DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

by
Dr. R. Baskar, Ph.D(Struct.);FIE
Professor,
Dept. of Civil&Structural Engineering
Annamalai University
BEAMS
• One of the frequently used structural members is a beam
whose main function is to transfer load principally by means
of flexural or bending action.

• In a structural framework, it forms the main horizontal

member spanning between adjacent columns or as a secondary
member transmitting floor loading to the main beams.

• Normally only bending effects are predominant in a beam

except in special cases such as crane girders, where effects of
torsion in addition to bending have to be specifically considered.
 LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAM

• When the lateral support to the compression flange is

adequate, the lateral buckling of the beam is prevented and the
section flexural strength of the beam can be developed.
• The strength of I-sections depends upon the width to thickness
ratio of the compression flange.
• When the width to thickness ratio is sufficiently small, the
beam can be fully plastified and reach the plastic moment,
such sections are classified as compact sections.
• However provided the section can also sustain the moment
during the additional plastic hinge rotation till the failure
mechanism is formed. Such sections are referred to as plastic
sections.
LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAM
• When the compression flange width to thickness ratio
is larger, the compression flange may buckle locally
before the complete plastification of the section
occurs and the plastic moment is reached.
• Such sections are referred to as non-compact sections.
• When the width to thickness ratio of the compression
flange is sufficiently large, local buckling of
compression flange may occur even before extreme
fibre yields.
• Such sections are referred to as slender sections.
LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAMS
• Under increasing transverse loads, a beam should attain
its full plastic moment capacity.

Two important assumptions have been made

therein to achieve the ideal beam behaviour.
They are:
• The compression flange of the beam is restrained from
moving laterally; and
• Any form of local buckling is prevented.
1.Design a continuous beam of spans 4.9 m, 6 m, and 4.9
carrying a uniformly distributed load of 32.5 kN/m and the
beam is laterally supported.
Factored load calculation
Factored uniformly distributed load = 1.5 x 32.5 = 48.75 kN/m
The bending moment and shear force distribution are shown
below
Maximum bending moment = 146.25 kN m
Maximum shear force = 146.25 + 146.25 = 292.5 kN
Plastic section modulus required
6
zp = 𝑀𝑥 𝛾𝑚 𝑜 = 146.25𝑥10 𝑥 1.10 = 643.5x103 mm3
𝑓𝑦 250
Selection of suitable section
Choose a trial section of ISLB 350 @0.495 kN/m.
Overall depth (h) = 350 mm
Width of flange (b)= 165 mm
Thickness of flange (tf) = 11.4 mm
Depth of web (d) = h - 2(tf + R) = 350 - 2(11.4 + 16) = 295.2 mm
Thickness of web (tw) = 7.4 mm
Moment of inertia about major axis I, = 13158.3 x lo4 mm4
Elastic section modulus (Ze) = 75 1.9 x 103mm3
Plastic section modulus (Zp) = 851.11 x 103 mm3
Section classification
𝑏 82.5
𝑡
=
𝑓 11.4
 𝑏 = 295.2 =39.9 < 84
𝑡𝑓 7.4
Hence the section is plastic.
Check for shear capacity of section
𝑓𝑦 250
Vd = x h x 𝑡𝑤 = 1.1 x √3 x 350 x 7.4 =340 kN
m x √3
o
0.6 vd = 204 kN < 292.5 kN
This shows a high shear condition.
Check for moment capacity of the section [Eqn 6.8(a)]
Mdv=Md - β (Md-Mfd) ≤ 1.09 x Ze x fy
where Mfd is the plastic design strength of the area of cross
section excluding the shear area.
𝑣 2 292.5 2
β = [2 𝑥 (v ) x 1 ] = [2 𝑥 ( 340 ) x 1 ]
d

