SKYLINE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
(2020-2022 )
(MBA Semester 2nd)

IT SKILLS LAB

SUBMITTED BY; SUBMITTED TO :

SUMIT ADHANA RUPA RANI MAM

ROLL NO-
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a matter of great satisfaction and pleasure to

present this report. I take this opportunity to
i owe my thanks to all those involved in my training.
This project report could not have been completed
without the guidance of RUPA RANI MAM I
express my gratitude to all those who have helped
me directly or indirectly in completing the training

NAME : HIMANSHI SARASWAT

ROLL NO.:
Assignment 1: Knowledge about the computer and its
functioning

Aim / Objective:
1. To learn what is computer
2. To draw its block diagram
3. To learn functioning of computer
4. To learn its uses

Theory:

A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences

of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer
programming . Modern computers have the ability to follow generalized
sets of operations, called programs. These programs enable computers
to perform an extremely wide range of tasks. A "complete"
computer including the hardware, the operating system (main software ),
and peripheral equipment required and used for "full" operation can be
referred to as a computer system. This term may as well be used for a
group of computers that are connected and work together, in particular a
computer network or computer cluster.

Computers are used as control systems for a wide variety of industrial

and consumer devices. This includes simple special-purpose devices like
microwave ovens and remote controls, factory devices such as industrial
robots and computer-aided design , and also general-purpose devices like
personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones . The
Internet is run on computers and it connects hundreds of millions of
other computers and their users.

Early computers were only conceived as calculating devices. Since ancient

times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing
calculations. Early in the Industrial Revolution , some mechanical devices
were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for
looms . More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analogy
calculations in the early 20th century. The first digital electronic
calculating machines were developed during World War II . The first
semiconductor transistors in the late 1940s were followed by the silicon -
based MOSFET (MOS transistor) and monolithic integrated circuit (IC)
chip technologies in the late 1950s, leading to the microprocessor and the
microcomputer revolution in the 1970s. The speed, power and versatility
of computers have been increasing dramatically ever since then, with
transistor counts increasing at a rapid pace (as predicted by Moore's law
), leading to the Digital Revolution during the late 20th to early 21st
centuries.

1
Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing
element , typically a central processing unit (CPU) in the form of a
microprocessor , along with some type of computer memory , typically
semiconductor memory chips. The processing element carries out
arithmetic and logical operations, and sequencing and control unit can
change the order of operations in response to stored information.
Peripheral devices include input devices (keyboards, mice, joystick, etc.),
output devices (monitor screens, printers , etc.), and input/output devices
that perform both functions (e.g., the 2000s-era touchscreen).
Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an
external source and they enable the result of operations to be
saved and retrieved.

Block Diagram of Computer:

Computer Block Diagram System consists of three parts, that are central processing unit
(CPU), Input Devices , and Output Devices. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is
divided into two parts again: arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the control unit (CU).
The set of instruction is in the form of raw data.
A large amount of data is stored in the computer memory with the help of primary and
secondary storage devices. The CPU is like the heart/brain of the computer. The user
does not get the desired output, without the necessary option taken by the CPU. The
Central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for the processing of all the instructions
which are given by the user to the computer system.

2
The data is entered through input devices such as the keyboard, mouse, etc. This set of
instruction is processed by the CPU after getting the input by the user, and then the
computer system produces the output. The computer can show the output with the
help of output devices to the user, such as monitor, printer, etc.
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 Storage Unit
 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
 Control Unit

Procedure / Steps:
Explanation – What is Computer and draw its block diagram. Write the functionality of
 computer and its uses?

Outcome:
Knowledge about the functioning of computers and its uses.

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Creating and Formatting Charts in Microsoft Excel

This document provides instructions for creating and formatting charts in Microsoft Excel,
which makes creating professional-looking charts easy. The chart type, chart layout, and
chart style are all within easy reach on the Ribbon. You will have instant professional results
every time you create a chart. And as the data changes in the datasheet, the chart will
automatically update to reflect the changes.

