GENERAL MATHEMATICS – FIRST QUARTER 2) If f = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)}, then f is a function

MODULE 1A: FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS because the domain did not repeat and each
element corresponds with each other.

LESSON 1 – REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS 3) If g = {(2, 3), (5, 6), (7, 8), (5, 9)}, then g is not a
function because when x = 5, there are two
 Function – a set of ordered pairs (x, y) in which different possible values for y (6 and 9).
no two distinct ordered pairs have the same first
number. 4) If b = {(2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 7), (6, 9)}, then b is a
 Each value of set X is associated with exactly function since y = 5 corresponds with both x = 2
one value of set Y. and x = 3.
 A function can have two or more y-values but
with only one x-value. Differences between Functions and Relations
 It is denoted by the symbol f(x) which means Relation Function
that for a particular value of y, there is a (1) A relation is a rule that (1) A function is a relation
relates values from a set of where each element in the
corresponding value of x. values called the domain to domain is related to only
a second set of values one value in the range.
called the range.
 Domain – the set of first coordinates. It is the (2) The elements of a domain (2) Each input corresponds to
input of a function (independent variable, x). can be imagined as an only one output.
 Range – the set of second coordinates. It is the input to a machine that
applies the rule to these
output of a function (dependent variable, y). inputs to generate one or
more outputs.
 Relation – correspondence between the x- (3) A relation is a set of (3) A function is also a set of
ordered pairs (x, y). ordered pairs (x, y) such
values and y-values of ordered pairs (x, y). that no two ordered pairs
 In order for a relation to be a function, every have the same x-value but
different y-values.
input must have an output.
Types of Relations
Examples:
1. One-to-one relation. Each value of x is mapped
1) Let set X consists of four students and set Y
to exactly one value of y. This relation is a
consists of their corresponding grades in
function.
mathematics.
2. One-to-many relation. Each value of x is
X = {Peter, James, John, Andrew} mapped to more than one value of y. This
Y = {90, 79, 85, 95} relation is not a function.
If each student corresponds with his grade, the 3. Many-to-one relation. More than one value of x
result is a set of ordered pairs as follows: is mapped to only one value of y. This relation is
a function.
{(Peter, 90), (James, 79), (John, 85), (Andrew, 95)} 4. Many-to-many relation. More than one value of
Since each student in set X corresponds with x is mapped to more than one value of y. This
exactly one grade in set Y, then the set of relation is not a function.
ordered pairs is a function.
 Examples:
1) y = 3x – 5
f (x) = 3x – 5
Solve for x
x = 3 – 5 = (-2)
Substitute x to -2
f (-2) = 3(-2) – 5
f (-2) = (-6) – 5
f (-2) = 11

2) y = 6 – 3x
f (x) = 6 – 3x

Solve for y values (given the x values)

Examples:
x y (1) y = 6 – 3x
-2 12 Substitute x to -2 (the first x
-1 9 value)
y = 6 – 3 (-2)
0 6 y = 6 – (-6)
1 3 y = 12
2 0

(2) y = 6 – 3x
Substitute x to -1 (the next x value)
y = 6 – 3 (-1)
y = 6 – (-3)
y=9

*Repeat the process until the last give x value.

3) f (x) = 2x2 – 3
Find f (0), f (-3), f (5)
(1) f (x) = 2x2 – 3 (2) f (x) = 2x2 – 3
f (0) = 2 (0)2 – 3 f (-3) = 2 (-3)2
f (0) = 0 – 3 f (-3) = 2 (9) – 3
f (0) = 3 f (-3) = 18 – 3
1) Function 4) Not a function f (-3) = 15
2) Function 5) Not a function
3) Function 6) Not a function (3) f (x) = 2x2 – 3
f (x) = 2 (5)2 – 3
f (x) = 2 (25) – 3
f (x) = 50 – 3
FUNCTION NOTATION f (x) = 47

 Function notation – the way a function is

written, which is another way to show LESSON 2 – VERTICAL LINE TEST
correspondence.
 f (x) (read as “f of x”) – represents x as the input  Vertical line test – determines whether a
of a function (independent variable) and y as the relation is a function or not by drawing a
output (dependent variable, f (x) = y). vertical line through the graph of its ordered
pairs.
 A relation is a function if the vertical line
intersects or passes through its graph at only
one point.
Examples:  The range is composed of the set of all positive
real numbers (y ≥ 0).