Calculation of section modulus of flange

𝑍𝑓𝑑 = 𝑍𝑝 - 𝐴𝑤 𝑦𝑤
350
= 851.11 x 103-(350
x 7.4 x )
4
= 624.485 x 103 mm3
 𝑍𝑓𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑦
Therefore, Mfd =
𝛾𝑚𝑜
624.485 𝑥10 3 𝑥250
=
1.10
= 141.93 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Moment capacity of the section
𝑍𝑝 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 851.11 𝑥10 3 𝑥250
Md = =
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.10

= 193.43 kNm
therefore, Mdν = 193.43 - 0.52(193.43 - 141.93)
1.2 𝑥 𝑍𝑒 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 1.2 𝑥 751.9 𝑥 10 3 𝑥250
= 165.65 kN m < =
1.10
𝛾𝑚𝑜

= 205.06 kN m > 146.25 kN m

Hence the section is safe.
2. Design a laterally unrestrained beam to carry a uniformly
distributed load of 30 kN/m. The beam is unsupported for a
length of 3 m and is simply placed on longitudinal beams at its
ends.
Calculation of load
Factored load = 1.5 x 30 =45 kN/m
Calculation of bending moment and shear force

𝑤 𝑙2 45 𝑥 32
BM = = 8 =50.625 kN.m
8
𝑤𝑙 = 45 𝑥 3
SF = 2 = 67.5kN
2
Initialization of section
Assume λ = 100; ℎ = 25 and hence from
𝑡𝑓
table 14,fcr ,b = 291.31 N/mm2
λLT = 𝑓𝑦 = 250 = 0.926
𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑏 291.31
ΦLT = 0.5[1 + αLT(λLT - 0.2) + λLT2 ]
= 0.5[1 + 0.21(0.926 - 0.2) + 0.9262] = 1.005
χLT = 1
≤ 1.0
𝛷𝐿𝑇 + [𝛷 2 𝐿𝑇 − 𝜆2 𝐿𝑇 ]0.5
1
= 2 2 0.5
= 0.716 ≤ 1.0
1.005 + [1.005 − 0.926 ]
fbd =
𝜒𝐿𝑇 𝑓𝑦 0.716 𝑥 250 = 162.7 N/mm2
=
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.10 50.625 𝑥 106
Therefore required z of section = 162.7
= 311.1x103mm3
Choose a section of ISMB 225 @ 0.3 12 kN/m.
Overall depth (D) = 225 mm
Width of flange (bf) = 110 mm
Thickness of flange (tf) = 11.8 mm
Thickness of web (tw ) = 6.5 mm
Depth of web (d) = D - 2(tf + R) = 225 - 2(11.8 + 12) = 177.4 mm
Moment of inertia about major axis Izz = 3440 x104 mm4
Moment of Inertia about minor axis Iyy = 218 x 104 mm4
Elastic section modulus (Zez) = 305.9 x 103 mm3
Plastic section modulus (Zey) = 348.27 x 103 mm3
Minimum radius of gyration (ry) = 18.6 mm
Section classification
Outstand of compression flange = (1 10/2)/11.8 = 4.66 < 9.4
Web with neutral axis at mid depth = 177.4/6.5 = 27.3 < 84
Therefore the section is plastic.
Calculation of lateral-torsional buckling moment
Mcr = 𝜋²𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑤
(𝐾𝐿)²
(𝐺𝐼 𝑡 + 𝐾𝐿 2 ) (from clause 8.2.2.1)/p-54
5
𝐸 2 𝑥 10
G= = =76.923 x 10 3 N/mm²
2(1 + 𝜇) 2(1 + 0.3)
𝑏𝑖 𝑡𝑖 3 2𝑥110𝑥11.83 225 − 2𝑥11.8 𝑥6.53
It =
3
= +
3 3
 = 138.926 x 103mm3
Iw = (1-βf) βf Iy h²f
βf = 𝐼𝑓𝑐 = 0.5
𝐼𝑓𝑐 + 𝐼𝑓𝑡
hf = 225-11.8 = 213.2 mm
Iw = (1-0.5) x 0.5 x 218x104 x 213.22 = 24.77x 109mm6
Mcr = 𝜋 2 𝑥2𝑥10 5 𝑥218𝑥10 4
3000 2
76.923𝑥103 + 138.926𝑥103

