Mod 6
Mod 6
6: Optical Link [6H]
Point to point links, System considerations, Link power budget, Rise time budget, RF over fiber,
Key link parameters, Radio over fiber links, Microwave photonics.
PointtoPoint Links
Key system requirements needed to analyze optical fiber links:
1. The desired (or possible) transmission distance
2. The data rate or channel bandwidth
3. The biterror rate (BER)
Figure shown below depicts a fiber point to point link.
Fig: Point to point link
The optical transmitter can be LED or laser. The following are the characteristics required to be
considered while selecting the source.
(a) Emission wavelength
(b) Spectral line width
(c) Output power
(d) Effective radiating area
(e) Emission pattern
The fiber selected can be MMF or SMF. The following are the characteristics required to be
considered while selecting the fiber.
(a) Core size
(b) Core index profile
(c) BW or dispersion
(d) Attenuation
(e) NA or MFD
The optical detector can be pin or APD. The following are the characteristics required to be
considered while selecting the detector.
(a) Responsivity
(b) Operating λ
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
(c) Speed
(d) Quantum efficiency
1) Explain all aspects of link power budget.
2) Why Link power budget is important in Optical Fiber Communication? Explain with example
Design Considerations
These following two budgets give necessary conditions for satisfactory operation
Link Power Budget
There is enough power margins in the system to meet the given BER
Rise Time Budget
Each element of the link is fast enough to meet the given bit rate
In the link power budget analysis one first determines the power margin between the optical
transmitter output and the minimum receiver sensitivity needed to establish a specified BER.
This margin can then be allocated to connector, splices and fiber losses, plus additional margins
required for possible component degradations, transmission line impairments or temperature effects.
Once the link power budget has been established, the designer can perform a system rise time
analysis to ensure that the desired overall system performance has been met.
System consideration
In carrying out a link power budget , we first decide at what wavelength to transmit and choose
components that operate in this region.
If the distance over which the data are to be transmitted is not too far, we may decide to operate in
the 800 to 900 nm region.
On the other hand if the transmission distance is relatively long, we may want to take advantage of
the lower attenuation and dispersion that occurs at wavelengths around 1300 or 1550 nm.
We next interrelate the system performance of the three major optical building blocks:
The receiver
Transmitter
Optical fiber
Normally, the designer chooses the characteristics of two of these elements and then computes
those of the third to see if the system performance requirements are met.
The procedure we shall follow:
First select photodetector.
We then choose an optical source and see how far data can be transmitted over a particular fiber
before an amplifier is needed in the line to boost up the power level of the optical signal.
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
Selecting the photodetector
In choosing a particular photodetector we mainly need to determine the minimum optical power
that must fall on the photodetector to satisfy the bit error rate requirement.
In making this choice the designer also needs to take into account any design cost and complexity
constraints.
A PIN photo diode receiver is simpler, more stable with changes in temperature and less expensive
than an avalanche photodiode receiver.
The advantages of PIN photodiode may be overruled by the increased sensitivity of the avalanche
photodiode if very low optical power levels are to be detected.
Selecting the source
The system parameters involved in deciding between the use of an LED and a laser diode are signal
dispersion, transmission distance and cost. The spectral width of the laser output is much narrower
than that of an LED.
Laser diodes couple from 10 to 15 dB more optical power into a fiber than an LED, greater repeater
less transmission distances are possible with a laser.
This advantage and lower dispersion capability of laser diodes may be offset by cost constraints.
Not only is a laser diode itself more expensive than an LED, but also the laser transmitter circuitry
is much more complex, since lasing threshold has to be dynamically controlled as a function of
temperature and device aging.
Selecting the Fiber
Bit rate and distance are the major factors while selecting the fiber.
Then decide Multimode or single mode/ Step or graded index fiber
Link power budget
The optical power received at the photodetector depends on the amount of light coupled into the
fiber and the losses occurring in the fiber and at the connectors and splices.
The link Loss Budget is derived from the sequential loss contribution of each element in the link.
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
Each of these loss elements is expressed in decibels (dB) as:
Loss = 10 log Pout / Pin
Where Pin and Pout are the optical powers emanating into and out of the loss element resp.
