WORK

PROBLEMS!!
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 2
 Suppose one painter can paint
the entire house in 12 hours,
WORK and the second painter takes 8
hours to paint a similarly-
PROBLEM sized house. How long would
#1 it take the two painters
together to paint the house?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 3
Suppose one painter can paint
the entire house in 12 hours,
and the second painter takes 8
hours to paint a similarly-
sized house. How long would
it take the two painters
together to paint the house?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 4
 Jay can paint a whole room
in 9 hours. Gerald can paint
WORK the same room in 6 hours. If
PROBLEM they work together at the
same rate as when they work
#2 alone, how long would it
take them to paint the room?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 5
 𝑥 𝑥
+ =1
𝐴 𝐵
Jay can paint a whole room
in 9 hours. Gerald can paint
the same room in 6 hours. If
𝑥 𝑥
they work together at the (18)( + ) = (1)(18)
9 6
same rate as when they work
alone, how long would it 2x + 3x = 18
take them to paint the room? 5x = 18
5
x = 3.6

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 6
 If six men can do a
job in 14 days, how
WORK many men would be
PROBLEM needed if they were
#3 allowed 21 days for
the job?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 7
If six men can do a 𝑥1 𝑦1 = 𝑥2 𝑦2
job in 14 days, how 6(14)= 𝑥(21)
many men would be
needed if they were 84 = 𝑥(21)
allowed 21 days for 21
the job? 4=𝑥

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 8
 Working together, Bill and
Tom painted a fence in 8
hours. Last year, Tom painted
WORK the fence by himself. The year
before, Bill painted it by
PROBLEM himself, but took 12 hours less
#4 than Tom took. How long did
Bill and Tom take, when each
was painting alone?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 9
Working together, Bill
and Tom painted a fence
in 8 hours. Last year,
Tom painted the fence
by himself. The year
before, Bill painted it by
himself, but took 12
hours less than Tom
took. How long did Bill
and Tom take, when
each was painting alone?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 10
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 11
 Working together, Daniel
and Paul can clean the
WORK whole playground in 5
hours. Had he done it alone
PROBLEM it would have taken Daniel
#5 10 hours. Find how long it
would take Paul to do it
alone.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 12
 𝒙 𝒙
+ =𝟏
𝑨 𝑩

X = 5 hours 5 5
+ =1
A = 10 hours 10 𝐵
5 5
B=? (10B)( + ) = 1(10𝐵)
10 𝐵

5B + 50 = 10B

50 = 10B - 5B

50 = 5B
5
B = 10
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 13
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 14
Distance, Rate & Time Problems

Case 1: Linear Type

15

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 15
 Two cyclists start at the same
time from opposite ends of a
DRT course that is 45 miles long.
Problem One cyclist is riding at 14 mph
and the second cyclist is riding
#1 at 16 mph. How long after they
begin will they meet?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 16
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 17
 A passenger train leaves the
train depot two hours after a
DRT freight train left the same depot.
The freight train is traveling 20
Problem mph slower than the passenger
#2 train. Find the rate of each train,
if the passenger train overtakes
the freight train in three hours.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 18
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 19
 Two cars started from the
DRT same point, at 5am, traveling
in opposite directions at 40
Problem and 50 mph respectively. At
#3 what time will they be 450
miles apart?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 20
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 21
 At 9 am, car A began a journey
from a point, traveling at 40
DRT mph. At 10 am, car B started
traveling from the same point at
Problem 60 mph in the same direction as
#4 car A. At what time will car B
pass car A?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 22
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 23
 Linda left home and drove for 2
hours. She stopped for lunch
then drove for another 3 hours
DRT at a rate that is 10 mph higher
Problem than the rate before she had
lunch. If the total distance Linda
#5 traveled is 230 miles, what was
the rate before lunch?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 24
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 25
Distance, Rate & Time Problems
Case 2: Non-Linear Type

1. Understand the problem.

2. Use the formula of d=rt.
3. Use Pythagorean theorem to solve the problem.

26

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 26
 Try this:

Two buses leave the same station at 8:00 pm.

