Training Report

Subject- An Assessment of Solid Waste Management

System in Larger City India

Submitted to

Vardhan Consulting Engineers

Training period: 1 Sep 2021 to 30 Oct 2021

Submitted by
Raviraj Panchasara

Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of

Technology Surat-395007
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Industrial Training - a vital part of engineering curriculum provides

engineers a chance to work with cutting edge technologies and gives
them knowledge of the practical aspects of their studies. We are
immensely indebted to Vardhan Consulting Engineers family for the
invaluable help that they have rendered at every step of this training
to achieve this goal. The preparation of this report would not have
been possible without the valuable contribution of the ONGC family
comprising of several experienced engineers in their respective field
of work.

It gives me great pleasure to have completed my training at Vardhan

Consulting Engineers and we are submitting the training report for the
same.

A major contribution of this work would definitely be our parents

who have constantly supported us for our training in here and our
friends who have always been there as a pillar of strength.

Our cordially thanks to those who contributed a lot in giving us

important data and its functioning in a lucid and accurate manner
which helped us to gain the necessary points in a very short time of
this summer Internship.

The authors acknowledge all the persons involved in City Municipal

Corporation for providing all the pertinent information. The authors
would like to acknowledge Mr. R. D Sharma of Green Tech Fuel
processing plant for providing all relevant information and details on
the production of RDF from solid wastes.
 PREFACE

In any organization success or failure of the company depend upon 4 M’s i.e.
Materials, Men, Machine and Method. Today is the age of competition and an
organization cannot survive without satisfaction of its customers. Quality of
material is to be maintained in order to stand in the competitive market. To be a
perfect engineer one must be familiar with individual experience in industrial
environment. He must be aware of basic industrial problems and their remedies.
In this report we have tried to summarize what we have learned in the ONGC
plant. For preparing this report we visited the plant, referred to the process and
cleared related doubts to the responsible personal & inferred to manuals and
process reports.
This study has been primarily undertaken by us with a view to evaluate proper
working process in the organization, Organisation’s goal is as follow:

 The manpower requirement of core sector is huge but it required skilled persons ONLY.
Hence, by providing this internship VCE wants to enhance the skills of young core
engineering graduates.

 The finance sector is highly diversified but also linked to the core knowledge. It creates lots
of confusion in young management students to decide which field of finance that they
should select for career. Hence this internship will help them to have a clear picture.

 Many students didn’t understand that apart from the technical/academic skills, they also
need corporate skills to enter, survive, sustain and grow in an organisation and hence they
need Corporate Skill Development training provided by VCE.

 Students needed to face the most difficult phase of their life alone, which is the Job Hunt
Phase / Placement Phase and that’s a very stressful phase. VCE want to help the student in
this phase by Pre-Placement Training Program.

 VCE is interested to invest more in education sector. In terms of starting new institutes
which is affordable with world class quality education and hence providing internships and
training will help in getting experience.
 ABSTRACT

The present study aims at providing an overview of the existing solid waste
management practices in City, a top tier II city in India, and suggests
solutions to some of the major problems being faced by the existing system.
An average of 370 tons/day of solid waste is generated in City municipal
corporation area. The budget allocated for the financial year 2013-2014 to
the City municipal corporation for management of solid waste generated was
INR 5737.49 crores (US$9 million) which was insufficient. The city is the
first city in India developed in a planned manner which has helped in
developing comparatively better solid waste management in comparison to
other Indian cities. About 80% of the total SWM budget is allocated for the
salary of sweepers and rag pickers and only about 7-8% is allocated for
collection purposes, the collection efficiency is about 70% from registered
households and 20% from the slums and surrounding villages. Certain
deficiencies have been identified in the existing solid waste management
system in City. This includes lack of suitable trained manpower,
inappropriate collection routes, and often unavailability of collection
vehicles. Further, an insufficient number of bins and bin capacity at different
locations often leads to an overflow of waste. A public-private partnership
has been implemented for producing refuse-derived fuel from solid waste
which reduces some load on the designated landfill site. It’s an unsanitary
landfill lacking a proper lining system which leads to the percolation of
leachate thereby contaminating groundwater sources in and around the City.
The paper also presents the ‘waste aware benchmark indicators for
integrated sustainable waste management in City.
 INTRODUCTION

Developed countries face serious environmental challenges concerning

solid waste management due to rapid urban development. The increasing
population and improved standard of living in cities and urban areas have led
to the generation of varied categories of wastes. Due to urbanization,
population growth, industrialization, and economic growth, a trend of increase
in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation has been recorded worldwide. The
annual waste generation has been showing an increasing trend in proportion
to the rise in population and urbanization (PPCB, 2010, Mor et al., 2006).
Further, municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in terms of kg/capita/day
has shown a positive correlation with economic development on a global scale.

As such, solid waste management has become a global problem particularly

in the developing countries of the world (Ramachandra et al., 2003,
Tchobaanoglous et al., 1993). The majority of human activities inevitably result
in the generation of waste due to the improper utilization of energy and
resources. According to European Protection Act (1990), “waste is any
substance, which constitutes scrap materials or any effluent or other unwanted
surplus substances arising from the application of a process, or any substance
or article, which requires to be disposed of as being broken, worn out,
contaminated or otherwise spoiled.” Although solid waste does not include
human excreta it may have some hazardous material as its subset
(Ramachandra, 2009). Solid wastes are dangerous in nature since they
accumulate and contaminate the ground and surface water and are toxic and
breeding grounds for insects and flies which in turn are the sources of several
diseases. Further, percolation of leachate to groundwater sources may cause
severe health problems if used for drinking water purposes (Tchobaanoglous
et al., 1993, Anjaneyulu., 2005, Anand et al., 2005, Beigl et al., 2009). As such,
environmentally friendly methods for management of municipal solid waste
management have become a global challenge in face of competition with
limited resources, rapidly increasing population, urbanization, and worldwide
industrialization (Katiyar et al., 2013).

