Các chuyên đề NGỮ PHÁP CHUYÊN SÂU

BÀI GIẢNG CHUYÊN SÂU BỒI DƯỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI – MÔN TIẾNG ANH
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 6: BỒI DƯỠNG KIẾN THỨC NÂNG CAO
VỀ MỆNH ĐỀ NGUYÊN NHÂN VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ NHƯỢNG BỘ
CLAUSES OF REASON AND CONCESSION

1. Adverb clauses of reason

a. BECAUSE/LEST + Clause
Eg: - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill.
- Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off.
*. Lest: vì e rằng, để ngăn không cho điều gì đó xảy ra
E.g. - He ran away lest he (should/might) be seen. => tương tự cấu trúc giả định (để khỏi bị nhìn thấy)
b. BECAUSE OF/FOR FEAR OF/AS A RESULT OF/AS A CONCEQUENCE OF/ DUE TO/THANK
TO/OWING TO+ N/Object Pronoun/V.ING Phrase
Eg: - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because of his illness.
- Because of the bad weather, the flight was put off.
2. Adverb clauses of concession
a. MUCH AS/THOUGH/ALTHOUGH/EVEN THOUGH + Clause
Eg: - They came to the concert though it was raining heavily.
- Although it is a very hot day, I shall go for a walk.
b. IN SPITE OF/ REGARDLESS OF / DESPITE + N/Object Pronoun/V.ING Phrase
Eg: - They came to the concert in spite of the heavy rain.
- In spite of a hot day, I shall go for a walk.
3. CÁCH BIẾN ĐỔI TỪ MỆNH ĐỀ SANG CỤM DANH TỪ/ ĐỘNG DANH TỪ trong mđnn và mđnb
1) Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề giống nhau => Bỏ chủ từ, động từ thêm ING:
E.g. Although Tom got up late, he got to school on time.
=> Despite / in spite of getting up late, Tom got to school on time.
Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep. (In spite of) => In spite of not having …
2) Nếu chủ từ là danh từ + be + tính từ => Đem tính từ đặt trứoc danh từ, bỏ to be
E.g. Although the rain was heavy, they decided to leave there.
=> Despite / in spite of the heavy rain, ......
Although the weather was bad, she went to school on time. (Despite)
Tom was admitted to the university although his grades were bad. (Despite)
3) Nếu chủ từ là đại từ + be + tính từ => Đổi đại từ thành sỡ hửu, đổi tính từ thành danh từ, bỏ be
E.g. Although He was sick, he joined our trip
=> Despite / in spite of his sickness, .......
Mary could not go to school because she was sick. (Because of)
My mother told me to go to school although I was sick. (In spite of)
4) Nếu chủ từ là đại từ + động từ + trạng từ => Đổi đại từ thành sở hữu, động từ thành danh từ, trạng từ thành tính
từ đặt trước danh từ
E.g. Although He behaved impolitely,.....
=> Despite / in spite of his impolite behavior, .........
5) Nếu câu có dạng : there be + danh từ => Thì bỏ there be, thêm the trước N
E.g. Although there was an accident, .....
=> Despite / in spite of the accident, ......
Because there was a big storm, I stayed at home. (Because of) => Because of the big storm, …
6) Nếu câu có dạng : It (be) + tính từ về thời tiết => Đổi tính từ thành danh từ thêm “the” phía trước.
E.g. Although it was rainy, .....
=> Despite / in spite of the rain, ……….
Các tính từ và danh từ thường gặp trong mẫu này là:
Foggy => fog ( sương mù), Snowy => snow (tuyết), Rainy => rain (mưa), Stormy => storm (bão)

