofthe m ost satisfactory and econom icallength ofpiles is one ofthe key factors in securing
an adequate foundation.In addition to inform ation that can be developed through soilborings,pile driving
tests,pile load tests,and pile driving form ulas,the use ofthe one-dim ensionalw ave equation can be a valuable
toolon large or difficult foundations,and is recom m ended for design and field controlpurposes
(B ibliography 70).Pile driving records ofnearby adjacent piles m ay also be used in determ ining pile length if
definite correlation betw een the existing and proposed piles as to type,loading,and use can be determ ined as
w ellas the veracity ofthe previous pile driving record.T he use ofpile driving records to establish pile lengths
w ithout the benefit ofa subsurface investigation and geotechnicalanalysis on projects w hich are not relatively
sm alland w here the conditions above cannot be m et is not recom m ended.

4.3.5.1 Estimated Tip Elevation and Estimated Length

a. At each boring location,using recognized geotechnicalm ethods,the theoreticallength ofpiles shallbe

com puted considering contributions from both bearing and frictionalresistance.Piles in very deep
deposits are likely to receive support prim arily through friction,w hereas relatively shallow hardpan or
rock conditions are likely to provide support prim arily through end bearing.M any foundation conditions
w illprovide both bearing and frictionalsupport.

b. At each individualboring,an estim ated tip elevation and an estim ated pile length shallbe selected and
tabulated based on the design cutoffelevation.

4.3.5.2 Minimum Tip Elevation

a. At each boring location,a m inim um tip elevation shallbe com puted above w hich no structure piles w ill
be perm itted to stop.T he m inim um tip elevation reflects the design intent ofthe pile foundation design
and is determ ined by an experienced foundation engineer’s review of the estimated tip elevations,
recognizing practicalaspects offoundation construction practice.A s an exam ple,ifgeotechnical
calculations dem onstrate that piles should penetrate into a hardpan layer at varying depths,the
m inim um tip elevation w illbe show n at the top ofthis layer.In certain cases,field conditions during
driving m ay m odify this elevation.

b. T he m inim um tip elevation w illusually be above this estim ated tip elevation.

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 Pile Foundations

4.3.5.3 Wave Equation

a. T he use ofthe one dim ensionalw ave equation w illgreatly assist the engineer and contractor in
determ ining the foundation adequacy and the construction ofthe project as planned.

b. By the use ofthis tool,severalvalues w illbe obtained:

(1) the ability ofthe soil-ham m er cushion-pile system to obtain the required design capacity,

(2) the estim ated blow s per foot needed to obtainthe required ultim ate load at the estim ated depth,

(3) the m eans w hereby the required blow s per foot at other depths can be evaluated,

(4) a m eans ofevaluating the required blow s per foot w hen the ham m er fails to produce the
m anufacturer’s rated energy.

c. W hen this procedure is follow ed,the engineer can have the opportunity to m odify his design before
construction is started,and the contractor can be appraised ofhis ham m er requirem ent.

d. T his procedure is recom m ended for alllarge and/or im portant projects.

4.3.5.4 Pile Driving Formulas

M any dynam ic pile driving form ulas have been developed as an aid in determ ining pile capacities.W hile such
form ulas serve a usefulpurpose,particularly on sm aller projects,greater accuracy,and econom y can usually be
1
obtained by use ofthe w ave equation m ethod as described in A rticle 4.3.5.3.Ifpile driving form ulas are
proposed for use,form ulas that take into account the relationship betw een the w eight ofpile and w eight ofthe
pile ham m er striking parts should be used.

4.3.5.5 Plan Tip Elevations

3
4.3.5.5.1 Friction Piles

For those piles w hich can be considered to act as true friction piles,i.e.no end bearing stratum is in evidence
w ithin reasonable depths,only a design tip elevationis required.In uniform soils,w here a com plete soil
investigation has determ ined the tip elevation,no further driving criteria is required,exceptthe statem ent that
the piles m ust be driven to the design tip elevation.A variation in the expected rate ofpenetration at the
required tip elevation w ould indicate a variable soillayer,and a reappraisalofthe tip elevation w illbe required. 4
4.3.5.5.2 Combined Bearing and Friction Piles, or Bearing Piles

Plans and specifications should require that allpiles be driven to the m inim um tip elevation show n on the
plans.At the m inim um tip elevation,driving shallbe continued untilthe required resistance is achieved,as
determ ined by the load tests,a w ave equation analysis,or som e pile driving form ula specified by the engineer.
T he latter provision w illinsure against variations in the consistency and depth ofthe bearing layer.A n
im portantjudgem entfactor is selection ofrequired ham m er energy-type,and cushion.T his decision can bestbe
achieved by a w ave equation analysis.