India being one of the developing countries of the world with rapid
population growth industrialization is not immune to the harmful effects of
SWM on its existing environmental conditions which are highly susceptible to
deterioration. Since rapid urbanization is occurring in India, the problem of
solid waste management is causing great concern to our environment (Hazra
and Goel, 2009). Further, existing research shows that about 90% of the solid
waste produced in India is dumped off directly in the landfills in an
unsatisfactory manner particularly in bigger cities and towns (Hazra and Goel,
2009). The generation of waste in Indian cities ranges from 200-870 gm/d
depending upon the population and the lifestyle of the people (Sharholy et al.,
2007, Agarwal et al., 2013, Agarwal et al., 2005, Kumar et al., 2014). Table 1
shows the per capita waste generation rate depending upon the population of
cities and towns. (Classified as categories 1-4)
Solid waste management in Indian cities has emerged as a major concern
over the past few years. A review of existing literature reveals that a number of
studies on municipal solid waste management have been undertaken. In India,
municipal authorities are responsible for managing municipal solid waste and
are often unable to perform their duties effectively because of lacking the in-
house capacity to handle the complexities of the process (World Bank, 2010).
The municipal solid wastes from the Indian cities contain about 40-60% of
organic matter which can be easily recycled as compost. In this context, studies
have been carried out by utilizing a few samples from metropolitan cities like
Delhi, Ahmadabad, and Bangalore (Rawat et al., 2013). The study results
indicated that the compost characteristics were found to be suitable to be used
as green compost. The Carbon: Nitrogen ratio of municipal solid waste compost
was found to be 19-25 which was well within the required range of 2040
(Rawat et al., 2013). The metal concentration of the municipal solid waste
compost of Delhi was found to be on a higher side as compared to the other
cities. It was found that there is a need for continuous monitoring of heavy
metals for municipal solid waste so that quality could be assured, and
contamination could be prevented (Rawat et al., 2013).
Few studies have also been made to review the future trend and challenges
that will shape the waste management system in India. It is a well-known fact
that the quantity of waste generated is governed majorly by the two factors
viz., rate of population increases and per capita waste generation. One such
study was conducted in the metropolitan city Kolkata. The study demonstrated
correlation analysis among different factors of municipal solid waste with the
main objective to design a future municipal solid waste stream in Kolkata. The
scope of future waste generation is analyzed by a forecasting method which
illustrates the estimates of waste quantum for the period from 2011 to 2035
which shows that the growth of population and the growth of percentage
increase in per capita waste generation rate will be increased proportionally.
(Das and Bhattacharyya, 2014).
Amounts of waste generation are largely determined by two factors: first,
the rate of the population increase in the Kolkata metropolitan area, and
second, its per capita waste generation - which is controlled by the evolution of
economic growth, lifestyle, and food habits. The results show that for
decoupling to take place between economic growth and waste generation, the
waste generation by firms and households in relation to their economic
activities must decrease in the future. The study also mentioned that much
larger land areas need to be used for landfill shortage of natural resources such
as land because the municipal solid waste generation will be an increase (Das
and Bhattacharyya, 2014).
The main factor responsible for designing an appropriate municipal solid
waste management system is the characteristics of municipal solid waste
(Katiyar et al., 2013, Liu et al., 2011). Such a study was reported for the city of
Bhopal, where the composition of Bhopal municipality waste was estimated for
analysis of a better municipal solid waste management system (Katiyar et al.,
2013). The study reported that the inappropriate bin locations, poorly
designed community bins, poor condition of collection vehicles, inadequate
labour for collection and transportation of the waste, and lack of waste
treatment and disposal facility were the major reasons for poor solid waste
management in Bhopal city (Katiyar et al., 2013). Samples were collected and
tested for various physicochemical parameters which indicated that the waste
from Bhopal city contains high moisture content and low calorific value. It was
concluded from the results that the nature of the waste indicates almost all
recovery options, compositing being the most preferred and appropriate
(Katiyar et al., 2013). Similar studies have been carried out in different other
Indian cities. In a study conducted in Bilaspur city of Himachal Pradesh, it was
reported that the waste collected from the city was disposed of at an open site
on the outskirts of the city with no recycling facility. It was concluded from the
study that the municipal corporation will have to plan and execute a system of
solid waste management keeping in mind the increasing urban areas and
population. A systematic process must be involved for improvement in various
factors like institutional arrangement, financial provisions appropriate
technology, operation management, human resource development, public
participation and awareness, and policy and legal framework for solid waste
management system but public cooperation is essential for the successful
operation of such a system (Guria and Tiwary, 2010, Bogale et al., 2014).
Studies were also made to evaluate the challenges being faced in solid
waste management systems as the improper management of municipal solid
waste causes hazards to the inhabitants. Estimation of the quantity and
characteristics of municipal solid waste and its forecasting over the planning
period is the key to a successful management plan (Rana et al., 2014). A case
study was carried out in Aligarh city to have an idea about the solid waste
management system. The study revealed that the composition of municipal
solid waste in Aligarh is similar to that of other medium-sized Indian cities
(Rana et al., 2014). It also reflected the poor collection efficiency of the
municipal solid waste and also that the energy value was not utilized and
captured as the waste contains high organic waste (Rana et al., 2014).
Studies have also been made to detect the characteristics of the detrimental
leachate being generated from municipal solid waste landfills. These studies
aspire to serve as a reference for the implementation of the most suitable
techniques for reducing the negative environmental effect of discharged
leachate. A study is carried out in the city of Ludhiana (Punjab); leachate
samples were collected and analyzed for various Physico-chemical parameters
to estimate the pollution potential (Bhala et al., 2012). The three landfilling
sites available were non-engineered sites. They neither had any lining system
nor any leachate collection and treatment system. Therefore, all the leachate
generated percolated into the groundwater. The leachate samples indicated the
presence of high organic and inorganic constituents (Bhala et al., 2012). Heavy
metal concentration was in trace amounts as waste being domestic in nature.
This indicates that the leachate needs an appropriate treatment strategy to
reduce the concentration of the pollutant to an appropriate level prior to
discharging into the receiving system. It is also concluded from the study that
the age of landfill also has a significant effect on the composition of the leachate
as in the older landfills the concentration of the organic pollutants decreases
due to the anaerobic decomposition (Bhala et al., 2012). It is suggested that the
indiscriminate dumping of municipal solid waste without any proper solid
waste management practices should be stopped immediately and required
remedial measures must be adopted to stop further contamination (Bhala et al.,
2012).
The present study aims to demonstrate the functioning of the existing
waste management system in City, a top tier II city and suggests suitable
measures for better management of the solid waste generated.
SITE LOCATION
The city lies at 76° 47’ 14’’ E longitude and 30° 44’ 14’’ N Latitude
covering an area of 114 Km 2. It is one of the fastest-growing cities in India with
a decadal growth rate of 17%. For effective and proper management of the city
it has been divided into 1 district, 1 subdistrict, 6 towns, 1 statutory town, 5
census towns, and 5 villages. The entire management of solid waste is taken
care of by City Municipal Corporation. Figure 1 shows the location of the city. It
was originally formed as a Union Territory of India but after being established
as the capital city in 1994 the municipal corporation of the City took over the
function of different departments including solid waste management. The
corporation of the city is making efforts to devise plans and strategies for the
management of solid waste in an efficient manner.