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7) Nếu câu có dạng: Danh từ + (be) + p.p (câu bị động)
=> Đổi p.p thành danh từ, thêm “the” phía trước và “of” phía sau danh từ
Although television was invented, ..... => Despite / in spite of the invention of television, ………
8). The fact that + clause:
*. Phương pháp cuối cùng cũng là phương pháp dễ nhất: thêm the fact (that) trước mệnh đề: Despite the fact that …,
In spite of the fact that …, Because of the fact that …
E.g. Although he behaved impolitely,.....
=> Despite / in spite of the fact that he behaved impolitely,.....
E.g. 1. Although Tom was a poor student, he studied very well. (In spite of) => In spite of his poverty, …
2. Although she has a physical handicap, she has become a successful woman. (Despite)
=> Despite her physical handicap, she ..
3. In spite of his good salary, Tom gave up his job. (Although) => Although Tom got a good salary, …
4. In spite of the high prices, my daughters insists on going to the movies. (Even though)
=> Even though the prices are high, my daughter insists on going to the movies.
4. Other Structures:
*. Summary: WH-/How + EVER = NO MATTER + WH-/How = IT DOESN’T MATTER + WH-/How
a. No matter wh- (who/when/where/why) + S + (May) + V, S + V
E.g. - No matter who you are, I still love you.
- No matter what she says, I don’t believe her.
E.g. - Whoever/No matter who he may be, we don’t believe what he says.
b. No matter how + (adj/adv) + S + (May) + V, S + V
E.g. - No matter how he tries, he will not succeed.
- No matter how heavily it rains, I go to school.
- No matter how beautiful she is, I don’t like her.
E.g. - However rich this man is, he can’t support his family.
c. No matter what/Whatever + (N) + S + (May) + V, S + V
E.g. - Whatever/No matter what others may say, you are certainly right.
- Whatever/No matter what he says, no one believes him.
d. It doesn’t matter what + S + (May) + V, S + V => Trong cấu trúc này, what được dùng nhiều hơn các từ khác
E.g - It doesn’t matter what he says, he’s always your brother.

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PRACTICE
I. Clauses of Concession: although, in spite of, no matter, …
1. In spite of all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
=> Although …
2. The dog saw him. It always barked at him angrily. (Whenever …)
=> …
3. Although she was angry, she managed to hide her feeling. (despite)
=> …
4. My parents find fault with everything I do.
=> No matter …
5. You can use it as long as you like, and it won’t wear out.
=> No matter …
6. I had had no experience of skiing but I quickly picked it up.
=> Despite my …
7. I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievement.
=> Much …
8(*). Although Peter was the stronger of the two, his attacker soon overpowered him.
=> Despite …
9. I tried as hard as I could, but I just couldn’t get the money.
=> No matter …
10. Cars cause pollution but people still want them.
=> People still want cars …
11. It won’t make any difference if it rains because we’ll still go.
=> We’ll still go …
12. Although she was frightened, she forced herself to pick up the snake.
=> Frightened …
13. In spite of all our warnings, he left camp without taking his rifle.
=> Although …
14. The villagers refuse to leave even though their food supply is threatened.
=> Despite …
15. Despite his ungainly air he is remarkable agile. => Although …
16. Although Richard is competent in his work, he doesn’t know how to deal with his client.
=> Competent …
17. While I strongly disapprove of your behaviour, I will help you this time.
=> Despite my …
18. Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish.
=> Much …
19. You believe that fat people are always jolly, but you are wrong.
=> Contrary …
20. Despite her severe disability Judy participated in many sports.
=> Although …
21. It’s sad, but unemployment is unlikely to go down this year.
=> Sad …
22. In spite of their game, the tam lost. => Despite the fact …
23. The affair became public even though they attempted to conceal it. (despite)
=> …
24. Though my house was cheaper than Norman’s, it is bigger and more attractive.
=> Norman’s house may …
25. Although Johnny Brax drives carefully on public roads, he is a terror on the racetrack.
=> Johnny Brax is a …