4.3.5.5.3 Estimated Lengths

T he plans should show estim ated lengths w hich have beenused for calculation ofthe engineer’s estim ate,and
w illprovide the bidders w ith a reasonable basis for pricing the pile foundations.

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Concrete Structures and Foundations

4.3.6 PILE DRIVING AND LOADING TESTS (1990)

4.3.6.1 Driving Tests

a. W here variable soilconditions are know n to exist,the follow ing procedure is suggested.A few ofthe
structure piles should be selected,including at least one from each substructure unit ofthe bridge or
structure,and they should be driven first before other service piles are ordered.T heir installations
should be designated as Pile D riving Tests.A separate pay item should be provided,to cover piles
installed by Pile D riving Tests.

b. W here practical,piles installed by driving tests should have their tips carried five to ten feet below the
estim ated tip elevation for the service piles at each particular location.D riving records for each foot of
driving ofeach pile shallbe kept and plotted in the field to provide exploratory inform ation.T he plot
should be on a log containing the generalized inform ation from the nearest structure boring.T his record
w illprovide an im m ediate correlation ofdriving resistance and subsoilconditions for the pile,ham m er
and cushion arrangem ent being used.T he record w illalso provide inform ation on w here to select
suitable locations for future load tests ifrequired.(Load tests should be applied only to standard service
piles,not to piles installed by pile driving tests.T his is because piles installed by pile driving tests are
deliberately overdriven and,therefore,are not typicalofthe service piles.)

c. Piles installed by driving tests are recom m ended both for the situation w here later load tests are to be
perform ed and w here load tests are not expected to be perform ed.T he driving tests are ofparticular
im portance w here load tests are notcontem plated,because in thatcase,they provide the only correlation
betw een soilboring data and driving data.

d. Ifpossible,piles installed by driving tests should be placed in a position w here they can serve as service
piles in the com pleted structure.It is perm issible on sm allprojects to overdrive allservice piles (sim ilar
to the installation ofdrivingdescri testsbed above)in lieu ofload testing w hich,from a cost standpoint,
m ay not be practical.

4.3.6.2 Pile Load Tests

a. Pile load tests are considered essentialfor large or im portant jobs,or in subsurface conditions w here
there is little precedent for m ajor construction.To date,they give the best know ledge ofthe probable
capacity ofan individualpile.

b. It is preferred that load tests be carried to failure to determ ine the true factor ofsafety for the proposed
design.Ifthe m argin ofsafety is higher or low erthan desired,driving and elevation criteria can be
m odified.If,due to very high loads,tests to failure are not practicable,testing should be carried to not
less than tw ice the design load.Test loads should not exceed the ultim ate capacity ofthe pile as a
structuralm em ber,or the capacity ofthe jack fram e.

c. T he test apparatus and procedure shallbe in accordance w ith the current A ST M D esignation:D 1143
“Standard M ethod ofTesting Piles under A xialCom pressive Load.”

d. B y analyzing and interpreting the load tests w ith the driving test data and subsoilinform ation,it w illbe
possible to affirm the adequacy ofthe design and the installation criteria and introduce field
m odifications as m ay be necessary.

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 Pile Foundations

SECTION 4.4 PILE TYPES

4.4.1 GENERAL (1990)

a. Selection ofthe type offoundation pile for a particular structure should be based on the follow ing
criteria:

(1) Design load per pile or pile group.

(2) T ype offoundation m aterialto be penetrated.

(3) R elative costs ofthe piles and pile driving.

(4) E quipm ent available for driving piles.

(5) Availability ofdesired pile type.

(6) Specialconsiderations based on specificjob conditions,including,but not lim ited to:

(a) R estricted space for pile driving.

(b) Possible dam age to existing structures.

(c) E xposure to sea w ater. 1

(d) Possible dam age from m arine organism s.

(e) Chem icalattack.

(f) Possible dam age to adjacent structures caused by vibration or soilm ovem ent during driving.
3
(g) N oise levelduring driving.

b. Full-length piles shallbe used w herever practicable,but ifsplices cannot be avoided,an approved
m ethod ofsplicing shallbe used w hich w illdevelop the fullstrength ofthe pile.Piles shallnot be spliced
except by perm ission ofthe engineer,w ho m ust also approve allsplice locations.
4
4.4.2 TIMBER PILES (1990)

a. T im ber piles shallconform to the A R E M A specifications for w ood piles,Chapter 7,T im ber Structures,
Part 1,M aterialSpecifications for Lum ber,Piles,G lued Lam inated T im ber and Fasteners and Part 3,
Construction,M aintenance and Inspection ofT im ber Structures.Iftreatm ent is required,it shall
conform to A R E M A specifications for w ood preservation – Chapter 30,T ies,Section 3.6,W ood
Preserving.

b. For a tim ber pile w hich is prim arily a friction pile,the m axim um allow able load in pounds shallbe
com puted by m ultiplying the tip area in square inches (sm allend)by the figure 1,200;the m axim um load
thus being equivalent to 1,200 psiacting at the tip.

c. For a tim ber pile that is prim arily a point bearingpile,the m axim um allow able load shallbe com puted as
above,but using the figure 800 instead of1,200.

