FLEXIBLE ELECTRONIC SKIN

A Technical Seminar Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the award of the Degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

by
JAKKULA
VAMSHIKRISHNA
(18BK1A04D9)
Under the esteemed guidance of
Mrs. B. KANAKA DURGA
MTech. (Ph. D)
Assistant professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION AND ENGINEERING

St. PETER’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
UGC Autonomous

HYDERABAD
TELANGANA
(2021-2022)

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 St. PETER’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE: HYDERABAD
UGC Autonomous

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is a bonafide record of the Technical Seminar report entitled,
“FLEXIBLE ELECTRONIC SKIN”, done by JAKKULA VAMSHIKRISHNA bearing Reg.
No: 18BK1A04D9 submitted to the Department of , in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Electronics and Communication
Engineering from St. Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad.

Signature of the Seminar Coordinator Signature of the HOD

Ms. B Kanaka Durga Dr. I. Sharath Chandra
MTech. (Ph.D) MTech. (Ph. D)
Assistant professor Head of department

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude by thanking my lecturer, Asst. Prof. Mrs. b kanaka Durga for

providing me such a brilliant opportunity to expand my knowledge of the subject. She supervised my

work keenly and provided me advice from time to time

. I would like to thank Head of Department, Dr. I. Sharath Chandra for providing the necessary

infrastructure and facilities required for successful completion of the project.

I would take this time to thank my parents and family for their unwavering trust in me. They have always

stood by me, taught me to be strong, confident and optimistic.

I would grab this chance and thank all my friends for staying together and keeping it going even in hard

times. Most important of all, I am indebted to my God for giving me the strength to complete what I have

started

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that seminar report entitled “FLEXIBLE ELECTRONIC SKIN” submitted by me to St.

Peters Engineering College in fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of B. TECH in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT is a record of bonafide seminar work

carried out by me under the guidance of Mrs. M Kanaka Durga. I further declare that the work reported in

this seminar has not been submitted and will not be submitted either in part or full, for the award of any

other degree or diploma in this institute or any other institute or university

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE NO

ABSTRACT 6
LIST OF FIGURES 7
LIST OF TABLES 8
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVATIONS 9
1.INTRODUCTION 10 - 11
2.LITERATURE REVIEW 12 - 13
2.1 HISTORY
2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF WI GIG
2.3 THE WI GIG SOLUTION
3.HOW WI GIG WORKS 14 - 20
3.1 PHYSICAL LAYER
3.2 MODULATION AND CODING SCHEMES
3.3 MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL LAYER
3.4 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
3.5 SEAMLESS MULTIBAND OPERATION
3.6 BEAMFORMING
3.6.1ADAPTIVE BEAMFORMING
3.7 POWER MANAGEMENT
3.8 ADVANCED SECURITY
4. WI GIG APPLICATIONS 21 - 23
4.1 WIRELESS DOCKING
4.2 MULTIMEDIA ENTERTAINMENT
4.3 AUGUMENTED AND VIRTUALL REALITY
4.4 PUBLIC KIOSTS
4.5 ENTERPRISE CONNECTIVITY
5. FUTURE SCOPE 24 - 25
5.1 MULTI BAND OF WI FI
5.2 WIGIG LOGO
6. WHY WIGIG 26
7. WI GIG IS 802.11 AD AND 802.11 AY 27
8. HOW DO I GET WI GIG 28
9. CONCLUSION 29
10. REFERENCE 30

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 ABSTRACT

Electronics plays a very important role in developing simple devices used for any purpose. In every field
electronic equipments are required. The best achievement as well as future example of integrated electronics in
medical field is Artificial Skin. It is ultrathin electronics device attaches to the skin like a sick on tattoo which
can measure electrical activity of heart, brain waves & other vital signals. Artificial skin is skin grown in a
laboratory. It can be used as skin replacement for people who have suffered skin trauma, such as severe burns
or skin diseases, or robotic applications. This paper focuses on the Artificial skin(E-Skin) to build a skin work
similar to that of the human skin and also it is embedded with several sensations or the sense of touch acting on
the skin. This skin is already being stitched together. It consists of millions of embedded electronic measuring
devices: thermostats, pressure gauges, pollution detectors, cameras, microphones, glucose sensors, EKGs,
electronic holographs. This device would enhance the new technology which is emerging and would greatly
increase the usefulness of robotic probes in areas where the human cannot venture. The sensor could pave the
way for a overabundance of new applications that can wirelessly monitor the vitals and body movements of a
patient sending information directly to a computer that can log and store data to better assist in future decisions.
This paper offers an insight view of the internal structure, fabrication process and different manufacturing
processes.
Keywords: Organic light emitting diode (OLED), Electronic Skin (E-Skin), Gallium Indium (GaIn),
Nanowires, Organic transistors, Artificial Skin.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