Figure 1: Map of Chandigarh City

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

Municipal solid wastes generally include non-hazardous solid waste from

the city, town, or villages that need to be collected and transported frequently
to processing or disposal sites. Solid waste encompasses both heterogeneous
materials and homogeneous materials. Municipal Solid Waste is composed of
refuse and trash. While refuse comprises of rubbish and garbage, trash includes
heavy and bulky waste materials that require special handling (Axin et al.,
2006, Das et al., 2009). There are various categories of municipal solid waste
such as food waste, commercial waste, agricultural waste, institutional waste,
industrial waste, constructional waste, rubbish, and street sweeping waste. The
municipal solid waste consists of recyclable materials like paper, glass, plastic,
and metals; toxic substances like pesticide, paints, used medicines, and
batteries; compostable organic matter like fruits, vegetable, and food waste and
soiled waste such as disposable syringes, sanitary napkins, and blood-stained
cotton (Bhala et al., 2003; Mathur., 2012). The municipal solid waste from city
comprises plastics and polythene (7%), clothes (4%), paper (6%),
wood/organic/vegetables (52%), glass (1%), Inerts (21%), rubber/leather
(0.8%) and miscellaneous waste (3%) (CPCB, 2010). The densities of solid
waste in Indian cities range from 280 to 1000 Kg/ m 3 (Hazra and Goel, 2009)
and it is estimated to be 550 kg/m 3 for City (Personal communication with City
Municipal Corporation). The chemical properties of waste indicate that it
contains high moisture content (60%) and calorific value (800-1000 Kcal/Kg).
Heavy metals like lead, cadmium, copper, and nickel were present in solid
waste samples (City Municipal Corporation, 2013).
Reported literature suggests that the proportion of paper content in an
MSW increases with population. Generally, it’s between 1 to 6% (Garg and
Rani, 2012). However, In Indian cities, the quantity of paper waste is much less
in comparison to other global cities as the quantity disposed of as rubbish is
picked up by the sweepers and street vendors for its use as fuel and is also
recycled as a packaging material by the roadside hawkers.
The quality of solid waste generated by a city is highly variable and depends
on the geographic location, season, and economic status of the people. The city
being a developed city tends to produce more solid waste as compared to the
developing cities. City Municipal Corporation had allocated Rs. 5737.49 Crores
on solid waste management for the year 2013-2014 which is about 7% of the
total annual budget of City Municipal Corporation (based on 2012-2013
estimates). This proportion is significantly less than those of other similar tier-
II Indian cities. According to the FICCI report in 2007, about 30% of the total
annual budget of the Municipal Corporation of Patna and 28% of the total
annual budget of the Municipal Corporation of Varanasi were spent on solid
waste management. Interestingly, for Kolkata, a major metropolitan city in
India the proportion of budget allocated for SWM was only about 13.75% in the
year 2008 (Hazra and Goel, 2009, Pamnani et al., 2013). The budget allocated
for waste management in the city per year is mostly spent on salaries for rag
pickers and sweepers followed by expenses on operation and maintenance of
collection vehicles, collection of wastes, and any other miscellaneous expenses.
Figure 2 depicts the following steps being followed for effective and efficient
integrated solid waste management in City.

SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF MSW IN THE CITY

The quantity of municipal solid waste generated depends on factors such as

food habits, the standard of living of people, seasonal variations, and the
number of commercial activities taking place. Since solid waste is an
environmental health hazard, its effective management by local authorities is a
posing problem. The municipal corporations are continuously seeking new
management strategies to deal with this huge quantity of solid waste
generation (Munawar et al., 2013, Mor et al., 2006, Deng et al., 2006).
To design an appropriate collection and disposal system of municipal solid
waste it is necessary to have complete data on quantity generation and
variation of the solid waste produced. With increasing urbanization and
changing lifestyles, Indian cities produce eight times more solid waste as was
produced in 1947 (Sharholy et al., 2008, Talyan et al., 2008). Presently, around
90 million tons of solid waste are generated as a by-product from industrial,
municipal, agricultural, commercial, and other processes. The amount of
municipal solid waste generated is estimated to increase at a rate of 1 to 1.33%
annually (Kumar et al., 2009; Kathirvale et al., 2003. Liu et al., 2011) in India.
Recent studies show that 45 MT/ year of solid waste is generated from the
urban centers of India which are inefficiently collected, inadequately
transported, and disposed of in an unscientific manner (Khatib; 2011 Ahmad et
al., 2008). The projected increase of solid waste is expected to rise to 125 MT/
year by 2025 (Das et al., 2010).

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of Solid Waste Management Practice in City

The major sources of municipal solid waste in the city municipal

corporation area are residential areas, commercial areas, offices, and
institutions. The city generates approximately 1000 tons/ day i.e., daily. The
physical composition of waste is obtained as a percentage of different
constituents are given in

COLLECTION AND STORAGE OF SOLID WASTE

For an effective solid waste management system, the collection capacities
must be greater than or equal to the solid waste generation rates. However, in
India, the collection capacity provided is often less than the actual waste
generated which is a major drawback in the proper implementation of a solid
waste management system (ENVIS, 2013, Asnani, 2005, Annepu et al., 2012).
Collection and storage of municipal solid waste is an important issue that has a
great impact on the overall solid waste management (Annepu, 2012, Liu et al.,
2011; Biswas et al., 2010). In India, generally common bins are provided for the
collection of decomposable and non-decomposable waste (Guria et al., 2010,
Das et al., 2014, Bhoyar et al., 1999). The collection of municipal solid waste is
the responsibility of the municipalities themselves. Every city has its own
collection and storage points including the city.
In the City due to climatic factors like high temperature, humidity, and also
due to high organic composition in the solid waste, the collection of the solid
waste is done regularly as the waste gets decomposed rapidly (City
development report, 2011). Different collection methods include a house-to-
house collection of the waste by using hand carts or tricycles and a collection of
roadside waste by street sweeping. The remaining uncollected waste is often
dumped on available vacant land. An overall collection of 90% has been
achieved in the City with a collection efficiency of 60-70% for the registered
households and 20% for the slums and surrounding villages (Personal
communication with City Municipal Corporation). Once the waste has been
collected, they are unloaded at the community-based Sehaj Safai Kendra’s into
the containers, from where these containers are loaded on the vehicles (trucks,
trolleys, tractors, etc) used for transporting the waste to the final disposal site.
The Sehaj Safai Kendra acts as a primary collection point wherein the wastes
are segregated.

PRIMARY COLLECTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN CITY

After the implementation of the solid waste management program, City

Municipal Corporation is working systematically towards effective street
sweeping, collection, transportation, and disposal of waste (City development
plan, 2011, Personal communication with City Municipal Corporation). The
services provided are the same in all the wards. Every day roads are swept, and
waste is collected at a particular time slot starting from morning 6 AM to 4 PM.
Sweepers are provided with the handcarts or tricycles, scrappers, and brooms
to clean the roads and lanes properly, to clean the open drains, to collect the
waste and load it into the carts provided and then transfer them to the primary
collection points called the Sehaj Safai Kendra’s which are situated in different
sectors. The handcarts on average have a capacity of 2-3 m 3. Roads are first
swept before proceeding with the collection of household wastes. The waste is
collected by sweepers going from house to house and collecting the waste
which the residents have collected in the dustbins. This house-to-house
collection is done in all the residential sectors and covers about 70-80% of the
registered households (Personal communication with City Municipal
Corporation). Figure 3 shows how the collection is being done in carts and
transferred to the primary collection points. Earlier the bins were placed at
different places in sectors, but the residents used to throw waste outside those
bins instead of inside which created unsanitary conditions around the bin
locations. However, with the progression of time, people are becoming aware
of the hazardous effects of solid wastes through information circulated via
electronic and social media and the importance of the proper disposal of solid
waste and its impact. Along with such educational programs, the government
and other entities involved in tackling solid waste-related problems are making
considerable efforts including

the location of strict legislative actions in keeping the city cleaner and
healthier.
Figure 3: Handcarts and containers for used for Solid Waste collection in City

To determine the efficiency of this method, an experiment was carried by the

municipal
corporation of City termed as “Bin Free Collection”. For this purpose, the
Municipal Corporation of City allotted about 1/5 of the area of the city to the
private company for providing proper sanitation services. An appointment of
400 safaiwalas (cleaners) to collect the waste from each house was done for
this purpose. Mechanical sweepers were also provided after certain intervals of
time. In this experiment instead of providing the dust bins in each sector, two
or more places were marked around the sectors where the bins were placed,
and residents were asked to arrange for the disposal of household waste at
Sehaj Safai Kendra’s by engaging cycle carts for a house-to-house garbage
collection. Another option provided was that dustbins of Sehaj Safai Kendra
were placed in the sector itself where the door-to-door collectors dumped the
waste after segregation including different sized containers. This experiment
gave a positive result as people were more particular about the disposal of
waste and with the allotment of house-to-house collection of waste, the daily
collection and disposal of waste became an easy task. This is the primary
reason for achieving 90% collection efficiency in view of the fact that only 35
out of 56 sectors have been equipped with collection bins. However, it was
observed that a certain proportion of residents did not participate in the
experiment and a proportion of participating residents did not abide by the
rules of ‘bin-free experiment’.
In practice, City Municipal Corporation aims to provide a daily collection
routine but overflowing bins and problems of bad odor emanating from the
bins are frequent, which are human-environmental risks. This situation
persists despite the presence of excess storage capacity of the bins. This is
primarily due to lack of suitably trained manpower, inappropriate collection
routes, and often unavailability of collection vehicles. Another major drawback
is the lack of community Sehaj Safai Kendra’s in all the sectors of the city which
could increase the collection efficiency further. Further, available manpower
should be motivated for working diligently as delaying in collecting waste can
prove harmful due to the accumulation of harmful gases and odor. City
Municipal Corporation should also ensure the construction of the community
Sehaj Safai Kendra’s in each sector which would help in curbing the problem of
ineffective waste collection and storage.