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Concrete Structures and Foundations

4.4.3 STEEL PILES (1990)

4.4.3.1 Types

T his type ofpiling shallinclude allsteelH -section piles and open-end steelpipe piles.

4.4.3.2 Material

A llsteelused for the piles shallconform to the current A ST M D esignations:A 36 for H -pile sections,and A 252
for pipe sections.Specialsteels m ay be used for corrosion protection or other purposes,but w here w elding is
required w eldability m ust be assured.

4.4.3.3 Size

a. T he m inim um depth ofa steelH -section shallbe 8 inches.T he m inim um thickness ofm etalin the flange
or w eb shallbe ³⁄ inch.T he flange w idth shallbe not lessthan 85% ofthe depth ofthe section.

b. T he m inim um outside diam eter ofopen-end pipe piles shallbe 8 ⁄ inches.T he m inim um w allthickness
shallbe ³⁄ inch.

4.4.3.4 Pile Caps

In general,steelbearing caps are not required on steelH -piles em bedded at least 1 foot in concrete,providing
the footing reinforcem ent is adequately designed to transm it the im posed loads.

4.4.3.5 Protection Against Corrosion

a. Steelpiles that w illbe exposed to corrosive environm ents shallbe protected by concrete encasem ent or
other suitable m eans;such as specially form ulated epoxy or bitum inous coatings,or additionalsteel
thickness.Protection at ground surfaces or norm alw ater lines shallbe provided and shallextend at least
1 foot above and 3 feet below the ground surface or low -w ater line.Concrete protection,w here provided
shallhave a m inim um thickness of4 inches and shallcontain nom inalsteelreinforcem ent.

b. Structuralsteelpiles shallnot be used through active corrosion-inducing m aterialor w here electrolysis

m ay occur,w ithout adequate provision for the protection ofsuch piles.

4.4.3.6 Allowable Stresses

T he allow able load per pile shallbe determ ined as specified inSection 4.3,A llow able Load on Piles,but the unit
stresses due to axialload shallnot exceed 12,600 psi.D ue allow ance shallbe m ade for any bending stresses
caused by horizontalor eccentric loads and consideration shallbe given to any colum n action ofan unsupported
pile.

4.4.3.7 Pile Tip Reinforcement

Pile tip reinforcem ent m ay be required to prevent dam age to H -piles w hen driving through heavy gravel,
boulders,or form ations know n to contain obstructions,or w hen driving end bearing piles.H eavy cast steeltips
are recom m ended for this purpose w here the conditions so justify their use.

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4.4.4 PRECAST CONCRETE PILES (1990)

4.4.4.1 General

a. T his type ofpiling includes both conventionally reinforced concrete piles and prestressed concrete piles.
B oth types can be form ed by either casting,centrifugalcasting,or extrusion m ethods.T hey are m ade in
various cross section shapes such as square,octagonal,and round.O ften such piles are castw ith a hollow
core.T he piles are usually ofconstant cross section but m ay have a tapered tip.

b. Precast concrete piles m ust be designed and m anufactured to w ithstand handling and driving stresses in
addition to service loads.T he w orkm anship,m aterial,and proportioning shallconform to the
requirem ents specified in Part 1,M aterials,Tests and Construction R equirem ent. s

4.4.4.2 Design

T he m inim um acceptable diam eter or side dim ension for driven piles is usually 8 inches.T his m ay be
satisfactory for short piles w hich are lightly loaded,how ever,as a generalrule,it is recom m ended that the
m inim um average dim ension be 10 inches,except that thepile tip m ay be 8 inches.Piles m ay be pointed or not
as directed by the engineer.