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26. Despite having flue, she insisted on going out. (yet) => …
27. Although the weather was changed, the picnic went ahead as planned.( spite)
=> The picnic went ahead as planned.........................................in the weather.
28. In spite of her initial reluctance to take the job, she’s got on very well.
=> Reluctant …
29. I admit he’s clever, but I don’t think he’ll solve this problem.
=> However …
30. He managed to complete the sculpture although his eyesight was failing.
=> Despite …
31. Although it rained torrentially all day, we all enjoyed the excursion.
=> Despite …
32. However friendly he seems, he’s not to be trusted. => Friendly …
33. Although he was very tired, he agreed to play tennis. => Tired …
34. Melissa’s father was very busy, but he still played with her.
=> Busy …
35. In spite of the forecast, it stayed fine. => Although rain …
36. You can use it as long as you like, and it won’t wear out.
=> No matter …
37. Although Judy was severely disabled she participated in many sports.
=> Despite her …
38. Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish.
=> Much …
39. Despite all their efforts, they couldn’t get the old car to start. (HARD)
=> No matter ………………………………………, they couldn’t get the old car to start.
40. It doesn’t make any difference which number you choose –you’ll still win a prize.
=> Whichever ...
41. He couldn’t see a way of getting round the problem, however hard he tried.
=> No ...
42. I don’t think the article should be published, although I admit it’s interesting.
=> Interesting ...
43. He offered to make a speech, although he did not have much self-confidence.
=> Despite ...
44. It was a difficult choice, but I had to make it.
=> Difficult ...
45. In spite of the tight deadline, they manage to complete the project on schedule.
=> Even though ...
46. Another job may be better, but it will not offer you the same satisfaction.
=> While ...
47. It doesn’t matter who you ask, you’ll always get the same answer.
=> Whoever ...
48. You’ll never find a better place to spend a holiday, wherever you go.
=> No matter ...
49. I like him a lot, but I don’t want to marry him.
=> Much ...
50. In spite of all her efforts, she didn’t manage to get there on time.
=> Even ...
51. I very much want to do the job, but there isn’t enough money in it.
=> Much ...
52. On no account should you tell anyone else about these plans. => Whatever ...
53. I saw the film although I strongly dislike thrillers. spite => I saw the film in …….………………… of thrillers.

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54. Speaking personally, I don’t care whether she comes with us or not. matter
=> It _________________________________________whether she comes with us or not.
55. Although the weather was terrible we had a good time. spite
=> We had a good time .................... the terrible weather.
56. Honestly, I don’t mind where we go for our summer holidays. MATTER
=> Honestly, ------- me where we go for our summer holidays.
57. We went for a walk although it was raining yesterday. SPITE
=> We went for a walk ………………………………………………. yesterday.
58. We are friends although we have disagreements about some things. DESPITE
=> We are friends …………………………………….. disagree about some things.
59. Although he was able to do the job, he wasn't given the position. despite
=> ……………………………………….. to do the job, he wasn't given the position.
60. The price is very high .There are a lot of customers (despite)
61. Mickey is extremely busy, but he often finds time to look in and ask how I am.
=> Despite …
62. Although we respect Brian’s expertise in archaeology, we’re not going to employ him this time.
=> Much …
62. Although I tried very hard, I couldn’t convince Debbie to deliver a speech.
=> Try …
63. Robert warned his wife pretty strongly, yet she refused to listen to his advice.
=> No matter …
64. I tried really hard but I failed to solve the puzzle. => Try as …
65. She was warned firmly not to use the faulty oven, but she still kept doing so.
=> Even …
66. Although she seems to be very courteous, she can also be very impolite.
=> Courteous …
67. It doesn’t matter whether you are an experienced climber or not, mountaineering can still be dangerous.
=> However …
68. Rousseau painted fabulous pictures of the rainforest although he had never traveled outside Europe. (spite)
=> Rousseau painted fabulous pictures of the rainforest ………………………………… traveled outside Europe.
69. When we arrive isn’t really important, as long as we get there. (MATTER)
=> It really …………………… time we arrive, as long as we get there.
70. We would try really hard, but my older sister and I never got on. (HOW)
=> No ………………………………….., my older sister and I never got on.

II. Clauses of Reason: Because, Because of, As a result of, As a consequence of, For fear of, Due to, …
1. My slow progress was due to bad teaching.
=> As a result …
2. I didn’t turn on the TV because the baby might wake up. (FEAR)
=> …
3. We were late for the meeting due to the heavy traffic. (because)
=> …
4. Peter managed to get promoted to the job of Office Manager because he worked extremely hard.
=> By …
5. She has won several medals. She is swift, intelligent and flexible. (Thanks to)
=> …
6. As the patient was still too weak, the surgeon postponed the operation.
=> The surgeon put …