STORAGE OF SOLID WASTE

City Municipal Corporation has set up various community Sehaj Safai

Kendra’s in 35 out 56 sectors where the waste after collection is stored
primarily before getting transported to the disposal site. For those sectors
which do not have Sehaj Safai Kendra, wastes are collected and stored in Sehaj
Safai Kendra of adjoining sectors. These constructed buildings are provided
with boundary walls that also act as segregation platforms with drinking and
toilet facilities, storage, and a room for rag pickers to take rest. Segregation of
waste takes place here as some items are picked up by the sweepers. Figure 4
shows the community Sehaj Safai Kendra’s and how waste is being handled and
stored there.
 Safai Kendra before Safai Kendra after
segregation of the segregation of the
waste. waste.
Figure 4: Storage and segregation of waste at Sehaj Safai Kendra’s in City
Waste is brought to these community Sehaj Safai Kendra’s with the help of
handcarts during primary collection and is emptied in storage containers.
Segregation of waste is carried out by rag pickers and sweepers in an informal
way in these Kendra’s (ENVIS, 2005, Aljaradin et al., 2012). Trucks or dumpers
can also enter these Sehaj Safai Kendra’s and pick up the waste from these
storage sites to the disposal site. These Sehaj Safai Kendra’s act as transfer
stations except that there is neither compaction unit nor any proper
segregation unit. This scheme was started by the corporation as an experiment
to have stabilized solid waste management. Positive results were obtained
from this experiment and were converted into a large-scale project by Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB India) when they came to visit the city and
analyze the results. A detailed pilot project report was prepared and finally, the
project was sanctioned, and the Municipal Corporation of City got
3.14 cores for this project. Till now the project is getting a positive response
from this scheme and is also in process of getting further extended to other
sectors in the city.

SECONDARY COLLECTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

After the waste has been transported the community bins or the Sehaj Safai
Kendra’s are cleaned and treated with sprays to avoid any contamination or
spread of disease.
The City Municipal Corporation has provided a total of 112 conservancy
vehicles for transporting and collecting municipal solid waste (City Municipal
Corporation, 2015). These vehicles include tractor trolleys (22), dumper
placers (53), refuse collector compactors (4), open trucks (3), three-wheelers
(6), front-end loaders (4), and tractor trolleys for horticulture wastes (20). The
capacity of these vehicles varies from 2-4 tonnes. Figure 5 gives a view of the
waste being transported.

Figure 5: Collection and transportation of waste

The collection routes followed by the drivers of these vehicles are very
haphazard and collection time depends upon the daily traffic causing excessive
travel times for collection and dumping of wastes. Further, the loading of these
wastes is also not done competently which leads to spilling of the waste on
roads that are either recollected or remain scattered on roads.

REFUSE DERIVED FUEL FROM THE COLLECTED

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

City Municipal Corporation collaborated with the private sector for effective
solid waste management. The public-private sector partnerships are
increasingly becoming the norm in solid waste management in the country.
Federation of Indian Chambers of commerce and industry, FICCI (August 2009)
survey showed that 23 out of 25 major cities in India are now utilizing private
sector agencies for municipal solid waste management (Cointreau et al., 2008,
Hazra et al., 2009, Akolkar., 2002, Pfeiffer et al., 2010).
Similarly, in City, there exists an agreement between the government and
private companies functioning under the name of Green Tech Fuel Processing
Plant. The company is responsible for the complete processing of the municipal
solid waste, and it derives the refused fuel from it. It has no role in the
collection and transportation of waste. A plan to develop an integrated solid
waste management plant is seen as a suitable solution for the solid waste
generated in the city.
The state-of-the-art European technology customized to Indian MSW (of
high moisture content and varying calorific value) involves the conversion of
waste (mainly horticulture) into densely packed fluff/pallets free from any
harmful by-products and effluents (City Development Plan, 2013). This project
is the first of its kind in whole northern India that produces refuse-derived fuel
from Municipal Solid Waste. It is the first plant to have a dryer and hot air
generator (HAG) installed to process the waste. Figure 7a shows a flow sheet of
the processes taking place at the processing plant. Figure 7b shows the actual
location and process in the RDF plant. The refuse-derived fuel (RDF) obtained
from the plant has a calorific value of 3100 Kcal/Kg and a moisture content of
less than 15% (Jaypee Group, 2015). The plant has a processing capacity of
about 500 tons of garbage daily. With the help of this technology, the volume of
municipal solid waste gets substantially reduced. The major drawback the
plant experiences is that the refuse-derived fuel generated is not getting
appropriate buyers thereby incurring heavy financial losses.