4.4.4.3 Manufacture

The manufacture of the various types precast

of concrete piles shallbe in accordance w ith the current Chapter
4 ofA m erican Concrete Institute (A CI) Com m ittee 543 report titled “R ecom m endations for D esign,
M anufacture,and Installation ofConcrete Piles.” 1
4.4.4.4 Cut-Off

Precast piles shallbe driven to or cut offw ithin 2 inches ofthe elevation show n on the plans,but in allcases,
the cutoffshallbe below any indication offracture.Ifpiles are cut offor driven below the required elevation,
they shallbe built-up to the cutoffline as determ ined by the engineer.Standard details are to be show n on the
project plans. 3
4.4.4.5 Allowable Stresses

T he allow able load per pile shallbe determ ined as specified in Section 4.3,A llow able Load on Piles
,but the
concrete unit stresses shallnot exceed 0.3 f¢c w ith a m axim um of1,600 psi.O ther stresses shallconform to the
requirem ents ofPart 2,R einforced Concrete D esign and Part 17,Prestressed Concrete.
4
4.4.5 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES (1990)

4.4.5.1 Types

Cast-in-place piles shall be cast evi

in
ousl
pry driven m etalcasings or shells w hich shallrem ain perm anently in
place.T hey m ay be tapered or cylindrical,or acom bination oftapered and cylindricalshapes.

4.4.5.2 Tapered Piles

Tapered piles shallnot be less than 8 inches in diam eter atthe tip and shallbe uniform ly tapered at the rate of
not m ore than 1 inch in 8 feet,or step tapered,at the sam e average rate.

4.4.5.3 Cylindrical Piles

Cylindricalpiles shallhave a m inim um diam eter of8 inches.

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Concrete Structures and Foundations

4.4.5.4 Pipe Casings and Shells

a. Pipe casings driven w ithout a m andrelshallbe form ed ofsteelconform ing to the current A ST M
D esignation:A 252,G rade 2.M etalshells driven w ith a m andrelshallhave a thickness ofnot less than
N o.16 U SM SG and a m inim um yield strength of30,000 psi.Casings shallbe in one integralpiece or
adequately spliced,and shallbe ofsufficient thikcness to w ithstand installation pressures w ithout
leakage or harm fuldistortion.

b. A llpiles shallbe equipped w ith approved w atertight flat plates or conicalpoints w elded to the tip end of
the casing.T he end closures approved for cylindricalpiles shallnot project beyond the diam eter ofthe
pile casing w hen used on friction piles.

4.4.5.5 Placing Concrete

a. Casings or shells shallbe inspected and approved by the engineer im m ediately before any concrete is
placed.A suitable light shallbe used to inspect the entire length.A ny accum ulated foreign m atter,or
w ater shallbe rem oved before the concrete is placed.A ny broken or otherw ise defective shells shallbe
corrected by rem ovaland replacem ent,or by driving an additional pile,as directed by the engineer.
Concrete having a m inim um com pressive strength ofat least 2,500 psiat 28 days shallbe used to fillthe
shell.T he placing ofthe concrete shallbe carried out as a continuous operation from the tip to the cutoff
elevation,and shallbe perform ed in such a m anner as to m inim ize segregation and insure com plete
filling ofthe casing or shell.

b. N o pile shallbe driven w ithin 15 feet ofa pile thathas been filled w ith concrete for m ore than 2 hours
but less than 24 hours.T he driving procedure for any particular project shallbe approved by the
engineer in charge,before com m encing w ork.

4.4.5.6 Allowable Stresses

T he allow able load per pile shallbe determ ined as specified in Section 4.3,A llow able Load on Piles,but the unit
stresses,shallnot exceed the follow ing:

a. Concrete.0.3 ofthe ultim ate com pressive unitstrength ofthe concrete used (f¢c),butnotto exceed 1,600
psi.

b. Steel.T he unit stresses shallnot exceed 12,600 psi.

4.4.5.7 Protection Against Corrosion

a. W hen the steelcasing is used in com puting the strength ofthe pile and the piles w illbe exposed,they
shallbe protected from corrosion as specified in A rticle 4.4.3.6.

b. Ifthe strength ofthe steelis considered in com puting the strength ofthe pile,the pile shallnot be used
through active rust-inducing m aterialor w here electrolysis m ay occur w ithout adequate provision for
the protection ofsuch pile.

4.4.5.8 Reinforcement

Cast-in-place piles m ay be reinforced to provide needed bending strength,or for uplift anchorage.W hen used,
the reinforcing steelshould be preassem bled into cages and accurately placed in accordance w ith design
draw ings.T he reinforcem ent shallbe clean offoreign m aterialthat could affect bond,and securely positioned
before concrete fillis placed.

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 Pile Foundations

4.4.6 AUGERED CAST-IN-PLACE PILES (1990)

4.4.6.1 General

A ugered Cast-In-Place piles are prim arily used as friction piles.T hey are installed by rotating a continuous
flight hollow -shaft auger into the ground to a predeterm ined pile depth.H igh-strength m ortar is pum ped w ith
sufficient pressure as the auger is w ithdraw n,to fillthe hole preventing hole collapse and causing the lateral
penetration ofthe m ortar into soft or porous zones ofthe surrounding soil.A head ofat least severalfeet of
m ortar above the injection point is carried around the perim eter ofthe auger at alltim es during the raising of
the auger so that the high strength m ortar has a displacing action rem oving any loose m aterialfrom the hole.