Creating a Chart

1. To create a basic chart in Excel that you can modify and format later, start by entering the
data for the chart on a worksheet. It is important to include titles in the datasheet so that
Excel can create legends and labels for the chart.
2. Then simply select that data (including titles) and press F11. This creates an instant
column chart in a new tab, which can be customized to meet your needs.

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3. Or, instead of pressing F11, go to the Insert tab and select the type of chart you would
like to create.

4. This creates a chart embedded in the datasheet.

Formatting a Chart
Once a chart has been created, there are a multitude of formatting options that can be
applied.

1. Select the chart. This activates the Chart Tools on the Ribbon.

2. Use the features available on the Design tab to:

a. Change the chart type.
b. Swap the rows and columns or adjust what data is charted. For example,
switching the columns and rows changes the look of the chart, even though the

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raw data has not changed:

c. Apply a
Chart Style.
d. Move the chart (from the datasheet to its own tab or vice versa).
3. Use the features available on the Layout tab to:
a. Insert a picture, shape, or text box.
b. Adjust the labels, including moving the legend, editing titles, and adding data labels (like
values).
c. Adjust the axes and gridlines (for example, showing numbers on the axis in millions or
adding or removing gridlines).
d. Format the background.
e. Add trendlines to forecast future data or error bars to show potential error amounts.
4. Use the features available on the Format tab to:

a. Apply a style, fill, outline, or effect. (For example, to change the color of the bars.) b. Apply
and format WordArt.
c. Use the dropdown list in the Current Selection group to quickly adjust which area of the
chart you want to format.

Working with Charts

1. Keep in mind that as data changes in the worksheet, the chart will automatically update.

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2. You may want to name the tabs at the bottom of the workbook to ease in navigation.

a. To rename a tab, double-click its name.

b. Or right-click and choose Rename.
c. You can also right-click and choose Tab Color to change the color of the tabs. 3. There
may be times when you want to chart summary data rather than individual instances. For
example, you may want to chart total expenditures for each quarter as opposed to each
monthly expenditure.
a. Use formulas to create the summary data.
b. Use the CTRL button on the keyboard to select non-adjacent data. Remember to select
titles so that Excel can appropriately label the chart.

After selecting one group

of cells, hold CTRL while
selecting additional
groups of cells.

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Adding Excel Charts to Word or PowerPoint

Now that you have created the charts in Excel, you may want to add them to a Word
document or PowerPoint presentation. There are two options – inserting a static copy of the
chart or inserting a linked copy of the chart. A static copy does not change; it will NOT be
updated if the chart is updated in Excel. A linked copy will update if the chart is updated in
Excel.

1. Select the chart in Excel.

2. From the Home tab, select Copy.

3. Open the document or presentation in which you want to insert the chart. 4. Place the
cursor in the desired location.
5. To insert a static copy of the chart, select Paste from the Home tab.
A static copy will not reflect
changes made to the data in
Excel.
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6. To insert a linked copy of the chart, click the dropdown arrow underneath the Paste
button and choose Paste Special.

a. Select Microsoft Office Excel Chart Object.

b. Select Paste Link.
c. Click OK.

d. The chart in the document or presentation will update as the chart is updated in Excel.
Right-click on the chart and choose Update Link to force the application to check for
updates.

A linked copy will reflect changes

made to the data in Excel.

e. Note: To ensure that the entire chart is seen when pasted, before you click the Copy
button in Excel, go to the View tab, and click the 100% button to set the Zoom level to
100%.
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IT SKILLS LAB-2
Excel Introduction
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows,
Mac OS X, and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro
programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. Excel forms part of Microsoft
Office.