SI NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NUMBER

1 WI GIG 7

2 60 GHz spectrum allocation 11

3 Wi gig protocol adaption layers 12

4 Wi gig architecture 14

5 Beamforming. 1 15

6 Beamforming. 2 16

7 Wi gig docking 18

8 Multimedia entertainment 19

9 Public kiosks 20

10 Wi gig chipset shipment 21

11 Wi gig logo 22

12 Increasing of wireless world 23

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 LIST OF TABLES

SI NO TABLE NAME PAGE NUMBERS

1 IEEE 802.11 PHY 13

Standards

2 Wi-gig at a glance 22

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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVATIONS

WI GIG - WIRELESS GIGABIT ALLIANCE

WI FI - WIRELESS FIDELITY

OFDM - ORTHOGONAAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

SC - SINGLE CARRIER

IEEE - INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS

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 1. INTRODUCTION

Electronics plays a very important role in developing simple devices used for any purpose. In every
field electronic equipments are required. The best achievement as well as future example of integrated
electronics in medical field is Artificial Skin. It is ultrathin electronics device attaches to the skin like a sick
on tattoo which can measure electrical activity of heart, brain waves & other vital signals. Evolution in
robotics is demanding increased perception of the environment. Human skin provides sensory perception of
temperature, touch/pressure, and air flow. Goal is to develop sensors on flexible substrates that are compliant
to curved surfaces. Researcher’s objective is for making an artificial skin is to make a revolutionary change in
robotics, in medical field, in flexible electronics. Skin is large organ in human body so artificial skin replaces
it according to our need. Main objective of artificial skin is to sense heat, pressure, touch, airflow and
whatever which human skin sense. It is replacement for prosthetic limbs and robotic arms.

Artificial skin is skin grown in a laboratory. There are various names of artificial skin in biomedical field
it is called as artificial skin, in our electronics field it is called as electronic skin, some scientist it called as
sensitive skin, in other way it also called as synthetic skin, some people says that it is fake skin. Such
different names are available but application is same it is skin replacement for people who have suffered skin
trauma, such as severe burns or skin diseases, or robotic applications & so on. An artificial skin has also been
recently demonstrated at the University of Cincinnati for in-vitro sweat simulation and testing, capable of
skin-like texture, wetting, sweat pore- density, and sweat rates.

Fig. 1 Artificial Skin

This could prevent the robot from crashing into walls or allow it to handle our soft, fragile human bodies with
more care. For humans, it could provide prosthetics or garments that are hyperaware of their surroundings.
Besides adding multiple functions to e- skins, it’s also important to improve their electronic properties, such as
the speed at which signals can be read from the sensors. For that, electron mobility is a fundamental limiting
factor, so some researchers are seeking to create flexible materials that allow electrons to move very quickly.
Ali Javey and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, have hadsome success in that area.
They figured out how to make flexible, large-area electronics by printing semiconducting nanowires onto
plastics and paper. Nanowires have excellent electron mobility, but they hadn’t been used in large-area
electronics before. Materials like the ones Javey developed will also allow for fascinating new functions for e-
skin.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History
Electronic skin or e-skin is a thin material designed to mimic human skin by recognising
pressure and temperature. In September 2010, Javey and the University of California,
Berkeley developed a method of attaching nanowire transistors and pressure sensors to a
sticky plastic film. In August 2011, Massachusetts-based MC10 created an electronic patch
for monitoring patient's vital health signs which was described as 'electric skin'. The 'tattoos'
were created by embedding sensors in a thin film. During tests, the device stayed in place for
24 hours and was flexible enough to move with the skin it was placed on. Javey's latest
electronic skin lights up when touched. Pressure triggers a reaction that lights up blue, green,
red, and yellow LEDs and as pressure increases the lights get brighter

Artificial skin identified by different name in a same way it is developed in different

laboratories such as in MIT (Massatucetes institute of technology), in Tokyo led by Takao
Someya, The Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, and so on.
In this report we see the different methods of manufacturing of artificial skin of different
scientist & its application with its future scope.

