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Math 211 - Module 1 - Lesson - 2 - Solution To An Ordinary

This document provides an introduction and lesson on solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It defines ODE solutions as functions that satisfy the equation with no remaining derivatives. Particular solutions contain no arbitrary constants, while general solutions can include constants. The lesson shows examples of general and particular solutions to a second-order ODE. It also discusses using initial/boundary conditions to determine constants in general solutions. Later, tasks prove various functions are solutions to given ODEs and derivatives.

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Jovy Ando
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183 views

Math 211 - Module 1 - Lesson - 2 - Solution To An Ordinary

This document provides an introduction and lesson on solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It defines ODE solutions as functions that satisfy the equation with no remaining derivatives. Particular solutions contain no arbitrary constants, while general solutions can include constants. The lesson shows examples of general and particular solutions to a second-order ODE. It also discusses using initial/boundary conditions to determine constants in general solutions. Later, tasks prove various functions are solutions to given ODEs and derivatives.

Uploaded by

Jovy Ando
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solution to an Ordinary

Lesson 2
Differential Equations

Objectives:
 Verify the type of solutions to an
ordinary differential equation.
 Determine the particular solution to
an ordinary differential equation.
.

Introduction
When we solve an algebraic equation (such as x 2−5 x+ 6), our aim is to
find the unknown number or number x that satisfy the equation. By contrast,
when we solve a differential equation, we want to find the unknown function or
functions that satisfy the equation.

ACTIVITY
Task 2: Recalling
Directions: Evaluate the derivatives of the following.
1. First derivatives of function f(x) = xn
2. Second derivatives of function f(x) = xn
3. Second derivatives of function f(y) = 2sin3x + 5cos3x

ANALYSIS
 Can you still recall all the derivatives of a function?
How about the higher derivatives?

______________________________________________
______________________________________________

ABSTRACTION

ES 51 - Differential Equations
Surigao del Sur State University Page | 1
A solution to an ordinary differential equation is a relation between the
variables y and x in which no derivatives appear, and which is such that if we
substitute it into the original equation we find that equation becomes an
identity.

For example, consider the second-ordered differential equation


d2 y
=6 x +4
dx 2

and has the following solutions:

y 1=x 3 +2 x 2
y 2=x 3 +2 x2−3 x +5
y 3=x 3 +2 x2 +ax
y 4 =x 3+ 2 x 2 +ax +b

Where a and b are arbitrary constants.

Here we can say that y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ,∧ y 4 are all solutions to


the differential equation given since these are free of any
derivatives or differentials and which, when substitute into this
equation, will reduce to an identity.

6 x +4=6 x +4

How do it! Let say if we substitute y 1 in the equation

d2 ( 3 2 d 2
Then, 2
x + 2 x )= ( 3 x + 4 x ) =6 x+ 4
dx dx

Hence, 6 x +4=6 x +4

Also, if we try to y 4 then

d2 ( 3 2 d 2
2
x + 2 x +ax +b ) = ( 3 x + 4 x+ a )=6 x+ 4
dx dx

Hence, 6 x +4=6 x +4

As expected it reduced to an identity.

ES 51 - Differential Equations
Surigao del Sur State University Page | 2
The two type of solution to an ordinary differential equation are:

Particular solution

The solution to a differential equation is said to be


particular if it does not contain any arbitrary constants.

General solution

The solution is said to be general if it contains at


least one arbitrary constant.

Therefore, based in our discussion above, we can say that,


y 1=x +2 x 2 and y 2 ¿ x 3 +2 x2 −3 x +5 are
3
particular solutions while
3 2 3 2
y 3=x +2 x +ax and y 4 =x + 2 x +ax +b are the general solutions to the
2
d y
differential equation =6 x +4 .
dx 2
Since there are arbitrary constants in the general or complete
solution to an nth-ordered differential equation, there must be
necessary be a given initial or boundary conditions for the
determination of these constants.

The term initial condition is used when the


independent variable is the time and the conditions given
are at zero-time, t = 0.

The term boundary condition is used if the


independent variable is anyone of the spatial coordinates,
x, y, or z and the conditions given are for known values of
anyone of these coordinates.

Consider the fourth solution y 4 =x 3+ 2 x 2 +ax +b;


Suppose the boundary conditions given are:
y = 5 when x = 1
y = 3 when x = 0

Then the particular solution is the substitution of the given boundary


conditions to the general solution y 4 ;
(1, 5) 5 = 13 + 2(1)2 + a(1) + b

ES 51 - Differential Equations
Surigao del Sur State University Page | 3
or 2=a+b

(0, 3) 3=0+0+0 + b
or b=3

and therefore; a = - 1.

Hence, the particular solution to ordinary differential equation


d2 y
=6 x +4
dx 2
under the given conditions is
y=x 3 +2 x 2−x+3 .

APPLICATION

Task 2: Proving:

Directions: Show that each equation is a solution of


the given ordinary differential equations:

dy
(1.) y=x 2+4 x ; x =x 2+ y
dx

d2 y
(2.) y= Asin 5 x +Bcos 5 x ; +25 y=0
dx 2

(3.) y= ( x +1 ) e−x ; y ' + y −e−x =0

dy
(4.) y=3 t +t 2 ; t − y=t 2
dt

(5.) y 1=et ; y 2=cosh t ; y ' ' − y=0

Well done! You have just finished Lesson 2 in this module. Now if you
are ready, please proceed to Module 2 which will discuss about the
Separation of Variables.

REFERENCES

ES 51 - Differential Equations
Surigao del Sur State University Page | 4
Uy, et al. (1999). Elementary Differential Equations, Manila National
Bookstore
Boyce Diprima. Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value
Problems, 7th Ed. Pdf

ES 51 - Differential Equations
Surigao del Sur State University Page | 5

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