65536 is the maximum number of spreadsheet rows supported by Excel 97, Excel 2000,
Excel 2002 and Excel 2003 whereas Excel 2007, 2010 and 2013 support 1,048,576 rows

Utility of Excel
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program used to store and retrieve numerical data in a grid
format of columns and rows. Excel is ideal for entering, calculating and analysing company
data such as sales figures, sales taxes or commissions. Although Word has some graphical
and calculation capability, Excel offers far more tools for calculating trends, deciphering
profits, creating numerical formats and visual data. The Excel program can turn a spreadsheet
of numbers into a pie chart, bar diagram or a variety of other visual diagrams. Excel can also
be used to store text-based data such as client lists, employee data and mailing lists

Analytical Features of Excel

The powerful features Excel has to offer to analyse data are:
1 Sort: You can sort your Excel data on one column or multiple columns. You can sort
in ascending or descending order.
2 Filter: Filter your Excel data if you only want to display records that meet certain criteria.
3 Conditional Formatting: Conditional formatting in Excel enables you to highlight cells
with a certain colour, depending on the cell's value.
4 Charts: A simple Excel chart can say more than a sheet full of numbers. As you'll
see, creating charts is very easy.
5 Pivot Tables: Pivot tables are one of Excel's most powerful features. A pivot table
allows you to extract the significance from a large, detailed data set.
6 Tables: Tables allow you to analyse your data in Excel quickly and easily.
7 What-If Analysis: What-If Analysis in Excel allows you to try out different values
(scenarios) for formulas.
And many more…………………….
Pivot Table
Pivot tables are one of Excel's most powerful features. A pivot table allows you to extract
the significance from a large, detailed data set.
A PivotTable is an interactive way to quickly summarize large amounts of data. You can use a
PivotTable to analyse numerical data in detail, and answer unanticipated questions about your
data. A PivotTable is especially designed for: Querying large amounts of data in many
user-friendly ways.
Insert a Pivot Table
To insert a pivot table, execute the following steps.
1. Click a cell in the source data or table range.
2. Go to Insert > PivotTable. ...
3. Excel will display the Create PivotTable dialog with your range or table
name selected. ...
4. In the Choose where you want the PivotTable report to be placed section, select New
Worksheet, or Existing Worksheet.

For more details see at Page no. 40…... on

WELCOME (cag.gov.in)
Difference between table and pivot table
An Excel table is basically just a very simple database, consisting of one table. It has
data elements (columns) and a set of members having those data elements (rows). It
is detailed at the row level. A Pivot Table is a reporting and summation tool that gives
you information *about* an Excel table.
By using a table, you can more easily: By using a PivotTable, you can more easily:

 Manage and analyze data  Display the exact data you want
independently of data outside the to analyze
table  Apply one of many table  Pivot the data to view it from
formats to make data easier to view different angles
and scan
 Focuson specific data details by
 Add calculated columns to expanding or collapsing data or by
instantly calculate values applying filters
 Use a Total row to quickly  Make data comparisons
calculate and view totals
 Detect data patterns, relationships,
 Filter data in table columns to and data trends
display only data that you want to
analyze

Program 1- Create a pivot table in MS Excel to analyze worksheet data where Our data set
consists of 214 rows and 6 fields. Order ID, Product, Category, Amount, Date and Country
Program 2- Use the Field List to arrange fields in a PivotTable and apply filters.
Program 3- Create a pivot chart

Program 4- Create a scenario summary report

What is a chart?

A chart is a visual representative of data in both columns and rows. Charts are usually
used to analyse trends and patterns in data sets. Let's say you have been recording the sales
figures in Excel for the past three years. Using charts, you can easily tell which year had the
most sales and which year had the least. You can also draw charts to compare set targets
against actual achievements.