In addition to the link loss contributors shown in figure, a link power margin is normally provided
in the analysis to allow for component aging, temperature fluctuations and losses arising from
components that might be added at future dates.
A link margin of 68 db is generally used for systems, that are not expected to have additional
components incorporated into the link in the future.
The link loss budget simply considers the total optical power loss PT that is allowed between the
light source and the photodetector and allocates this loss to cable attenuation, connector loss, splice
loss and system margin.
If Ps is the optical power emerging from the end of a fiber flylead attached to the light source and
if PR is the receiver sensitivity.
Total optical power loss is given by :
PT = Ps PR
= 2lc + αfL + lsp + system margin
We assume that the cable of length L has connectors only on the ends and none in between.
lc is the connector loss,
αfL is the fiber attenuation (dB/km),
L is the transmission distance,
lsp is the loss due to splicing.
The system margin is nominally taken as 6dB..
RiseTime Budget
A risetime budget analysis is a convenient method for determining the dispersion limitation of
an optical link. This is particularly useful for a digital link.
In this approach the total rise time tsys of the link is the rootsumsquare of the rise times from
each contributors ti to the pulse risetime degradation.
That is, if there are N components in a link that affect the rise time then.
The four basic elements that may significantly limit system speed are the transmitter rise time,
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
the groupvelocity dispersion (GVD) rise time of the fiber/ material dispersion, the modal
dispersion rise time of the fiber, and the receiver rise time.
Singlemode fiber do not experience modal dispersion, so in these fibers the rise time is related
to GVD. Therefore, for singlemode fibers, we will only consider three basic elements.
The transmitter rise time t tx
The groupvelocity dispersion (GVD) rise time t VD / t mat of the fiber
The modal dispersion rise time t mod of the fiber
The receiver rise time t rx
The purpose of rise time budget is to ensure that the system operates properly at intended bit
rate. Generally the total transitiontime degradation tsys of a digital link should not exceed 70
percent of an NRZ (nonreturntozero) bit period or 35 percent for RZ (returntozero) data.
In digital transmission system, the system risetime limits the bit rate of the system according to the
following criteria:
t sys < 70 % of NRZ bit period
t sys < 35 % of RZ bit period
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
In case of RZ i.e return to zero format , the bandwidth and the total system rise time are related by
Bandwidth = Btmax = 0.35 / Tsys
In case of NRZ i.e non to zero format , the bandwidth and the total system rise time are related by
Bandwidth = Btmax = 0.70 / Tsys
Link Power Budget example 1
Consider a 1550 nm laser diode that launched a 3 dBm optical power level into a fiber flylead, an
InGaAs APD with a 32 dBm sensitivity at 2.5 Gb/s, and a 60 km long optical cable with a 0.3
dB/km attenuation. Assume that here, because of the way the equipment is arranged, a short optical
jumper cable is needed at each end between the end of the transmission cable and the SONET
equipment rack. Assume that each jumper cable introduces a loss of 3 dB. In addition, assume a 1
dB connector loss occurs at each fiber joint (two at each end because of the jumper cables).
Solution: Example: [SONET OC 48 (2.5 Gb/s) link]
Transmitter: 3dBm @ 1550 nm; Receiver: InGaAs APD with 32 dBm sensitivity @ 2.5
Gb/s;
Fiber: 60 km long with 0.3 dB/km attenuation; jumper cable loss 3 dB each, connector loss
of 1 dB each.
Link Power Budget example 2
Set up a link loss budget. The data rate is of 20 Mb/s and a BER of 10 9 (i.e. at most one error
can occur for every 10 9 bits sent). The receiver, has a silicon pin photodiode operating at 850
nm. The required receiver input signal is 42 dBm. At the input we have GaAlAs LED that
can couple a 50 μW (13 dBm) average optical power into a fiber flylead with a 50 μm core
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
diameter. Assume further that a 1 dB loss occurs when the fiber flylead is connected to the
cable and another 1 dB loss occurs at the cablephotodetector interface. Including a 6dB
system margin, calculate the possible transmission distance for a cable with an attenuation of α
f =3.5 dB/km?
