CERTIFICATE

ra State Board Of
l Education,

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHIC,
SOLAPUR
Micro Project Report

On

House Hold Water Filtration

This is to certify that The Following students

SR Name of students Roll no

no.
1 Azim Khairdi 32
Of 5th Semester of Diploma in Computer Technology has satisfactory
completed Micro Project Report Work in this subject Environmental Studies-
(22447) the academic year 2021-2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Enrollment No: 1900150275

Date: Exam seat No:
Subject teacher. HOD. Principal
 CERTIFICATE
ra State Board Of
l Education,

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHIC,
SOLAPUR.
Micro Project Report

On

House Hold Water Filtration

This is to certify that Azim Khairdi Roll No 32Of 5th Semester of

Diploma in Computer Technology has satisfactorily completed the
Project work in this subject Environmental Studies -(22447) for the
academic year 2021-2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Enrollment No: 1900150275

Date: Exam seat No:

Subject teacher HOD Principal

 PART A – Micro-Project Proposal

Title of Micro-Project: House Hold Water Filtration

Brief Introduction: Water filtrations is the process of removing undesirable

chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water. The goal is to
produce water fit for specific purposes. Most water is purified and disinfected for human
consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be carried out for a variety of
other purposes, including medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications.
The methods used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and
distillation; biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon;
chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination; and the use of electromagnetic
radiation such as ultraviolet light.

Aim of the Micro-Project:

learn different types of household water Filtration technique and units.

Intended Course Outcomes:

1. Apply techniques to reduce Environmental pollution.
2. Manage social issues and Environmental Ethics as lifelong learning.

Literature Review:
The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international
standards. These standards usually include minimum and maximum concentrations of
contaminants, depending on the intended use of the water.

Proposed Methodology :
For this micro project we used methodology that I created micro project of Household
Water Filtration Unit using its concepts and we prepared project report.
Resources Required:
S. No. Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty Remarks
1 Computer System Windows 10 64-bit 1
2 Software used Google, Ms Office

Action Plan:
S. No. Details of activity Planned Planned Name of Responsible
Start date Finish date Team Members
1 Searched for suggested micro project 16-11-21 17-11-21
2 Collection of information 26-11-21 29-11-21
3 Started for project 30-11-21 7-12-21 Azim Khairdi
4 Completed project 8-12-21 14-12-21
5 Showed to teacher 16-12-21 16-12-21

PART B – Micro-Project Report

Title of micro project: House Hold Water Filtration

Rationale: Water purification may reduce the concentration of particulate matter

including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi as well as reduce
the concentration of a range of dissolved and particulate matter.

Course Outcomes Addressed:

1. Apply techniques to reduce Environmental pollution.
2. Manage social issues and Environmental Ethics as lifelong learning.

Literature Review:
The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international
standards. These standards usually include minimum and maximum concentrations of
contaminants, depending on the intended use of the water.

Actual Methodology Followed:

For this micro project we used methodology that I created micro project of Household
Water Filtration Unit using its concepts and we prepared project report

Actual Resources Used:

S. No. Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty Remarks

1 Computer System Windows 10 64-bit 1

2 Software used Google, Ms Office 1

Outputs of the Micro-Project:

learn different types of household water Filtration techn and units.

Skill Developed / learning out of this Micro-Project:

1. Got to knowledge about Water Filtration Techniques
2. Got to knowledge more about Water Filtration Types

Applications of this Micro-Project:

It is help full to understand how it work Water Filtration Techniques in real world

Area of Future Improvement:

The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international
standards. These standards usually include minimum and maximum concentrations of
contaminants, depending on the intended use of the water.

CONTENTS
Sr. No. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1) ABSTRACT 1

2) INTRODUCTION 2
WATER PURIFICATION :
3) DIFFERENT WATER FILTRATION 3
METHODS
TYPES OF FILTRATIONS
i. Activated Carbon
ii. Carbon Block
4) iii. Distillation 4-16
iv. Reverse Osmosis (RO)
v. Ion exchange
vi. Activated Alumina
5) ADVANTAGES 17

6) DISADVANTAGES 18
Comparison
Between All
7) 19-20
Filtration Methods

8) IMPACTS OF FILTRATIONS 21
CONCLUSION
9) 22
REFERENCE
10) 23

11) ACKNOWLEDGMENT 24
 Abstract

Water filtration is the process of removing or reducing the concentration of particulate matter,
including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi, as well as other
undesirable chemical and biological contaminants from contaminated water to produce safe
and clean water for a specific purpose, such as drinking, medical, and pharmaceutical
applications.

