October 2016, Volume 3, Issue 10 JETIR (ISSN-2349-5162)

STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ON COMPOSITE LEAF

SPRING IN HEAVY VEHICLE
1
MR.SHIVAKUMAR, 2M.BABU RAO, 3T.SHAHINSHA
1
M Tech Scholar, 2,3Assistant Professor
Arjun College of Technology & Sciences, Sy.No.376/7, Batasingaram (V), Hayathnagar (M), R.R.
District, Andhra Pradesh. INDIA.

ABSTRACT
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring, commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. Leaf Springs are long
and narrow plates attached to the frame of a trailer that rest above or below the trailer's axle. There are mono leaf springs, or
single-leaf springs, that consist of simply one plate of spring steel. These are usually thick in the middle and taper out toward the
end, and they don't typically offer too much strength and suspension for towed vehicles. Drivers looking to tow heavier loads
typically use multi leaf springs, which consist of several leaf springs of varying length stacked on top of each other. The shorter
the leaf spring, the closer to the bottom it will be, giving it the same semielliptical shape a single leaf spring gets from being
thicker in the middle.

The objective of this project is to compare the load carrying capacity, stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf
spring that of steel leaf spring. The design constraints are stresses and deflections. The dimensions of an existing conventional
steel leaf spring of a Heavy commercial vehicle are taken Same dimensions of conventional leaf spring are used to fabricate
composite multi leaf spring using e-glass/epoxy, Graphite/epoxy, carbon/epoxy unidirectional laminates. One of cad tool is used
for modeling and Ansys is used for cae tool.

Keywords: solid works, ansys, leaf spring, composite material

the stress level at any station in the leaf spring is considered

1. INTRODUCTION TO LEAF SPRING constant due to the parabolic type of the thickness of the
spring, has proved to be very effective; o The study
demonstrated that composites can be used for leaf springs
Originally Leaf spring called laminated or carriage for light weight vehicles and meet the requirements, together
spring, a leaf spring is a simple form of spring commonly with substantial weight savings;
used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles It is also one of
the oldest forms of springing, dating back to medieval M.Venkatesan,D.Helmen Devaraj(Jan-Feb 2012) [1],
times.
Compared to steel spring, the composite leaf spring is found
to have 67.35% lesser stress, 64.95% higher stiffness and
Sometimes referred to as a semi-elliptical spring or
126.98% higher natural frequency than that of existing steel
cart spring, it takes the form of a slender arc-shaped length
of spring steel of rectangular cross-section. The center of the leaf spring. A weight reduction of 76.4% is achieved by
using optimized composite leaf spring. A comparative study
arc provides location for the axle while tie holes are
provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. For has been made between composite and steel leaf spring with
very heavy vehicles leaf spring can be made from several respect to weight, cost and strength
leaves stacked on top of each other in several layers, often
3. DESIGN OF LEAF SPRING
with progressively shorter leaves. Leaf springs can serve
locating and
The leaf spring behaves like a simply supported
beam and the flexural analysis is done considering it as a
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
simply supported beam. The simply supported beam is
subjected to both bending stress and transverse shear stress.
Gulur Siddaramanna Shiva Shankar∗, Sambagam
Flexural rigidity is an important parameter in the leaf spring
Vijayarangan(2006)[6],The development of a composite design and test out to increase from two ends to the center.
mono leaf spring having constant cross sectional area, where