𝜋²𝑥2𝑥105 𝑥24.77𝑥109
+
²
= 87.79kNm
λLT = 𝑍𝑝 𝑓𝑦 = 348.27𝑥10 3 𝑥250 = 0.9959
𝑀𝑐𝑟 87.79𝑥10 6
𝛷𝐿𝑇 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇 𝜆𝐿𝑇 − 0.2 + 𝜆2 𝐿𝑇 ]

𝛼𝐿𝑇 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇 𝜆𝐿𝑇 − 0.2 + 𝜆2 𝐿𝑇 ]

𝛼𝐿𝑇 = 0.21
𝛷𝐿𝑇 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇 𝜆𝐿𝑇 − 0.2 + 𝜆2 𝐿𝑇 ]
1
𝜒𝐿𝑇 = 2 2 0.5
= 0.6685 ≤ 1.0
[𝛷 𝐿𝑇 + 𝜆 𝐿𝑇 ]

𝜒𝐿𝑇 𝑓𝑦 0.6685x250
𝑓𝑏𝑑 = = = 151.93N/mm2
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.10
 𝑀𝑑 = 𝑍𝑝 fbd = 348.27x103 x151.93 = 52.91kNm
> 50.625kNm
Calculation of shear capacity of section
Vd = 𝑓𝑦 250
x D xt w = x 225 x 6.5
𝛾𝑚𝑜 √3 1.10 x √3

=191.kN
0.6 Vd= 115 kN > 67.5 kN
Calculation of deflection
5𝑤 𝑙 4
𝛿𝑏 = 384𝐸𝐼
, 𝑤 = 30𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 5 𝑥 30 𝑥 30004
𝛿𝑏 = 5 4
= 4.6𝑚𝑚
384 𝑥 2 𝑥 10 𝑥 3440𝑥10
𝑙 3000
Allowable deflection = = = 10mm
300 300
Hence the section is safe against deflection.
Check for web buckling:
Assuming that longitudinal beams are of the same size,
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑏1 + 𝑛1 𝑡𝑤 = 4.6𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑓 − 𝑡𝑤 110 − 6.5
𝑏1 = = = 51.75𝑚𝑚
2 2
 𝐷 225
𝑛1 = = = 112.5𝑚𝑚
2 2
Ab = (51.75+112.5) x 6.5 = 1067.6mm2

rmin = 𝐼 1184
= = 1.88𝑚𝑚
𝐴 336.4
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 0.7𝑥177.4
λ = = = 66.18
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 1.88
therefore, fcd = 158.36N/mm2(from table 9c of the code)
Strength of the section against web buckling = 158.36 x 1067.6
= 169.07 kN > 67.5 kN
Check for web bearing:
Fw = (b1 + n2)twfy/γmo
b1 = 51.75 mm
n2 = 2.5(tf + R) = 2.5(11.8+12) =59.5mm
Fw = (51.75+59.5) x 6.5 x 250/(1.10 x 103)=164.35kN > 67.5 kN
Hence the section is safe against web bearing.
 PROBLEMS
3.A simply supported beam of span 6m is subjected to
end moments of 202 kN.m (clockwise) and 112 kN.m
(anticlockwise) under factored applied loading. Check whether
ISMB-450 is safe with regard to lateral buckling.
Design check
For the end conditions given,it
Is assumed that the beam is
simply supported in a vertical
plane,and at the ends the beam is
fully restrained against lateral
Deflection and twist with
 no rotational restraints in plan at its ends.
Section classification of ISMB 450
The properties of the section are:
Depth, h = 450mm
Width, b = 150 mm
Web thickness,tw = 9.4 mm
Flange thickness, tf = 17.4 mm
Iy = 834 X 104 mm4
Depth between fillets,d = 379.2 mm
Radius of gyration about minor axis,
ry = 30.1 mm
Plastic modulus about major axis,
zp = 1533.36 X 103 mm3
Assume fy = 250 N/mm2 , E = 200000 N/mm2 , γm = 1.10
Type of section
Flange criterion:
b= B/2 = 150/2 = 75mm
b/tf = 75.0 /17.4 = 4.31
b/tf = 9.4ε where ε = √250/fy
Hence , O.K
Web criterion:
d/tw = 379.2/9.4 = 40.3
d/tw < 84 ε
Hence, O.K
Since, b/tf = 9.4ε < d/tw < 84 ε ,the section is classified as
‘plastic’ Table 3.1(section 3.7.2 of
I.S 800)
Check for lateral torsional buckling :
Check for slenderness ratio:
Effective length criteria:
With ends of compression flanges fully restrained for torsion
at support but both the flanges are not restrained against
warping, Effective length of simply supported beam, LLT = 1.0 L
Where L is the span of the beam. (Table 8.3 of I.S.800)
Hence,LLT = 1.0 x 6.0 M = 6000mm , LLT/ r = 6000/30.1
=199.33
Since the moment is varying from 155 k-Nm to 86 k-Nm,there
will be moment gradient .So for calculation fbd , critical moment
,Mcr is to be calculated
Now, critical moment
Mcr = C1 {[ +( (C2yg – C3y1 )² - (C2yg