Solution:
We thus have a 29 dB allowable power loss
PT = PS – PR = 29 dB
= 2lc + αL + system margin
= 2(1 dB) + αL + 6 dB
We thus have a 29 dB allowable power loss
6.0 km transmission path is possible.
Risetime budget numerical 3
With respect to numerical 2 . We shall assume that the LED together with its drive circuit has a
rise time of 15 ns. Taking a typical LED spectral width of 40 nm, we have a material
dispersionrelated risetime degradation of 21 ns over the 6km link. Assuming the receiver
has a 25 MHz bandwidth then from the equation
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
the contribution to the risetime degradation from the receiver is 14 ns. If the fiber we elect has
a 400 MHz.km bandwidthdistance product and with q=0.7, then the modaldispersion
induced fiber rise time is 3.9 ns. Substituting all these values back into equation
results in a link rise time of 30 ns.
• This value falls below the maximum allowable 35 ns risetime degradation for our 20 Mb/s
NRZ data stream. The choice of components was thus adequate to meet our system design
criteria.
Link budget analysis example 4
A 1550nm single mode digital fiber optical link needs to operate at 622Mbps, over 80 Km
without amplifiers. A single mode GaAs laser launches an average optical power of 13dBm
into the fiber.
1) the fiber has a loss of 0.35dB/Km
2) splices with a loss of 0.1dB every km
3) coupling loss at receiver is 0.5dB
The receiver uses an InGaAs APD with a sensitivity of 31dBm. Excess noise penalties are
expected to be 1.5dB. Set up an optical power budget for this link and find the system
margin.
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
Fiber loss 0.35dB/KmX 80 = 28dB 8.1 [36.1 -28]
Coupling loss at receiver 0.5dB 7.6 [8.1 – 0.5]
Noise penalties 1.5dB 6.1 [7.6 – 1.5]
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
RF Over Fiber
Radio frequency (RF) signals at microwave and millimetre wave frequencies are used in
applications such as radars, satellite links, broadband terrestrial radios, and cable television
networks. The signal ranges include the 0.3 to 3 GHz ultra high frequency (UHF) band, the
3 to 30 GHz super high frequency (SHF) region and the 30 to 300GHz extremely high
frequency (EHF) range. Traditionally these RF systems used wireless or coaxial cable links
for transporting the microwave signals from a receiving element ( for example antenna) to a
signal processing centre, which could be located hundreds of meters away. Optical fibers
offer advantages over coaxial cables such as a smaller size, lower losses, and wider
bandwidths and in sensitivity to electromagnetic interference effects. Compared to coaxial
lines, these factors allow easier deployment of fiber links over greater distances.
Consequently, there has been much interest in developing and deploying highspeed optical
fiber links for transporting microwave and millimeter wave signals in their original analog
formats.
The methods for transmitting microwave analog signals over an optical fiber link have become
known as RF over fiber techniques.
Key link Parameters
Figure below shows the constituents of a generic RF over fiber link.
The three major modules are an RF to optical signal converting device at the transmitting end,
an optical to RF signal converting device at the receiving end, and an optical fiber that
joins these two modules. The primary parameters used to characterize the RF performance
of the optical link are the gain, noise figure and spur free dynamic range (SFDR).
Figure 1: Basic Constituents of a generic RF over fiber link
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
Typical parameter values for a 500m RF overfiber link
The link gain g is defined as the ratio of the RF power Pout generated in the photo detector load
resistor to the RF power input Pin to the laser transmitter. Thus for a directly modulated link
the gain is
Where SM is the slope efficiency (given in watts per ampere) of the modulation device
ηLF is the laser to fiber coupling efficiency
TF is the fiber transmission efficiency,
ηFD is fiber to detector coupling efficiency
R is the photo detector responsivity (given in amperes per watts).
Rload is the detector load resistance, and RM is the modulator resistance.
Table gives some typical values of these parameters for a 500m link.
The value of 0.7 for the fiber transmission efficiency implies a fiber loss of 3.5dB/km at
850nm. Gain values that are less than 1 represent a link loss. The two major contributors to
the maximum value of the gain are the limits of the modulator slope efficiency and the photo
detector responsivity, since the values of the other parameters do not vary significantly.