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October 2016, Volume 3, Issue 10 JETIR (ISSN-2349-5162)
Table 1 specification of leaf spring When the trees and plants are live, the load acting on a
particular portion (e.g., a branch) directly influences the
growth of cellulose in the cell walls located there and
specification
thereby reinforces that part of the branch, which experiences
value units
1 Total length of the spring (eye 1540 mm more forces. This self-strengthening mechanism is
to eye) something unique that can also be observed in the case of
2 Free camber (at no load 136 mm live bones. Bones contain short and soft collagen fibres i.e.,
condition) inorganic calcium carbonate fibres dispersed in a mineral
3 No.of full length leave (master 01 Mm matrix called apatite. The fibres usually grow and get
leaf) oriented in the direction of load. Human and animal
4 Thickness of leaf spring 13 Mm skeletons are the basic structural frameworks that support
5 Width of leaf spring 70 Mm
various types of static and dynamic loads. Tooth is a special
6 Maximum load given on spring 3750 N
type of bone consisting of a flexible core and the hard
7 Young's modules of the spring 22426.09 N/mm2
8 Weight of the leaf spring 23 Kg enamel surface. The compressive strength of tooth varies
through the thickness. The outer enamel is the strongest with
ultimate compressive strength as high as 700MPa. Tooth
seems to have piezoelectric properties i.e., reinforcing cells
are formed with the application of pressure. The most
remarkable features of woods and bones are that the low
density, strong and stiff fibres are embedded in a low
density matrix resulting in a strong, stiff and lightweight
composite (Table 1.1). It is therefore no wonder that early
development of aero-planes should make use of woods as
one of the primary structural materials, and about two
hundred million years ago, huge flying amphibians,
Figure 1 master leaf spring pterendons and pterosaurs, with wing spans of 8-15 m ,
could soar from the mountains like the present day hang-
gliders. Woods and bones in many respect, may be
considered to be predecessors to modern man-made
composites.

5. MATERIALS FOR LEAF SPRING

Analysis of E-Glass /Epoxy Composite Leaf Spring FEM

Model details
Mechanical properties:

Extensional Elastic Modulus E1 = 43E+3 MPa

Figure 2 springs assembly Transverse Elastic Modulus E2 = 9E+3 MPa
In-plane Shear Modulus G12 = 4.5E+3 MPa
Major Poisson’s Ratio μ12 = 0.27
4. MATERIALS FOR LEAF SPRING Minor Poisson’s Ratio μ21 = 0.06
Density ρ = 2000kg/m3
A composite is a material that is formed by
Yield strength Sy =2000MPa
combining two or more materials to achieve some superior
properties. Almost all the materials which we see around us Analysis of Graphite / Epoxy Composite Leaf Spring FEM
are composites. Some of them like woods, bones, stones, Model details Mechanical Properties:
etc. are natural composites, as they are either grown in
nature or developed by natural processes. Wood is a fibrous
Extensional Elastic Modulus E1 = 294E+3MPa
material consisting of thread-like hollow elongated organic
Transverse Elastic Modulus E2 = 6.4E+3 MPa
cellulose that normally constitutes about 60-70% of wood of In-plane Shear Modulus G12 = 4.9E+3 MPa
which approximately 30-40% is crystalline, insoluble in Major Poisson’s Ratio μ12 = 0.23
water, and the rest is amorphous and soluble in water. Minor Poisson’s Ratio μ21 = 0.01
Cellulose fibres are flexible but possess high strength. The Density ρ = 1590kg/m3
more closely packed cellulose provides higher density and Yield strength Sy =2067MPa
higher strength. The walls of these hollow elongated cells
Analysis of Carbon / Epoxy Composite Leaf Spring FEM
are the primary load-bearing components of trees and plants.
Model details Mechanical Properties:

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October 2016, Volume 3, Issue 10 JETIR (ISSN-2349-5162)
Table 3 graph values of deflection vs load of the leaf spring
Extensional Elastic Modulus E1 = 177E+3MPa
Transverse Elastic Modulus E2 = 10.6E+3 MPa Deflection Applied Deflection of the leaf spring
In-plane Shear Modulus G12 = 47.6E+3 MPa load with composite materials
Major Poisson’s Ratio μ12 = 0.27 load (mm)
Minor Poisson’s Ratio μ21 = 0.02 (N) E- Graphite Carbon/
Density ρ = 1600kg/m3 Glass / Epoxy Epoxy
Yield strength Sy =1900MPa /Epoxy
1 100 22.138 30.531 18.868
2 150 81.124 821.88 69.251
can return to their original shape when the force is released.
3 200 94.69 94.99 80.03
In other words it is also termed as a resilient member. 4 250 17.22 24.1 14.36

6. DELAMINATION PROPERTIES

This section describes an overview of experimental

techniques used to characterize delamination thresholds and
energies. A number of delamination modes are considered
and are illustrated schematically in Figure :

Delamination Modes.

