DBM 10063 : MATHEMATICAL

COMPUTING
CHAPTER 3 : REAL & COMPLEX NUMBERS SYSTEM
COMPLEX NUMBER
• Introduction • Argand diagram

• Simplifying in • Argument

• Quadratic equation with complex solutions • Modulus

• Complex Number operations • Forms of complex number

• Addition • Cartesian

• Subtraction • Polar

• Multiplication • Multiplication

• Conjugate • Division

• Division • Exponential

• Trigonometric
SNH 2020
COMPLEX NUMBER
• Combination real number and imaginary number
1 -3 2 0.5 π

complex number
Real part

𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 Complex Number

1 + 2𝑖𝑖

−3 – 𝑖𝑖

real number imaginary unit

Imaginary
imaginary number part

2𝑖𝑖 − 𝑖𝑖 − 56𝑖𝑖

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DEFINITION OF i2 = -1 AND SIMPLIFYING in
• Imaginary numbers happen when squared give a negative result −4
• The unit of imaginary number is 𝑖𝑖, which it is the square root of -1 𝑖𝑖 = −1

𝑖𝑖 = −1 𝑖𝑖2 = −1 𝑖𝑖3 = −𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖4 = 1

𝑖𝑖16 𝑖𝑖37

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DEFINITION OF i2 = -1 AND SIMPLIFYING in

𝑖𝑖 41

a. −1 c. −𝑖𝑖

b. −1 d. 𝑖𝑖

SNH 2020
DEFINITION OF i2 = -1 AND SIMPLIFYING in

2𝑖𝑖23

a. 2𝑖𝑖 c. 2

b. −2𝑖𝑖 d. −2

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QUADRATIC EQUATION WITH COMPLEX SOLUTIONS

5x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
a=5 b=2 c=1

−2 ± 22 − 4(5)(1)
x=
Shows whether 2(5)
−b ± b 2 − 4ac a root is
x= imaginary or x=
−2 ± 4 − 20

2a not 10

−2 ± −16
x= 16 . −1
2(5)

−2 ± 4𝑖𝑖
x=
10
−2 ± 4𝑖𝑖
x=
10
x = −0.2 ± 0.4𝑖𝑖

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ADDITION + SUBTRACTION IN COMPLEX NUMBER
• Group by type ( real numbers and imaginary numbers)

𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑎𝑎 + 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(4 + 3𝑖𝑖) + (2 + 2𝑖𝑖) (3 − 4𝑖𝑖) + (3 + 2𝑖𝑖) (4 − 2𝑖𝑖) − (−2 − 5𝑖𝑖)

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ADDITION + SUBTRACTION IN COMPLEX NUMBER

2 − 3𝑖𝑖 + (5 + 9𝑖𝑖)

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ADDITION + SUBTRACTION IN COMPLEX NUMBER

𝑖𝑖 + 4𝑖𝑖 3

a. 3𝑖𝑖 c. 𝑖𝑖

b. −3𝑖𝑖 d. 4𝑖𝑖

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MULTIPLICATION IN COMPLEX NUMBER
5𝑖𝑖 4 − 2𝑖𝑖 − 12 • Use FOIL concept F - first : 𝑎𝑎 × 𝑐𝑐 (3 + 2𝑖𝑖)(4 − 2𝑖𝑖)
O - outer : 𝑎𝑎 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
first last
I - inner : 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 × 𝑐𝑐
L - last : 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 )(𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)

inner
outer

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MULTIPLICATION IN COMPLEX NUMBER

2 𝑖𝑖 − 5 + 12 − 5𝑖𝑖

a. 2 + 3𝑖𝑖 c. 22 − 3𝑖𝑖

b. 2 − 3𝑖𝑖 d. 22 + 3𝑖𝑖

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MULTIPLICATION IN COMPLEX NUMBER

𝑖𝑖 − 3 (2 − 5𝑖𝑖)

a. 1 + 17𝑖𝑖 c. −1 + 17𝑖𝑖

b. 1 − 17𝑖𝑖 d. −1 − 17𝑖𝑖

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CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
• Change the sign in the middle 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 11 + 21𝑖𝑖
• Often written with a bar over it
• Used to help complex division

𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
3 + (−𝑖𝑖)

5 + 7𝑖𝑖 2 − 4𝑖𝑖

SNH 2020
DIVISION IN COMPLEX NUMBER
• Multiply both top and bottom by conjugate of the bottom

𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 2 + 3𝑖𝑖
𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4 − 5𝑖𝑖