FINAL DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN CITY

There is only one designated dump yard consisting of 45.11 acres of land
which is situated in sector 38 near Dadu Majra labor colony. Figure 6a shows a
map depicting the site of the dumping ground and the garbage processing
plant. Figure 6b shows the actual dumping site. It is a 24 years old open dump
yard. The total area of the dumping ground is 45.11 acres, out of which 25
acres have been reclaimed by capping 17 acres and creating a landfill site on 8
acres. The remaining 20 acres are being used for dumping the rejects or inert
from the garbage processing plant and waste coming from sabzi man dies, apni
man dies, big hotels, and villages under the city administration (City Municipal
Corporation, 2013). An MoU was signed between CPCB, CPCC, and Municipal
Corporation of City for establishing a modern facility for managing the
municipal solid waste properly and proficiently (CPCB, 2010). More than 90%
of the total waste generated in the City Municipal Corporation area is disposed
of at this disposal site (City Municipal Corporation, 2013). After the waste has
been processed for RDF, it is taken to the dumping ground where the waste
undergoes the following process: dumping, EM solution, and leveling.
Dumping: Dumping is the major and final step of municipal solid waste
management. Every day around 280-300 tonnes of waste is disposed of at the
dumping site. EM Solution: The Corporation has started the treatment of city
garbage at the dumping ground with Effective Microorganism Solution (EM
Solution) with effect from March 2005 (City Development Plan, 2013 and City
Municipal Corporation). The main constituents of the solution are
actinomycetes (Photo
Synthetic Bacteria) and yeast. A 1000L spray solution contains a 20L EM
solution with 30L Molasses and the rest is water (City Development Plan,
2013). It takes 3-4 days for the preparation of the solution. The treatment is
helpful in the acceleration of decomposition process of the garbage, reduction
in the volume of gas discharge with the result that foul smell has substantially
minimized the larva of flies & mosquitoes, reduction in suspended dust
particles, reduction in the volume of waste and fermentation period.
Figure 6a: Flowsheet of processing solid waste at refused derived fuel plant in
City
Figure 6b: Processing of Solid Waste at Refuse Derived Fuel Plant in City
Leveling: For leveling of the waste, bulldozers or heavy vehicles are used to
compact the waste. After compaction, oil and grease are sprayed on the
compacted area. It is then covered with construction and demolition waste of
about 2 feet deep. At present, about 20-25 feet deep is piled with municipal
solid waste.

Figure 7a: Map of existing dumping site and garbage processing plant in City
Figure 7b: Layout of existing dumping site and garbage processing plant in City

EXISTING PROBLEMS IN THE PRESENT SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR CITY

Littering by residents after collection

Although the sweeping and collection of waste are often done regularly,
residents cause littering of waste. Instead of disposing of waste in the garbage
bins provided to them, they litter the waste in open. The households
particularly from the slums, low-income areas, and local shopkeepers
frequently throw waste onto streets and roads and any available open spaces
causing excessive littering and clogging of drainage systems in the city.
To combat this problem the corporation should strictly specify and notify
residents about the timings of the waste collection to avoid the problem of
littering. Big containers or bins should be placed outside shops so that the
waste is disposed of in those bins and penalize the offenders with heavy fines
and punishment. The lack of an adequate policy and regulatory framework
further compounds the problem. Legal actions must be taken against the
individuals or the industrial units which are found guilty. The City Municipal
Corporation should also campaign aggressively for more awareness and
education about maintaining cleanliness in public areas. Further, the city
municipal corporation should reorganize the allotment of municipal budgets to
prioritize the upgrade of waste infrastructure and services.

Poor Conditions of Collection Containers and Areas around them

Distribution of Labor and Resources

Sweepers or sanitation workers are assigned to different sectors on the

basis of population. There are a total of 56 sectors in City about 10-15 sweepers
are assigned to each sector
(Personal interaction with the sweepers of the city). For a collection of waste
from each of these sector’s handcarts have been provided operated by a team
of two persons. Workers and hand carts are allocated based on population,
commercial activities, and vehicle road kilometers in various sectors in the City.
It has been envisioned to use rag pickers supervised by certain NGOs for
improving the collection frequency. The rag pickers must be motivated to work
which can help both ways. It will help in separating out the biodegradable and
recyclable waste. This would help in improving the efficiency of urban solid
 waste collection and recovery and would also provide job opportunities for
informal waste collectors.
Recovery and recycling of waste is an important component of integrated
solid waste management as it decreases the load of waste going to the dumping
site or for incineration. At present, there exists no provision for recycling or
recovery of municipal solid waste in the City. It is recommended that there
should be a formation of a formal recycling unit where there should be proper
and formal recycling of waste so as to derive all the benefits. Presently, in the
City, there exist some local non-formal recyclers involved in the recycling
process. These informal recyclers mainly comprise unorganized and
unrecognized establishments and are not monitored by the government and
hence do not contribute to the economy.

Poor Working Conditions

The sanitation workers and sweepers who collect and transfer the waste
work under unhygienic conditions. Most of them generally suffer from parasitic
diseases like jaundice, diarrhea, and trachoma (NEERI, 2000, Ahsan et al., 2014,
Bogale et al., 2014, Taylor et al., 2003). Local bodies and NGOs in each sector
should conduct seminars making sweepers and rag pickers aware of the health
hazards associated with such types of wastes. They should be made familiar
with the proper procedures and methods to be followed during collection and
segregation of the waste as sweepers and rag pickers play an important role in
maintaining the health and hygiene within the cities and this job personally
exposes them to a variety of risk factors. These conditions can’t be totally
averted but the use of containerized handcarts and use of mechanical
equipment could help in lesser direct contact of wastes with the sanitation
workers. In this context, the sweepers and sanitation workers should be
provided with protective gear (like surgical gloves) to reduce direct contact
with solid waste. The sweepers should be advised to regularly undergo a
medical check-up. It is also advised that residents should use different
containers for disposing of different types of waste which will reduce multiple
handling and poor productivity. Segregation of the waste at the source will help
to derive maximum benefits and avoid the mixing of different types of solid
waste.