One bus travels north at the rate of 30 kph and the
other travels east at 40 kph. How many kilometers
apart are the buses at 10:00 pm?
A. 50 km
B. 70 km
C. 100 km
D. 140 km

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 27
Given:
8:00PM 10:00PM

30 kph c=? 60 km
40 kph 80 km
2 2 2
𝑐 = 𝑎 +𝑏 Pythagorean theorem
2 2 2
𝑐 = (80) +(60) 2 = 10000
2 𝑐
𝑐 = 6400 + 3600
𝑐 2 = 10000 𝑐 = 100

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 28
Business Mathematics

29

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 29
 Where:
INTEREST
⧫I= Interest (money that is paid
out for investing principal)
[I= prt] ⧫P= principal amount (money
that is invested in an account)
⧫R= rate
⧫T= time, in year

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 30
 INTEREST PROBLEM

When Kevin bought a new office phone, he

borrowed $1,200 at a rate of 18% for 9 months.
How much interest did he pay?
9 3
P = $1,200, R = 0.18 and T = = or 0.75
12 4

I = PRT
I = (1200)(0.18)(0.75) = 162.00

Answer: Kevin paid $162.00 in interest.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 31
Interest
Sample Diego deposited Php10000 for
Problem 4 year at a rate of 6% p.a. Find
#1 the interest and amount Diego
got.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 32
Solution:
Principal (P) = 10000,
Time (T) = 4 years,
Rate (R) = 6% p.a.
Simple Interest (SI) = PRT
= 10000 X 0.06 X 4
= 2400

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 33
Amount (A) = Principal (P) + Interest (I)

= 10000 + 2400

= 12400

The interest Diego got = 2400.

Therefore, the amount Diego got 12400.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 34
Interest
Richard deposits Php5400 and
Sample
got back an amount of Php6000
Problem after a year. Find the simple
#2 interest he got.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 35
Solution:
Principal (P) = Php5400
Amount (A) = Php6000
Simple Interest (SI) = Amount (A) – Principal (P)
= 6000 - 5400
= 600
Therefore, Richard got an interest of Php 600.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 36
 Solving Discount Problems
Example
Julie bought a leather sofa that was on sale for 35% off the original
price of $1200. What was the discount? How much did Julie pay
for the sofa?
Discount = discount rate  list price
= 35%  1200
= 420 The discount was $420.

Amount paid = list price – discount

= 1200 – 420
= 780 Julie paid $780 for the sofa.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 37
 DISCOUNT PROBLEM

Anna shops in an international store. A t-shirt

with a tag price $42 is marked “save 20%.”
What is the discount? How much will Anna
have to pay for the t-shirt if she were to buy it?
Discount = 20% of $42 or ($42 × 0.20) = $8.40

Sale Price = $42.00 – $8.40 = $33.60

Therefore, Anna will have to pay $33.60 if she wants to buy the
t-shirt.
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 38
 Ann works in a
supermarket for $10.00 per
Percent hour. If her pay is
Increase increased to $12.00, then
what is her percent increase
in pay?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 39
 Solution:

𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡−𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡

Percent Increase=
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡

The percent increase in Ann's pay is 20%.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 40
 Solving Increase Problems
amount of increase
Percent of increase =
original amount

Example
The cost of a certain car increased from $16,000 last year to
$17,280 this year. What was the percent of increase?
Amount of increase = original amount – new amount
= 17,280 – 16,000 = 1280
amount of increase
Percent of increase =
original amount
1280
= = 0.08 The car’s cost increased by 8%.
16000

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 41
 The staff at a company
Percent went from 40 to 29
employees. What is the
Decrease percent decrease in
staff?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 42
 Solution:

amount of decrease
Percent of decrease =
original amount

Answer: There was a 27.5% decrease in

staff.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 43
 Solving Decrease Problems
amount of decrease
Percent of decrease =
original amount

Example
Patrick weighed 285 pounds two years ago. After dieting, he reduced
his weight to 171 pounds. What was the percent of decrease in his
weight?
Amount of decrease = original amount – new amount
= 285 – 171 = 114
amount of decrease
Percent of decrease =
original amount
114 Patrick’s weight
= = 0.4 decreased by 40%.
285
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 44
 Markup
⧫To make a profit, stores charge more for
merchandise than they pay for it
⧫The amount of increase to make a profit

Formula:

Markup = percent of markup X store’s cost

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 45
 Markup Problems

A music store’s
percent of markup
% of markup = 0.67
is 67%. A CD costs
the store 10.15 Store’s cost= 10.15
dollars. Find the Markup = % of markup X
markup. store’s cost
= (0.67)(10.15)
= 6.80 dollars

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 46
 Selling Price

⧫The cost price of an item

Formula:

Selling price= cost + markup

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 47
 Selling Price Sample Problem

⧫A computer store pays 6 dollars for a

computer mouse. The percent of markup
is 75%. Find the mouse’s selling price.