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DIVISION IN COMPLEX NUMBER

9 − 2𝑖𝑖
1 − 3𝑖𝑖
3 5 3 5
a. + 𝑖𝑖 c. − + 𝑖𝑖
2 2 2 2

3 5 3 5
b. − 𝑖𝑖 d. - − 𝑖𝑖
2 2 2 2

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DIVISION IN COMPLEX NUMBER

8 + 2𝑖𝑖
1 − 𝑖𝑖

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EQUALITY OF VALUE
• If 𝒂𝒂 + 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝒄𝒄 + 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 ∴ 𝒂𝒂 = 𝒄𝒄 , 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 (based on group type)

If 𝑧𝑧1 = 5 + 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 and 𝑧𝑧2 = −𝑥𝑥 + 6𝑖𝑖 are equal, find value 5𝑎𝑎 + 5𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 10
of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦

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EQUALITY OF VALUE
• If 𝒂𝒂 + 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝒄𝒄 + 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 ∴ 𝒂𝒂 = 𝒄𝒄 , 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 (based on group type)

𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = (4 + 4𝑖𝑖)(2 + 5𝑖𝑖) ( 4 + 2𝑖𝑖)(𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏) = 2 − 3𝑖𝑖

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EXERCISE 1

1. 5𝑖𝑖 7 − 3𝑖𝑖 4 −5𝑖𝑖 − 3 7. 2𝑖𝑖 4 × 4𝑖𝑖 3 −8𝑖𝑖

2 . −3𝑖𝑖 15 − 4𝑖𝑖 −𝑖𝑖 8. 𝑖𝑖 3 −49 + 9𝑖𝑖 2 −2

3. 81 + −144 9 + 12𝑖𝑖 4 6 14
9. + 𝑖𝑖
3 − 7i 29 29
4. −49 − −16 3𝑖𝑖
10. 30𝑖𝑖 4 ÷ −36 −5𝑖𝑖
5. 8𝑖𝑖(−7 − 2𝑖𝑖) 16 − 56𝑖𝑖
11. 12𝑖𝑖 6 ÷ 3𝑖𝑖 3 −4𝑖𝑖
6. 2 + 5𝑖𝑖 1 + 3𝑖𝑖 −13 + 11𝑖𝑖
12. 𝑖𝑖 7 ( −36 + 3) 6 − 3𝑖𝑖

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PART 2 : ARGAND DIAGRAM

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ARGAND DIAGRAM
• Representing one or more complex number on complex plane
im(z) = y-axis Argument
𝒛𝒛 = 𝒂𝒂 + 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 • The angle from the positive axis to the line segment
b
• It is denoted by “θ”
• It is measured in the standard unit called “radians”
𝑏𝑏
𝜃𝜃 = tan−1
argument (𝜃𝜃) 𝑎𝑎
re(z) = x-axis
a im(z)

Modulus 𝜃𝜃 = 180 − 𝛽𝛽 𝜃𝜃 =𝛽𝛽

• Distance of a complex number from the origin of a
complex plane re(z)

• Use Theorem Pythagoras theory

𝜃𝜃 = 180 + 𝛽𝛽 𝜃𝜃 = 360 − 𝛽𝛽
|z|= 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2

SNH 2020
ARGAND DIAGRAM
• Representing one or more complex number on complex plane

im(z) = y-axis
Modulus Argument

𝜃𝜃 = 180 − 𝛽𝛽 𝜃𝜃 =𝛽𝛽 • Distance of a complex • The angle from the positive

4
number from the origin of a axis to the line segment
3
complex plane • It is denoted by “θ”
2
• Use Theorem Pythagoras • It is measured in the
1 theory standard unit called “radians”

re(z) = x-axis
𝑏𝑏
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 |z|= 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 𝜃𝜃 = tan−1
-1
𝑎𝑎

-2

𝜃𝜃 = 180 + 𝛽𝛽 𝜃𝜃 = 360 − 𝛽𝛽

𝑧𝑧1 = −3 + 𝑖𝑖

𝑧𝑧2 = 5 + 3𝑖𝑖

𝑧𝑧3 = −4 − 2𝑖𝑖
SNH 2020
ARGAND DIAGRAM
• Draw argand diagram and find modulus and argument for 5 + 4𝑖𝑖

−1
𝑏𝑏
Modulus |z|= 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 Argument 𝜃𝜃 = tan
𝑎𝑎

SNH 2020
ARGAND DIAGRAM
• Draw argand diagram and find modulus and argument for −4 − 3𝑖𝑖

−1
𝑏𝑏
Modulus |z|= 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 Argument 𝜃𝜃 = tan
𝑎𝑎

SNH 2020
ARGAND DIAGRAM
• Given 𝑧𝑧1 = 8 − 7𝑖𝑖, 𝑧𝑧2 = 3 − 4𝑖𝑖. Find the modulus and argument the following operations and
draw the Argand Diagram
Modulus | z | = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2
z 1 - z2