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7. Mathematics improves the way we think, it is a basic tool of thinking.
=> Since mathematics …
8. They decided not to go for the picnic because the weather might be bad.
=> For fear of …
9. Crops in low-lying areas have suffered serious damage as a result of flooding.
=> Flooding …
10. I was lost so I asked the way. because => I …………………………………………………… I was lost.
11. The dry weather is killing all the plants in my garden. dying
=> All the plants in my garden ………………………………………… the dry weather.
12. Because it snowed heavily during the night the motorway is closed. due
=> The motorway is closed ........................................ that there was heavy snow the night before.
13. Redundancy had caused a lot of domestic problems.
=> Many a............
14. We had to call the doctor because the baby had a high temperature. (because of).
=> …
15. The factory had to be shut down because of very low output and poor profits. (due)
=> …
16. He is going to step down because of the corruption allegations. (account)
=> …
17. I held my breath for a long while because I was afraid they might discover my presence. (lest)
=> ….
18. Alfred put on his raincoat because he didn’t want to get soaked.
=> For fear …
19. He ran away because he was afraid that he might be seen. (lest)
=> …
20. Wage cuts have led to people rioting on the streets. (as a result of)
=> …

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ANSWER KEY
I. Clauses of Concession: although, in spite of, no matter, …
1. In spite of all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
=> Although …
(Although we had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong./ Although our plans were careful, a lot of
things went wrong.) (DH Hang Hai – Khoi D 97-98, P.143)
2. The dog saw him. It always barked at him angrily. (Whenever …)
=> …
(Whenever the dog saw him, it barked at him angrily.) (DH SP Quy Nhon – Khoi D 97-98, P.247)
3. Although she was angry, she managed to hide her feeling. (despite)
=> …
(Despite her anger, …) (DH Thai Nguyen – Khoi D – 97-98, P.259)
4. My parents find fault with everything I do. => No matter …
(No matter what I do my parents find false with them.)
58. You can use it as long as you like, and it won’t wear out. => No matter …
(No matter how long you use it, it won’t wear out.) (Hoc Vien QHQT – Khoi D 97-98, P.295)
6. I had had no experience of skiing but I quickly picked it up. => Despite my …
(Despite my having no experience of skiing/ inexperience of skiing, I quickly pict it up.) (DH Thai Nguyen – 2001-2002,
P.85)
7. I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievement. => Much …
(Much as I admire her achievement, I don’t really like her.) (HV Ngan Hang Phan Vien TP. HCM – 2001-2002, P. 108)
8(*). Although Peter was the stronger of the two, his attacker soon overpowered him. => Despite … (Despite Peter
being the stronger of the two, his attacker soon overpowered him./ Despite his superior strength, Peter was soon
overpowered by his attacker./ Despite his being the stronger of the two, Peter was soon overpowered by hins
attacker.) (HVKHQS – 2001-2002, P. 129) => + Passive Voice
9. I tried as hard as I could, but I just couldn’t get the money. => No matter …
(No matter how hard I tried, I just couldn’t get the money.) (DHDL Dong Do – 2001-2002, P. 158)
10. Cars cause pollution but people still want them. => People still want cars …
(People still want cars though they cause pollution.) (DHDL Hung Vuong – 2001-2002, P. 164)
11. It won’t make any difference if it rains because we’ll still go. => We’ll still go …
(We’ll still go whether it rains or not.) (DHDL Van Hien – 2001-2002, P. 188)
12. Although she was frightened, she forced herself to pick up the snake.
=> Frightened …
(as/though she was, she forced herself to pick up the snake.) (BTTA 12 – P.107)
13. In spite of all our warnings, he left camp without taking his rifle.
=> Although …
(we all had warned him, he left camp without taking his rifle.) (BTTA 12 – P.107)
14. The villagers refuse to leave even though their food supply is threatened.
=> Despite …
(their threatened food supply, the villagers refuse to leave.) (BTTA 12 – P.107)
15. Despite his ungainly air he is remarkable agile. => Although …
(he has got ungainly air, he is remarkable agile.) (BTTA 12 – P.107)
16. Although Richard is competent in his work, he doesn’t know how to deal with his client.
=> Competent …
(as/though Rechard is, he doesn’t know how to deal with his client. (BTTA 12 – P.107)
17. While I strongly disapprove of your behaviour, I will help you this time.
=> Despite my …
strong disapproval of your behaviour, I will help you this time. (BTTA 12 – P.107)
18. Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish. => Much …
(as I admire his courage, I think he is follish.) (BTTA 12 – P.107)