Another form of ―artificial skin‖ has been created out of flexible semiconductor materials that can
sense touch for those with prosthetic limbs. The artificial skin is anticipated to augment robotics in
conducting rudimentary jobs that would be considered delicate and require sensitive ―touch‖. Scientists
found that by applying a layer of rubber with two parallel electrodes that stored electrical charges
inside of the artificial skin, tiny amounts of pressure could be detected. When pressure is exerted, the
electrical charge in the rubber is changed and the change is detected by the electrodes. However, the
film is so small that when pressure is applied to the skin, the molecules have nowhere to move and
become entangled. The molecules also fail to return to their original shape when the pressure is
removed.

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 2.2 Characteristics Of Flexible e-Skin

The development of highly deformable artificial skin with contact force (or pressure) and
strain sensing capabilities is a critical technology to the areas of wearable computing,
haptic interfaces, and tactile sensing in robotics

1.Bendable sensors and displays have made the tech rounds before.
2.Theflexible and transparent electronics sheet of about eight thousand transistors using
vertical nanowires of zinc oxide.
3.The skin prototype is approximately 63 kPa. The sensor is functional up to strains of approximately
250%
4. A prosthetic hand, for example, by giving the wearer the ability to grip delicate objects.

2.3 The e-Skin solution

We describe the design, fabrication, and calibration of a highly compliant artificial skin sensor. The sensor
consists of multilayered mircochannels in an elastomer matrix filled with a conductive liquid, capable of
detecting multiaxis strains and contact pressure. A novel manufacturing method comprised of layered
molding and casting processes is demonstrated to fabricate the multilayered soft sensor circuit. Silicone
rubber layers with channel patterns, cast with 3-D printed molds, are bonded to create embedded
microchannels, and a conductive liquid is injected into the microchannels. The channel dimensions are 200
μm (width) × 300 μm (height). The size of the sensor is 25 mm × 25 mm, and the thickness is
approximately 3.5 mm. The prototype is tested with a materials tester and showed linearity in strain sensing
and nonlinearity in pressure sensing. The sensor signal is repeatable in both cases. The characteristic
modulus of the skin prototype is approximately 63 kPa. The sensor is functional up to strains of
approximately 250%
A highly elastic artificial skin was developed using an embedded liquid conductor. Three hyper-elastic
silicon rubber layers with embedded microchannels were stacked and bonded. The three layers contain
different channel patterns for different types of sensing such as multi-axial strain and contact pressure. A
novel manufacturing method with layered molding and casting techniques was developed to build a multi-
layered soft sensor circuit.
For strain sensing, the calibration results showed linear and repeatable sensor signal. The gauge factors
of the skin prototype are 3.93 and 3.81 in x and y axes, respectively, and the minimum detectable
displacements are 1.5 mm in x-axis and 1.6 mm in y-axis. For pressure sensing, the prototype showed
repeatable but not linear sensor signals. The hysteresis level was high in a high pressure range (over 25
kPa). The sensor signal was repeatable in both cases.

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 2.4 How e-Skin works

In 2018, Zou et al. published work on electronic skin that is able to reform covalent bonds when
damaged.[8] The group looked at a polyimine-based crosslinked network, synthesized as seen in Figure
1. The e-skin is considered rehealable because of “reversible bond exchange,” meaning that the bonds
holding the network together are able to break and reform under certain conditions such as solvation
and heating. The rehealable and reusable aspect of such a thermoset material is unique because many
thermoset materials irreversibly form crosslinked networks through covalent bonds.[9] In the polymer
network the bonds formed during the healing process are indistinguishable from the original polymer
network.

Figure 1. Polymerization scheme for formation of polyimine-based self-healing electronic skin.

Dynamic non-covalent crosslinking has also been shown to form a polymer network that is rehealable.
In 2016, Oh et al. looked specifically at semiconducting polymers for organic transistors.[10] They found
that incorporating 2,6-pyridine dicarboxamide (PDCA) into the polymer backbone could impart self-
healing abilities based on the network of hydrogen bonds formed between groups. With incorporation
of PDCA in the polymer backbone, the materials was able to withstand up to 100% strain without
showing signs of microscale cracking. In this example, the hydrogen bonds are available for energy
dissipation as the strain increases.

There are many characteristics of the wireless gigabit technology because it governs all the
applications of networking, transmission of data and different processes of communication
with the of spectrum band around the world. Help of faster rate of multi gigabit. And all the
activities of the technology are carried out without the wires. Wireless gigabit technology is
able to deal with all the processes of data transmission, display, audio and communication.

