-t Primes, Highest Common Factor ~f:

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: I. Whole numbers can be classified into prime numbers, composite numbers or neither prime nor composite
numbers.

Whole Numbers (0, ~. 2, 3, 4, ... )

Neither Prime nor composite Prime Numbers Composite Numbers

(0, 1) (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ... ) (4, 6, 8, 9, IO , ... )

The process of expressing a composite number as a product of its prime factors is known as prime factorisation.

2. Square and square roots: For example, 52 =25, then J2s =5.
A perfect square is a number whose square root is a whole number.

3. Cubes and cube roots: For example, 5 3 = 125, then Jill = 5.

A perfect cube is a number whose cube root is a whole number.

4. The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two or more numbers is the largest factor that is common to all the
numbers.

5~ The Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the smallest multiple that is common to
all the numbers.

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BASIC
1. Determine whether each of the following is a prime or a composite number.
(a) 101 (b) 357
(c) ;1-11 (d) 1223
(e) 1555 (f) 3127

2. Fin:d the sum of all prime numbers less than 30.

3. Find the difference of the two prime numbers between 20 and 30.

4. Find the prime factorisation of each of the following numbers, leaving your answer in index notation.
(a) 315 (b) 3234
(c) 8008 (d) 61 200
(e) 58 752 (f) 117 800

5. Find each of the following by using prime factorisation.

(a) . (b)

(c) . (d)

. (e) ~5832 ,._(f) ~9261

(g) ~17 576 (h) ~39 304

6 2
6. Given that the prime factorisation of 3136 is 2 x 7 , find , w!thout using a calculator.

3 3
. Given that the prime factorisation of 59 319 is 3 x 13 , find ~59 319 , without using a calculator.
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& CH APTER 1

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g, Estimate the value @f each of the following.
(a) (b)

(c) #5 (d) }jm

(e) (f) 19
2
X .J10 004
(g) 1i3 + ~7999

9. Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following, leaving your answer correct to 4 decimal places where
necessary.
3 2
(a) 69 + 126 - .J71289 X ~9t2 673

2 3
(b) X 57 - 56
.J153 664

(../576 + - ~)
(c) ~4096

18 3 16 2 - ~75 357
(d) -- + -----::----::-'--.====
3 2
22 - 103 - ~753 571

10. Find the Highest Common Factor (HCF) of each of the following sets of numbers.
(a) 16 and 24 (b) 45 and 63
(c) 56 and 70 (d) 90 and 126
(e) 1008 and 1960 (f) 1080 and 1584
(g) 42, 66 and 78 (h) 132, 156 and 180
(i) 84, 98 and 112 (j) 19,5, 270 and 345
(k) 147,231 and 273 (I) 225,495 and 810

11. Find the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of each of the following sets of numbers.
(a) 48 and 72 (b) 75 and 105
(c) 243 and 405 (d) 261 and 435
(e) 144 and 306 (f) 264 and 504
(g) 1176 and 1960 (h) 56, 72 and 104
(i) 324, 756 and 972 (j) 450, 720 and 1170

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r 12. Find the HCF and LCM of each of the following sets of numbers.
(a) 84and189 (b) 315and720
(c) 392 and 616 (d) 1008 and 1764

Ir (e) 140,224 and 560 ..(t) 315,525 and 1400

(g) 252, 378 and 567 (h) 330, 792 and 1188

13. find the HCF and LCM of each of the following sets of numbers, giving your answers as a product of P.
· . nrr~
factors in index notation.
(a) 2
2
x J2 x 11 and 24 x 3 x 7 (b) 3
4
X 5
2
X 7 and 3 3 X 7 3 X 11
3 3 6
(c) 2 x 3 x 5 and 72 900 5
(d) 3 x 76 x 11 and 160 083

INTERMEDIATE
14. (a) Find the difference between the square of 7 and the sum of the first 7 odd numbers.
(b) The postage packing comes in the form of a cube with a volume of 29 791 cm3•
Find the area of one side of the box.
(c) Whenp is multiplied by 585, the product 585p is·a perfect square.
Find the smallest value of p.

15. The numbers 720 and 1575, written as the products of their prime factors are

720 = 24 X 32 X 5,
and
1575 = 32 X-52 X 7.

(i) Find the largest prime factor of both 720 and 1575.
(ii) Find the smallest whole number that is divisible by both 720 and 1575.

16. Find the smallest value of m such that the LCM of m and 34 is 374.

17. (a) If 1200 = 2° x 3b x 5C, find the values of a, band c.

(b) (i) Express 3240 and 4212 as a product of their prime factors.
Give your answers in index form.
(ii) Hence find the largest whole n~mber which is a factor of both 3240 and 4212.

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18, (i) Express 1764 as a product of their prime factors , giving
, your
· an- swer m
. m
. dex .c1orm.
Hence evaluate "1104 ' without using a calculator.
(ii) Express 3375
. as a product of their prime facto rs,
- g1vmg
· · your answer m• mdex
• form.
Hence evaluate ~3375 , without using a calculator.
(iii) Using your answers in (i) and (ii), find the HCF and LCM of and ~3375 .

19, (a) Express each of the following numbers as a product oftheil' prime factors, giving
your answer in index form,
(i) 216 000
(ii) 51~ 400
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(b) Hence find

(i) ~216 000 ,

(ii) .J518400,
(iii) the HCF of 216 000 and 518 400 '
,

(iv) the LCM of ~216 000 and .J518 400.