– C3yt)}
Where ,
C1, C2 , C3= factors depending upon the loading and end restraint
conditions
K,Kw = effective length factors of the unsupported length
accounting for boundary conditions at the end lateral supports,
Here,both K and Kw can be taken as 1.0 and
yg = y distance between the point of application of the load and
the shear centre of the cross-section and is positive when the
load is acting towards the shear centre from the point of
application
yj = ys – 0.5 ∫A(z² -y²)y dA/Iz
ys = coordinate of the shear centre with respect to centroid,
positive when the shear centre is on the compression side of the
centroid.
Here,for plane and equal flange I section,
yg = 0.5 x h = 0.5 x 0.45 = 0.225 M =225mm.
yj = 1.0(2βf -1 )hy/2.0 (when βf ≤ 0.5)
hy = distance between shear centre of the two flanges of the
cross-section) = h – tf
Here, βf = 0.5 and hy = h – tf = 450- 17.4 = 432.6mm
Hence, yj = 1.0 x( 2.0 x 0.5-1)432.6/2.0 = 0 and ys = 0
I t = ∑ biti3 ,for open section
= 2 x 150 x 17.43 + (450- 2 x 17.4) x 9.43
The warping constant, Iw is given by,
Iw = (1- βf) βf Iy hy2 for I sections mono-symmetric about weak
axis,
=(1-0.5) x 0.5 x 834 x 104 x 432.62 = 39019265.46 x 104mm6
Modulus of rigidity ,G = 0.769 x 105 N/mm2
Here, ψ = 86/155 =0.555 and K =1.0 for which,
C1= 1.283, C2= 0 and C3= 0.993
Hence, critical moment
Mcr = C1 {[ +( (C2yg – C3y1 )² - (C2yg – C3yt)}

2
𝜋²𝑥200000𝑥834𝑥104 1 39019265𝑥104 0.769𝑥105 𝑥192.527𝑥104 𝑥60002 0.5
=1.283 (1.0 𝑥 6000)²
{[
1 834𝑥104
+
𝜋²𝑥200000𝑥834𝑥104
]

= 357142.72 x10 3 N-mm.