Self-healing abilities of electronic skin are critical to potential applications of electronic

skin in fields such as soft robotics.[7] Proper design of self-healing electronic skin requires
not only healing of the base substrate but also the reestablishment of any sensing functions
such as tactile sensing or electrical conductivity.[7] Ideally, the self-healing process of
electronic skin does not rely upon outside stimulation such as increased temperature,
pressure, or solvation.[1][7][8] Self-healing, or rehealable, electronic skin is often achieved
through a polymer-based material or a hybrid material.

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3.1 Physical layer :
The 60 GHz band has much more spectrum available than the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
combined. Many regions provide at least 8 GHz of spectrum, and up to 14 GHz in the United
States, compared with 83.5 MHz in the 2.4 GHz band. As with the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands, the
60 GHz spectrum is divided into multiple channels. At 60 GHz, each channel is 2.16 GHz
wide – more than 10 times wider than the channels available in the most enhancements to 802
ad.

Figure 3. wi gig protocol adaption layers

3.2 Modulation & coding scheme:

Wi Gig supports two types of modulation and coding schemes, which provide different
benefits:

 Single Carrier mode supports the highest available data rates up to 8 Gbps.

 Low-power Single Carrier mode provides lowest possible power consumption, targeting
mobile devices such as smartphones, up to 2.5 Gbps.

The two types of schemes share common elements such as preamble and channel coding.
This reduces implementation complexity for manufacturers of Wi Gig devices.

3.3 Medium Access Control layer:

At the MAC layer, Wi Gig includes new features that support advanced usage models,
facilitate integration with Wi-Fi networks, reduce power consumption, and provide strong
security.

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3.4 Network architecture:
Wi Gig supports both infrastructure and device-to-device operation. In infrastructure mode,
Wi Gig operates in the same manner as existing Wi-Fi networks, with stations and access
points interconnected to access a shared medium. In device-to-device operation, devices
connect to each other to provide a means to send or receive data. In device-to-device mode, a
Personal Basic Service Set (BSS) is configured when a device presents itself as a Personal
BSS Control Point (PCP). Other stations are then able to connect to the PCP to exchange
data.

Table 1. IEEE 802.11 PHY Standards

3.5 Seamless multi-band operation:

WiGig provides the ability for multi-Wi-Fi band to another seamlessly. A communication
session can be rapidly and seamlessly transferred between a 60 GHz channel and any lower
This innovation enables seamless fallback to other bands if WiGig connectivity is not
available. Users with multi-band capable devices can maintain session links that might have
been initiated on a 60 GHz channel, by automatically switching to example, an Figure 3.
WiGig architecture Seminar Report Wi Gig-The Wireless Technology Vidya Academy of
Science and Technology -Technical Campus Table1. IEEE 802.11 PHY Standards band
operation: WiGig provides the ability for multi-band operation, allowing sessions to transfer
from one Fi band to another seamlessly. A communication session can be rapidly and
seamlessly transferred between a 60 GHz channel and any lower-frequency Wi-Fi channel
This innovation enables seamless fallback to other bands if WiGig connectivity is not band
capable devices can maintain session links that might have been initiated on a 60 GHz
channel, by automatically switching to another Wi gig . Wi Gig architecture The Wireless
Technology Page 7 band operation, allowing sessions to transfer from one Fi band to another
seamlessly. A communication session can be rapidly and seamlessly Fi channel. This

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innovation enables seamless fallback to other bands if WiGig connectivity is not band
capable devices can maintain session links that might have another Wi-Fi band. For example
an.

figure 4. Wi Gig Architecture

HD streaming session initiated on WiGig might require the mobile device to switch to
another Wi-Fi band as the user moves out of range of the original link. With dynamic ban
switching, the user does not have to intervene in this process and the device is able to
maintain a consistent user experience.

3.6 Beamforming :
uses directional antennas to reduce interference and focus a signal between two devices into
a concentrated “beam.” This allows for robust multi gigabit communication. During beam
forming process, devices establish communication and then fine settings to improve the
quality of directional communication and minimize contention with adjacent
communications, which maximizes link performance and overall system spectral.

As long as a device is within range of a particular antenna on the router, the antenna and
receiver can run the digital optimization process fairly quickly to establish a concentrated
signal beam. But "quickly" is as specific as the released sources by the WiGig alliance gets,
so the speed of connection could be anywhere from a fraction of a second to multiple
seconds, or longer.