1
 Introduction

Water filtrations is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants,

suspended solids, and gases from water. The goal is to produce water fit for specific
purposes. Most water is purified and disinfected for human consumption (drinking water), but
water purification may also be carried out for a variety of other purposes, including medical,
pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications. The methods used include physical
processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation; biological processes such as slow
sand filters or biologically active carbon; chemical processes such as flocculation and
chlorination; and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.

Water purification may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended
particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi as well as reduce the concentration of a
range of dissolved and particulate matter.

The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international
standards. These standards usually include minimum and maximum concentrations of
contaminants, depending on the intended use of the water.

Visual inspection cannot determine if water is of appropriate quality. Simple procedures such
as boiling or the use of a household activated carbon filter are not sufficient for treating all
possible contaminants that may be present in water from an unknown source. Even natural
spring water – considered safe for all practical purposes in the 19th century – must now be
tested before determining what kind of treatment, if any, is needed. Chemical and
microbiological analysis, while expensive, are the only way to obtain the information
necessary for deciding on the appropriate method of purification.

2
 Water Purification:
Different Water Filtration Methods

Water filtration methods usually follow one of two methods: physical or chemical filtration.

Physical filtration involves straining water or using a filter to remove larger impurities. This
method of filtration acts like a sieve that targets heavier contaminants.

Chemical filtration involves passing water through an active material. The adsorption
properties of this material can remove a variety of pollutants. The various filtration processes
that we are about to discuss below cover both these types of filtration.

3
 Types Of Water Filtration

Different water filtration methods remove the many kinds of sediment, taste or odor.
Depending on the type of impurity, these methods can provide better-tasting and pure
drinking water or prevent any scale build-up by providing soft water.
To get a better idea, feel free to go through our list of the six different commonly used water
filtration methods.

 Activated Carbon
Carbon filtration is a method commonly used in many home water filtrations. It involves
utilizing the active absorption capabilities of carbon in reducing impurities and also removing
any bad odors and tastes. It mainly targets chemicals and gases but is effective against
bacteria as well.

The activated carbon used is a very porous form of carbon, based on charcoal. Since there is a
reduced oxygen supply during its formation, it behaves like a sponge with a large internal
surface area. It also creates many crevasses into the molecules. As a result, this process can
trap a variety of impurities using adsorption. Instead of solids dissolving into liquids, this
process works by solids or liquids capturing liquids or gases.

Activated carbon filtration is excellent for removing impurities such as chlorine-based

chemicals and some pesticides, and industrial solvents. However, it is not ideal for removing
any hardness out of water or treating heavy metals such as sodium, fluorine, or nitrates. There
are special carbon filters dedicated to treating some heavy metals, but it might come with
additional costs.

The effectiveness of this system largely depends on the kind of carbon used. Additionally, the
diameter of the pores formed into the carbon filter and the diffusion rate of the impurities also
affect the adsorption process. So, people usually use this method alongside different
treatment processes for maximum efficiency.

4
  Advantages and Disadvantages of Activated Carbon

Advantages Disadvantages
Excellent removal of chlorine and dissolved Need to replace the carbon filter every time it
organic chemicals clogs up
Simple to use Need to choose the correct carbon filter for
different impurities

5
  Carbon Block
A carbon block filter is where the loose pieces of carbon are compressed together to form a
filter.

In a carbon block filter, one pound of compressed activated carbon (the amount in a standard
ten-inch filter cartridge) has the equivalent surface area of a 160 acre farm, making it one of
the most absorbent materials known to man. 

Because of the compressed nature of a carbon block filter, water flow rates are lower than
that of a GAC filter made of loose medium. And flow rates are impacted by the micron rating
of the filter. A carbon block filter is rated to a certain micron rating depending on how much
the carbon is compressed. The smaller the micron rating, the finer the filtration and the lower
the flow rate.

6
 Carbon Block Filters vs. GAC Carbon Filters 

What is the difference between a carbon block filter and a GAC filter? Carbon block
filters and GAC filters are made of the same material, but one is made of ground up loose
carbon and the other is the loose carbon that has been compressed.

Many water filter systems use both carbon block AND GAC filters in the water filtration

process. 

Carbon block filters are made of a solid block of compressed carbon and are often used as
a pre-filter in reverse osmosis and other water filtration systems. Carbon block water
filters are extremely effective in filtering out a variety of contaminants including very
small contaminants or particle size. Water will generally flow slower during this filtration
stage due to the compact nature of the compressed carbon.

The granular activated carbon or GAC water filter is made of loose carbon granules.
Water flows more freely through this stage, so flow rates are higher for GAC filters than
carbon block filters. GAC filters also have very high adsorption properties and can
remove contaminants including chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, lead and much more.