Inadequate Maintenance and Replacement of worn-out collection vehicles

Most of the vehicles used for the transportation of wastes in the city are old
(City
Development report, 2013). This increases operations and maintenance costs,
reduces transfer efficiency, and ultimately causes air as well as noise pollution
(CPCB, 2010). The vehicles must be maintained properly to avoid such
problems. An additional set of vehicles must be kept for emergency
requirements too.
Source Separation
There must be a facility for proper compaction of waste given that the
biodegradable portion of household waste is highest in comparison to other
proportions of the waste hence composting or other economic bioprocesses
can be one of the treatment technologies to be followed effectively. Further,
separation of kitchen and yard waste from the remaining waste can lead to
composting under natural conditions which can be carried out efficiently and
economically. This will also significantly reduce the burden on the landfill also.
In this context, City Municipal Corporation in collaboration with Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre (BARC) has planned to set up two bio methanation plants to
process hotel, vegetable, and mixed waste. With the installation of these plants,
the municipal corporation will be able to process the organic waste generated
from the vegetable market and hotels, and the methane gas generated will be
utilized to generate electricity.

Collection and Transfer System

The collection and transfer system of solid waste in the city takes place in a
haphazard manner without following any systematic approach. This leads to
the highly reduced efficiency of the solid waste management system. The
selection of routes is decided by drivers and every vehicle collects the solid
waste along its route until the vehicle reaches its maximum limit. The vehicles
then dump these collected wastes in Sehaj Safai Kendras. After emptying
osteoclast, these vehicles return back to their route and continue their
collection. Since the routes are not properly designed for avoiding traffic,
vehicles often have to travel extra distance or spend more time at the same
route which leads to more fuel consumption and increases the operating costs
(Personal communication with Municipal Corporation City Employee,
sweepers, and drivers). The present approach is highly non-economical and
inefficient. It is suggested that vehicles equipped with GPS technology that can
be utilized for deciding proper routes should be implemented for economic and
efficient collection of waste. Further, proper scheduling of collection of wastes
from different sectors in the city should be optimized to avoid unnecessary
delays and additional time for collection of waste on the designated routes.
This will also lead to the use of effective utilization of existing manpower and
resources.

Disposal Method
The present method of waste disposal in the city is unsanitary and
uncontrolled and simply involves dumping of the waste in the landfill (City
Development Report, 2013). Once the collected wastes are thrown, they are
covered with the malba or soil and levelled with bulldozers. Further, there is no
provision of lining systems to avoid the leakage of leachate from the waste to
prevent contamination of the soil as well as groundwater sources in the nearby
vicinity. This leads to uncontrolled leaching and thereby contamination of
groundwater. Also, there exists no proper security at the landfill site which
leads to uncontrolled entry of rag pickers, stray animals which further worsens
the conditions. Leachate generated is not collected properly and timely and is
not given proper treatment before discharging into any water bodies posing a
tremendous health hazard from toxic metals (Data given by Municipal
Corporation City in the form of presentation, 2013, Dixon et al., 2005).
Presently, there exists no provision to stop leachate percolation and
groundwater contamination. Engineered landfills with proper leachate
collection and extraction systems and odorous gas collection and extraction
systems will help in minimizing the groundwater contamination problems. In
this context, an engineered landfill site has been proposed by the City
Municipal Corporation.

WASTE-AWARE BENCHMARK INDICATORS FOR

SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CITY
Generally, pollution levels are often defined by an index system. For
example, the amounts of water pollution or air pollution for cities are often
defined by the water pollution index or air pollution index to judge the severity
of the pollution. It is difficult to provide such a single index for pollution caused
by solid waste because the solid waste management framework of any city is
governed by physical components, functioning of governance, and utilization of
proper policies. Wilson et al., 2015 have suggested the use of ‘waste aware
benchmark indicators which include qualitative and quantitative indicators.
The quantitative indicators are part of the physical component and comprise of
Public Health-collection, Environmental controlled disposal, and Resource
Management – reuse, reduce and recycling (as percentages) whereas the
qualitative indicators are part of governance covering user and provider
inclusivity; financial sustainability; and the national policy framework and local
institutions (Wilson et al., 2013). Using the procedure described by Wilson et
al., 2015 for generating the ‘waste-water benchmark indicators, the same was
generated for the city and has been presented in Table 3. The generated
benchmark for City has been compared with benchmarks of Surat as reported
by Wilson et al., 2013. As per Wilson et al., 2013 Surat has developed physical
components, but needed to improve in terms of disposal and recycling
amenities.

No. Category Indicator City Surat City

Results Results
(Wilson et
al.,2013)
Background Information of the city

G1 Country World Bank Lower- Lower-Middle

Income Indicator Level Middle
Level
GNI per Capita $1,420 $1,420
G2 Population of Total 1,055,450 4,600,000
the Population of
City the City
G3 Waste MSW 135050 456250
Generation Generation
(tons/year)
W1 Waste per MSW per capita 128 119
Capita (kg per year)

W2 Waste 3 key fractions – as % wt. of total waste generated

Composition
W2.1 Organic Organics (food 52% 54%
and
green wastes)

W2.2 Paper Paper 6% 8%

W2.3 Plastics Plastics 7% 10%

1 Waste collection 80- 80-

coverage 100 100%
% (95%)
Public health
– Waste (90
collection %)

1Q Quality of waste M /H M /H
collection (90 (95%)
service %)

2 Controlled 0- 55%
Environment treatment 49%
al control – and disposal (30%
waste )
treatment
2E and Environmental L L/M
disposal equipment (0%) (37%)
of waste treat
and disposal