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 Figure 5. Beamforming. 1

3.6.1 Adaptive beamforming:

Beamforming using directional antennas is to focus the signal on a concentrated “beam”.

Wireless Gigabit to overcome the loss of signal uses a process called Adaptive Beamforming.
This is not the first or only system to do but it is very dependent on it. Wi combination of
physical antennas on devices and algorithms to tune the signal equipment WiGig effectively
shoot their signals back and forth at each other in a narrow, directed beam. Antennas in the
device, say, router device in case of a device that wants to use a combination of 60GHz is
applied to this area, it begins to communicate with the antenna to tune the antenna to
maximize signal speed. Antennas do this by adjusting both the amplitude and Reception is
optimized by minimizing all kinds of problems: confusion between the antenna and the
output expected, for example, the signal to noise ratio. Seminar Report WiGig-The Wireless
Technology Vidya Academy of Science and Technology -Technical Campus HD streaming
session initiated on WiGig might require the mobile device to switch to Fi band as the user
moves out of range of the original link. With dynamic ban switching, the user does not have
to intervene in this process and the device is able to maintain a consistent user experience.
uses directional antennas to reduce interference and focus a signal between two devices into a
d “beam.” This allows for robust multi-gigabit communications. During the beamforming
process, devices establish communication and then fine-tune their antenna settings to improve
the quality of directional communication and minimize contention with communications,
which maximizes link performance and overall system spectral Fig.4 Beamforming.1
Beamforming using directional antennas is to focus the signal on a concentrated “beam”.
Wireless Gigabit to overcome the loss of signal uses a process called Adaptive Beamforming.
This is not the first or only system to do but it is very dependent on it. Wi combination of
physical antennas on devices and algorithms to tune the signal equipment WiGig effectively
shoot their signals back and forth at each other in a narrow, directed beam. Antennas in the
device, say, router-to-everyone has a wide area for the router to see the device in case of a
device that wants to use a combination of 60GHz is applied to this area, it begins to
communicate with the antenna to tune the antenna to maximize signal speed. Antennas do
this by adjusting both the amplitude and phase shifts of transmitted waves.

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When the phase shifts and amplitudes of multiple sources waves are manipulated to
cooperate and combine their pings properly form the “leaves” excellent reception. The 60
GHz stations need to find each other, coordinate operation, and optimize antenna settings in
an efficient, interoperable manner. WIGIG addresses these challenges in its MAC/PHY
specification with the design of its network architecture, access protocol, and PHY layer. A
specific beam forming protocol is also an integral part of the specification. The WIGIG
MAC and PHY layers provide similar functionality to the IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n MAC and
PHY, but incorporate new features to enhance operation in the 60 GHz band. As mentioned
earlier, beamforming is an integral part of the specification. There is a protocol to allow
devices with directional antennas to discover each other and establish connections. Once
connected, they can refine antenna settings to maximize transmit and receive gains. As
channels change, they can make continuous adjustments to their antenna settings to
maximize performance. This allows the highest data rates possible, even with time varying
channels, such as those seen by mobile devices.

Figure 6. Beamforming.2

3.7 Power management:

WiGig provides flexibility in accessing the medium by incorporating two different channels
access schemes. The first, contention-based access, is an enhanced access method defined in
802.11 (CSMA/CD), with additional optimizations to account for directional connections.
Contention based schemes are well suited for one-time, non-periodic data exchanges such as
a
large file transfer. Once granted access to the medium, the file transfer is completed quickly
at the highest data rate available. The second method is a schedule-based access scheme.
This method allows two devices to schedule periods of data exchange, thereby allowing
potentially longer sleep periods. These longer sleep periods provide additional power.

saving, useful for mobile devices such as smartphones. Additionally, scheduled access
provide better quality.

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3.8 Advanced security:

Wi-Fi CERTIFIED WiGig devices utilize WPA2™ (Wi-Fi Protected Access® 2) with the
addition of Galois/Counter Mode Protocol (GCMP) for encryption. GCMP is a highly
efficient mode of encryption that is designed to support higher communication speeds
utilizing parallel processing in hardware. 2) Security: The PHY layer includes single carrier
(SC) modes with data rates up to 4.6 Gbps and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) modes with data rates up to 7 Gbps. It is expected that all devices will employ SC
modes, including low power mobile devices. OFDM modes are designed for higher
performance systems that need the highest possible data rates. Both the SC and OFDM
modes share a common preamble to promote interoperability. Channel coding in the WIGIG
PHY employs modern low density parity check (LDPC) codes with rates of 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, and
13/16. The same code sets are employed for both SC and OFDM modes. The wide range of
code rates allows transceivers to choose the best code rate for the particular fading channel
condition they encounter. The codes are specifically designed for implementations.