(a) Mode I : Normal Delamination.(opening mod

(b) Mode II : Shear Delamination.(tearing mode)
(c) Mode III : Shear Delamination.( sliding mode)

Figure7 the graph between load vs deflection of safety

Range of Deflection in Leaf Spring

Maximum - Graphite / Epoxy

Medium - E-Glass /Epoxy
Low - Carbon/ Epoxy
11.3 Graph Values of Von Misses Stress Vs Load of the
Figure 3 Delamination Modes Leaf Spring

7. RESULT ANALYSIS
Table 4 graph values of von misses stress vs load of the leaf
Table 2 Details of The object (leaf spring) spring

Von Applied Von Misses Stress of the leaf spring

Numerical value of misses load (mm)
s.no
object load E-Glass Graphite / Carbon/
(N) /Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy
1 Number of nodes 2673 1 100 244.662 242.778 240.972
2 Number of key points 55 2 150 878.875 886.594 851.708
3 Number of lines 34 3 200 1040.6 1182.21 1000.28
4 250 1912.83 1897.97 1880.94
4 Number of areas 17
5 Number of volumes 2
6 Number of elements 1290

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Table 8 Factor of safety of graphite/epoxy (at load 1000 N)

Along Applied Working

Factor of
The Load Stress Yield
Safety
Axis (N) Stress
X 800.356 2.582
Y 106.327 19.440
Z 23.423 88.246
XY 1000 139.547 2067 14.812
YZ 5.761 358.791
ZX 32.728 63.156
Figure 8 the graph between cra vs factor of safety VON 801.356 2.579

Range of von-misses stress In Leaf Spring

Table 9 Factor of safety of carbon/epoxy (at load 333 N)
Maximum - Graphite / Epoxy
Medium - E-Glass /Epoxy Along Applied Working
Low - Carbon/ Epoxy Factor of
The Load Stress Yield
1.4. Factor of Saftey Safety
Axis (N) Stress
X 117.467 16.174
11.4.1. without crack of the leaf spring
Y 13.094 145.104
Z 18.64 101.931
Table 5 Factor of safety of e-glass/epoxy (at load 333 N) XY 333 77.250 1900 24.595
YZ 8.445 224.985
Along Applied Working ZX 23.315 81.492
Factor of VON 313.228 6.065
The Load Stress Yield
Safety
Axis (N) Stress
X 129.107 15.491 Table 20 Factor of safety of carbon/epoxy (at load 1500 N)
Y 17.575 113.798
Z 6.949 287.811 Along Applied Working
Factor of
XY 333 20.024 2000 99.880 The Load Stress Yield
Safety
YZ 1.886 1060.445 Axis (N) Stress
ZX 9.529 209.885 X 313.228 6.065
VON 241.739 8.273 Y 58.9843 32.212
Z 83.997 22.619
Table 6 Factor of safety of e-glass/epoxy (at load 2000 N) XY 1500 320.947 1900 5.919
YZ 38.040 49.947
Along Applied Working ZX 105.024 18.091
Factor of
The Load Stress Yield VON 1410.141 1.347
Safety
Axis (N) Stress
X 969.269 2.063
Y 131.95 15.157
Z 52.1758 38.331
XY 2000 150.334 2000 13.303
YZ 14.114 141.703
ZX 71.542 27.955
Table 31 Factor of safety of e-glass/epoxy, with crack length
VON 1814.28 1.102 2 cm and load 333 N

Along Applied Working

Table 7 Factor of safety of graphite/epoxy (at load 333 N) Factor of
The Load Stress Yield
Safety
Axis (N) Stress
Along Applied Working
Factor of X 207.935 9.618
The Load Stress Yield
Safety Y 9.957 200.863
Axis (N) Stress
X 226.511 9.125 Z 14.9293 133.967
Y 35.466 6.372 XY 333 48.945 2000 40.862
Z 7.800 265 YZ 5.208 384.024
XY 333 46.469 2067 44.481 ZX 17.481 114.409
YZ 1.918 1077.685 VON 207.935 9.618
ZX 10.898 189.667
VON 471.556 4.383