Calculation of fbd:
Now λLT =√βbzpfy/Mcr = √1.0x1533.36x103x 250/357142.72x103
= 1.036 (clause 8.2.2 of I.S 800)
For which,Φ LT= 0.5 x [1+αLT(λLT – 0.2)+ λLT2 ]

= 0.5 x [ 1 + 0.21(1.036-0.2)+1.0362 ] = 1.124

1
For which ,χLT =
{ΦLT [Φ2 LT − λ2 LT ]0.5 }
1
=
{1.124[1.1242 − 1.0362 ]0.5 }

fbd= χLT fy /γmo =0.641 x 250 /1.10 = 145.68 N/mm2

Hence,Md =βbzpfbd = 1.0 x 1533.36 x 145.68 / 1000
= 223379.88/1000 ~ 223.38 kN-m.
Max. Bending moment Mmax = 202 kN-m
Hence, Md > Mmax = (223.38 > 202)
Therefore,ISMB 450 is adequate against lateral torsional
buckling for the applied bending moments.
(ii) If the ISMB 450 is subjected to a central load producing a
maximum factored moment of 202kN.m ,check whether the
beam is still safe
For this problem with zero bending moments at the supports and
central max bending moment being 202kN-m.
For the valur of K = 1.0,C1= 1.365; C2 =0 .553 and C3 = 1.780
Mcr=C1 {[ +( (C2yg – C3y1 )² -

(C2yg – C3yt)}
𝜋 2 𝑥2𝑥104 𝑥834𝑥104 1 2 39019𝑥109 0.769𝑥105 𝑥192.527𝑥104 𝑥60002 0.5
= 1.365 1.0 𝑥 6000 2 {[ 1 834𝑥104 + 𝜋 2 𝑥2𝑥105 𝑥834𝑥104
]

−0.553𝑥225}

=310158.31x103N-mm
Calculation of fbd:
Now, λLT =√βbzpfy/Mcr = √1.0x1533.36x103x250/310158.31x103
= 1.112 (clause 8.2.2 of I.S 800)
For which,Φ LT= 0.5 x [1+αLT(λLT – 0.2)+ λLT2 ]

= 0.5 x [ 1 + 0.21(1.112-0.2)+1.1122 ] = 1.214

 1
For which ,χLT = {Φ [Φ2 − λ2 ]0.5 }
LT LT LT
1
= {1.214[1.2142 − 1.1122 ]0.5 }

fbd= χLT fy /γmo =0.588 x 250 /1.10 = 133.64 N/mm2

Hence,Md =βbzpfbd = 1.0 x 1533.36 x 133.64 / 1000

= 204918.23/1000 ~ 204.92 kN-m.
4. Design a purlin on a sloping roof truss with the dead load of
0.15 kN/ m2 (cladding and insulation), a live load of 2 kN/m2
and wind load of 0.5 kN/m2(suction). The purlins are 2 m centre
to centre and of span 4 m, simply supported on a rafter at a
slope of 20 degrees (see Fig).
(a) Provide channel section purlin
(b) Provide channel purlin with a sag rod at mid span
(c) Provide angle purlin
Solution:
Load calculation
Dead load = 0.15 x 2 = 0.3 kN/m
Live load = 2 x 2 = 4 kN/m
Wind load = 0.5 x 2 = 1 kN/m (suction)
wd, = 0.3 X COS 20" = 0.282 kN/m
Wi, = 4 x cos 20" = 3.76 kN/m
W,, = -1 kN/m
Wiy = 4 x sin 20" = 1.37 kN/m
wdy = 0.3 X Sin 20" = 0.103 kN/m
Note that Wwy is zero as wind pressure is perpendicular to the
surface on which it acts, i.e., normal to the rafter.
Factored load combination:
Z-direction:
WL + DL + LL = (1.2 x 1 .0) + (1.2 x 0.282) + (1.2 x 3.76) =
6.0552 kN/m
DL + LL = (1.5 x 0.282) + (1.5 x 3.76) = 6.063 kN/m
Y-direction:
DL + LL = (1.5 x 0.103) + (1.5 x 1.37) = 2.21 kN/m
Bending moment and shear force calculation:
Mz = 6.063 x42/8 = 12.126 kN m
My = 2.21 x 42/8 = 4.42 kN m
Fz = 6.063 x 4/2 = 12.126 kN
Fy = 2.21 x 4/2 = 4.42 kN
(a) Channel section purlin
Assume an ISMC 200 channel.
Plastic section modulus required
𝑀𝑧 𝑥 𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑑 𝑀𝑦 𝑥 𝛾𝑚𝑜
= + 2.5 𝑥 𝑥
𝑓𝑦 𝑏 𝑓𝑦
 12.126𝑥106 𝑥1.10 200 4.42 𝑥106 𝑥1.10
= + 2.5 𝑥 𝑥
250 75 250