The WIGIG MAC layer incorporates modes for both point to point communication
between two wireless devices and wireless network access. Thus, both cable replacement and
Internet access use cases can be supported. There is also support for rapid transfer of
connections between 60 GHz and the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. This is useful if a mobile device
moves out of range of a 60 GHz connection. It can quickly fall back to a lower rate
connection in one of the other unlicensed bands and maintain seamless network connectivity.

The MAC and PHY also incorporate specific features to support efficient transfer of very
high-speed data. These features include packet aggregation, block acknowledgment, and
advanced security with Advanced Encryption Standard-Galois Counter Mode (AES-GCM)
that requires fewer computations per bit than earlier AES modes in IEEE 802.11. WIGIG
includes some PAL specifications to address common60GHz applications. Each PAL layer
sits directly over the MAC layer and acts as an interface between the 60 GHz MAC/PHY and
a bus or display interface. This functionality is in contrast to the typical IP networking model
that has an additional IP stack sitting on top of the mac.

The PAL interface model has a simpler design that is suitable for cable replacement
applications. The IP model is more suited to network access. WIGIG supports either or both
models of operation. The two models can even work simultaneously. For example, a device
may use a WIGIG 60 GHz MAC/PHY to carry both streaming video over a PAL and a
highspeed internet connection.

Wireless Gigabit ensures higher security and accuracy during transmission of data
compared to all other technologies. The usage of Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or WiFi
Protected Access (WPA) / Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) encryption methods on
wireless network can dramatically reduce the throughput and makes the security weaker.
This is because TKIP has known security holes while using along with the WPA.
WIGIG uses WPA2 along with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to provide higher
security while transferring the data. WPA is a security technology commonly used on Wi-Fi
wireless networks where WIGIG is the replacement and advancement of the originality of
WPA. There are lot of different forms of WPA2 are available. WIGIG uses WPA2 – Pre
Shared Key mode (PSK) ‘which utilizes keys that are 64 hexadecimal digits long and is the

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method most commonly used in the home networks. WPA2 – PSK is also called as WPA2
Personal in the home routers.

2.5 WiGig applications

The benefits of WiGig technology reach many market segments in both consumer and
business applications. Mobile phone makers and service providers, computer, peripheral and
consumer electronics vendors, airport, stadium, and hotel network managers can all give their
customers the benefit of WiGig multi-gigabit connectivity for a variety of data-intensive
applications.

4.1 Wireless docking:

WiGig helps bring the wireless office closer to fruition, allowing a number of peripherals to
be connected without wires and without compromising quality. Employees giving
presentations can wirelessly connect their laptop or smartphone to the company’s projection
system, eliminating the need to use cumbersome wires and adapters. Individuals who want to
show their photos on a larger screen can wirelessly connect their camera directly to their
computer or tablet.

WiGig not only provides connectivity between the PC and various high performance
peripherals such as monitors and hard disk drives (HDDs), it also delivers a high
throughput networking link. Wireless docking over WiGig brings a high-performance
computing environment that could be utilized by any PC, regardless of manufacturer,
benefiting both enterprise and home environments.

Figure 7. wi gig docking

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4.2 Multimedia entertainment:

WiGig advances the multimedia entertainment experience. Since most entertainment

experiences like home theaters and gaming occur in the same room, WiGig is a perfect fit to
give a high speed, low latency experience. Multi-player gaming with WiGig releases players
from the standard client-server architecture and offers the opportunity to network directly
with other players. Using WiGig, individuals can play together in the same room without
perceived latency, which detracts from an immersive gaming experience. WiGig technology
can deliver extremely high frame rates and uncompressed high definition (HD) streams for an
unparalleled gaming or HD movie viewing experience. Players can see graphics and
animations as intended, without latency.

Figure 8. Multimedia Entertainment

4.3 Augmented and virtual reality:

The augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR) industry is growing at a tremendous pace in a

variety of markets. Though still evolving, most AR/VR applications today remain dependent
on a wired connection to a PC or dependent on a smartphone’s cellular connectivity. These
applications require very low latency, high-definition rendering of minimally compressed or
uncompressed formats. WiGig can deliver the in-room performance required to untether these
applications, giving a more immersive experience and helping to extend the AR/VR
audience.