Selling price= cost + markup

= 6.00 + (0.75 x 6)
= 10.50

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 48
 Sale Price

⧫The price of a good or service that is being

offered at a discount

Formula:

Sale Price= regular price - discount

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 49
 Sale Price Sample Problem

A coat regularly priced at 89.95 pesos is on

sale at 40% off. What is the sale price of the
coat?

Sale price= regular price – discount

= 89.95 – (89.95 x 0.40)
= 53.97
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 50
Commission

⧫Afee paid for services, usually a

percentage of the total cost.
Formula:

Commission= Amount sold x Percentage rate

= Total sale x Percentage rate
= Base x Rate

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 51
 Commission Sample Problem
Maria makes money by commission rates. She gets
15% of everything she sells. If Maria sold 23,000
pesos worth of items this month, what is her salary
for the month?

Commission= Amount sold x Percentage rate

= 23,000 x 0.15
= 3,450 pesos

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 52
 Geometry

Tips:
1. Memorize the formulas.
2. Draw sketches to visualize the problem.
3. Solve.

53

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 53
 Geometry: Terms

⧫ Point – no dimension ⧫ Line – one dimension

1. Collinear Points 1. Line segment
2. Coplanar Points 2. Ray
3. Coplanar lines
4. Intersecting lines
5. Concurrent lines
6. Skew lines
7. Parallel lines
8. Perpendicular lines
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 54
 Geometry: Terms
⧫ Angles ⧫ Special Angle Pairs
1. Acute angles 1. Complementary angles
2. Right Angles 2. Supplementary angles
3. Obtuse Angles 3. Vertical angles
4. Straight Angles 4. Adjacent angles

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 55
 Geometry: Terms
⧫ Polygons ⧫ Types of Polygons
- Closed figure 1. Concave polygon
- Straight sides 2. Convex polygon
- No curves
- No overlapping

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 56
Geometry Sum of ∠ = (n - 2) x 180

Polygon Description
Triangle 3-sided figure; sum of ∠ = 180°
Quadrilateral 4-sided figure; sum of ∠ = 360°
Pentagon 5-sided figure; sum of ∠ = 540°
Hexagon 6-sided figure; sum of ∠ = 720°
Heptagon 7-sided figure; sum of ∠ = 900°
Octagon 8-sided figure; sum of ∠ = 1080°
Nonagon 9-sided figure; sum of ∠ = 1260°
Decagon 10-sided figure; sum of ∠ = 1440°
Undecagon 11-sided figure; sum of ∠ = 1620°
Dodecagon 12-sided figure; sum of ∠ = 1800°
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 57
 Geometry

Sum of ∠ = (n - 2) x 180

Example : What is the sum of the interior angles of hexagon?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 58
 Geometry

(n − 2) x 180
Each interior ∠ of a Polygon =
n

Example: What is the measure of each interior angle of dodecagon?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 59
 Geometry

n(n − 3)
Diagonals of a Polygon =
2

Example: How many diagonals are there in nonagon?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 60
 Geometry
𝑛2 −𝑛
Maximum point of Intersections =
2

Example:
If 6 lines are drawn in a plane, what is the maximum possible
number of points intersections of these lines?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 61
 Geometry
⧫ Clock Problem
m = minutes
11 h = hour
Angle = 𝑚 − 30ℎ
2
Example:
How many degrees are between the hands of a clock at 3:40?
A. 140°
B. 130°
C. 125°
D. 150°
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 62
 Geometry: Triangles

⧫ Triangles by SIDES
1. Scalene – no equal sides
2. Isosceles – 2 equal sides
3. Equilateral – 3 equal sides

⧫ Triangles by ANGLES
1. Right triangle – has one 90°
2. Acute triangle – less than 90°
3. Obtuse triangle – more than 90°

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 63
 Geometry: Quadrilaterals
Quadrilateral

Kite Parallelogram Trapezoid

Rectangle Rhombus Isosceles

Trapezoid

Square

Top to Bottom is FALSE Example:

A square is a rhombus. – True
Bottom to Top is TRUE
A rhombus is a square. - False
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 64
 Perimeter,
Area,
Circumference,
Volume
 Perimeter and Area
Plane Figure Perimeter Area
Rectangle 2L + 2W LxW
Square 4s 𝑠2
Parallelogram 2a + 2b bxh
Trapezoid 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 𝑏1 + 𝑏2
ℎ
2

Triangle a+b+c 𝑏ℎ
2
Circle C = 2𝜋r 𝜋𝑟 2

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 66
 Perimeter, Area, and Circumference
Perimeter of a Polygon
The perimeter of any polygon is the sum of the measures of
the line segments that form its sides. Perimeter is measured in
linear units.
Perimeter of a Triangle
a b

c
The perimeter P of a triangle with sides of lengths a, b, and c
is given by the formula:
P = a + b + c.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 67
 9.4 – Perimeter, Area, and Circumference

Perimeter of a Rectangle
w
l
The perimeter P of a rectangle with length l and width w is given by the
formula:
P = 2l + 2w or P = 2(l + w).

s
Perimeter of a Square s

The perimeter P of a square with all sides of length s is given by the

formula:
P = 4s.
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 68
 9.4 – Perimeter, Area, and Circumference
Area of a Polygon
The amount of plane surface covered by a polygon is called its
area. Area is measured in square units.
l
Area of a Rectangle w

The area A of a rectangle with length l and width w is given by

the formula: A = l w.

s
Area of a Square s

The area A of a square with all sides of length s is given by the

formula: A = s2.
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 69
 9.4 – Perimeter, Area, and Circumference

Area of a Parallelogram h
b
The area A of a parallelogram with height h and base b is
given by the formula: A = bh.

b1

Area of a Trapezoid h

b2

The area A of a trapezoid with parallel bases b1 and b2 and

height h is given by the formula:
A = (1/2) h (b1 + b2)
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 70
 9.4 – Perimeter, Area, and Circumference

Area of a Triangle h

b
The area A of a triangle with base b and height h is given by
the formula: A = (1/2) b h

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 71
 9.4 – Perimeter, Area, and Circumference
Find the perimeter and area of the rectangle.
Perimeter P = 2l + 2w 2(15) + 2(7)
15 ft 7 ft
P = 44 ft

Area A = lw A = (15)(7) A = 105 ft2

Find the area of the trapezoid. 7 cm.

A = (1/2) h (b1 + b2) 6 cm. 5 cm. 6 cm.
A = (1/2) (5) (7 + 13)
13 cm.
A = (1/2) (5) (20)
A = 50 cm2

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 72
 9.4 – Perimeter, Area, and Circumference

Find the area of the shaded region.

Area of square – Area of triangle 4 in.

s2 – (1/2) b h 4 in.
42 – (1/2) (4)(4)
16 – 8
8 in2

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 73
 9.4 – Perimeter, Area, and Circumference
Circumference and Area of a Circle

d r

The circumference C of a circle of diameter d is given by the

formula: C =  d , or C = 2 r , where r is a radius.

The area A of a circle with radius r is given by the formula:

A =r . 2

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 74
 9.4 – Perimeter, Area, and Circumference
Find the area and circumference of a circle with a radius that is 6
inches long (use 3.14 as an approximation for ).

Circumference (  3.14) Circumference ()

C=2r C=2r
C = 2 (3.14) 6 C=26
C = 37.68 in C = 37.699 in

Area (  3.14) Area ()

A =  r2 A =  r2
A = (3.14) 62 A =  62
A = 113.04 in2 A = 113.097 in2

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 75
Sample Problem
The dimensions of the quadrilateral are 11 x 10 inches.
Inside the quadrilateral there are 2 donuts with radius of 2
inches. What is the area left if we subtract the 2 donuts
from the quadrilateral?
A. 84.88 square inches
B. 60.54 square inches
C. 56.12 square inches
D. 30.25 square inches

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 76
 9.5 – Space Figures, Volume, and Surface Area
Volume and Surface Area
Volume is a measure of capacity of a space figure. It is
always measured in cubic units.
Surface Area is the total region bound by 3 dimensions. It is
always measured in square units.
Volume and Surface Area of a Rectangular solid (box)
The volume V and surface area S of a box with length l, width
w, and height h is given by the formulas:
V = lwh
h
and
w S = 2lw + 2lh + 2hw
l
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 77
 9.5 – Space Figures, Volume, and Surface Area
Find the volume and surface area of the box below.