4.4.6.2 Design

T he length ofpile w illbe determ inedfrom the exam ination ofsoil boringsusing the shear strength ofthe soil,
and preferably,verified by pile load tests as described in Article 4.3.6.2
.R ecom m ended pile loads for varying
pile diam eters,depending on soilstrengths,are given in Table 8-4-1.

Table 8-4-1. Recommended Pile Loads

Normal Required Compression

Nominal Size of Pile Normal Loadings Range
Strength of Mortar
(Inches) (Tons)
(PSI)
12 10-40 2,000-2,500 1
14 40-75 2,500-3,000
16 75-100 3,000-4,000

4.4.6.3 Materials
3
a. T he m aterial used to fillthe holes shallconsist ofa m ixture ofPortland Cem ent,concrete sand,fluidizer
and w ater proportioned and m ixed as to provide a m ortar capable ofm aintaining the solids in suspension
w ithout appreciable w ater gain and w hich w illlaterally penetrate and fillany voids in the foundation
m aterial.Portland Cem ent shallconform to Part 1,M aterials,Tests and Construction R equirem ents,
Section 1.2,Cem ent.T he fine aggregate shallconform to Section 1.3,O ther Cem entitious M aterials,
w ith a fineness m odulus betw een 1.40 and 3.40.Fluidizer shallm eet the requirements ofthe current
Corps ofE ngineers,U SA ,Spec.N o.CR D C 566.
4

b. T he m ortar shallbe so proportioned as to have a m inim um ultim ate com pressive strength of2,000 psiat
28 days.A set of6 m ortar cubes shallbe m ade each day and tested in accordance w ith the current A ST M
D esignation:C109,w ith the exception that the m ortar should be restrained from expansion by a top
plate.

4.4.6.4 Tension Piles

W here tension is required,a specialcontinuous flight hollow -shaft auger shallbe rotated into the ground to the
required depth.A steelbar shallbe inserted into the hollow center shaft ofthe auger.T he auger head closure
shallbe detached allow ing the steelbar to rem ain in place and be centered in the tension pile as the continuous
flight auger is slow ly w ithdraw n from the hole.D uring this w ithdraw alprocess,high strength m ortar shallbe
placed under pressure through the space betw een the steelrod left in place and the w allofthe hollow shaft
auger.

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Concrete Structures and Foundations

SECTION 4.5 INSTALLATION OF PILES

4.5.1 DRIVEN PILES (1990)

Piles shallbe driven w ith steam ,air,or dieselpow ered ham m ers.Size ofthe type ofham m er used should be
determ ined by guidelines noted in A rticle 4.5.1.1.T he ham m er shall be operatedat alltim es at pressures and
speeds recom m ended by the m anufacturer.U se ofvibratory type ham m ers m ay be allow ed ifpile capacities
have been determ ined by load tests.U se ofa gravity drop ham m er for driving piles should be lim ited to
relatively unim portant foundations w here uniform pile capacity is not critical.

4.5.1.1 Selection of Hammer-Cushion Combination

a. Prelim inary selection ofthe ham m er-cushion com bination for driving piles can be m ade w ith the
follow ing guide:

(1) SteelPiles – A ir or Steam O perated H am m ers.

• M inim um size:170 ft-lb ofrated energy per ton ofpile service load.Stiffor hard internalcushion.

• Desired size:250-340 ft-lb ofrated energy per ton ofpile service load.

• Pile Cushion:M oderately stiffto soft (w ood) internalcushion.

• DieselH am m ers:

– U se 100 to 135% ofsize determ ined for air or steam ham m ers.

– U se standard (stiff) internalcushion.

(2) M andrel-D riven Piles – Sam e as Steel.

(3) Precast or Prestressed Concrete Piles – A ir or Steam O perated H am m ers.

• Desired size:250 ft-lb ofrated en ergy per ton ofpile service load.T he w eight ofthe ram shall
generally not be less than one-fourth ofthe w eight ofthe pile being driven.U se w ood,or
equivalent,internal cushion.

• Pile Cushion:D esign by one-dim ensionalw ave theory,or by experience.

• DieselH am m ers:

– U se 100 to 135% ofsize determ ined for air or steam ham m ers.

– U se standard (stiff) internalcushion.

(4) W ood Piles – A ir or Steam O perated H am m ers.

• For norm alcapacity piles (up to 30 tons service load) excluding abnorm ally large tim bers or
fabricated sections,use 15,000 ft-lb m axim um rated energy w ith a w ood internalcushion.D iesel
ham m ers m ay be rated up to 20,000 ft-lb w ith standard (stiff)internalcushions.

b. T he foregoing prelim inary selection ofham m er and cushion com binations should preferably be
confirm ed by a w ave equation analysis ofpile driving indicating the pile yield stresses are not exceeded
and that the desired ultim ate load capacity can be achieved (see Article 4.3.5.3).