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 October 2016, Volume 3, Issue 10 JETIR (ISSN-2349-5162)
Table 42 Factor of safety of e-glass/epoxy, with crack Z 237.502 8.420
length 2 cm and load 1800 XY 326.633 6.123
YZ 34.3978 58.144
Along Applied Working ZX 116.019 17.238
Factor of
The Load Stress Yield VON 1267.17 1.578
Safety
Axis (N) Stress
X 693.151 2.885 Table 17 Factor of safety of graphite/epoxy, with crack
Y 54.206 36.896 length 2 cm
Z 99.509 20.098
XY 1800 266.302 2000 7.510 Along Applied Working
Factor of
YZ 28.318 70.626 The Load Stress Yield
Safety
ZX 95.081 21.034 Axis (N) Stress
VON 1006.64 1.986 X 368.481 5.609
Y 24.699 83.687
Table 53 Factor of safety of e-glass/epoxy, with crack Z 15.466 133.648
length 4 cm XY 333 102.952 2067 20.077
YZ 6.9255 298.483
Along Applied Working ZX 8.126 254.368
Factor of
The Load Stress Yield VON 363.063 5.693
Safety
Axis (N) Stress
X 175.727 11.381 Table 18 Factor of safety of graphite/epoxy, with crack
Y 10.353 193.180 length 2 cm (1800 N
Z 15.928 125.565
XY 333 50.7422 2000 39.415 Along Applied Working
Factor of
YZ 5.379 371.816 The Load Stress Yield
Safety
ZX 18.0879 110.576 Axis (N) Stress
VON 187.419 10.671 X 1669.41 1.238
Table 64 Factor of safety of e-glass/epoxy, with crack Y 130.267 15.867
length 4 cm Z 83.6051 24.723
XY 1800 556.498 2067 3.714
Along Applied Working YZ 37.435 55.215
Factor of
The Load Stress Yield ZX 43.927 47.055
Safety
Axis (N) Stress VON 1962.5 1.053
X 949.875 2.105
Y 55.963 35.737 Table 19 Factor of safety of graphite/epoxy, with crack
Z 166.701 11.997 length 4 cm
XY 1800 274.282 2000 7.291
YZ 29.079 68.778 Along Applied Working
Factor of
ZX 97.7724 20.455 The Load Stress Yield
Safety
VON 1013.07 1.974 Axis (N) Stress
X 321.271 6.433
Y 19.350 106.821
Table 75 Factor of safety of e-glass/epoxy, with crack length Z 18.711 110.469
6 cm XY 333 99.129 2067 20.851
YZ 43.708 47.291
Along Applied Working ZX 16.568 124.758
Factor of
The Load Stress Yield VON 355.862 5.808
Safety
Axis (N) Stress
X 208.896 9.574 Table 90 Factor of safety of graphite/epoxy, with crack
Y 11.1556 179.291 length 4 cm
Z 39.544 50.576
XY 333 54.384 2000 36.775 Along Applied Working
YZ 5.7272 349.222 Factor of
The Load Stress Yield
Safety
ZX 19.317 103.535 Axis (N) Stress
VON 210.983 9.479 X 1736.6 1.190
Y 104.596 19.761
Table 86 Factor of safety of e-glass/epoxy, with crack length Z 101.144 20.436
6 cm XY 1800 535.833 2067 3.857
YZ 89.559 23.079
Along Applied Working ZX 236.262 8.748
Factor of
The Load Stress Yield VON 1923.58 1.074
Safety
Axis (N) Stress
X 1254.63 1.594
2000 2000
Y 67.0007 29.847

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Table 101 Factor of safety of graphite/epoxy, with crack Table 145 Factor of safety of carbon/epoxy, with crack
length 6 cm length 4 cm

Deflection Deflection of the leaf spring with composite Applied Working

materials Along Factor of
Load Stress Yield
Crack (mm) The Safety
(N) Stress
length E-Glass Graphite / Carbon/ Axis
/Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy X 963.259 1.972
2 cm 19.514 8.573 8.981 Y 63.732 29.812
4cm 24.242 13.292 12.200 Z 76.658 24.785
XY 1500 337.554 1900 5.628
6cm 33.116 21.597 17.975
YZ 86.026 22.086
ZX 163.634 11.611
Table 112 Factor of safety of graphite/epoxy, with crack VON 1302.91 1.458
length 6 cm
Table 156 Factor of safety of carbon/epoxy, with crack
Along Applied Working length 4 cm
Factor of
The Load Stress Yield
Safety
Axis (N) Stress Along Applied Working
X 348.745 5.926 Factor of
The Load Stress Yield
Safety
Y 26.276 78.664 Axis (N) Stress
Z 20.577 100.451 X 234.323 8.108
XY 333 112.327 2067 18.401 Y 14.589 130.235
YZ 7.490 275.967 Z 27.919 68.054
ZX 8.804 234.779 XY 333 77.024 1900 24.6676
VON 355.908 5.807 YZ 19.608 96.899
ZX 37.277 50.969
VON 286.687 6.627

