Contingency

Analysis
Presented By: TareQ FoQha
Presented To: Dr. Moien Omar
 CONTENTS
TABLE OF
01 Power System Security

02 Contingency Analysis

03 Example: 6-Bus Power System /

PowerWorld Simulator
Power System Security
Introduction:
● System security involves practices designed to keep the system operating when components
fail, Security is determined by the ability of the system to withstand equipment failure.
● Most power systems are operated such that any single initial failure event will not leave other
components heavily overloaded, specifically to avoid cascading failures.
● In the United States, this is referred to as the NERC (N − 1) rule. NERC is the North American
Electric Reliability Corporation that sets the reliability standards for all electric systems.
N− 1 refers to a system with n components, and N − 1 is its state with one component out. The
NERC (N − 1) rule states that no single outage will result in other components experiencing
flow or voltage limit violations.
 Power System Security
Introduction:
● Weak elements are those that present overloads in the contingency conditions.
100 MW 110 MW

40 Mva r

A 80 MW

55 MW 53 MW 30 Mva r

83% Thre e

One
MV A
1.05 pu 0.9675 pu
A
0 MW
0 MW

Four
MVA

45 MW
A 56 MW
1.00 pu
A

40 MW 26 MW

MVA
20 Mva r 156% 150 MW
A 44 MW

MV A
A
MVA
58 MW
45 MW

95%
25 MW
Tw o MV A

A
1.04 pu 43 MW

Five
30 MW 52 MW MVA 51 MW

1.01 pu

36 MW
50 MW

A A 130 MW

40 Mva r

MVA
83%
200 MW
MV A
0 Mva r 30 MW

25 MW 24 MW 37 MW
A

Se ve n
Six MVA

25 MW 24 MW 1.04 pu
A
1.04 pu

MVA 200 MW
280 MW
188 MW 0 Mva r
Contingency Analysis
Types Of Violations
Low/High Voltage Violations:
This type of violation occurs at the buses. This suggests that the voltage at the bus is less than
the specified value. The operating range of voltage at any bus is generally 0.95-1.05 p.u. Thus if
the voltage falls below 0.95 p.u then the bus is said to have low voltage. If the voltage rises above
the 1.05 p.u then the bus is said to have a high voltage problem. It is known that in the power
system network generally reactive power is the reason for the voltage problems. Hence in the
case of low voltage problems reactive power is supplied to the bus to increase the voltage profile
at the bus. In the case of the high voltage reactive power is absorbed at the buses to maintain the
system normal voltage.
Contingency Analysis
Operating Limits:
1. Voltage magnitude |Vi| must satisfy the inequality, |Vi|min < |Vi| < |Vi|max . This limit arise due
to the fact that the power system equipment is designed to operate at a fixed voltage with
allowable variations of +5% to +10% of rated values.
2. Certain of δi must satisfy, |δi – δk|min < |δi – δk|max. This constraint limit the maximum
permissible power angle of the transmission line connecting buses “i” and bus “k” and it is
imposed by considerations of stability.
3. The physical limitations of P and Q generator sources, PGi and QGi are constrained as
follows: |PGi|min < |PGi |< |PGi|max, |QGi|min < |QGi |< |QGi|max.
Contingency Analysis
The power system divide into four operating objectives.
1. Normal state dispatch: This is the state that the power system is in prior to any contingency.
It is optimal with respect to economic operation, but it may not be secure.
2. Postcontingency: This is the objective after a contingency has occurred. We shall assume
here that this condition has a security violation (line or transformer beyond its flow limit or a
bus voltage outside the limit).
3. Secure dispatch: This is the objective with no contingency outages is to correct the
operating parameters to account for security violations.
4. Secure postcontingency: The objective is to re-mediate the contingency as applied to the
base-operating condition with corrections.
Contingency Analysis
Example: Suppose the trivial power system consisting of two generators, a load, and a double
circuit line is to be operated with both generators supplying the load as shown in the following
(ignore losses) (TL loadability 400 MW):
Contingency Analysis
Now, we shall postulate that one of the two circuits making up the transmission line
suffered a forced outage and opened. This results in the flows shown in the following:
Contingency Analysis
Now there is an overload on the remaining circuit. We shall assume for this example that we do
not want this condition to arise and that we will correct the condition by lowering the generation
on unit 1 to 400 MW. The secure dispatch is
 Contingency Analysis
Now, if the same contingency analysis is done, the post contingency

By adjusting the generation on unit 1 and unit 2, we have prevented the

post contingency operating state from having an overload. This is the
essence of what is called “security corrections”.
N-K Contingency
Here N is the number of element and k is the respective contingency applied to power
system network and k=0, 1, 2, …, N.
● If K=0 means that the system is a healthy condition (pre contingency state).
● If K=1, only one element out of service or Generating unit is trip or stop working. That is called
the N-1 criterion. The “N-1” criterion is an “abstraction” representing equivalently a single
contingency or the tripping of one element following a normative incident, like a three-phase
short circuit.
N-K Contingency
The Single Outage Contingency (N-1) Criterion
The N-1 Criterion is outages of any one of the following contingencies:
1. Loss of a single-circuit overhead interconnection or internal line, radial circuits which
connect loads using a single overhead line or cable;
2. Loss of a single transformer.
3. Loss of a generator, whether grid-connected or embedded;
4. Loss of Shunt devices such as Capacitor/Reactor/SVC etc.
Contingency Analysis
(Detection of Network Problems)
Generation outages:
1) The initial imbalance will result in frequency drop which must be restored.
2) Other generators must make up the loss of power from the outage generator – must
have sufficient spinning reserve.
3) Line flows and bus voltages will be altered – check for violations.
In summary, the system must monitor two things to be sure generator outages do not cause
problems when one is lost: check spinning reserve at all times to be sure it is adequate and model
generator outages and their effect on transmission flows and voltages.
Contingency Analysis
(Detection of Network Problems)
Transmission Outages:
1) All flows in nearby lines and bus voltages will be affected.
2) The result can be line flow limit and/or voltage limit violations.

Other outages
1) Bus outages
2) Loss of load
Contingency Analysis
Types Of Violations
Low/High Voltage Violations:
This type of violation occurs at the buses. This suggests that the voltage at the bus is less than
the specified value. The operating range of voltage at any bus is generally 0.95-1.05 p.u. Thus if
the voltage falls below 0.95 p.u then the bus is said to have low voltage. If the voltage rises above
the 1.05 p.u then the bus is said to have a high voltage problem. It is known that in the power
system network generally reactive power is the reason for the voltage problems. Hence in the
case of low voltage problems reactive power is supplied to the bus to increase the voltage profile
at the bus. In the case of the high voltage reactive power is absorbed at the buses to maintain the
system normal voltage.
Contingency Analysis
Types Of Violations
Line MVA Limits Violations
This type of contingency occurs in the system when the MVA rating of the line exceeds given
rating. This is mainly due to the increase in the amplitude of the current flowing in that line. The
lines are designed in such a way that they should be able to withstand 125% of their MVA limit.
Based on utility practices, if the current crosses the 80-90 % of the limit, it is declared as an alarm
situation.
Contingency Analysis
Case Study: 6-bus Power System