Guidelines in determining the domain and range of

a function:

(1) The square root of a positive real number is a

positive real number. Thus, we shall define √𝑥
only non-negative real numbers (rational and
irrational numbers) where the domain is x ≥ 0.
And since y cannot be negative, the range is the
set of non-negative numbers.
(2) In the expressions x2 and x3, x can assume any
real number, and therefore, y will always be
defined. As such, the domain is the set of real
numbers.
1 1
(3) The function y = 𝑥
is the same as x = 𝑦. Hence,
the domain and the range are composed of the
set of non-zero real numbers where x ≠ 0.
(4) For the function y = |x|, the domain is the set of
real numbers and the range is also the set of real
numbers where y ≥ 0.
(5) In √𝑥 − 2, the domain is x ≥ 2 if √𝑥 − 2 is
defined as x – 2 ≥ 0. Find the range by solving x
in terms of y. Thus, x = y2 + 2. And since x always
exists for any real number assigned to y, then
the range is y ≥ 0.

Examples:
1) f (x) = 2x – 5
Domain: Set of real numbers
1) Function 4) Not a function (Since there are no restrictions)
2) Function 5) Not a function
1
3) Function 6) Not a function 2) g (x) = 𝑥−2
Domain: {x | x ≠ 2}
(A denominator cannot be equal to zero
LESSON 3 – DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION (because it is undefined), thus x ≠ 2)

 Domain of a function – complete set of all 3) h (x) = √𝑥 + 6

possible values of the independent variable. It is Domain: {x | x ≥ -6}
the set of all possible x-values that will make (It is impossible to take the square root of a
the function “work” and will output real y- negative number, thus x ≥ -6)
values.
 Range of a function – complete set of all 4) y = 3x – 4
possible resulting values of the dependent Domain: Set of real numbers
variable after substituting the domain (x- Range: Set of real numbers
values). Thus, the range is the resulting y- (Since the function is linear)
values.
5) y = 8 LESSON 4 – OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Domain: Set of real numbers
Range: 8 Review: Operations on Fractions and Polynomials
(Since there is only one element)
Examples:
1 2 1×5 2×3 5 6 5+6 11
6) y = x2 + 4 1) + = + = + = =
3 5 3×5 5×3 15 15 15 15
Domain: Set of real numbers
Range: Set of real numbers 1 2 (𝑥−5)1 (𝑥−3)2
(Since x can be assigned any number without 2) 𝑥−3
+ 𝑥−5 = (𝑥−5)(𝑥−3) + (𝑥−3)(𝑥−5)
resulting in a negative value) 𝑥 − 5 + 2(𝑥 − 3) 𝑥 − 5 + 2𝑥 − 6
= = 2
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 5) 𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 15
7) y = √𝑥 2 + 2 3𝑥 − 11
=
Domain: Set of real numbers 𝑥2 − 8𝑥 + 15
Range: Set of real numbers
(Since x can be substituted by any number that 3) (2x2 – 3x – 5) + (5x2 + 10x – 2)
results in a non-negative value) 2x2 – 3x – 5 + 5x2 + 10x – 2
= 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 – 7
8) y = √𝑥 + 2
Domain: y = √𝑥 2 + 2 4) (2x2 – 3x – 5) – (5x2 + 10x – 2)
Range: y ≥ 0 2x3 – 3x – 5 – 5x2 – 10x + 2
(Since the square root of a negative number is = −3𝑥 2 – 13𝑥 – 3
undefined, we cannot substitute values for x to
x + 2 that result in a negative value. If x + 2 is 5) (2x2 – 3x – 5) * (5x2 + 10x – 2)
equal to or greater than 0, then the function is 2x2 (5x2 + 10x – 2) – 3x (5x2 + 10x – 2) – 5 (5x2 + 10x – 2)
defined. Hence, by the law of inequalities, the o 2x2 * 5x2 + 2x2 * 10x – 2x2 * 2
value of x in x + 2 ≥ 0 is x ≥ -2.) o -3x * 5x2 – 3x * 10x – 3x * (-2)
o -5 * 5x2 – 5 * 10x – 5 * (-2)
10x4 + 20x3 – 4x2 – 15x3 – 30x2 + 6x – 25x2 – 50x + 10
1
9) y = 𝑥−1 = 10𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 – 59𝑥 2 – 44𝑥 + 10
Domain: Set of real numbers except for one (1)
1
(If x = 1, the value of y is 0 which makes the 6) (2x2 – 3x – 5) ÷ (5x2 + 10x – 2)
2
function undefined) (2x2 – 3x – 5) : (5x2 + 10x – 2) = 5
Range: Set of real numbers except for zero (0) - 2x2 – 4x +
4
5
(y cannot be equal to 0 since 1 divided by any
number does not result in 0)
21
= −7𝑥 −
10) y = 3x2 – 4x 5
Domain: {x | x ∈ ℝ}