3 in.

7 in. 2 in.

V = 7(2)(3) S = 2(7)(2) + 2(7)(3) + 2(3)(2)

V = 42 in.3 S = 28 + 42 + 12
S = 82 in.2

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 78
 9.5 – Space Figures, Volume, and Surface Area
Volume and Surface Area
Volume and Surface Area of a Cube
The volume V and surface area S of a cube with side lengths of
s are given by the formulas:
V = s3
s and
s
s S = 6s2
Find the volume and surface area of the cube below.
V = 53 S = 6(5)2
V = 125 ft.3 S = 625
5 ft. S = 150 ft.2
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 79
 9.5 – Space Figures, Volume, and Surface Area
Volume and Surface Area
Volume of Surface Area of a Right Circular Cylinder
The volume V and surface area S of a right circular cylinder
with base radius r and height h are given by the formulas:
V = r2h
h and
r S = 2rh + 2r2
Find the volume and surface area of the cylinder below.
V = (2)2(10) S = 2(2)(10) + 2(2)2
10 m V = 40 S = 40 + 8 = 48
2m
V = 125.6 m3 S = 150.72 m2
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 80
 9.5 – Space Figures, Volume, and Surface Area
Volume and Surface Area
Volume of Surface Area of a Sphere
The volume V and surface area S of a sphere radius r are given
by the formulas:
V = (4/3) r3
r
and
S = 4  r2
Find the volume and surface area of the sphere below.

9 in. V = (4/3)(9)3 S = 4 (9)2

V = 972 S = 324
V = 3052.08 in.3 S = 1017.36 in.2
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 81
 9.5 – Space Figures, Volume, and Surface Area
Volume and Surface Area
Volume of Surface Area of a Right Circular Cone
The volume V and surface area S of a right circular cone with
base radius r and height h are given by the formulas:

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 82
9.5 – Space Figures, Volume, and Surface Area
Find the volume and surface area of the cone below.

h=4m V = (1/3)(3)2(4)
r=3m V = 12
V = 37.68 m3

S = 15 + 9
S = 24
S = 75.36 m2
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 83
9.5 – Space Figures, Volume, and Surface Area
Volume and Surface Area
Volume of a Pyramid
The volume V of a pyramid with height h and
base of area B is given by the formula:

Note: B represents the area of the base (l w).

Find the volume of the pyramid (rectangular base) below.

7 cm

3 cm
6 cm cm3
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 84
Probability
The probability of an event is a number between
0 and 1 that indicates the likelihood the event will occur.

There are two types of probability: theoretical and

experimental.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 86
Rules of Probability

1. The probability of any event will always be a number

from zero to one.
2. When an event cannot occur, the probability will be
zero.
3. When an event is certain to occur, the probability is 1.
4. The sum of the probabilities of all the outcomes is 1.
5. The probability that an event will not occur is equal to
1 minus the probability that the event will occur.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 87
 Probability

88

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 88
 THE THEORETICAL PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT

The theoretical
When probability
all outcomes of anlikely,
are equally eventthe
is
often simplyprobability
theoretical called the probability of theA event.
that an event
will occur is:
number of outcomes in A
P (A) = P (A) = 4
total number of outcomes 9

all possible
outcomes outcomes
in event A

You can express a probability as a fraction, a decimal, or a percent.

For example: 1 , 0.5, or 50%.
2

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 89
Finding Probabilities of Events
You roll a six-sided die whose sides are numbered from
1 through 6.

Find the probability of rolling a 4.

SOLUTION

Only one outcome corresponds to rolling a 4.

number of ways to roll a 4 1

P (rolling a 4) = =
number of ways to roll the die 6

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 90
 Finding Probabilities of Events
You roll a six-sided die whose sides are numbered from
1 through 6.

Find the probability of rolling an odd number.

SOLUTION

Three outcomes correspond to rolling an odd number:

rolling a 1, 3, or a 5.

number of ways to roll an odd number 3 1

P (rolling odd number) = = =
number of ways to roll the die 6 2

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 91
 Finding Probabilities of Events

You roll a six-sided die whose sides are numbered from

1 through 6.