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19. You believe that fat people are always jolly, but you are wrong.
=> Contrary …
(to your belief, fat people are always jolly.) (BTTA 12 – P.107)
20. Despite her severe disability Judy participated in many sports. => Although …
(Judy was severely disable, she participated in many sports.) (BTTA 12 – P.107)
21. It’s sad, but unemployment is unlikely to go down this year.
=> Sad …
(as/though it is, unemployment is unlikely to go down this year.) (BTTA 12 – P.107)
22. In spite of their game, the tam lost. => Despite the fact …
(that they played wekk, the team lost.) (BTTA 12 – P.107)
23. The affair became public even though they attempted to conceal it. (despite)
=> …
24. Though my house was cheaper than Norman’s, it is bigger and more attractive.
=> Norman’s house may …
(have been more expensive, but it is smaller and less attractive than mine. => comparison and modal perfect.)
(BTTA 12 – P.204)
25. Although Johnny Brax drives carefully on public roads, he is a terror on the racetrack.
=> Johnny Brax is a …
(careful driver on public roads but a terror on the racetrack.) (đồng vị ngữ => không dùng but he is … - lặp)
(BD HSG TA 11 – P.118) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.72)
26. Despite having flue, she insisted on going out. (yet) => …
(She had flue, yet she insisted on going out. (yet = but) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.130)
=> There are a lot of customers despite the high price
27. Although the weather was changed, the picnic went ahead as planned.( spite)
=> The picnic went ahead as planned.........................................in the weather.
(The picnic went ahead as planned in spite of the changing in the weather.)
28. In spite of her initial reluctance to take the job, she’s got on very well.
=> Reluctant …
(as/though she was to take the job at first/initially, she’s got on very well.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.168)
- reluctant: miễn cưỡng, bất đắc dĩ, không hài long
29. I admit he’s clever, but I don’t think he’ll solve this problem.
=> However …
(clever he may be/ is, I don’t think he’ll solve this problem.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.84)
30. He managed to complete the sculpture although his eyesight was failing.
=> Despite …
(his failing eyesight, he managed to complete the sculpture. (BD HSG TA 12 – P.85)
31. Although it rained torrentially all day, we all enjoyed the excursion.
=> Despite …
(the torrential rain all day, we all enjoyed the excursion.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.98)
(Despite the fact that it rained torrentially all day, we all enjoyed the excursion.
32. However friendly he seems, he’s not to be trusted. => Friendly …
(as/though he may seem, he’s not to be trusted.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.98)
33. Although he was very tired, he agreed to play tennis. => Tired …
(as/though he might be/was, he agreed to play tennis.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.98)
34. Melissa’s father was very busy, but he still played with her.
=> Busy …
(as/though Melissa’s/he father was, he/Melissa’s father still played with her.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.166)
35. In spite of the forecast, it stayed fine. => Although rain …
(was forecast, it stayed fine.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.180)
36. You can use it as long as you like, and it won’t wear out.

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=> No matter …
(how long you use it, it won’t wear out.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.181)
37. Although Judy was severely disabled she participated in many sports.
=> Despite her …
(severe disability/being severely disabled, Judy participated in many sports) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.181)
38. Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish.
=> Much …
(as I admire his courage, I think he is foolish.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.195)
39. Despite all their efforts, they couldn’t get the old car to start. (HARD)
=> No matter ………………………………………, they couldn’t get the old car to start.
(No matter how hard they tried/how hard work they did, they couldn’t get the old car to start. (CAE-3)
40. It doesn’t make any difference which number you choose –you’ll still win a prize.
=> Whichever ...
(Whichever number you choose, you’ll still win a prize.)
41. He couldn’t see a way of getting round the problem, however hard he tried.
=> No ...
(No matter how hard he tried, he couldn’t see a way of getting round the problem.)
42. I don’t think the article should be published, although I admit it’s interesting.
=> Interesting ...
(Interesting though the article is, I don’t think it should be published.)
43. He offered to make a speech, although he did not have much self-confidence.
=> Despite ...
(Despite his lack of self-confidence, he offered to make a speech.)
44. It was a difficult choice, but I had to make it.
=> Difficult ...
(Difficult as the choice was, I still had to make it / Difficult though it was, I still had to
make the choice.)
45. In spite of the tight deadline, they manage to complete the project on schedule.
=> Even though ...
(Even though they had a tight deadline, they still managed to complete the project on schedule/ Even though
the deadline (they had) was tight, they still... )
46. Another job may be better, but it will not offer you the same satisfaction.
=> While ...
(While another job may be better, it will not offer you the same satisfaction.)
47. It doesn’t matter who you ask, you’ll always get the same answer.
=> Whoever ...
(Whoever you ask, you’ll always get the same answer.)
48. You’ll never find a better place to spend a holiday, wherever you go.
=> No matter ...
(No matter where you go, you’ll never find a better place to spend a holiday.)
49. I like him a lot, but I don’t want to marry him.
=> Much ...
(Much as I like him, I don’t want to marry him.)
50. In spite of all her efforts, she didn’t manage to get there on time.
=> Even ...
(Even though she tried hard / made a great effort, she didn’t manage to get there ... )
51. I very much want to do the job, but there isn’t enough money in it.
=> Much ...
(Much as I want to do the job, there isn’t enough money in it.)
52. On no account should you tell anyone else about these plans. => Whatever ...