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20. Huixian wishes to cut some squares from a rectangular sheet of A4 paper with a length of 84 cm
- and a breadth of 126 cm. She wants to cuts the A4 paper evenly into small squares and does not want any
leftover paper.·
(i) What is the length of each square?
(ii) - How many squares can she cut altogether?

21. Participants from China, Japan and Korea will be attending a conference. 96 of them are-from
China, 72 are from Japan and 48 are from Korea. The organiser wishes to group them into discussion groups
such that the participants are distributed equally among the groups. The number of discussipn topics that the
organiser needs to prepare depends on the number of discussion groups_formed.
(i) What is th~ greatest number of discussion topics that the organiser has to prepare for the conference?
(ii) How many China participants are in each discussion group? _,,

22. Canteen A, canteen B and canteen C repeat their lunch menus every 12 days, 8 days and 10 days respectively.
All three canteens s~rve noodle soup today. How many days later will all the three canteens serving noodle
soup again?
 23. Jun Wei bas a paper box with a length of 8 m, a breath of 12 m and a height of 16 m. . rI
(a) He is thinking of packing small cubes into the box. If each small cube is oflength 2 m, what is the •nmbe, 1
of small cubes that he 1s able to pack mto the box? L
(b) On the other hand, he may cut the paper box into small cubes. Fin~.the least number of cubes
I,z
that he can cut from the box.

24. Lixin has three ribbons of lengths 160 cm, 192 cm and 240 cm respectively. She wishes to cut all the ribbons
into equal number of pieces without any leftover ribbons. Find
(i) the largest possible length of each piece of ribbons,
• (ii) the total number of pieces of ribbons that Lixin has cut.

25. At 4 pm, Rui Feng, Khairul and Ethan are at the starting point of a 2.4-km circular path. Rui Feng takes
· 126 seconds, Khairul takes 154 seconds and Ethan takes 198 seconds respectively to complete one round
around the path. When will they next meet again?
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1 26. A hamper gift company uses 1260 boxes of chocolates, 420 bottles of wine and 630 tins of biscuits to make as
many gift hampers as possible for this Christmas. Each hamper has the same number of boxes of chocolates,
the same number of bottles of wine and the same number of tins of biscuits.
(i) Find the greatest number of hampers that can be packed.
(ii) How many boxes of chocolates, bottles of wine and tins of biscuits each hamper has?

27. (i) Express 13 824 x 42 875 as a product of their prime factors.

(ii) Hence evaluate ~13 824 x 42 875.

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28. The numbers A, B and C, written as the products of their prime factors are given below.
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A = 22 X 34 52 X 7
X
16
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B = 24 x 36 x 5 x 11
C=37 x5 2 x7

Use the results to find

(i) the HCF and LCM of A, B and C,
(ii) the square root of A x B,
(iii) the smallest integer, k, such that Ck is a perfect cube.

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---9. Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. If it is true, explain your reasoning.
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If it is false, give a counterexample.
(a) If a and bare two prime numbers such that a< band (a+ b) is another prime number, then a is 2.
(b) The product of two natural numbers is always a composite number.
(c) If a 4-digit number ?ab9 is a perfect square, then the value of a+ bis 10.
(d) If a 5-digit number 54cd2 is a perfect cube, then c x d = 2.
(e) If the sum of the digits of the whole number xis a multiple of 8, then xis divisible by 8.
(f) The product of the HCP and LCM of two numbers is equal to the product of the two numbers.
(g) Th€ product of the HCP and LCM of the three numbers is equal to the product of the three numbers.

30. Raj was trying to _get to sleep one night but there was too noise around him. The noise came from
his clock ticking every 20 seconds, a ·leaking tap in the kitchen dripping every 15 seconds and his
father snoring every 27 seconds. He first noticed that all three events happened together at 12 midnight.
(i) When will all the three events next happen together? Express your answer in minutes.
(ii) How many times wou!d all thre~ events happeri together between midnight and 1 am?

31. Parhan, Nora and Devi are given 3 rods of equal lengths. Parhan cuts his rod into smaller pieces of equal
length of 42 cm; Nora cuts her rod ·into smaller pieces of length 24 cm and pevi cuts her rod into smaller
pieces of length 60 cm. If there are no rods leftover, what is the shortest possible length of rod given to each
of them?

32. The LCM of 36, 56 and n is 1512. Find the smallest value of n.

33. The numbers A, B and C, written as the products of their prime factors are given below.

4 3
A=22 x3 4 x5 2 x7 X 13
16
B 24 x 36 X 52 X 75 xll
2
C = 37 X 52 X 7 X 17
(i) Find
(a) the HCP <;>f A, B and C,
(b) the LCM of A, Band C.
(ii) Given that Bx Dis a perfectsquare, find the smallest possible value of D.
(iii) Given that A x C x Eis a perfect cube, find the smallest possible value of F

where F = ifA x ex E . Give your answer in index form.

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 34. If the LCM of two numbers is 120 and their HCF is 4, find the possible values of the two numbers.

35. A competition question requests students to form a three-digit number.

In this question, the following conditions are given.

The digits in the number must be different.

All the digits in the numbers must be prime numbers.
The number formed must be the product offour prime numbers .
The sum of the prime factors of the number is 30.
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What is the three-digit number?

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