Additional Practice Question

Topic 2 – Bonding of Materials

1. A point charge of +3.00 × 10−6 C is 12.0 cm distant from a second

point charge of −1.50 × 10−6 C. Calculate the magnitude of the force
on each charge.
Given 1 9
𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
= 8.99 × 10
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐶2

Answer: 2.81N

𝑞2
𝐹=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2

𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2 (3.00 × 10−6 𝐶)(1.50 × 10−6 𝐶)

= (8.99 × 109 )
𝐶2 (12.0 × 10−2 𝑚)2

= 2.81𝑁

2
 Topic 2 – Bonding of Materials

2. What must be the distance between point charge q1 = 26.0 µC and

point charge q2 = −47.0 µC for the electrostatic force between them to
have a magnitude of 5.70 N?
Given 1 9
𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
= 8.99 × 10
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐶2

Answer: 1.39m
𝑞2
𝐹=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
1 𝑞 2
𝑟2 = ×
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐹
𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 2 (26.0 × 10−6 𝐶)(47.0 × 10−6 𝐶)
= (8.99 × 109 )
𝐶2 5.70𝑁
= 1.93𝑚2

𝑟= 1.93𝑚2 = 1.39𝑚

3
 Topic 3 – Structure of Crystalline Solids &
Imperfection

1. If the atomic radius of lead is 0.175 nm, calculate the volume of its unit
cell in cubic meters. Lead has FCC structure.
Answer: 1.21 x 10-28 m3

a
4r
a
a
𝑎 = 8𝑟

𝑎 = 8 0.175 × 10−9 𝑚 = 4.95 × 10−10 𝑚

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝐶𝐶 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = (4.95 × 10−10 𝑚)3 = 1.21 × 10−28 𝑚3

4
 Topic 3 – Structure of Crystalline Solids &
Imperfection

2. Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for copper (Cu) at
its melting temperature of 1084 ºC (1357 K). Assume an energy for
vacancy formation of 0.90 eV/atom.
Given: Boltzmann's constant, (1.38 x 10-23 J/atom • K) or (8.62 x 10-5
eV/atom • K)
Answer: 4.55 x 10-4

𝑒𝑉
−0.90𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
𝑁𝑣 −𝑄𝑣 𝑒𝑉
(8.62×10−5 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝐾)(1357𝐾)
=𝑒 𝑘𝑇 =𝑒 = 4.55 × 10−4
𝑁

5
 Topic 3 – Structure of Crystalline Solids &
Imperfection

3. Calculate the energy for vacancy formation in nickel (Ni), given that the
equilibrium number of vacancies at 850ºC (1123 K) is 4.7x1022 m-3.
The atomic weight and density (at 850ºC) for Ni are, respectively,
58.69 g/mol and 8.80 g/cm3.
Given:
Boltzmann's constant, (1.38 x 10-23 J/atom • K) or
(8.62 x 10-5 eV/atom • K)
Avogadro’s number, 6.02 x 1023 atoms / mol
Answer: 1.40 eV

6
 Topic 3 – Structure of Crystalline Solids &
Imperfection

3. 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝐴𝑁𝑖 = 58.69𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝜌𝑁𝑖 = 8.80𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
6.02 × 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
𝑁𝐴 8.80𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁= ρ × = × = 9.026 × 1022 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠/𝑐𝑚3
𝐴𝑐𝑢 𝑐𝑚 3 58.69𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 9.026 × 1028 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠/𝑚3

𝑁𝑣 −𝑄𝑣
= exp
𝑁 𝑘𝑇
4.7 × 1022 𝑚−3 −𝑄𝑣
= exp( )
9.026 × 1028 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠/𝑚3 (8.62 × 10−5 𝑒𝑉/𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚)(1123𝐾)
−𝑄𝑣
ln(5.207 × 10−7 ) =
0.0968
−𝑄𝑣
−14.46 =
0.0968
𝑄𝑣 = 1.40𝑒𝑉
7
 Topic 4 – Mechanical Properties of Materials

1. A piece of copper originally 305 mm (12 in.) long is pulled in tension

with a stress of 276 MPa (40,000 psi). If the deformation is entirely
elastic, what will be the resultant elongation? Given elastic modulus of
copper is 110GPa.
Answer: 0.77 mm
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝜎 = 𝜖𝐸 𝜖=
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝜎=( )𝐸
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
276 × 106 𝑃𝑎 = 110 × 109 𝑃𝑎
305𝑚𝑚

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 0.77𝑚𝑚

 Topic 4 – Mechanical Properties of Materials

2. If the Young’s Modulus of a metal wire of cross section area 4mm2,

experiencing 108 N of force is 1015 N/m2, then it is under how much
strain?
a) 0.25 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
b) 0.05 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
c) 0.025 8𝑁
d) 0.005 10
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = 2500000000000𝑁
4 × 10−6 𝑚2

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐸=
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

2500000000000𝑁
1015 𝑁/𝑚2 =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0.025