4.4 Public kiosks:

Travelers can download movies before leaving the house or while rushing through the
airport. WiGig opens new opportunities for public kiosk applications by allowing users to

22
obtain products and services quickly, securely, and wirelessly. A WiGig-enabled movie kiosk
at an airport could potentially serve several customers simultaneously, sending multiple 10-
gigabyte movies in a manner of seconds.

Figure 9. Public kiosks

4.5 Enterprise connectivity:

Multi-band access point deployments that include 60 GHz support will dramatically increase
Wi-Fi capacity within the enterprise. These deployments provide general connectivity to
users, while also creating the ability to process high throughput for bandwidth intensive
applications. Offloading multimedia streams and large file downloads creates a more efficient
network throughout the enterprise.

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2.6 FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 The multi-band future of wi-fi:

WiGig provides significant user benefits in a variety of ways, some of which are
transformational in the very nature of how users will interact with WiGig
The benefits of using this technology span many markets, from mobile and PC to consumer
electronics and service provider segments. WiGig is available worldwide in the unlicensed
60GHz spectrum and increases bandwidth, throughput, and network capacity.

Expectations are that 2017 will see steady growth in commercially available WiGig de
with more growth year over year (see chart). The use of multi band devices is
expected rise and new applications for its utilization, which span multiple industries
and market segments, will develop. By 2021, 4.7 billion cumulative WiGig devices
will have been introduced into the market.

Figure 10. wi gig chipset shipment forecast

Over the past 16 years, Wi-Fi has become an increasingly important part of people’s lives.
The ever evolving wireless demands of individuals, families, business require additional Wi-
Fi space and functionality. Wi maximum throughput and more efficient use of the 60 GHz
unlicensed spectrum. WI Gig’s features enhance existing Wi-Fi capabilities and help create
new uses that latency, high throughput, and increased capacity for both networking and
device applications. Seminar Report WiGig-The Wireless Technology Vidya Academy of
Science and Technology -Technical Campus FUTURE SCOPE band future of Wi-Fi WiGig
provides significant user benefits in a variety of ways, some of which are transformational in
the very nature of how users will interact with WiGig-enabled devices. The benefits of using
this technology span many markets, from mobile and PC to electronics

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5.2Look for the Wi-Fi CERTIFIED logo :

The Wi-Fi CERTIFIED logo is the best assurance of an interoperable, backward product with
security protections in place. Users should always look for the logo on product packaging and
should always buy Wi operate together seamlessly, include the latest security features, and
are good neighbors to other Wi-Fi equipment.

Figure 11. wigig logo

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 2.7 WHY WI-GIG??

FOR FASTEST WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY

Need for fastest wireless connectivity:

 The wireless world is evolving rapidly in response to the explosion of intelligent devices
application and data.

 Wireless docking between devices like smartphones, laptops, projectors, and tablets.
Simultaneously streaming of multiple, ultra-high definitions videos and movies.

 More immersive gaming, augmented reality and virtual reality experiences.

 Fast download of HD movies.

Figure 12. Increasing use of wireless world

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2.8 WiGig Is 802.11ad and 802.11ay
Wi Gig was first announced in 2009 by the Wireless Gigabit Alliance, a trade association
pushing this technology. In 2013, the Wireless Gigabit Alliance closed and the Wi-Fi
Alliance—the same body that oversees Wi-Fi standards like Wi-Fi 6—took over. “Wi-FI
CERTIFIED Wi Gig” is now a Wi-Fi Alliance standard, just like WPA3 security is.

The original version of Wi Gig, published in 2012, uses the 802.11ad standard. It offers
speeds of about 5Gbps over a maximum distance of 10 meters.

A newer, faster standard named 802.11ay is scheduled for release in 2019, so expect to see
faster WiGig products soon. Qualcomm’s Dino Bekis told The Verge that this new standard
could be twice as fast, and communicate over distances of up to 100 meters. (Bear in mind,
though, that it won’t be any better at penetrating through walls.)

Don’t confuse these standards with 802.11ax, which is Wi-Fi 6.

Wi Gig won’t replace Wi-Fi 6. Even with the expanded range in the newer WiGig standard,
Wi Gig won’t be able to go through walls and other obstacles. You’ll want to have two
devices using Wi Gig in the same room with no obstacles between them to take advantage of
Wi Gig.

