2 :( 1-11131010648 ORGANISATION

2. 1 Cell structure and function

cells are basic units of all living things

components of animal and plant cells and their function

Mitochondria n

Characteristic :

It 's rod shaped or spherical

consists of 2 layers of membranes
↳ smooth outer membrane
9 folded membrane animal cell
inner
contains enzymes ( for respiration )

function :

generates energy , through the glucose oxidation process

during cellular respiration

energy released 9 in ATP molecules ( adenosine triphosphate )

mitochondrion
centriole

characteristic :

small cylindrical components , exist in pairs , in animal cell

made up of complex arrangement of microtubules

animal cells only

function :

forms spindle fibre during cell DIVISION ( animal cells] Centriole

Golgi Apparatus

Characteristic :

conslts of a stack of parallel flattened sacs that are coated

by a single membrane
new membrane is added at one end of golgi apparatus and
vesicles budd off the other end
from 90191 apparatus
→ protein

function : 9 carbohydrate
9 glycoprotein ( combination of protein 8 carbohydrate )
processes , modifies , packs and transports chemical
Plasma membrane

characteristic :

outer membrane that surrounds the entire content of cell

made of proteins and phospho lids

thin and elastic film

partially permeable

function :

plasma membrane

separates content of cell from external environment

control movement of substances into and out of the cell

,^Y÷!tsm
allow excnanote

}
of '

s respiratory gases between cells and

, , , , , , ,,, their surrounding

lysosomes

characteristic :

small spherical sac enclosed In a single membrane

contains hydrolytic enzymes

function :

> nucleic acid

hydrolyses complex organic molecules 9 Protein

lysosomes
g lipid
breaks down bacteria and components of damaged cells

Nucleus

characteristic :

largest component in cell

spherical compressed , and enclosed

/ in a nuclear membrane with many pores

contains 9 Chromosomes

> nucleolus

s nucleoplasm

function :

nucleus

controls all cell activities

has chromosomes that contain DNA ( deoxy ribonucleic acid )

>
determines the cell characteristics

and metabolic function

Ribosome

characteristic :

small / compact 8 spherical granules

consist of protein and RNA ( ribonucleic acid)

present on the surface of R - E. R or exist

freely in the cytoplasm

ribosome

function :

site for protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum

characteristic :

consist of a system of interconnected folded flattened sacs

E. R membrane is continuous with nuclear membrane

2 types of E. R

s rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes

y
,

attached to the surface .

> smooth endoplasmic reticulum

endoplasmic reticulum

function :

the transport system within the cell

provides a wide surface for enzyme attachment and biochemical reactions

the R E. R-
transports proteins synthesised by ribosomes

the S -
E. R synthesis es 8 transports glycerol and lipids , and carries out

the detoxification of drugs and metabolic by-products .

CO2

Vacuole metabolic
g oxygen
> water
products
by
y→ organic acids
-

characteristic : → sugars
contains 9 AMINO ACIDS
y > enzymes
liquid -
filled sac C cell Sap ) > mineral salts

surrounded by the tonoplast membrane

young plant cells have many small vacuoles

mature plant cells have a large vacuole Plant cell

vacuole in animal cells is small

function :

water is absorbed into the valuate plant cell

and the cell becomes turgid

in unicellular animals . the vacuole contracts during

Osmctequlatlcn , osmosis and excretion vacuole

Chloroplast

characteristic :

Oval shaped
consists of 2 layers of membrane
contains chlorophyll pigments in the grand that give
plants a green colour

function : chloroplast

chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and converts it to chemical

energy during photosynthesis

cytoplasm

characteristic :

consists of a jelly -
like medium that contains components of

the suspended cells

contains organic compounds and inorganic compounds

s protein s potassium ions

s lipid cytoplasm
s carbohydrate

function :

act as a medium for biochemical reactions in the cells

cell wall

characteristic :

a strong and rigid outer layer

made from cellulose fibre

fully permeable

function : cell wall

maintains the shape of plant cells

provides mechanical support to plant cells

compare 8 contrast the components of animal cells and plant cells

plant cells animal cells

similarities

has a fixed shape no fixed shape

has a cell wall nucleus no cell wall

has chloroplast cytoplasm no chloroplasts

has a large plasma membrane no vacuole Cif present,

vacuole 90191 apparatus it is small )

endoplasmic carbohydrate
store carbohydrate reticulum
stores in

in the form of mitochondrion the form of glycogen

starch ribosomes has centrioles

no centriole