Table 27 Factor of safety of carbon/epoxy, with crack length

Table 123 Factor of safety of carbon/epoxy, with crack 6 cm
length 2 cm
Along Applied Working
Factor of
The Load Stress Yield
Along Applied Working Safety
Factor of Axis (N) Stress
The Load Stress Yield X 1055.51 1.800
Safety
Axis (N) Stress Y 65.717 28.911
X 1885.11 1.096 Z 125.763 15.107
Y 142.035 14.552 XY 1500 346.958 1900 5.476
Z 111.232 18.582 YZ 88.328 21.510
XY 1800 607.173 2067 3.404 ZX 167.916 11.315
YZ 40.487 51.053 VON 1291.38 1.471
ZX 47.589 43.434
VON 1923.83 1.074 Table 28 Factor of safety of carbon/epoxy, with crack length
6 cm
Table 134 Factor of safety of carbon/epoxy, with crack
length 2 cm Along Applied Working
Factor of
The Load Stress Yield
Safety
Axis (N) Stress
Along Applied Working X 264.64 7.179
Factor of
The Load Stress Yield Y 15.642 121.467
Safety
Axis (N) Stress Z 34.036 55.823
X 213 8.920 XY 333 82.059 1900 23.154
Y 14.148 134.294 YZ 20.841 91.166
Z 17.018 111.646 ZX 39.561 48.027
XY 333 74.937 1900 25.354 VON 289.911 6.553
YZ 19.097 99.492
ZX 36.326 52.304 Table 29 Graph Values of Deflection Vs Crack Length of
VON 289.247 6.568 the Leaf Spring (load

Along Applied Working

Factor of
The Load Stress Yield
Safety
Axis (N) Stress

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X 1192 1.593
Y 70.459 26.966
Z 153.32 12.392
XY 1500 369.636 1900 5.140
YZ 93.882 20.238
ZX 178.203 10.661 Deflection Deflection of the leaf spring with composite
VON 1305.9 1.454 materials
Crack (mm)
E-Glass /Epoxy length E-Glass Graphite / Carbon/
/Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy
2 cm 105.483 46.341 40.456
4cm 131.038 71.847 54.956
6cm 198.897 116.744 80.970

Figure 9 the Graph between Deflection Vs Crack Length(e-

glass/epoxy) at load 333 N

Graphite / Epoxy

Figure 11 the Graph between Deflection Vs Crack

Length(carbon/epoxy) at load 333 N

Table 30 Graph Values of Deflection Vs Crack Length of

The Leaf Spring

Factor of Factor of safety of the leaf spring with

safety composite materials (mm)
E-Glass Graphite / Carbon/
/Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy
Crack length
2 cm 9.618 5.639 6.568
4cm 10.671 5.808 6.627
6cm 9.479 5.807 6.553

Figure 10 the Graph between Deflection Vs Crack

Length(graphite/epoxy) at load 333 N
Table 161 Graph Values of Factor of safety Vs Crack

Carbon/ Epoxy Table 32 Factor of safety of the leaf spring with composite

E-Glass /Epoxy

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Figure 12 the Graph between Deflection Vs Crack Figure 15 Graph between the Factor of safety Vs Crack
Length(e-glass/epoxy) load at 1500 N Length (E-Glass /Epoxy) at load of 333 N

Graphite / Epoxy Graphite / Epoxy

Figure 13 the Graph between Deflection Vs Crack Figure 16 Graph between the Factor of safety Vs Crack
Length(graphite/epoxy) load at 1500 N Length (graphite /Epoxy) at load of

Carbon/ Epoxy

Factor of Factor of safety of the leaf spring with

safety composite materials (mm)
E-Glass Graphite / Carbon/
/Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy
Crack length
2 cm 1.986 1.053 1.458
4cm 1.974 1.074 1.471
6cm 1.578 1.075 1.454
Carbon/ Epoxy
Figure 17 Graph between the Factor of safety Vs Crack
Length (carbon /Epoxy) at load of 333 N

E-Glass /Epoxy

Figure 14 the Graph between Deflection Vs Crack

Length(carbon/epoxy) load at 1500 N

E-Glass /Epoxy

Figure 18 Graph between the Factor of safety Vs Crack

Length (E-Glass /Epoxy)at load

Graphite / Epoxy

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Figure 19 Graph between the Factor of safety Vs Crack