2𝑥+1 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

11) y = 𝑥−1
Domain: {x | x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 1}  Sum: (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x)
 Difference: (f – g) (x) = f (x) – g (x)
12) y = [x] + 1
 Product: (f * g) (x) = f (x) * g (x)
Domain: {x | x ∈ ℝ, -1 ≤ x ≤ 1} 𝒇 𝒇(𝒙)
 Quotient: (
𝒈
) (𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙)
13) y = √𝑥 − 4
Domain: {x | x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 4}

14) x2 + y2 = 1
Domain: {x | x ∈ ℝ, -1 ≤ x ≤ 1}
Examples: Use the FOIL method for x – 1 and x – 3
(x – 1) (x – 3) = 2x2 + 3x = 2x – 3
1) h (x) = 3x + 3 : g (x) = -4x + 1 2x2 + x – 3
Find: (h + g) (x)
h (x) + g (x) Perform the operation
(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 3)
Substitute the values (𝑥 − 1)
= 2x + 3
(3x + 3) + (-4x +1)
3x + 3 – 4x + 1 5) g (a) = 2a – 1 : h (a) = 3a – 3
Find: (g * h) (-4)
Add like terms g (-4) * h (-4)
3x + (-4x) = -x
3+1=4 Substitute the values
= -x + 4 2 (-4) – 1 * 3 (-4) – 3

2) f (x) = 4x – 3 : g (x) = x3 + 2x Perform the operation

Find: (f – g) (x) (-9) * (-15)
f (x) – g (x) = 135

Substitute the values 6) g (a) = -3a – 3 : f (a) = a2 + 5

Find: (g – f) (a)
(4x – 3) – (x3 + 2x) g (a) – f (a)
4x – 3 – x3 – 2x
Substitute the values
Subtract like terms -3a – 3 – a2 – 5
4x – 2x = 2x
Subtract like terms
Transpose the equation (-3) – (-5) = -8
= - x3 + 2x – 3
Transpose the equation
3) g (n) = n2 + 4 + 2n : h (n) = -3n + 2 = -a2 – 3a – 8
Find: (g * h) (1)
g (1) * h (1) 7) f (x) = 2x3 – 5x2 : g (x) = 2x – 1
Find: (f * g) (x)
Substitute the values
12 + 4 + 2 (1) * -3 (1) + 2 Substitute the values and use the FOIL method
(2x3 – 5x2) (2x – 1)
Perform the operation 4x4 – 2x3 – 10x3 + 5x2
(1 + 4 + 2) * (-3 + 2) = 7 * (-1)
=-7 Simplify the answer
= 4x4 – 12x3 + 5x2
4) f (x) = 2x2 + x – 3 : g (x) = x – 1
𝑓
Find: (𝑔) (𝑥) 8) f(x) = x2 – 2 : g (x) = x – 2
𝑓
𝑓(𝑥) Find: (f + g) (x), (f – g) (x), (f * g) (x), (𝑔) (x)
𝑔(𝑥)
o f (x) + g (x)
(x2 – 2) + (x – 2)
Substitute the values and distribute x – 1 x2 – 2 + x – 2
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 − 1) = x2 + x – 4
=
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)
o f (x) – g (x)
(x2 – 2) – (x – 2)
x2 – 2 – x + 2
= x2 – x

o f (x) * g (x)
(x2 – 2) * (x – 2)
= x3 – 2x2 – 2x + 4

𝑓(𝑥)
o
𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥2 − 2
=
𝑥−2