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(Whatever you do, don’t tell anyone else about these plans.)
53. I saw the film although I strongly dislike thrillers. spite => I saw the film in …….………………… of thrillers.
(I saw the film in …spite of my strong dislike… of thrillers.)
54. Speaking personally, I don’t care whether she comes with us or not. matter
=> It _________________________________________whether she comes with us or not.
(It __does not matter to me_ whether she comes with us or not.)
55. Although the weather was terrible we had a good time. spite
=> We had a good time .................... the terrible weather.
(in spite of)
56. Honestly, I don’t mind where we go for our summer holidays. MATTER
=> Honestly, ------- me where we go for our summer holidays.
(it doesn’t/does not matter to)
57. We went for a walk although it was raining yesterday. SPITE
=> We went for a walk ………………………………………………. yesterday.
(in spite of the rain)
58. We are friends although we have disagreements about some things. DESPITE
=> We are friends …………………………………….. disagree about some things.
(despite the fact that we)
59. Although he was able to do the job, he wasn't given the position. despite
=> ……………………………………….. to do the job, he wasn't given the position.
(Despite his ability to do the job, he wasn't given the position.)
60. The price is very high .There are a lot of customers (despite)
61. Mickey is extremely busy, but he often finds time to look in and ask how I am.
=> Despite …
(Despite being extremely busy, Mickey often finds time to look in and ask how I am.)
62. Although we respect Brian’s expertise in archaeology, we’re not going to employ him this time.
=> Much …
(Much as we respect Brian’s expertise in archaeology, we’re not going to employ him this time.)
62. Although I tried very hard, I couldn’t convince Debbie to deliver a speech.
=> Try …
(Try as I might, I couldn’t convince Debbie to deliver a speech.)
63. Robert warned his wife pretty strongly, yet she refused to listen to his advice.
=> No matter …
(No matter how strongly Robert warned his wife, she refused to listen to his advice.)
64. I tried really hard but I failed to solve the puzzle. => Try as …
(Try as I might, I failed to solve the puzzle.)
65. She was warned firmly not to use the faulty oven, but she still kept doing so.
=> Even …
(Even though she was warned firmly not to use the faulty oven, she kept doing so.)
66. Although she seems to be very courteous, she can also be very impolite.
=> Courteous …
(Courteous though/ as she seems to be, she can also be very impolite.)
67. It doesn’t matter whether you are an experienced climber or not, mountaineering can still be dangerous.
=> However …
(However experienced a climber you are, mountaineering can still be dangerous.)
68. Rousseau painted fabulous pictures of the rainforest although he had never traveled outside Europe. (spite)
=> Rousseau painted fabulous pictures of the rainforest ………………………………… traveled outside Europe.
(Rousseau painted fabulous pictures of the rainforest in spite of having never traveled outside Europe. (CAE - 1)
69. When we arrive isn’t really important, as long as we get there. (MATTER)

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=> It really …………………… time we arrive, as long as we get there.
(It really doesn’t matter (at) what time we arrive, as long as we get there. (CAE – 4)
It really is not a matter of what time we arrive, as long as we get there.)
70. We would try really hard, but my older sister and I never got on. (HOW)
=> No ………………………………….., my older sister and I never got on.
(No matter how hard we tried/would try, my older sister and I never got on. (CAE – 4)
71. While the accuracy of some details in the report is disputed, the underlying truth is not.
=> The underlying truth ...
(The underlying truth behind the information is not disputed although its accuracy is.)
72. We were very impressed by his plans, but found them rather ambitious.
=> Impressed ...
(Impressed though we were by his plans, we found them rather ambitious.)
73. It doesn’t make any difference if they paint the board white or yellow. (matter)
=> It …
(It doesn’t matter whether they paint the board white or yellow.)
74. Although he overslept, Clive wasn’t late for work. (up)
=> Despite ………………………. on time, Clive wasn’t late for work.
(Despite not waking up on time, Clive wasn’t late for work.)