= 183 x 103 mm3

Choose a channel section ISMC 200 @ 0.22 kN/m with plastic
section modulus of
Zpz = 211.25 x l03 mm3 and Zpy = 40.716 x l03 mm3.
Section Properties:
Cross sectional area A = 2821 mm2
Depth of the section h = 200 mm
Width of flange b = 75 mm
Thickness of flange t f = 11.4 mm
Thickness of web tw = 6.1 mm
Depth of web d = h - 2(9+ R) = 200 x 2 (11.4 + 11) = 155.2 mm
Elastic section modulus Zez = 181.7 x l03 mm3
Elastic section modulus Zey = 26.3 x l03 mm3
Plastic section modulus Zpz = 2 11.25 x 103 mm3
Plastic section modulus Zpy = 40.716 x l03 mm3
Moment of inertia Izz = 1830 x l04 mm4
Moment of inertia Iy = 14 1 x 104 mm4
Section classification:
𝑡 75
= = 6.58 < 9.4
𝑏𝑓 11.4

𝑑 155.2
= = 25.44 < 42
𝑡𝑤 6.1
Hence the section is plastic.
Calculation of shear capacity of the section Z-direction

𝑓𝑦 250
vd = 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 𝑡𝑤 = 𝑥 200 𝑥 6.1 = 160.18 𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚 𝑜 𝑥 √3 1.1 𝑥 √3

0.6Vd = 96 kN > 12.126 kN

Y-direction 250 11.4
Shear capacity = 11.1 𝑥 √3 𝑥 2 𝑥 75 𝑥 103 = 224.4 𝑘𝑁 > 4.42𝑘𝑁.
Note that in purlin design, the shear capacity is usually high
relative to the shear force.
Design capacity of the section
𝑧𝑝𝑧 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 211.25 𝑥 10 3
Mdz = = = 48𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.1 𝑥 10 6

𝑧𝑝𝑧 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 1.8𝑥 181.7 𝑥 10 3 𝑥250

≤ = = 49.55𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.1 𝑥 10 6

Hence,Mdz = 48 kN.m > 12.126 kN.m

𝑧𝑝𝑦 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 40.716 𝑥 10 3 𝑥250

Mdy = = = 9.25𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.1 0
𝑟 𝑓 𝑥 𝑧𝑒 𝑦 𝑥𝑓𝑦 1.5𝑥 26.3 𝑥 10 3 𝑥250
≤ = = 8.96𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.1 𝑥 10 6
Since the ratio zp / ze is greater than 1.2,the constant in the
 preceding equation is replaced by the ratio of γf =1.5 ,Hence
Mdy = 8.96 kN.m > 4.42 kN.m
Overall member strength (local capacity)
To ascertain the overall member strength, the following
interaction equation should be satisfied.
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
+ ≤ 1
𝑀𝑑𝑧 𝑀𝑑𝑦
12.126 4.42
+ = 0.75 ≤ 1
48 8.96
Hence,the overall member strength is satisfactory
Check for deflection
5𝑤 𝑙 4 5 𝑥 3.76 𝑥40004
𝛿 = 384𝐸𝐼 = 384𝑥2𝑥105 𝑥1830𝑥104
 𝑙 4000
Allowable deflection = = = 22.22𝑚𝑚
180 180

(Table 6 of I.S 800)