−1
𝑏𝑏
Argument 𝜃𝜃 = tan
𝑎𝑎

SNH 2020
ARGAND DIAGRAM
• Given 𝑧𝑧1 = 2 + 3𝑖𝑖, 𝑧𝑧2 = 3 + 𝑖𝑖 . Find the modulus and argument the following operations and draw
the Argand Diagram
Modulus | z | = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2
z 1z 2

−1
𝑏𝑏
Argument 𝜃𝜃 = tan
𝑎𝑎

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FORM IN COMPLEX NUMBER

Polar form
Cartesian/rectangular form
|𝑧𝑧| ∠ 𝜃𝜃 Tips:
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 • Plot graph to identify
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟 ∠ 𝜃𝜃 argument
• Calculate argument 𝜃𝜃
+ modulus (𝑟𝑟)
• Replace the value of 𝑟𝑟
and 𝜃𝜃 in formula

Exponential form Trigonometric form

𝑧𝑧 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝜃𝜃 |𝑧𝑧|(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃)

𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝜃𝜃 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟(cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝜃𝜃)
• 𝜃𝜃 must be in radians
• Convert degree to radians θ° x
𝜋𝜋
180
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑟𝑟(cos 𝜃𝜃) 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑟𝑟(sin 𝜃𝜃)

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FORM IN COMPLEX NUMBER
• Convert to polar, trigonometric and exponential form : 𝑧𝑧 = 2 − 5𝑖𝑖

Modulus | z | = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 Polar form 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟 ∠ 𝜃𝜃

Trigonometric form 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟(cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝜃𝜃)

𝑏𝑏
Argument 𝜃𝜃 = tan−1
𝑎𝑎

Exponential form z = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 Convert degree to radians

𝜋𝜋
𝜃𝜃𝜃 ×
180

SNH 2020
FORM IN COMPLEX NUMBER
• Given 𝑧𝑧1 = 5 − 𝑖𝑖, 𝑧𝑧2 = 6 + 2𝑖𝑖. Find the 𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2 and convert to polar, trigonometric and exponential form

Modulus | z | = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 Polar form 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟 ∠ 𝜃𝜃

Trigonometric form 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟(cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝜃𝜃)

𝑏𝑏
Argument 𝜃𝜃 = tan−1
𝑎𝑎

Exponential form z = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 Convert degree to radians

𝜋𝜋
𝜃𝜃𝜃 ×
180

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FORM IN COMPLEX NUMBER
• Convert z = 25 ∠ 48° to cartesian, trigonometric and exponential form :

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FORM IN COMPLEX NUMBER
• Convert z = 30 𝑒𝑒 0.618𝑖𝑖 to cartesian, trigonometric and polar form :

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FORM IN COMPLEX NUMBER – POLAR (MULTIPLICATION)

(r1 ∠ 𝜃𝜃1) (r2 ∠ 𝜃𝜃2) = r1r2 ∠ (𝜃𝜃1 + 𝜃𝜃2)

If z1 = 4 ∠ 30°, z2 = 3 ∠ 50° and z3 = 5 ∠ 40°. Find

• z1z 3

• 𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏z𝟐𝟐z𝟑𝟑

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FORM IN COMPLEX NUMBER – POLAR (DIVISION)

(r1 ∠ 𝜃𝜃1) r1
= ∠ (𝜃𝜃1 − 𝜃𝜃2)
(r2 ∠ 𝜃𝜃2) r2

3 ∠ 30° 6 ∠ 80°
4 ∠ 20° 2 ∠ 20°

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FORM IN COMPLEX NUMBER
𝑧𝑧
Given 𝑧𝑧1 = 12 ∠ 45°, 𝑧𝑧2 = 24(cos 10° + 𝑖𝑖 sin 10°) and 𝑧𝑧3 = 14 𝑒𝑒 0.342𝑖𝑖 ). Calculate 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 and 2 in polar
𝑧𝑧3
form

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EXERCISE 2
1. If 𝑧𝑧1 = −4 + 5𝑖𝑖, 𝑧𝑧2 = 2 + 4𝑖𝑖 . Find modulus, arguments and draw argand diagram for 𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2

2. Convert the following Complex Numbers to Cartesian, polar and exponential form
• 𝑧𝑧 = 20(cos 60° + 𝑖𝑖 sin 60°)

• 𝑧𝑧 = 3.12(cos 105° + 𝑖𝑖 sin 105°)

3. Given 𝑧𝑧1 = 5 + 5𝑖𝑖, 𝑧𝑧2 = 12 − 7𝑖𝑖. Calculate 𝑧𝑧2 − 𝑧𝑧1 and convert to trigonometric, polar and
exponential form

4. Given 𝑧𝑧1 = 12(cos 15° + 𝑖𝑖 sin 15°) , 𝑧𝑧2 = 5(cos 4.7° + 𝑖𝑖 sin 4.7°) . Find
• 𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧1
𝑧𝑧1
•
𝑧𝑧2

SNH 2020