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 Pile Foundations

4.5.1.2 Pile Leads

Pile drivers shallhave firm ly supported leads extending from the highest point to the low est point that the
ham m er m ust travel.T he leads should be supported independently ofthe pile and constructed to guide and
stay the pile during driving.

4.5.1.3 Splicing

D riving shallbe continued untilthe plan tip elevation is reached or untilthe rate ofpenetration specified is
obtained.Ifthe proper resistance to driving is notattained at the plan cutoff,the driving shallbe continued and
the additionallength ofpile required shallbe supplied by splicing in such a w ay as to develop the fullstrength
ofthe section ofthe pile.T he splice shallbe m ade a sufficient distance,but not less than 1 foot above the
ground or w ater surface so that the splicecan be observed during subsequent driving.

4.5.1.4 Jetting

Piles m ay be jetted,w hen perm itted by the engineer,either by use ofw ater jets alone or in com bination w ith
the ham m er.T he volum e and pressure ofthe w ater at the jet nozzles shallbe sufficient to freely erode the
m aterialadjacent to the pile.B efore the desired penetration is reached,jetting shallbe discontinued at the
elevation specified by the engineer and the pilesdriven to required penetration or resistance.

4.5.1.5 Preboring

W here piles m ust be installed through strata offering high resistance to driving,w here jetting w ould cause
dam age,to prevent excessive heaving ofcohesive soils,for driving through relatively im penetrable m aterialor
for other valid reasons,the engineer m ay require or perm it holes to be bored w ith a pow er auger or other
1
equipm ent especially designed for the purpose.D epending upon the reasons for preboring,the diam eter ofthe
hole shallbe as directed by the engineer to obtain the proper pile penetration and carrying capacity.T he pile
shallbe inserted into the hole im m ediately after boring and be driven to required penetration or resistance.

4.5.1.6 Improperly Driven and Damaged Piles

Piles shallbe driven w ithin 3 inches ofthe plan location.Variations ofm ore than ¹⁄ inch per foot from the
3
vertical,or from the batter line w hen batter piles are required,m ay be subject to rejection by the engineer.A ny
pile so out ofline or plum b as to im pair its usefulness shallbe pulled and/or an additionalpile driven,as
required by the engineer.A ny pile so injured in driving or handling as to im pair its structuralcapacity as a pile
under conditions ofuse shallbe replaced by a new pile,or the injured part shallbe replaced by splicing or other
rem edialm easures–allas directed by the engineer.
4
4.5.1.7 Redriving of Heaved Piles

Previously driven piles shallbe carefully checked during the driving ofadjacent piles,and ifany uplift occurs,
they shallbe redriven to the required penetration or resistance as directed by the engineer.

4.5.1.8 Underwater Driving

W hile it is possible to drive piles underw ater by use ofa follow er betw een the pile and ham m er,or by use ofa
subm ersible pile ham m er,such driving m ethods should be avoided w hen it is necessary to drive piles to obtain a
predeterm ined bearing capacity,unless such capacity isdeterm ined by a pile load test under sim ilar conditions.

4.5.1.9 Interrupted Driving

W hen driving is interrupted or the rate ofblow s retarded for any reason,a carefulrecord shallbe kept ofthe
extent ofthe delay or retardation.A ny decrease in the penetration per blow im m ediately follow ing such
stoppage,shallbe cause to suspect the interpretation ofthe preceding blow s per foot.

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Concrete Structures and Foundations

4.5.2 AUGERED CAST-IN-PLACE PILES (1990)

4.5.2.1 Augering Equipment

a. T he hole through w hich the high-strength m ortar is pum ped during the placem ent ofthe pile shallbe
located at the bottom ofthe auger head below the bar containing the cutting teeth.

b. T he auger flighting shallbe continuous from the auger head to the top ofauger w ith no gaps or other
breaks.T he pitch ofthe auger flighting shallnot exceed 9 inches.

c. A ugers over 40 feet in length shallcontain a m iddle guide.T he piling leads should be prevented from
rotating by a stabilizing arm .

4.5.2.2 Mixing and Pumping of High-Strength Cement Mortar

a. O nly approved pum ping,continuous m ixing,and agitating equipm ent shallbe used in the preparation
and handling ofthe m ortar.A lloilor other rust inhibitors shallbe rem oved from m ixing drum s and
m ortar pum ps.Ifready-m ix m ortar is used,an agitating storage tank ofsufficient size shallbe used
betw een the ready-m ix truck and the m ortar pum p to insure a hom ogeneous m ix and continuity in the
pum ping operations.A llm aterials shallbe such as to produce a hom ogeneous m ortar ofthe desired
consistency.Ifthere is a lapse in the operation,the m ortar shallbe recirculated through the pum p.

b. T he m ortar pum p shallbe a positive displacem entpiston type pum p capable ofdeveloping displacing
pressures at the pum p ofup to 350 psi.