7
 Filter
 
GAC (Granular Activated Carbon Block
Carbon)

Medium
Loose carbon granules Compressed carbon
Type

Filtration
Pre filter & Polishing filter Pre filter
Purpose

To improve taste and odor of

Can filter sediment, as well as
water by removing chlorine,
Typical Use pesticides, heavy metals, and
hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg
other contaminants
odor), etc See complete list here.

General
Generally higher flow rates Generally lower flow rates
Flow Rates

How Often
Every 6-12 months* Every 6-12 months*
to Replace

May do a better job at adsorbing

Advantages Can adsorb AND filter
certain contaminants

* Filter replacement schedule will vary based upon local water conditions and household
usage 

8
  Distillation
Distillation is one of the oldest water purification methods. It vaporizes water by heating it to
exceptionally high temperatures. The vapor is then condensed back into drinkable, liquid
water. Distillation removes minerals, microorganisms, and chemicals that have a high boiling
point. These filters cannot remove chlorine and many other volatile organic chemicals.

The water vapor that rises during this process is further condensed and cooled. Then, the pure
water is collected as the heavier contaminants stay behind in the original container.

The heat helps to take care of the majority of the bacteria. However, as the water boils at
100°C (212 °F), this method is not feasible for impurities that have the same or lower boiling
point. So, any volatile organic compounds such as herbicides, pesticides, and more cannot be
removed. They can actually become more potent via distillation.

But, Distillation is best at removing heavier contaminants. This method can get rid of almost
99.5% of the impurities that include nitrates, bacteria, dissolved solids, lead, sodium, and
most organic compounds. The high effectiveness of Distillation is one of the reasons why this
filtration method stands out from the crowd.

9
Advantages and Disadvantages of Distillation

Advantages Disadvantages

Can remove a wide range of

It requires careful maintenance.
contaminants

It is reusable. It requires a large amount of energy.

The resulting water can have a flat

It is feasible for heavier contaminants.
taste.

It is not very space-efficient.

10
  Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Reverse osmosis is a process that utilizes a semi-permeable membrane.

Water passes through this membrane so that any larger impurities are left behind. The
membrane here acts as an excellent filter as the water flows through with some amount of
pressure.

The name of this method may sound complicated, but the actual process is pretty easy to
understand.

Generally, Osmosis involves two solutions with different concentrations. The thin porous
membrane then balances these solutions until they are both equally concentrated.

In simple terms, Reverse Osmosis means that water goes from being very concentrated to less
concentrated. Since this process involves pushing the impure water against its natural
direction, it requires more energy. So, this filtration process needs powered pumps to
function. The thin membrane retains most salts and sugars, which helps it prevent at least
95% of the impurities.

This process is best for removing chemical contaminants such as chloride, copper, sodium,
lead, and chromium. It also effectively reduces substances like arsenic, sulfate, calcium,
potassium, nitrate, fluoride, and phosphorus.

But, it does not remove dissolved gases like hydrogen sulfide, some pesticides, and
herbicides. Most modern Reverse Osmosis systems come paired with a carbon filter to target
these impurities specifically.

11
Advantages and Disadvantages of Reverse Osmosis

Advantages Disadvantages

It effectively targets a wide range

The flow rate limits the filtration process.
of impurities.

It usually needs carbon filtration to deliver

It provides economical filtration.
the best results.

It requires high water pressure to function

It is mostly low-maintenance.
well.

 Ion exchange

12
This filtration process mostly works to soften the water, which means it targets limescale by
splitting the atoms of any contaminants into ions. The ions are then trapped and released to
purify the water. In simple words, this process is “ion-exchange.”

This process generally prepares the hard, impure water for RO treatment. There are certain
beads in place made from a substance called Zeolite, which contains sodium ions. They
further help in exchanging two sodium ions for every calcium or magnesium ion that is
removed.

How this works is that the ion-exchange filter effectively splits apart the compounds around
it. The beads then attract the impurities that create hard water: calcium and magnesium. It
thus traps all the incoming impure ions and fills the gap by releasing its own sodium ions.

Once the process reduces or removes the impurities, the water instantly becomes softer.
However, it simply replaces the contaminants with sodium. So, you will still need to go
through further filtration to be able to drink this water.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ion Exchange

13
Advantages Disadvantages

Well-suited for the treatment of Resulting sodium water might not be

hard water suitable for people on low-sodium diets.

Highly effective to be paired with The filters need to be recharged periodically

RO filters for best results with sodium ions.

 Activated Alumina

14
This method targets fluoride in drinking water. It also removes arsenic and thallium.

Many fluoride removal plants across the United States still have this effective filtration
method.