3 Recycling 0% 30%
3Rs – reduce, rate
reuse and
recycling
3R Quality 3 L L/M
of R (17% (29%)
provision s )
 Governance Factors

4U User Degree us M/H M/H

inclusivity of er (75% (80%)
inclusivity )

4P Provider Degree of M/H M/H

inclusivity provider (78% (82%)
inclusivity )

5F Financial Degree of H H
sustainabilit financial (90% (100%)
y sustainability )

6N Adequacy of M M
Sound national (60%) (60%)
institutions, SWM framework
proactive
6L policies Degree of M/H M/H
institutional (75%) (77%)
coherence

A comparison of the major solid waste constituents for both City and Surat
indicates similar nature of solid wastes is generated for both tier-II cities.
Further, a comparison of the ‘wastewater benchmarks parameters for City and
Surat (both tier-II cities in India) shows that both City and Surat have very good
collection efficiencies. The major difference between City and Surat is in the
disposal methods and in the efficiency of the 3R method. While Surat scores a
‘Low/Medium’ index for Environmental controlled waste treatment and
disposal method as per Wilson et al., 2013, City scores ‘Low’ index in the same
category. This is because the disposal site is an unsanitary landfill in nature.
Though EM solution and leveling of waste is done, these are not proper
engineering solutions to handle the hazards arising from solid waste. Further,
there is no lining provided at the landfill site to prevent the percolation of
leachate in groundwater thereby contributing to an environmental hazard.
Similarly, Surat scores a ‘Low/Medium’ index for application of 3R
methodology (reduce, reuse and recycle) as per Wilson et al., 2013, however
City scores ‘Low’ index in the same category. This is because no recycling of
solid waste is carried out in the City. Figure 8a presents the radar diagrams for
City and Figure 8b presents the comparative radar diagram for City and Surat.
Figure 8a: Radar Diagram summarizing the Wastewater ISWM benchmark
indicators for city

Figure 8b: Radar Diagram of the Waste-aware ISWM benchmark indicators

showing a comparison between City and Surat.
RECENT INNOVATIONS AND INTERVENTIONS TAKEN BY
CITY MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

The present Government of India has launched a “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan”-

“Clean India Mission” in 2014. The whole movement is to make a significant
impact on public health and in safeguarding the income of the poor, ultimately
contributing to the national economy.
As a part of this movement and with the increasing quantity in the
generation of solid waste, the City Municipal Corporation has introduced many
recent steps towards better solid waste management. This includes the
introduction of a greater number of garbage bins in different sectors. The
Municipal Corporation has also sanctioned buying of more dumpers, trucks,
and containers for the financial year 2015-2016 (Personal interaction with the
employees and drivers of City Municipal Corporation). In essence, the City
Municipal Corporation is now focusing on the development of an integrated
municipal solid waste management to address all essential activities namely,
segregation and storage of waste at the sources, particularly on the importance
of source segregation methods. Such an integrated system will make the city
more sustainable and optimize the potential of using municipal solid waste
through recyclables, generation of energy, compost, and refuse-derived fuel
from the waste and minimize the waste from going to landfills. The city
municipal corporation has also started exploring the use of the global clean
development mechanism which allows industrialized countries with
greenhouse gas reduction commitment to invest in projects that reduce
emissions in developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission
reductions in their own countries. This is the first kind of an attempt in the
northern part of the country, and it is expected that it will ultimately lead to
stimulating sustainable development and emission reduction in the city.
However, this is in the very initial stages and will not be discussed further in
this paper. The dumpsite used for the disposal of the waste is too old and
unsecured and hence the proposal for the creation of a new landfill site has also
been passed by the City Municipal Corporation. Unlike the old disposal site, the
new landfill site will be secured and have proper leachate and gas collection
facilities. Landfills have been identified as one of the major threats to
groundwater resources as waste placed in these landfills is subjected to enter
the groundwater (Mor et al., 2006, Yelda et al., 2003, Zainol et al., 2012,
Agarwal et al., 2013, Huren et al., 2002, Imam et al., 2008). With the
implementation of proper collection and monitoring control devices of leachate
and gases in the new disposal site, contamination of groundwater sources in
and around the city can be minimized.

CONCLUSIONS

The city produces about 1000 tons/day of solid waste. One of the major
problems experienced by the City Municipal Corporation is an inadequate
collection of solid waste. Delay in waste collection leads to degradation of
waste and rag picking activities which in turn reduces the waste quality for use
as RDF leading to less production of fuel. An overall collection of 90% has been
achieved in the City with a collection efficiency of 60-70% for the registered
households and 20% for the slums. It is suggested that daily door-to-door
collection of waste should be done. The main drawback of such conditions is
the location of the bins. Further, horticulture waste should also be collected
separately as it serves well for producing RDF and is difficult to segregate it
from the mixed waste fraction. Vehicles owned by the corporation are
inadequate in number with no proper route mapping. Some of these drawbacks
can be overcome using upgraded new equipment and more rational methods
for managing and collecting solid waste. It has been observed that Public-
private partnership has proven to be one of the biggest achievements for a
better solid waste management system that could be successfully implemented
in other cities.
The waste-aware benchmark indicators for the city show very poor
performance in environmentally controlled waste treatment, disposal method
of waste, and the 3R methodology in comparison to Surat (tier-II city) in India.
At present, solid waste is processed to generate RDF and no additional
treatment is provided to the waste. The present landfill site has no proper
lining system to control the percolation of leachate in the groundwater. A new
engineered sanitary landfill has been proposed for better management of solid
waste including control of leachate. The Municipal Corporation had planned to
install bio methanation plants which will process the organic waste generated
from the vegetable market, and hotels and the methane gas generated will be
utilized to generate electricity.
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