II. Clauses of Reason: Because, Because of, As a result of, As a consequence of, For fear of, Due to, …
1. My slow progress was due to bad teaching.
=> As a result …
(of bad teaching, I made slow progress/ my progress was slow.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.112)
- Make progress: tiến bộ
2. I didn’t turn on the TV because the baby might wake up. (FEAR)
=> …
(I didn’t turn on the TV for fear of waking up the baby.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.165)
- For fear of : Vì e rằng, vì sợ rằng …
3. We were late for the meeting due to the heavy traffic. (because)
=> …
(We were late for the meeting because the traffic was heavy.) (DH Hang Hai – Khoi D – chuyen ban 97-98, P.149)
4. Peter managed to get promoted to the job of Office Manager because he worked extremely hard.
=> By …
(DH Ngoai Ngu Ha Noi – Khoi D – chuyen ban 97-98, P.186)
5. She has won several medals. She is swift, intelligent and flexible. (Thanks to)
=> …
(Thanks to her swiftness, intelligence, and flexibility she has won several medals.) (DH Thai Nguyen – Khoi D – 97-98,
P.259)
6. As the patient was still too weak, the surgeon postponed the operation.
=> The surgeon put …
(The surgeon put off the operation as the patient was still too weak.) (DHNN – 2001-2002, P.62)
7. Mathematics improves the way we think, it is a basic tool of thinking.
=> Since mathematics …
(Since mathematics is a basic tool of thinking, it improves the way we think.) (DHSP TP.HCM – 2001-2002, P.82)
8. They decided not to go for the picnic because the weather might be bad.
=> For fear of …
(For fear of the bad weather, they decided not to go for the picnic.) (HV Ngan Hang – 2001-2002, P. 102)
9. Crops in low-lying areas have suffered serious damage as a result of flooding.
=> Flooding …
(Flooding has caused/resulted in serious damage to crops in low-lying areas.) (HVQHQT – 2001-2002, P. 117)

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10. I was lost so I asked the way. because => I …………………………………………………… I was lost.
(…… asked the way because ……)
11. The dry weather is killing all the plants in my garden. dying
=> All the plants in my garden ………………………………………… the dry weather.
(…… are dying because of / due to …… )
12. Because it snowed heavily during the night the motorway is closed. due
=> The motorway is closed ........................................ that there was heavy snow the night before.
(due to the fact)
13. Redundancy had caused a lot of domestic problems.
=> Many a............
(Many a domestic problem has been caused by redundancy.)
14. We had to call the doctor because the baby had a high temperature. (because of).
=> …
(We had to call the doctor because of the baby’s high temperature.)
15. The factory had to be shut down because of very low output and poor profits. (due)
=> …
(The factory had to be shut down due to very low out put and poor profits.)
16. He is going to step down because of the corruption allegations. (account)
=> …
(He is going to step down on account of the corruption allegations.)
17. I held my breath for a long while because I was afraid they might discover my presence. (lest)
=> ….
(I held my breath for a long while lest they should(might –acceptable)discover my presence.)
18. Alfred put on his raincoat because he didn’t want to get soaked.
=> For fear …
(For fear of getting soaked Alfred put on his rain coat.)
19. He ran away because he was afraid that he might be seen. (lest)
=> …
(He ran away lest he should be seen.) (hắn bỏ chạy mất vì sợ rằng người ta ( sẽ/có thể) nhìn thấy)
20. Wage cuts have led to people rioting on the streets. (as a result of) (BTTA 12 – P.143)
=> …
(As a result of wage cuts, people have rioted/ have been rioting on the streets.)
21. It is important to be well prepared for an interview because if you make a mistake, you may not get the job.
(COST)
=> A mistake in an interview may ……………………… so it is important to be well prepared.
(A mistake in an interview may cost a job/ the job so it is important to be well prepared.)
- Cost (v): trị giá, có thể phải trả giá bằng cả … (CAE – 3)

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