9
 Topic 4 – Mechanical Properties of Materials

3. If a 5 m long steel wire extends by 2.5 mm, then the strain in it is:
a) 0.0005
b) 0.005
c) 0.0002 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
d) 0.002 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
2.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
5𝑚
0.0025 𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
5𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0.0005

10
 Topic 4 – Mechanical Properties of Materials

4. For a given material assume, Young’s modulus E = 300 GN/m2 and

Modulus of rigidity G = 150 GN/m2 . Its Bulk modulus K will be:
a) 120 GN/m2 𝐸
b) 100 GN/m 2 𝐺=
2(1 + 𝑣)
c) 200 GN/m 2

d) 250 GN/m2 𝐺2(1 + 𝑣) = 𝐸

(150 𝐺𝑁/𝑚2 )2(1 + 𝑣) = 300 𝐺𝑁/𝑚2
(300 𝐺𝑁/𝑚2 ) (1 + 𝑣) = 300 𝐺𝑁/𝑚2
𝑣=0

𝐸
𝐾=
3(1 − 2𝑣)

300 𝐺𝑁/𝑚2
𝐾=
3(1 − 2(0))
𝐾 = 100 𝐺𝑁/𝑚2

11
 Topic 4 – Mechanical Properties of Materials

5. A steel rod or original length 200 mm and final length of 200.2 mm

after application of an axial tensile load of 20 kN. What will be the
strain developed in the rod?
a) 0.01
b) 0.1
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
c) 0.001 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
d) 0.0001
200.2 𝑚𝑚 − 200𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
200 𝑚𝑚
0.2 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
200 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0.001

12
 Topic 4 – Mechanical Properties of Materials

6. A uniform cylinder of length L is elongated to twice of its original

length. Calculate true strain and engineering strain for the cylinder in
percentage?
a) Engineering strain = 100%, True strain = 69.31%
b) Engineering strain = 69.31%, True strain = 100%
c) Engineering strain = 50%, True strain = 50%
d) Engineering strain = 50%, True strain = 100%

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑖
𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ln
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑜
2𝐿 − 𝐿
𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 2𝐿
𝐿 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ln
𝐿
𝐿
𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 1 = 100% 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ln 2
𝐿
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0.6931 = 69.31%

13
 Topic 4 – Mechanical Properties of Materials

7. A tensile specimen of 6 mm diameter and gauge length 25 mm

reached a maximum load of 45 kN and fractured at 35 kN. The
maximum diameter at fracture is 5mm. Determine the engineering
stress at maximum load (Ultimate tensile strength).
a) 796 MPa
b) 398 MPa
c) 159 MPa
d) 52 MPa

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 45 𝑘𝑁 45 000𝑁
𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = 2 = 2
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 6𝑚𝑚 0.006𝑚
𝜋 2 𝜋 2

= 159 𝑀𝑃𝑎

14
 Topic 4 – Mechanical Properties of Materials

8. A uniform cylinder of length L is compressed to half of its original

length. Calculate true strain and engineering strain for the cylinder.
a) Engineering strain = 1, True strain = 0.69
b) Engineering strain = 0.5, True strain = 0.69
c) Engineering strain = -0.5, True strain = -0.69
d) Engineering strain = -1, True strain = -0.69

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑖
𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ln
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑜
0.5𝐿 − 𝐿
𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0.5𝐿
𝐿 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ln
𝐿
−0.5𝐿
𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = −0.5 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ln 0.5
𝐿
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = −0.69

15
 Topic 4 – Mechanical Properties of Materials

9. A tensile stress is to be applied along the long axis of a cylindrical

brass rod that has a diameter of 10 mm. Determine the magnitude of
the load required to produce a 2.5 x 10-3 mm change in diameter if the
deformation is entirely elastic. Given that Poisson’s ratio and elastic
modulus of brass is 0.34 and 97 GPa respectively.
Answer: 5600 N

16
 Topic 4 – Mechanical Properties of Materials

9. ∆𝑑 −2.5 × 10−3 𝑚𝑚
𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = = = −2.5 × 10−4
𝑑𝑜 10𝑚𝑚
𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝜈 =
𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
−2.5 × 10−4
0.34 =
𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 7.35 × 10−4

𝜎 = 𝜖𝐸
𝜎 = 7.35 × 10−4 97𝐺𝑃𝑎 = 71.3𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐹
𝜎=
𝐴
𝐹
71.3𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 𝐹 = 5600𝑁
10 × 10−3 𝑚 2
𝜋( )
2
17
 Topic 4 – Mechanical Properties of Materials

10. A cylindrical specimen of steel having an original diameter of 12.8 mm

(0.505 in.) is tensile tested to fracture and found to have an
engineering fracture strength sf of 460 MPa (67,000 psi). If its cross-
sectional diameter at fracture is 10.7 mm (0.422 in.), determine