4.5.2.3 Pile Top Encasement

M etalsleeves or casing ofthe proper diam eter and at least 18 inches in length shallbe placed around the pile
tops.(Specialconditions m ay require m etalsleeves ofadditionallength.)

SECTION 4.6 INSPECTION OF PILE DRIVING (1994)

Pile driving and augering operations shallbe inspected and docum ented com pletely as directed by the engineer.
R ecom m ended techniques ofinspection and records to be com piled can be found in the publication titled
“Inspection ofPile D riving O perations” TechnicalR eport M -22,D epartm ent ofthe A rm y,Construction
E ngineering R esearch Laboratory,Cham paign,Illinois,July 1972.

C - COMMENTARY

T he purpose ofthis part is to furnish the technicalexplanation ofvarious A rticles in Part 4,Pile Foundations.
In the num bering ofA rticles ofthis Section,the num bers after the “C -” correspond to the Section/A rticle being
explained.

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 Pile Foundations

C - SECTION 4.1 GENERAL

C - 4.1.1 SCOPE (1994)

a. M any texts and foundation reference sources consider drilled shafts as cast-in-place concrete piles.In
view ofthe specialtechniques required for the installation ofdrilled shafts as opposed to driven or
augered piles,they have been treated separately in Part 24,D rilled Shaft Foundations.

b. Since it is not often practicalto obtain definitive geotechnicalinform ation for every part ofa pile
foundation system ,good engineering judgem ent and experience should be used to increase stated factors
ofsafety w here w arranted by localconditions.

C - SECTION 4.2 DESIGN

C - 4.2.1 LOADS (1994)

It is not possible to accurately predict the behavior ofa com bined pile and soilbearing footing.In m ost cases,
because ofthe pile supporting system ,little load,including that ofthe footing,w illbe transferred to the
m aterialdirectly under the footing after it has been cast.T herefore,in analysis,the pile system w illbe
considered as carrying allloads,w ith no load being transferred to the underlying soil.

C - 4.2.1.1 Primary Loads and Forces

1
Live loads are separated into tw o cases,verticaland horizontal due to surcharge,toensure that these loads are
considered separately and in com bination.

C - 4.2.1.2 Secondary Loads and Forces (Occasional) (B ibliography 88)

T he effect ofseism ic events on pile foundation m ay not be lim ited in allcases to the additionalloads im posed on
the piles.In certain types ofw ater-bearing sands,a phenom enon referred to as soilliquefaction m ay be 3
precipitated by the vibrations induced by a seism ic event or other source.W hen this occurs,soil shear strength
is elim inated and support for piles,both vertically and laterally,is dim inished.In geographicalareas susceptible
to seism ic events,the potentialfor liquefaction should be evaluated through a com petent geotechnical
investigation and m easures to ensure the stability offoundations should be em ployed.Further discussion on
m ethods to predict the occurrence and extent ofliquefaction m ay be found in the B ibliography reference.

C - 4.2.2 LOADS ON PILES (1994) 4

Cases A ,B and C are listed to ensure that com plete consideration is given to the possible failure m odes ofa pile
foundation.A safety factor of2.0 is prescribed for Cases B and C for allprim ary loads or possible prim ary load
com binations.A n increase of25% in stresses or load capacity is allow ed for individualpiles in a foundation
system for com binations ofsecondary loads and prim ary loads except for Case C for group friction pile effect.
N o increase is specified for this case due to greater relative uncertainty that is associ
ated w ith its analysis w hen
com pared to individualbearing pile analysis.

C - 4.2.6 BATTER PILES (1990) (B ibliography 78 and 93)

a. It is intended that battered piles be used to resist lateralfoundation loads due to prim ary forces.W here
this is not practical,the lateralresistance ofverticalpiles can be utilized to resist horizontalforces.T he
engineer should m ake a carefulevaluation ofthe pile foundation system to ascertain its lateral
resistance capacity.M uch research has been done concerning the lateralresistance ofverticalpiles.T he

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Concrete Structures and Foundations

FH W A M anualon D esign ofPiles and D rilled Shafts U nder LateralLoad should be consulted for the
design ofsuch pile foundations.

b. Cases A,B and C ofA rticle 4.2.2 should be evaluated for lateralloads on verticalpiles.R ecent research
has indicated that under certain conditions that m ay be encountered during a seism ic event,battered
piles should not be used.T he designer should consult the A A SH T O “Standard Specifications for Seism ic
D esign” for guidance.