Find the probability of rolling a number less than 7.

SOLUTION

All six outcomes correspond to rolling a number less than 7.

number of ways to roll less than 7 6

P (rolling less than 7 ) = = =1
number of ways to roll the die 6

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 92
 P. 724

Probability of Compound Events

Mutually Exclusive Events

No outcomes in common
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 94
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 95
 In a certain hospital, 5 infants are fed with infant formula
A, 4 infants are fed with infant formula B, and 3 infants are
fed with infant formula C. If one infant is selected at
random, what is the probability he/she was fed with infant
formula A or B?
1
A.
2
9
B.
12
Mutually Exclusive
3
C.
5
3
D.
4

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 96
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 97
 Given:

Total number of Outcomes= 12

Infant formula A = 5
P(A𝑜𝑟B)= P(A)+ P(B)
Infant formula B = 4
Infant formula C = 3 5 4
P(A𝑜𝑟B)= +
12 12
9 3
P(A𝑜𝑟B)= =
12 4

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 98
Intersection of A & B

Not mutually exclusive

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 99
 Of 10 medicines recommended for cough, 6 were found to
be effective, 4 were found to be expensive, and 2 were
found to be effective and expensive. Find the probability
that one medicine chosen at random is either effective or
expensive.
1
A.
2
3
B.
4 Not mutually
4
C.
5
1
exclusive
D.
3

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 100
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 101
Given: Total number of outcomes= 10
A= 6 B= 4 A 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵= 2 A 𝑜𝑟 𝐵= ?

P(A 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = P(A) + P(B) − P(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 B)

6 4 2
P(A 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = + −
10 10 10

8 4
P(A 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = =
10 5

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 102
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 103
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 104
 EXAMPLE 1

⧫ One six-sided die is rolled.

What is the probability of rolling a multiple of 3 or 5?
A = Multiple of 3 = (3, 6)
B = Multiple of 5 = (5)
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
P(A or B) = 2/6 + 1/6 = 1/2
P(A or B) = 0.5
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 105
 EXAMPLE 2

⧫ One six-sided die is rolled. What is the probability of

rolling a multiple of 3 or a multiple of 2?
A = Multiple of 3 = 2 outcomes [3,6]
B = multiple of 2 = 3 outcomes [2,4,6]
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A&B)
P(A or B) = 2/6 + 3/6 – 1/6
P(A or B) = 2/3 ≈ 0.67

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 106
 EXAMPLE 3

⧫In a poll of high school juniors, 6 out of 15

took a French class and 11 out of 15 took a
math class.
⧫Fourteen out of 15 students took French or
math.
⧫What is the probability that a student took
both French and math?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 107
A = French
B = Math
P(A) = 6/15, P(B) = 11/15, P(AorB) = 14/15

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A&B)

14/15 = 6/15 + 11/15 – P(A & B)
P(A & B) = 6/15 + 11/15 – 14/15
P(A & B) = 3/15 = 1/5 = .20

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 108
Counting Principle
Example:
In order to paint a room, a person has a choice of 4 colors: white,
light blue, yellow, and light green; 2 types of paint: oil or latex;
and 3 types of texture: flat, semi-glass, or satin. How many
different selections can be made?

4 x 2 x 3 = 24 ways

Clues: selection
classifications
choices

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 109
 Permutation
⧫ number of possible arrangements for a given set of
objects

⧫ Case 1: all objects are considered

⧫ Case 2: not all objects are considered
⧫ Case 3: When objects are identical

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 110
 Permutation
Case 1: all objects are considered

Formula : nPn = n! (read as “n factorial”)

Example:
In how many ways can 6 books be placed on a shelf?
Solution:
6! = 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1= 720 ways

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 111
 Permutation
Case 2: not all objects are considered

𝑛!
Formula : nPr = (where n= larger #, r = small #)
𝑛−𝑟 !