Here are some technologies that could take advantage of Wi Gig, though:

 A computer could power a high-resolution virtual reality headset in the same room,
wirelessly. HTC’s Vive wireless adapter uses Wi Gig for this today.

 A phone, tablet, or computer could wirelessly stream content to a high-resolution

TV or another monitor in the same room. Asus’s ROG Phone can use Wi Gig
along with its display dock to wirelessly connect your phone to a big-screen TV.

 Wireless access points outdoors could communicate over Wi Gig for super-fast
speeds, enabling wireless delivery of Internet connections—just like how 5G can
deliver home Internet. Facebook is using this for its Terragraph project, which
delivers Internet wirelessly.

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2.9 How Do I Get Wi Gig?

Think of Wi Gig as an optional add-on for Wi-Fi. Any devices supporting Wi Gig will also
support basic standards like WI-Fi 6. But not every Wi-Fi 6 device will include Wi Gig
technology.

If you’re interested in this technology, keep an eye open for devices that advertise Wi Gig
support.

While the older 802.11ad standard has been out for a while, devices that support it are few
and far between. Devices that support the 802.11ay standard will start coming out in 2019.

The big devices that do support Wi Gig are “self-contained” at the moment. In other words,
you buy a Vive wireless adapter, and it communicates with its own receiver via Wi Gig. Or,
you buy an ASUS ROG phone, and its dock communicates with its own adapter via Wi Gig

There are many characteristics of the wireless gigabit technology because it governs all the
applications of networking, transmission of data and different processes of communication
with the of spectrum band around the world. help of faster rate of multi gigabit. And all the
activities of the technology are carried out without the wires. Wireless gigabit technology is
able to deal with all the processes of data transmission, display, audio and communication.

The Wireless Gigabit (Wi Gig) Alliance was formed for supporting advanced applications
like wireless display, docking, as well as network access. The Wi Gig, MAC and PHY
Specification enables data rates up to 7 Gbps, more than 10 times the speed of the fastest Wi-
Fi networks . 60 GHz; new devices with tri-band radios will be able to seamlessly integrate
into existing 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi networks [3]. The specification supports for many
advanced uses like wireless docking and connection to displays, virtually instantaneous
wireless backups, synchronization and file transfers between computers and handheld
devices.

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2.10 CONCLUSION
This paper explains WiGig, by obtaining the most recent information about WiGig.WiGig
triband enabled devices, which operate in the 2.4, 5 and 60 GHz bands, will deliver data
transfer rates up to 7 Gbit/s which is almost seven times faster than 802.11acand ten times
faster than the highest 802.11nrate. Basically WiGig is going to help us in syncing file
transfers, docking, and streaming videos. Wigig is 10 times faster than the wifi but it does not
replace the wi-fi. WiGig is something completely different. It’s a fast, short-hauls service at
60 GHz that is meant to replace local area networks.

Our analysis showed that the performance of WIGIG is much higher in terms of data rates,
security. When compared with all other existing wireless communications. Higher data rates
are provided by the higher bandwidth available in the 60GHz spectrum band. Higher data
rates are achieved even during the long distance communications because of the major
dependence on Beamforming. Stronger security is provided by the usage of WPA2 / AES
security technology. The advanced features in the WIGIG shows that the future wireless
communications will be dominated by the 60.

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2.11 REFERENCES
[1] T. Seki, N. Honma, K. Nishikawa, and K. Tsunekawa, “A 60-GHz multilayer parasitic
microstrip array antenna on LTCC substrate for system-on-package,” IEEE Microw. Wireless
Compon. Lett., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 339–341, May 2005.

[2]http://wirelessgigabitalliance.org/news/wigig-to-test-specifications-with-
secondtechnology-lugfest.

[3]http://www.rcrwireless.com/americas/20120516/componets/challenges-and-opportunities
for-wigig/.

. [4] Wireless Gigabit Alliance [Online]. Available:

[5] Swati , Dr. Gageendra R. Bamnote “ WiGig – The Wireless Technology ”

[6] “High Rate 60 GHz PHY, MAC and HDMI PALs,” ECMA International, December
2010.

[7] C. Daniels and J. Robert W. Heath, “60 GHz wireless communications: emerging
requirements and design recommendations,” IEEE Vehicular technology magazine, pp. 41–
50, September.

[8] C. J. Hansen, “WiGig: Multi-gigabit wireless communications in the 60 GHz band,” IEEE
Wireless Communication

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