Length (graphite /Epoxy)at load of 1500 N

Carbon/ Epoxy

Figure 22 E-Glass/Epoxy von misses stress

iii) Graphite/Epoxy Deflection

Figure 20 Graph between the Factor of safety Vs Crack

Length (graphite /Epoxy)at

Deflection And Von Misses Stress

i) E-Glass/Epoxy Deflection

Figure 23 Graphite/Epoxy Deflection

iv) Graphite/Epoxy von misses stress

Figure 21 E-Glass/Epoxy Deflection

ii) E-Glass/Epoxy von misses stress

Figure 24 Graphite/Epoxy von misses stress

v) Carbon/Epoxy Deflection

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October 2016, Volume 3, Issue 10 JETIR (ISSN-2349-5162)
load of 3300N. this values are without crack of the leaf
spring

2. From the static analysis results it is found that there is a

maximum displacement of
E-glass/epoxy, graphite/epoxy, and carbon/epoxy are 198
mm, 116.744 mm and
80.970 mm. And all the values are nearly equal and are
below the camber length for a
given load of 3300N. this values are with crack of the leaf
spring

deflections of the leaf spring is more in crack include in

a spring

E-glass/epoxy 198-30.140 = 167.86

graphite/epoxy 116.744-34.86 = 81.884
Figure 25 Carbon/Epoxy Deflection carbon/epoxy 80.970-35.141 = 45.829
vi) Carbon/Epoxy von misses stress
2.From the static analysis results, we see that the von-mises
stress in the E-glass/epoxy,
Graphite /epoxy and Carbon/epoxy is 1814MPa,
801.356MPa and 1410.4MPa. Among the
three composite leaf springs, only Graphite/epoxy
composite leaf spring has lower stresses
in leaf spring. this result is without crack of leaf spring

3. From the static analysis results, we see that the von-mises

stress in the E-glass/epoxy,
Graphite /epoxy and Carbon/epoxy is 1006.64MPa,
1962.5MPa and 1291.38MPa. Among
the three composite leaf springs, only E-glass/epoxy
composite leaf spring has lower
stresses in leaf spring.
Figure 26 Carbon/Epoxy von misses stress E-glass/epoxy 1814-1006.64 = 807.36
graphite/epoxy 1962.5-801.356 = 1161.144
carbon/epoxy 1410.4-1291.38 = 119.02
10. DISCUSSIONS&CONCLUSIONS

In the present work, a composite leaf spring was

6. A comparative study has been made between steel and
replaced by a mono composite leaf spring(second leaf) due
composite leaf spring with respect
to high strength to weight ratio for the same load carrying
to strength and weight. Composite mono leaf spring
capacity and . The dimensions of a leaf spring of a light
reduces the weight by 85% for E-
weight vehicle are chosen and modeled using ANSYS 14.5.
Glass/Epoxy, 94.18% for Graphite/Epoxy, and 92.94 %
As the leaf spring is symmetrical about the axis, only half
for Carbon/Epoxy over
part of the. The boundary conditions are UY, UZ at the front
conventional leaf spring.
eye end and UX, UZ in the middle.

A load of 3300N was applied at the base in the

FUTURE SCOPE
middle of the leaf spring in the Y-direction. Later a mono
composite leaf spring of uniform thickness and width was
modeled so as to obtain the same displacement of leaf
Take total assembly part of the leaf sprig, doing the
spring. Three different composite materials have been used
delamination analysis. Same process without crack of the
for analysis of mono-composite leaf spring. They are
leaf spring, what is the behavior of leaf spring. Crack
E-glass/epoxy,
includes the inside of the spring, what is the behavior of the
Graphite/epoxy and
leaf spring.
carbon/epoxy.
Static analysis has been performed.
REFERENCES
1. From the static analysis results it is found that there is a
maximum displacement of
E-glass/epoxy, graphite/epoxy, and carbon/epoxy are
1. 1.design and analysis of composite leaf spring in
30.140 mm, 34.864 mm and
35.141mm. And all the values are nearly equal and are light vehicle [international journal of
below the camber length for a given

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October 2016, Volume 3, Issue 10 JETIR (ISSN-2349-5162)
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