C - 4.2.7 SCOUR (1990) (B ibliography 30, 31 and 37)

R esearch is continuing into the prediction ofthe occurrence and extentofscour.T he FH W A TechnicalA dvisory,
Scour atB ridges and publication R D 78-162,Counterm easures for H ydraulic Problem s atB ridges,provide
references for scour analysis.

C - SECTION 4.3 ALLOWABLE LOAD ON PILES

C - 4.3.5.3 Wave Equation (B ibliography 90)

T he W ave E quation m ethod ofanalyzing pile capacity and pile length w as developed by Sm ith (1960).For a
detailed explanation ofthe W ave E quation m ethodology,the designer m ay consult FH W A docum entation ofthe
W E A P program .

C - 4.3.5.4 Pile Driving Formulas

H istorically,pile driving form ulas w hich m ake use ofthe relationship betw een the ham m er energy and the pile
m ovem ent w hen driven have been used to approxim ate safe pile loads.M ost notably,the E ngineering N ew s
R ecord form ula has been used extensively for this purpose.Tests have show n that these form ulas do not give
consistent results w hereby excessive pile lengths m ay be di ctated in som e instances w hile in others insufficient
factors ofsafety m ay result from their use.For these reasons,the use ofthese form ulas should be lim ited to
projects w hose size and im portance m ay justify their use in lieu ofthe m ore elaborate W ave E quation m ethod.
W hen these form ulas are to be used,their application should be guided by good engineering judgem ent and
experience.Carefulevaluation ofthe actualham m er energy applied to the pile through the ham m er-pile
cushion-pile system is also required.

C - SECTION 4.4 PILE TYPES

C - 4.4.2 Timber Piles (1990)

T im ber piles shallbe ofa length w hich w illallow driving to the m inim um specified tip elevation and w hich also
w illallow the com plete rem ovaloftim ber dam aged by driving.

C - 4.4.3.6 Allowable Stresses

T he com pressive stress at the tip ofsteelH -piles has been lim ited to 12,600 psifor design loads.It should be
recognized that stresses during driving m ay considerably exceed this stress.T he W ave E quation form ula can
predict these driving stresses.In general,driving stressesshould be lim ited to 0.8 ofthe yield strength ofthe
pile steel.

C - 4.4.5.4 Pipe Casings and Shells

W here the pipe casing or shellis to serve only as a form for the cast-in-place concrete piles,the steelthickness
need only be sufficient to w ithstand soilpressures and driving forces subject to the stated m inim um thickness
and strength for m andreldriven piles.Ifthe casing or shell is to be t used
o com pute the structuralcapacity of

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 Pile Foundations

the pile,the plans m ust show the steelthickness to be used and also splicing details and the grade ofsteelto be
used.

C - SECTION 4.5 INSTALLATION OF PILES

C - 4.5.1.3 Splicing

a. Piles m ay be spliced in a variety ofm ethods to fully develop the strength ofthe pile section.T he
follow ing m ethods m ay be em ployed:

b. SteelPiles.T he m ethod ofsplicing shallbe show n on the plans or as approved bythe engineer.Piles m ay
be spliced by fullpenetration butt w elds,by the addi
tion ofw elded splice plates,by a com bination of
these m ethods or by other m eans approved by the engineer w hich fully m aintains the strength ofthe pile
section.

c. Concrete Piles.Concrete piles shallpreferably notbe spliced, unless specifically provided for by the plans,
specialprovisions or by the engineer in w riting.Short extensions m ay be added to tops ofreinforced
concrete piles after com pletion ofdriving w hen the required capacity is not attained atthe planned top of
pile elevation. These extensio ns shallbe m ade by exposing the pile reinforcing steela sufficient distance
to provide a fullstrength lap splice w ith the extension segm ent steel.Concrete for the extension shallbe
ofthe sam e quality and strength ofthe pile concrete and shallbe placed in form s ofthe sam e shape and
dim ensions as the driven pile.Prior to placem ent ofthe new concrete,the top ofthe driven pile shallbe
cleaned and coated w ith neat cem ent or an approved bonding agent.
1
C - SECTION 4.6 INSPECTION OF PILE DRIVING (1994) (B ibliography 105)

O ther usefuldocum ents to aid in inspection ofthe pile driving m ay be found in:

• T he Perform ance ofPile D riving System s:Inspection M anual,FH W A R D -86-160.

• Inspectors M anualfor Pile Foundations and A Pile Inspector’s G uide to H am m ers,from the: 3
D eep Foundation Institute
P.O . Box 359
Springfield,N J 07081

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