(a) The ductility in terms of percentage reduction in area. Answer: 30%

(b) The true stress at fracture. Answer: 660MPa

18
 Topic 4 – Mechanical Properties of Materials

10.
12.8𝑚𝑚 2 10.7𝑚𝑚 2
𝜋 − 𝜋
%𝑅𝐴 = 2 2 × 100 = 30%
12.8𝑚𝑚 2
𝜋 2

106 𝑁 1𝑚2
𝐹 = 𝜎𝑓 𝐴𝑜 = 460 × 128.7𝑚𝑚2 = 59,200𝑁
𝑚2 106 𝑚𝑚2

𝐹 59,200𝑁
𝜎𝑓 = = = 660𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑓 1𝑚2
128.7𝑚𝑚2
106 𝑚𝑚2

19
 Topic 5 – Dislocation and Strengthening
Mechanism

1. Compute the tensile strength and ductility (%EL) of a cylindrical copper

rod if it is cold worked such that the diameter is reduced from 15.2 mm
to 12.2 mm (0.60 in. to 0.48 in.).
Answer: 35.6%
15.2𝑚𝑚 2 12.2𝑚𝑚 2
𝜋 − 𝜋
2 2
%𝐶𝑊 = × 100 = 35.6%
15.2𝑚𝑚 2
𝜋 2

20
 Topic 5 – Dislocation and Strengthening
Mechanism

2. Plastically deforming a metal specimen near room temperature

generally leads to which of the following property changes?
a) An increased tensile strength and a decreased ductility
b) A decreased tensile strength and an increased ductility
c) An increased tensile strength and an increased ductility
d) A decreased tensile strength and a decreased ductility

21
 Topic 6 – Polymer Structure and Ceramics

1. Table below shows the data for poly(vinyl chloride) or

PVC. Given atomic weight of C, H and Cl are 12.01,
1.01 and 35.45 g/mol respectively. compute:
a) the number-average molecular weight.
Answer: 21,150 g/mol
b) the degree of polymerization.
Answer: 338 Repeating unit of PVC
c) the weight-average molecular weight
Answer: 23,200 g/mol
Molecular Weight Mean Mi
xi wi
Range (g/mol) (g/mol)
5000 - 10000 7500 0.05 0.02
10000 - 15000 12500 0.16 0.10
15000 - 20000 17500 0.22 0.18
20000 - 25000 22500 0.27 0.29
25000 - 30000 27500 0.20 0.26
30000 - 35000 32500 0.08 0.13
3500022 - 40000 37500 0.02 0.02
 Topic 6 – Polymer Structure and Ceramics

1. Molecular Weight Mean Mi

xi xiMi
Range (g/mol) (g/mol)
5000 - 10000 7500 0.05 375
10000 - 15000 12500 0.16 2000
15000 - 20000 17500 0.22 3850
20000 - 25000 22500 0.27 6075
25000 - 30000 27500 0.20 5500
30000 - 35000 32500 0.08 2600 Repeating unit of PVC

35000 - 40000 37500 0.02 750

Average
21150
Mn

m = 2 (12.01 g/mol) + 3 (1.01 g/mol) + 35.45 g/mol = 62.60 g/mol

𝑀𝑛 21,150 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐷𝑃 = = = 338
𝑚 62.50 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

23
 Topic 6 – Polymer Structure and Ceramics

1. Molecular Weight Mean Mi

wi wiMi
Range (g/mol) (g/mol)
5000 - 10000 7500 0.02 150
10000 - 15000 12500 0.10 1250
15000 - 20000 17500 0.18 3150
20000 - 25000 22500 0.29 6525
25000 - 30000 27500 0.26 7150
30000 - 35000 32500 0.13 4225 Repeating unit of PVC

35000 - 40000 37500 0.02 750

Average
23200
Mw

24
 Topic 6 – Polymer Structure and Ceramics

2. Table below shows the molecular weight data for a

polytetrafluoroethylene material. Given atomic weight
of C, H and Cl are 12.01, and 19 g/mol respectively.
Compute the following:
a) the number-average molecular weight.
Answer: 49,800 g/mol
b) the weight-average molecular weight. Repeating unit of PVC
Answer: 55,200 g/mol
c) the degree of polymerization.
Answer: 498

25
 Topic 6 – Polymer Structure and Ceramics

2.
Molecular Weight Mean Mi
xi xiMi wi wiMi
Range (g/mol) (g/mol)
10000 - 20000 15000 0.03 450 0.01 150
20000 - 30000 25000 0.09 2250 0.04 1000
30000 - 40000 35000 0.15 5250 0.11 3850
40000 - 50000 45000 0.25 11250 0.23 10350 Repeating unit of PVC
50000 - 60000 55000 0.22 12100 0.24 13200
60000 - 70000 65000 0.14 9100 0.18 11700
70000 - 80000 75000 0.08 6000 0.12 9000
80000 - 90000 85000 0.04 3400 0.07 5950
Average Average
49800 55200
Mn Mw
m = 2 (12.01 g/mol) + 4 (19 g/mol) = 100.02 g/mol

𝑀𝑛 49,800 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐷𝑃 = = = 498
𝑚 100.02 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
26