Different Types of Charts in Excel

Excel provides you different types of charts that suit your purpose. Based on the type of
data, you can create a chart. You can also change the chart type later.
Excel offers the following major chart types −

 Column Chart
 Line Chart
 Pie Chart
 Doughnut Chart
 Bar Chart
 Area Chart
 XY (Scatter) Chart
 Bubble Chart

 Stock Chart
 Surface Chart
 Radar Chart
 Combo Chart
Each of these chart types have sub-types. In this chapter, you will have an overview of the
different chart types and get to know the sub-types for each chart type.
For more details read https://www.tutorialspoint.com/excel_charts/excel_charts_types.htm

The following table shows some of the most commonly used Excel charts and when you
should consider using them.
WHEN SHOULD I EXAMPLE
USE IT?
S/N CHART TYPE

1 Pie Chart When you want to quantify

 items and show
them as percentages.

2 Bar Chart When you want to

compare values
across a
few categories. The
values run
horizontally
When you want to
compare values
across a few
categories. The
values run vertically

3 Column chart
4 Line chart When you want to
visualize trends over a
period of time i.e. months,
days, years, etc.
When you want to
highlight different
types of information

5 Combo Chart
The importance of charts

 Allows you to visualize data graphically

 It's easier to analyse trends and patterns using charts in MS Excel
 Easy to interpret compared to data in cells

Step by step example of creating charts in Excel

In this tutorial, we are going to plot a simple column chart in Excel that will display the sold
quantities against the sales year. Below are the steps to create chart in MS Excel:

 Open Excel
 Enter the data from the sample data table above
 Your workbook should now look as follows
To get the desired chart you have to follow the following steps
  Select the data you want to represent in graph
 Click on INSERT tab from the ribbon

 Click on the Column chart drop down button

 Select the chart type you want

You should be able to see the following chart

IT SKILL LAB-2
PIVOT TABLE
How to Use Excel Pivot Tables to Organize Data
Excel pivot tables are a feature that you should learn how to use. Instead of analyzing
countless spreadsheet records, these tables can aggregate your information and show a new
perspective in a few steps. You can move columns to rows or vice versa.

What’s an Excel Pivot Table?

You might think of a pivot table as a custom created summary table of your spreadsheet. It’s a
little bit like transpose in Excel, where you can switch your columns and rows. But it also has
elements of Excel Tables. And like tables, you can use Excel Slicers to drill-down into your
data.

You create the table by defining which fields to view and how the information should display.
Based on your field selections, Excel organizes the data to see a different view of your data.

For example, I’ve uploaded a data file with information on 4000 fictitious voters that include
the following data fields:

 Voter ID
 Party Affiliation
  Precinct
 Age group
 When they last voted
 Years they’ve been registered
 Ballot status

Looking at the first 20 records, you can see the content is beyond boring. In this format, the
key question it answers is how many voters exist in all the precincts.

Using an Excel pivot table, you can organize and group the same data in ways that start to
answer actionable questions like:

 What is the party breakdown by precinct?

 Which precincts have the most Democrats?
 How many voter pamphlets do I need for Precinct 2416?
 Do 18-21 year olds vote?
Excel pivot tables allow you to group the spreadsheet by any of your data fields. The picture
below shows a voter count by the political party by precinct.
Using a pivot table, I can continue to refine the information by selecting more fields from the
PivotTable Field List. For example, I can take the same data and segment by voter age
group.
Understanding Table Structure

In the screen snap above, I’ve labelled the main areas of the pivot table. Depending on which
Excel version you have, the labels may be different for the lower quadrants. Some versions
use “Rows” and “Columns,” whereas others use “Row Labels” and “Column Labels.”

1. PivotTable Field List – this section in the top-right displays the fields in your
spreadsheet. You may check a field or drag it to a quadrant in the lower part. 2.
The lower right quadrants – this area defines where and how the data shows on
your pivot table. You can have a field show in either a column or a row. You may
also indicate if the information should be counted, summed, averaged, filtered,
and so on.
3. The area to the left results from your selections from [1] and [2]. You’ll see that
the only difference I made in the last pivot table was to drag the AGE GROUP
field underneath the PRECINCT field in the Row Labels quadrant.
How to Create Excel Pivot Table

There are several ways to build a pivot table. Excel has logic that knows the field type and
will try to place it in the correct row or column if you check the box. For example, numeric
data such as Precinct counts tend to appear to the right in columns. Textual data, such as
Party, would appear in rows.