Hence, the section is safe.
Check for wind suction:
The effect of wind suction has not been considered till now; it can
become critical in some situations. It has to be combined with dead
load
Factored wind load Wz = 0.9 x 0.282 – 1.5 x 1 =-1.246kN/m
Wy = 0.9 x 0.103 =-0.0927kN/m
Buckling resistance of section
Equivalent length le = 4 m
Moment = Mz = w12/8 = -1.246 x 42/8 = -2.492 kN m
My = 0.0927 x 42/8 = 0.1854 kN m
The value of Mz is much lower than the value 12.126 kN m
earlier, but the negative sign indicates that the lower flange of the
channel is in compression and this flange is unrestrained. Hence
the buckling resistance of the channel must be found.
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝑤
Mcr= √ (𝐺𝐼𝑡 + )
𝐾𝐿2 𝐾𝐿2

𝐸 2𝑋105
𝐺= )= = 76.923𝑋103 𝑁/𝑚𝑚²
2 1+𝜇 2(1 + 0.3)
 3 3 3
It = ∑ 𝑏𝑖 𝑡𝑖 = 2𝑋75𝑥11.4 + 200 − 11.4 𝑥6.1 = 88346.77𝑚𝑚4
3 3 3

Iw = (1-βf) βf Iy h²f
hf = 200-11.4 = 188.6mm
𝐼𝑓𝑐
βf =
𝐼𝑓𝑐 + 𝐼𝑓𝑡 = 0.5

Iw = (1-0.5) x 0.5 x 141x 104 x 188.6²

= 1.2538 x 1010mm6

𝜋 2 𝑥2𝑥105 𝑥141𝑥104 4
𝜋 2 𝑥2𝑥105 𝑥1.2538𝑥1010
Mcr = 40002
(76.923𝑥10 𝑥88346.7 +
40002

= 38.09 kN m
λLT = 𝛽𝑏 𝑧𝑝 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑐𝑟

= 1.0 𝑥 211.25𝑥103 𝑥250 = 1.1775

38.09𝑥106

ΦLT = 0.5[1+αLT (λLT – 0.2)+ λ²LT ]

= 0.5[1+0.21(1.1775-0.2)+1.1775²]
= 1.296
χLT = 1.0
2 ≤ 1.0
ΦLT + [Φ LT − λ2 LT ]0.5

= 1.0
2 0.5 ≤ 1.0
1.296 + [1.296 − λ LT ]
 =0.544 ≤ 1
χLT fy 0.544 X 250
fbd = = = 123.71 N/mm2
γm0 1.10
Mdz = zpfbd
= 211.25 x 103 x 123.71
= 26.13 kNm > 2.492 kNm
The buckling resistanve Mdy of the section need not be found
out,because the purlin is restrained by the cladding in the z-plane
and hence instability is not considered for a moment about the
minor axis .
Overall member strength
To ascertain the overall member buckling strength,the following
interaction should be satisfied .
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
𝑀𝑑𝑧
+ ≤1
𝑀𝑑𝑦
2.492 0.1854
+ = 0.097 < 1
26.13 8.96
Hence the overall member strength is satisfactory.
• It has to be noted that the maximum buckling moment occurs at
the centre of the beam and the maximum shear force at the supports.
• Hence it is not necessary to check the moment capacity in the
presence of shear force.
• Also purlins are not normally checked for web bearing and crippling
as the applied concentrated loads are low (note the low value of
Shear force)
(b) Channel section purlin with one sag rod at mid span
Since the channel section purlin is provided with a sag rod at
mid – span,the bending moment in the y- direction will be
reduced considerably .
My = 2.21 x 42/ 32 = 1.105kN m
Mz = 12.126 kN m
Required section modulus = (Mz x γm0/fy) + 2.5(d/b)(My xγm0/fy)
Assuming ISMC 100 with d = 100mm and b = 50 mm,
Required Z = (12.126 x 106 x1.1/250)
= 77.66 x 103mm3
Provide ISMC 150 with following section properties
Depth of section h = 150mm; ry = 22 mm
Width of flange b = 75 mm
Thickness of flange tf = 9.0 mm
Thickness of web tw = 5.7 mm
Elastic section modulus zez = 105x103mm3
Elastic section modulus zey = 19.5 x 103mm3
Plastic section modulus
zpz=119.5 x 103mm3 > 77.66 x 103mm3
Moment of inertia Ipz=788 x 104mm3
Section classification
b/tf = 75/9.0 = 8.33 < 9.4
 d/tw =[150-2(9.0 + 10)]/5.7 = 19.65 < 42
Hence the section is plastic.Shear capacity is not being checked
since the shear foece is small and hence the section will be
adequate.
Design capacity of the section
Mdz = (zpz x fy/γm0)
= (119.83 x 103 x 250/1.1 x 106) =27.23kN m
≤ (1.2 x zezfy/γm0) = [(1.2 x 105 x 103 x 250)/(1.1 x 106)]
= 28.63