The noise figure (NF) represents a measure of the degradation in the signaltonoise ratio
(SNR) between the input and the output of the link. It is defined in decibels by
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
Where the input noise is the thermal noise power generated by a matched resistive load kBT
0
0held at T = 290 K. The parameter kB is Boltzman’s constant and Be is the noise bandwidth of
the electronic receiver. Here we use the designation Nout to denote the total output noise
power in the bandwidth B. Since Nout is proportional to B, then Nout is the noise power per
unit bandwidth, so that the NF is independent of the noise bandwidth.
At the link output the noise power is due to the laser RIN, photodetector shot noise, and
thermal noise. Their contributions per unit noise bandwidth (in A2/ Hz) are given by
Where Ip is the average photo diode current in the receiver.
Spur Free Dynamic Range
The dynamic range of an analog link is defined in relation to twotone thirdorder inter
modulation frequencies. First consider two large equalpower signals at fundamental
frequencies. First consider two large equal –power signals at fundamental frequencies f 1 and
f2.
These two signals will produce second –order modulation products are 2f1, 2f2, and f1+ f2 and
third order inter modulation products at frequencies 2f1 ± f2 and 2f2 ± f1.
For standard analog link the third order inter modulation distortion varies as the cube of the RF
input power. Figure 3 shows this relationship and also shows the linear relationship of the
output power of the fundamentals as a function of the Rf input power. The spur free
dynamic range is defined as the ratio between the power in the fundamental carrier and the
third order inter modulation (designated as IMD3) at that power level where IMD3 is equal
to the noise floor. This means that the SFDR is the usable dynamic range before spurious
noise interferes with or distorts the fundamental signal.
The SFDR is given by from the plot as :
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
Figure 2: The relationship of third order inter modulation products ( dashed line) to
system operating requirements
Figure 3: SFDR is the ratio of the power in the fundamental carrier to the IMD3 at the
input power level where the IMD3 power equals the noise level
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
Radio –over Fiber Links
Figure shows the basic network architecture for such a scheme.
Subscribers are located up to 1 km from a local base station.
The transmission range around a BS is called a microcell ( diameter less than 1km) or a pico
cell or hotspot (radii ranging from 5 to 50m).
The BSs are connected to a microcell control station (CS) in the central office, which is
responsible for functions such as RF modulation and demodulation, channel control and
switching and routing of customer calls.
Due to the advantageous transmission characteristics of optical fibers (low loss, high immunity
to electromagnetic interference and wide bandwidth), a great interest arose in using fiber to
connect the base stations to the central office.
The network deployment enables all the equipment that performs complex signal processing
and call routing to be located in the central office.
This structure thus distributes the cost of the central equipment among inexpensive base
stations that need to do only amplification plus electricalto optical and opticaltoelectrical
signal conversion.
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents
Figure 4: Radio over fiber concept of a broadband wireless access network for interconnecting
antenna base stations with the central controlling office
Microwave Photonics
The field of microwave photonics encompasses the study and applications of photonics devices
operating at microwave frequencies. The key components being developed and applied include the
following.
1] High frequency low loss external optical modulators that have linear transfer functions and that
can withstand continuous-wave optical powers up to 60mW.
2] Optical sources with high slope efficiencies and low RIN that can be modulated at tens of GHz.
3] High-speed photodiodes and optical receivers that can respond to signal frequencies of 20 to 60
GHz.
4] Microwave photonic filters that perform the same tasks as standard RF filters.
In addition to device development, microwave photonics also addresses optical signal processing at
microwave speeds and the design and implementation of RF photonic transmission systems.
For example, applications of photonic signal processing at multiple-gigahertz sampling frequencies
include signal filtering, analog-to-digital conversion, frequency conversion and mixings, signal
correlation, generation of arbitrary waveforms and beam forming methodologies for phased array
radars. The literature contains a number of reviews about these and other emerging techniques.
Notes prepared by: Prof. Poonam S. Chakraborty, EXTC Dept, DBIT, Kurla.
Reference books: Optical Fiber Communications by John Senior and Gierd Keiser, and online documents