Example:
How many different arrangements of 5 students can be made in a
row of 3 desks?
Solution:
𝑛! 5! 5 𝑥 4 𝑥 3 𝑥 2 𝑥 1 120
nPr = = = = = 60
𝑛−𝑟 ! 5−3 ! 2𝑥1 2

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 112
 Permutation

Case 3: when objects are identical

𝑛!
Formula : (where n= sum of the letters, r = number of each letters)
𝑟1 !𝑟2 !…

Example:
How many different permutations can be made from a word “good”?
Solution:
𝑛! 4! 4𝑥3𝑥2𝑥1 24
= = = = 12
𝑟1 !𝑟2 !… 1!2!1! (1)(2)(1) 2

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 113
Arithmetic
Sequences
and Series
 Sequences and Summations

⧫A sequence is an ordered list, possibly

infinite, of elements.
⧫We will use the following notation: a1, a2, a3,
...
⧫We also refer to the elements of the
sequence as terms, and if ak is a term, then k
is its index or subscript.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 115
 Arithmetic Sequences and Series
⧫ Arithmetic Sequence: sequence whose consecutive terms have a
common difference.
Example: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ...
⧫ The terms have a common difference of 2.
⧫ The common difference is the number d.
Example: Is the sequence arithmetic?
–45, –30, –15, 0, 15, 30
Yes, the common difference is 15
⧫ How do you find any term in this sequence?
⧫ To find any term in an arithmetic sequence, use the formula
an = a1 + (n – 1)d
where d is the common difference.

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 116
 Arithmetic Sequences and Series
Example: Find a formula for the nth term of the arithmetic
sequence in which the common difference is 5 and the first
term is 3.

an = a1 + (n – 1)d
a1 = 3 d = 5
an = 3 + (n – 1)5

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 117
 Arithmetic Sequences and Series
Example: If the common difference is 4 and the fifth term is
15, what is the 10th term of an arithmetic sequence?

an = a1 + (n – 1)d
We need to determine what the first term is...
d=4 and a5 = 15
a5 = a1 + (5 – 1)4
15-16 = a1
a1 = –1
a10 = –1 + (10 – 1)4
a10 = 35

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 118
 To find the sum of an arithmetic series

𝑛 Use this if 𝑎𝑛 (last

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛
2 term ) is given

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
Use this if 𝑎𝑛 (last term ) is
not given

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 119
Example: Find the sum of the first 100 terms of the arithmetic
sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...
 a1 + an 
n
 2 
n = 100
 1 + 100
100
 2 
100(50.5)
= 5050

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 120
 Find the sum of all the integers from 1 to
1000. 𝑎1 𝑎𝑛 = 1000
=1 𝑛
A. 400500 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛
B. 500500 2
1000
C. 600500 𝑆1000 = 1 + 1000
2
D. 700500
𝑆1000 = 500 1001 = 500500

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 121
 Example: If 𝑎𝑛 (last term ) is not given

Find the sum of the first 50 even positive integers.

𝑎1 = 2 n= d= 2
𝑛
50
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
50
𝑆50 = 2(2) + 50 − 1 2
2
𝑆50 = 25 4 + 49 2
𝑆50 = 25 102 = 2550

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 122
 Find the 45th of the arithmetic sequence -9,-
2, 5, 12, … 𝑎1 = −9 n= 45 𝑑 = 7 𝑎45 =?
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (n - 1) 𝑑
A. 399
𝑎45 = −9+ (45 - 1) 7
B. 317
𝑎45 = −9+ (44) 7
C. 308
𝑎45 = −9+ 308
D. 299
𝑎45 = 299

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 123
 Harmonic Sequence

⧫ sequence of terms whose reciprocals are in

arithmetic sequence
Example:
Find the 7th term of harmonic progression ¼ , 2/3, -1,…
Solution:
1. Convert the harmonic to arithmetic:
2. Solve for common difference, d:
3. Solve for 𝑎7 =?

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 124
 Geometric Sequence
⧫common ratio, r
⧫Example: 2, 6, 8, 54

𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏

Find the 6th term of the geometric progression 2, 6, 8,…

Solution:
2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
1. Solve for r: r =
1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

2. Solve for 𝒂𝟔 :
Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 125
 Geometric Sequence
𝑎1(1−𝑟 𝑛)
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
3, 6, 12, 24, … Sum of the 9 terms
𝑎1 = 3; 𝑟 = 2
𝑎1(1−𝑟 𝑛)
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
3(1−29 ) 3(1−512) 3(−511) −1533
𝑆9 = = = = = 1533
1−2 −1 −1 −1

Martin-Gay,
Martin-Gay,Developmental
Introductory Algebra,
Mathematics
3ed 126