Zpy = 2tf b2f/4 + (h- 2tf) t2w /4 = 2 x 9.0 x 752 /4 + (150-2 x 9.0)
5.72/4 = 26384.6 mm3
Mdy = (zpyfy/γm0)
= (26384.6 x 250/1.1 x 106) =6.0 kN m
≤ (1.5 x zeyfy/γm0) =1.5 x 19.5x 103 x 250)/(1.1 x 106)]
= 6.6 kN m
Hence the section is safe.
Overall member strength
For overall member srength ,the following interaction equation
must be satisfied.
(Mz/Mdz) + (My/Mdy) ≤ 1.0
(12.126/27.23) + (1.105/6.0) = 0.629 < 1.0
Hence the member strength is satisfactory.
Check for deflection
δ = (5wl4/ 384EI) = ( 5 x 3.76 x 40004 ) /(384 x 2 x 105 x
788 x 104)
= 7.95 mm < 22.22 mm
Hence the section is safe.
Check for wind suction
From part (a) , Mz = 2.492 kN m
My = 0.0927 x 42/32 = 0.0464 kN m
fcr =[ 1473.5/ (KL/ry)/(h/tf )]2}0.5
KL/ry = 4000/22 = 181.8
h/tf = 150/9.0 = 16.67
Thus, fcr = (1473.5/11.8)2 {1+(1/20) [181.8/16.67]2}0.5
 =173.1 N/mm2
fbd = 120.0 N/mm2 ( from table 13a of the code)
Mdz = Zpz fbd =119.82 x 103 x 120.0/106 = 14.38 kN m
Overall buckling strength
For overall buckling strength,the following interaction equation
should be satisfied.
(Mz /Mdz) + (My /Mdy) = (2.492/14.38) + (0.0464/6.0)
= 0.18<10
Hence the overall buckling strength is satisfactory.
Hence by using one sag rod ,it was possible to reduce the section
from ISMC 200 to ISMC 150 (about 25% reduction in weight).
(c) Angle Section Purlin (as per BS 5950-1:2000)
From part (a) Mz = 12.126 kN m; Wp = (1.0 +0.282+3.76) x 4
=20.168 kN
Moment at working load = 12.126 /1.5 = 8.084 kN m
Let us assume that bending about z-z axis resists the vertical
loads and the horizontal component is resisted by the sheeting.
Design strength fy = 250 Mpa
Applied moment = moment capacity of single angle
8.084 x 106 = 250 x Zez
Required Zez = 8.084 x 106 /250 = 32.33 x 103 mm3
Provide ISA 150 x 75 x 10 angle @ 0.17 kN/m,
With Zez = 51.9 x 103 mm3 > 20.168 x 4 x 106 / 1800 = 103 mm3
 =44.817 x 103mm3
d/t = 150/10 = 15.0 > 10.5 but < 15.7
The section is semi – compact.
Leg length perpendicular to plane of cladding
= 4000/45 = 88.88 mm < 150 mm
Leg length parallel to plane of cladding
= 4000/60 = 66.66 mm < 75 mm
Deflection need not be checked in this case.
Thank You