The filter, in this case, is of aluminum oxide. It more or less has the same mineral make-up
that is commonly found in rubies and sapphires but without any of the coloring impurities.
The only concern for this filter is that much like the ion exchange method, it might add
aluminum to your water. While a small amount of aluminum is bound to leak into your water
system, it is mostly harmless.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Activated Alumina

15
Advantages Disadvantages

Highly effective in removing It can leak aluminum into the water in small
fluoride amounts.

Very Affordable

Advantages

16
1. After the water has been purified it is separated from unwanted substances.

2. It is safe for consumption and also in doing household chores.

3. It does not require a lot of energy to maintain.

4. It is a simple process.

17
 Disadvantages

1. Not all germs and contaminants are removed from filtered water. When the process is
taking place very, small particles can pass through the membranes used to perform
water filtering.

2. Thorough cleaning and care of the equipment are very vital so that they can carry out
the water softening process without any hitch whatsoever.

3. All the cartridges must be disposed of after the water softening process. These
cartridges contain harmful toxins that were purified from the hard water. If they are
thrown anyhow they might end up being pollutants to the environment.

18
 Comparison Between All Filtration Methods

Activated Carbon Distillation Reverse Ion Activated

Filter
Carbon Block Osmosis(RO) exchange Alumina

It vaporizes utilizes a targets rubies and

water by semi- limescale sapphires
heating it to permeable by but
exceptionally membrane splitting without
Medium Loose carbon Compressed
high the atoms any of the
Type granules carbon
temperatures of any coloring
contamina impurities
nts into
ions

removes Water passes The ions removes

minerals, through this are then arsenic
Pre filter & microorganisms membrane so trapped and
Filtration
Polishing Pre filter , and chemicals that any larger and thallium
Purpose
filter impurities are released to
left behind purify the
water.

Typical To improve Can filter This method Water passes This This
Use taste and odor sediment, as can get rid of through this process method
of water by well as almost 99.5% of membrane so generally targets
the impurities
removing pesticides, that any larger prepares fluoride in
that include
chlorine, heavy metals, nitrates, impurities are the hard, drinking
hydrogen and other bacteria, left behind. impure water. It
sulfide (rotten contaminants dissolved The water for also
egg odor), etc solids, lead, membrane RO removes
See complete sodium, and here acts as an treatment. arsenic
list here. most organic excellent filter There are and
compounds.

19
 as the water certain thallium.
flows through beads in
with some place
amount of made
pressure. from a
substance
called
Zeolite,
which
contains
sodium
ions.

Generally Generally Generally lower Generally Generally Generally

General
higher flow lower flow flow rates higher flow lower lower flow
Flow Rates
rates rates rates flow rates rates

Every 12 Every 2-6 Every 4-6

How Often Every 6-12 Every 6-12 Every 2-6
months* months* Time
to Replace months* months* months*
Used*

Can remove a It provides Highly Very

wide range of economical effective Affordabl
May do a contaminants filtration. to be e
better job at paired
Advantage Can adsorb
adsorbing It is reusable. It effectively with RO Highly
s AND filter
certain targets a wide filters for effective
contaminants range of best in
impurities results removing
fluoride

* Filter replacement schedule will vary based upon local water conditions and household
usage 

20
 Impacts Of Filtration

The goals of the treatment are to remove unwanted constituents in the water and to
make it safe to drink or fit for a specific purpose in industry or medical applications. Widely
varied techniques are available to remove contaminants like fine solids, micro-organisms and
some dissolved inorganic and organic materials, or environmental persistent pharmaceutical
pollutants. The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the
cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the processed water.

The processes below are the ones commonly used in water purification plants. Some or most
may not be used depending on the scale of the plant and quality of the raw (source) water.

21
 Conclusion
There is a wide variety of filtration methods that target various impurities.  But, no method,
in particular, is the one-size-fits-all of water filtration.

Most of these filtration techniques give the best results when you combine multiple methods.

So when you are looking for a filtration system, keep in mind what kind of impurities you
want to target.

Make sure to check how much maintenance each method requires.

Thus, we successfully created a report on household water filtrations unit. We have added
some of basic water filtrations techniques in the report.

22
 Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

https://learn.allergyandair.com/water-filters/

https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-filtration

https://www.process-cooling.com/articles/89530-what-are-your-water-treatment-goals

23
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Fist of all thanks to our subject teacher Mr. A.L Tarange

Sir for giving us the guidance. Because of her we have completed our micro
project successfully thank you again for the guidance. We are also thankful of
your team member for their support and co-ordination to complete the micro
project. All team members helped each a lot finally we thanks to our computer
department, principal or H.O.D for their supported to us. And also our friends
parents have helped us lot thanks you all of you.

Thank you

24