While you can check fields to display and let Excel build your pivot table, I prefer to use the
“drag and drop” method. This is partly because I like to visualize my data in columns and
rows. It may also be easier if you have fields, which can appear to be number-like such as a
precinct value.

To create an Excel pivot table,

1. Open your original spreadsheet and remove any blank rows or

columns. You may also use the sample spreadsheet at the bottom of this
tutorial.

2. Make sure each column has a meaningful label.

The column labels will be carried over to the Field List.

3. Verify your columns are properly formatted for their data type.
 Mixed data formats will pose a problem.

4. Click any populated cell.

This helps set the range.

5. Highlight your data range.

Tip: You can press Ctrl + A t o select all.

6. Click the Insert tab.
Your toolbar groups will change.
7. Select the PivotTable button from the Tables group.
This should be the first group.
8.
The Create PivotTable dialog appears.
Your highlighted range will be shown. Also, the PivotTable report will open in a new
worksheet.

9. Click OK.
A new worksheet opens with a blank pivot table with the fields from our Voters (source)
sheet carried over to the PivotTable Field List on the right.
10. Drag a field down to the Rows Labels quadrant.
I used the Precinct column. The left side of your sheet should show a row for
 each precinct.

11. The next step is to ask what you would like to know about each precinct. I’ll
drag the PARTY field from the PivotTable Fields List to the Column Labels
quadrant.
The sheet updates and shows a breakout for each precinct. Note that no values
are showing.

12. To see each political party’s counts, I need to drag the same field to the Values
quadrant. Excel has determined that I want to COUNT the number of voters.

Additional Groupings and Options

As you build your Excel pivot table, you’ll think of more ways to group the information. For
example, you might want to know the Age Range of voters by Precinct by Party. In this case,
I would drag the AGE GROUP column from the PivotTable Field List down below the
PRECINCT value in Row Labels.
Each age group is broken out and indented by precinct. At this stage, you might also be
thinking of usability. As with a regular spreadsheet, you may manipulate the fields. For
example, you might want to rename “Grand Total” to “Total” or even collapse the age values
for one or more precincts. You can also hide or show rows and columns. These features work
the same way as a regular spreadsheet.

One different area is the pivot table has its own options. You can use these options by right
clicking a cell within and selecting PivotTable Options… For example, you might only want
Grand Totals for columns and not rows.

There are also ways to filter the data using the controls next to Row Labels or Column labels
on the pivot table. You may also drag fields to the Report Filter quadrant.

Troubleshooting Excel Pivot Tables

You might encounter several “gotchas” with this example file or another spreadsheet.
Sometimes when you move around your pivot table, the PivotTable Field List disappears. To
get it back, click any cell with a value.

You can also move or “pivot” your data by right-clicking a data field on the table and
selecting the “Move” menu. From here, you can move a column to a row or even change the
position. An example of this might be the “LAST VOTED” values since Excel will sort by
the month first. You might prefer to move the data, so the election dates are in chronological
order.

I prefer not to add fields to a pivot table. I think it’s easier to add the fields first to your
source spreadsheet. The reason is you might get items out of sync if you move data unless
you make them a calculated field.
Another concern is blank fields. While making the example pivot table spreadsheet, I
managed to create a “pivot table field name is not valid error.”
Excel pivot tables may not make the election exciting, but it can make the analysis easier.
Without these tables, you’d probably spend more time filtering, sorting, and subtotaling. The
other benefit is that it’s easy to start over by deselecting fields or moving them around. Feel
free to download the tutorial spreadsheet below and play with the data. This may be the only
time you’re allowed to manipulate election data.